Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy security system'

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-68).
The Internet of Things (IoT) is starting to take off in the modern day tech scene, with almost every user device being connected to a huge network with other devices; industrial energy delivery systems are no different. However, IoT in industry (known as IIoT) severely lags behind conventional IoT networks when it comes to cybersecurity, as IIoT endpoint devices generally lack the same level of memory and computation as conventional IoT endpoints. As a result, the same level of security measurements can't be implemented, and IIoT devices often are vulnerable to malicious users attempting to hack the device. The goal of this research is to create a lightweight software system that protects the endpoint devices from hackers, as well as prevent malicious accesses from impacting other parts of the system. This thesis will focus on the command and control unit, where the aim is to develop a neural net classifier to detect anomalies in network traffic. This thesis details the background surrounding IIoT endpoint devices, and the current attempts that have been made at providing a solution, as well as our approach to solving this problem, using both supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches, and describe the testing environment with which the experiments were conducted. In the end we discuss how the work contributes to the future progress of IIoT security.
by Weilian Chu.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Sustainable development of energy systems is the key to ensuring energy security. Although particular relevance of energy problems Ukraine, the state does not adopt a document that would clearly regulate the work of authorities in the field of energy security and energy's performance monitoring.

In order to cope with the changing climate, there will be a need for mitigating transformations of a scope, speed and magnitude that are unprecedented in human history, but the consensus- and market-driven approach is inhibiting this transformation. This thesis reviews how various discourses and debates on energy policy within Swedish governments have changed between 1974 and 2017, through the lenses of energy security and depoliticisation, and how a better understanding of these debates and discourses may inform the impending large-scale transformation required to meet the challenge of climate change. Some of the main findings are that (1) nuclear power and the result of the nuclear power referendum have been decisive for energy policy, and that nuclear power will remain of vital importance in the twenty-first century. (2) Energy has become increasingly depoliticised since the 1980s, ensuing the referendum on nuclear power. (3) The discourse on energy security has shifted towards market-based solutions: in the 2000s, climate change is to be mitigated through consumer- oriented solutions such as green certificates. Through privatisation, it essentially has become up to the consumer, deciding whether to participate in mitigation of climate change.

The article deals with the implementation of renewable energy sources in local electrical systems such as solar battery, wind turbines. The improvement and wide spread of the sources of distributed generation renewable energy sources is one of the ways to improve the energy security of the country.
Стаття присвячена питанню впровадження відновлювальних джерел енергії (сонячна батарея, вітрові турбіни) в місцевих електричних системах. Покращення та широке розповсюдження поновлюваних джерел енергії розподіленої генерації є одним із способів підвищення енергетичної безпеки країни.
Статья посвящена вопросу внедрения возобновляемых источников энергии (солнечная батарея, ветровые турбины) в местных электрических системах. Улучшение и широкое распространение возобновляемых источников энергии распределенной генерации является одним из способов повышения энергетической безопасности страны.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-228).
by Jeffrey Wayne Chapman.
Ph.D.

This thesis addresses the impacts of emerging energy scarcity on food security, and explores strategies for transition to a sustainable food system. The core research questions focus on the transition movement, its political strategy, and proposals for food sustainability. Contextual questions include: What post-peak oil scenarios are plausible/implausible given current evidence regarding global oil production, and available energy alternatives? Do any current trends indicate the unfolding of one scenario, in particular? And how might this scenario impact on food security, and what are the implications for transition movement strategy? Evidence is presented that global oil production has already ‘plateaued’, and the most likely scenarios for industrial societies now lie on a continuum between forced, gradual energy descent and rapid collapse. Emerging trends indicate that energy scarcity is associated with the evolution of a post-liberal order, as anticipated by some contributors to the ‘politics of scarcity’ debate in the 1970’s. These trends are also manifesting within the global food system, in the form of ‘land-grabbing’ and widespread imposition of GM-based industrial agriculture. In light of imminent forced energy descent, emerging global trends, and learning from the Cuban Special Period, it is argued that both green political theory and transition movement strategy should focus on the contested politics of transition, in conjunction with a prospective politics that steers transition towards a new societal equilibrium. A diverse, adaptive repertoire of political strategies is proposed, including: solutions-based activism; oppositional activism; insurgent citizenship; transformative engagement with local government; and ‘de-linking’ initiatives. Scaling up of local Transition initiatives should include: promotion of regional solidarity networks between urban centres; regional food system planning; and alliance-building with other counter-hegemonic social movements. It is further proposed that a ‘food sovereignty’ framing is adopted, and that scaled up, farm sector agroecology is promoted, to complement existing permaculture and organic approaches.

Lithuania has limited domestic energy resources, and is therefore, heavily dependent on imports of oil products and natural gas. Lithuania imported around 90% of its oil and 100% of natural gas in 2009. Particularly, after the accession to the European Union (EU), and decommissioning of main electricity generation source Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), energy security became one of the main concerns. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate different pathways the country could take in order to achieve desirable energy security, and ensure sustainable development of the energy system in Lithuania. The study was conducted using LEAP, the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System, to develop energy policy analysis. Different scenarios presented in the report show how Lithuanian energy system would react in given different circumstances. Moreover, it demonstrates how implementation of existing energy projects separately or combined together would affect the level of energy security and sustainability in Lithuania. The research shows that current government policies could lead Lithuania to more secure and sustainable energy future. However, in a long run higher investments in renewable energy might be more environmentally and economically competitive alternative.

As open access market principles are applied to power systems, significant changes are happening in their planning, operation and control. In the emerging marketplace, systems are operating under higher loading conditions as markets focus greater attention to operating costs than stability and security margins. Since operating stability is a basic requirement for any power system, there is need for newer tools to ensure stability and security margins being strictly enforced in the competitive marketplace. This dissertation investigates issues associated with incorporating voltage security into the unbundled operating environment of electricity markets. It includes addressing voltage security in the monitoring, operational and planning horizons of restructured power system. This dissertation presents a new decomposition procedure to estimate voltage security usage by transactions. The procedure follows physical law and uses an index that can be monitored knowing the state of the system. The expression derived is based on composite market coordination models that have both PoolCo and OpCo transactions, in a shared stressed transmission grid. Our procedure is able to equitably distinguish the impacts of individual transactions on voltage stability, at load buses, in a simple and fast manner. This dissertation formulates a new voltage stability constrained optimal power flow (VSCOPF) using a simple voltage security index. In modern planning, composite power system reliability analysis that encompasses both adequacy and security issues is being developed. We have illustrated the applicability of our VSCOPF into composite reliability analysis. This dissertation also delves into the various applications of voltage security index. Increasingly, FACT devices are being used in restructured markets to mitigate a variety of operational problems. Their control effects on voltage security would be demonstrated using our VSCOPF procedure. Further, this dissertation investigates the application of steady state voltage stability index to detect potential dynamic voltage collapse. Finally, this dissertation examines developments in representation, standardization, communication and exchange of power system data. Power system data is the key input to all analytical engines for system operation, monitoring and control. Data exchange and dissemination could impact voltage security evaluation and therefore needs to be critically examined.

The modern smart grid would involve deep integration between measurement nodes, communication systems, artificial intelligence, power electronics and distributed resources. On one hand, this type of integration can dramatically improve the grid performance and efficiency, but on the other, it can also introduce new types of vulnerabilities to the grid. To obtain the best performance, while minimizing the risk of vulnerabilities, the physical power system must be designed as a security aware system. In this dissertation, an interoperability and communication framework for microgrid control and Cyber Physical system enhancements is designed and implemented taking into account cyber and physical security aspects. The proposed data-centric interoperability layer provides a common data bus and a resilient control network for seamless integration of distributed energy resources. In addition, a synchronized measurement network and advanced metering infrastructure were developed to provide real-time monitoring for active distribution networks. A hybrid hardware/software testbed environment was developed to represent the smart grid as a cyber-physical system through hardware and software in the loop simulation methods. In addition it provides a flexible interface for remote integration and experimentation of attack scenarios. The work in this dissertation utilizes communication technologies to enhance the performance of the DC microgrids and distribution networks by extending the application of the GPS synchronization to the DC Networks. GPS synchronization allows the operation of distributed DC-DC converters as an interleaved converters system. Along with the GPS synchronization, carrier extraction synchronization technique was developed to improve the system’s security and reliability in the case of GPS signal spoofing or jamming. To improve the integration of the microgrid with the utility system, new synchronization and islanding detection algorithms were developed. The developed algorithms overcome the problem of SCADA and PMU based islanding detection methods such as communication failure and frequency stability. In addition, a real-time energy management system with online optimization was developed to manage the energy resources within the microgrid. The security and privacy were also addressed in both the cyber and physical levels. For the physical design, two techniques were developed to address the physical privacy issues by changing the current and electromagnetic signature. For the cyber level, a security mechanism for IEC 61850 GOOSE messages was developed to address the security shortcomings in the standard.

It is undeniable that activities and events within the water, energy, and food (WEF) security nexus are inextricably linked and their relationships numerous and substantial. Complexity increases when factors governing the daily lives of humanity namely social, technology advancement, environment, economic, and policies (STEEP) adds upon the difficulty in addressing the relationships. It is thus paramount to address the problems from a holistic and systematic approach to maximise benefits as well as to minimize the negative impacts upon one another. However, there exists little to zero means of measuring their performance, whether qualitatively or quantitatively, within the context of a nexus. Moreover, minimal understanding exists regarding the relationships between the WEF securities in Malaysia, an emerging economy rich in natural resources, which envisions to be a developed nation. This research sought to establish a measurement system for the WEF security nexus in Malaysia within the context of resource security wellbeing, sectoral balance, and sustainable development using a System Dynamics (SD) approach. This entailed an extensive literature review and qualitative interview with key stakeholders from the industrial sectors. The front end of the SD process is concerned with obtaining important and relevant information from literature and interviews, which are then used to construct causal loop diagrams (CLD). The back end of the SD is concerned with converting the CLDs into a stock and flow diagram (SFD), which provides a platform for quantitative simulation of different well-designed scenarios. Key findings from this research can be highlighted; these include: renewables are necessary for the long-term energy plan of Malaysia, nuclear power is necessary to keep electricity tariff low, water tariff of supply and services are severely low, increasing self-sufficiency level (SSL) of Malaysia’s staple food is important, under-utilised crops are efficient in meeting nutrient requirements, and cash crops imposed systemic stresses upon the water sector more than the energy sector. Consequently, recommendations for policy makers are suggested accordingly to achieve a reasonable proportion of RE penetration, providing education on nuclear benefits, centralising and streamlining water governance, socio-economic improvement of water economics, increase SSL of staple food, embark upon widespread adoption of local under-utilized crops, and controlling land use of non-food crops. The outcome of this research forms a vital and novel contribution to knowledge, when it is a pioneering work to address the WEF security nexus for Malaysia; especially in considering their securities for the country as a system rather than unaffected individual entities. This work will contribute towards spearheading the awareness and, hopefully, trigger further and more in-depth work in transdisciplinary resource and technology management. As a pioneering effort, this research has nonetheless provided the foundation and the fundamental understanding to an integrative and inclusive cross-sectoral national resource backbone - The WEF security nexus measurement system of Malaysia.

Renewable energy is playing an increasingly significant role in power system operation and stability assessment with its numerous penetration expansion. This is not only brought by its uncertain power output and inverter-based equipment structures but also its operation characteristics like Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). It is thus necessary to take these characteristics into consideration and further to find more adaptive schemes to implement them for more effective analysis and safer power system operation. All the aforementioned is based on the accurate identification of the system fundamental information. In this dissertation, a systematic approach is proposed to find the valid system model by estimating the transmission line parameters in the system with PMU measurements. The system transient stability assessment is conducted based on this validated model. The constrained stability region is estimated with Lyapunov functions family based method in the center of angles reference frame considering renewables LVRT as operation limits. In order to integrate the LVRT constraints, a polytopic inner approximation mechanism is introduced to linearize and organize the transformed constraints in state space, which brings much scalability to the whole process. From the voltage stability perspective, an approach to adaptively adjust LVRT settings of the renewable energy sources in the system is formulated to guarantee the system load margin and thus the voltage security. A voltage prediction method is introduced for critical renewable energy sources identification. Estimation methods based on interpolation and sensitivities are developed and conducted for saving computation effort brought by continuation power flows. Multiple test cases are studied utilizing the proposed approaches and results are demonstrated.
Doctor of Philosophy

Commercial buildings consume more than 40% of the total energy consumption in the United States. Almost 90% of these buildings are small- and medium-sized buildings that do not have a Building Energy Management (BEM) system. The reasons behind this are – lack of awareness, unavailability of inexpensive packaged solutions, and disincentive to invest in a BEM system if the tenant is not the owner. Several open source tools and technologies have emerged recently that can be used for building automation and energy management. However, none of these systems is turnkey and deployment ready. They also lack consistent and intuitive navigation, security, and performance required for a BEM system. The overall project - of which this thesis research is a part - addresses the design and implementation of an open source secure web based user platform to monitor, schedule, control, and perform functions needed for a BEM system serving small and medium-size buildings. The focus of this work are: principles of intuitive graphical user interface design, abstracting device functions into a comprehensive data model, identifying threats and vulnerabilities, and implementing a security framework for the web platform. Monitor and control solutions for devices such as load controllers and sensors are abstracted and their decentralized control strategies are proposed and implemented using an open source robust scalable user platform accessible locally and remotely. The user platform is open-source, scalable, provides role-based access, dynamic, and modular in design. The comprehensive data model includes a user management model, device model, session model, and a scheduling model. The data model is designed to be flexible, robust and can be extended for any new device type. Security risks are analyzed using a threat model to identify security goals. The proposed security framework includes user authentication, device approval, role-based access, secure information exchange protocols, and web platform security. Performance of the user interface platform is evaluated for responsiveness in different screen sizes, page response times, throughput, and the performance of client side entities.
Master of Science

Mauritius is an isolated island with ambitious targets for renewable energy generation and plans to invest in more solar power. The aim of this study is to assess how the implementation of photovoltaic technologies might affect the frequency stability in Mauritius and thus assess whether solar power can help the country obtain their targets for green energy generation. The research question is answered by conducting a literature study and simulating relevant scenarios in Matlab and Simulink. By simulating the frequency response for a production disturbance with different values for system inertia and PV capacity, the inertia requirements for frequency stability is assessed. Mauritius appears to have a high potential for increasing solar power generation. Based on the simulations, their electrical grid seems to be able to maintain frequency stability with PV capacity corresponding to the generation targets for 2020, 2025 and 2030, even for low amounts of system inertia. However, the significance of these results are called into question because of the varying quality of input data. With more accurate, specific data, the applicability of the results can be improved. Nevertheless, the study can be used as a guideline on how to use the given model to evaluate frequency stability in isolated power systems in island states. Ways to further this study is to evaluate other stability challenges related to PV production such as the reactive power in the system, voltage stability and rotor angle stability.
Mauritius är en isolerad ö som har sett en stor ekonomisk växt de sista åren. För att möta en ökande efterfrågan på el på ett hållbart sätt har Mauritius satt ambitiösa mål för förnybar energiproduktion som bland annat innebär betydande investeringar i solkraft. Målet med denna studie är att utvärdera hur implementeringen av utökad solcellskapacitet skulle kunna påverka frekvensstabiliteten i nätet på Mauritius och således fastställa ifall solenergin kan bidra till deras mål om ökad grön energiproduktion, utan att öka risken för strömavbrott. Frågeställningen besvaras genom att först utföra en litteraturstudie och sedan använda en matematisk modell, utvecklad av Danilo Obradovic från KTH, för att simulera relevanta scenarier i Matlab och Simulink. Simuleringarna visar frekvenssvaret vid produktionsbortfall som relateras till den mängd svängmassa som behövs för att säkerställa frekvensstabilitet vid olika mängder solceller. Litteraturstudien visar att Mauritius har god tillgång på solinstrålning och solceller verkar vara en lämplig teknologi för att utnyttja denna energin. Enligt de simuleringar som genomförts verkar Mauritius kunna bibehålla frekvensensstabilitet om den installerade solcellskapaciteten ökas till de planerade nivåerna i 2020, 2025 och 2030, även för låga värden på systemets svängmassa. Slutsatserna bör dock analyseras kritiskt då indatan som används för simuleringarna är av varierande kvalitet. Med bättre och mer specifik indata kan den föreslagna metodiken och modellen användas för att dra mer relevanta slutsatser för Mauritius. Metodiken som använts i denna studie kan därav ses på som en riktlinje för hur frekvensstabiliteten i isolerade elnät kan undersökas. Vidare kan studien utökas genom att utvärdera sociala och ekonomiska aspekter och även andra stabilitetsfrågor relaterade till en ökad mängd solceller, så som den reaktiva effekten i systemet, spänningsstabilitet och rotorvinkelstabilitet.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.02 – Світове господарство і міжнародні економічні відносини. – Харківський національний університет імені В.Н. Каразіна Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2018. Дисертація присвячена поглибленню теоретико-методичних засад дослідження диверсифікації ринку природного газу ЄС та обґрунтуванню перспективних напрямів підвищення енергетичної безпеки ЄС за рахунок диверсифікації ринку газу. У роботі запропоновано енергетичну безпеку трактувати як інтегральну категорію, яка охоплює соціальні, економічні, політичні, технологічні і екологічні фактори і характеризує стан забезпечення економіки енергоресурсами, за якого потреби у енергії задовольняються за стабільними та доступними цінами шляхом використання енергоресурсів з внутрішніх та зовнішніх джерел і стратегічних резервів через надійну та захищену внутрішню енергетичну інфраструктуру і диверсифіковані та стабільно доступні зовнішні джерела, не створюються загрози сталому розвитку та екологічній безпеці і впроваджені механізми мінімізації наявних і потенційних ризиків для енергетичної сфери. У ході дослідження з’ясовано, що в ЄС безпека постачання енергоресурсів визначається як стан забезпечення енергоресурсами, за якого основні енергетичні потреби мають бути задоволені завдяки спільному використанню внутрішніх енергетичних ресурсів та стратегічних резервів у прийнятних економічних умовах та з використанням диверсифікованих та доступних зовнішніх джерел. Проведено аналіз структури та особливостей сучасного ринку газу ЄС і встановлено, що цей ринок займає одне з ключових місць в загальній структурі виробництва первинної енергії в ЄС, а загальним вектором його розвитку є формування єдиного конкурентоспроможного ринку, ключовими елементами якого є вільна конкуренція та біржове ціноутворення на високоліквідних газових хабах. Виявлено, що концепція диверсифікації на основі довгострокових контрактів, яка останнім часом була традиційною в ЄС, на даний час не може повною мірою забезпечити отримання додаткових обсягів імпорту газу. Найбільш привабливою альтернативою є концепція диверсифікації на основі розвитку конкуренції. Запропоновано концептуально-методичний підхід до оцінки рівня диверсифікації ринку газу ЄС на основі індексу диверсифікації ринку, який дозволяє оцінити рівень диверсифікації ринку за основними його аспектами. Удосконалено інструментарій кількісної оцінки рівня диверсифікації зовнішніх джерел постачання, який дозволяє оцінити рівень їх диверсифікації з урахуванням політичної стабільності та економічної доцільності щодо держав-постачальників. Розроблено модель диверсифікації ринку газу, яка дозволяє оцінити як рівень диверсифікації ринку за основними аспектами, так і загальний рівень диверсифікації ринку газу в цілому. Здійснено оцінку рівня диверсифікації ринку газу ЄС і встановлено, що поточний рівень диверсифікації відповідає нормальному рівню диверсифікації. Обґрунтовано перспективні напрями підвищення енергетичної безпеки ЄС за рахунок диверсифікації ринку газу. Визначено пріоритетні шляхи підвищення рівня диверсифікації ринку природного газу України, реалізація комплексу завдань за якими забезпечить задовільний загальний рівень диверсифікації вітчизняного ринку природного газу та є передумовою успішної інтеграції до ринку природного газу ЄС. The thesis for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences, speciality 08.00.02 – World Economy and International Economic Relations. – V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the in-depth study of the theoretical and methodological research principles of the EU natural gas market diversification as well as to the substantiation of perspectives for the EU energy security increase due to the diversification of gas market. Various approaches to the interpretation of energy security by international organizations, individual countries and academic researchers have been explored in the thesis. It has been established that energy security can be explored either under a one-sided approach based on the security of energy supply or under a multi-faceted approach that takes into account a number of other important aspects of energy security, such as energy availability, energy efficiency and environmental safety. By generalizing the existing approaches to the definition of energy security it has been established that energy security in its broad sense is defined as the state of the Economy energy resources supply, with no threats to sustainable development, and where the mechanisms for compensating existing and potential risks, that may arise as a result of the negative influence of internal or external factors, are implemented. The paper proposes to treat energy security as an integral category that covers social, economic, political, technological and environmental factors and characterizes the state of the economy's energy supply, in which energy needs (in various forms and in sufficient quantities) are met at stable and affordable prices through the use of energy resources from internal and external sources and strategic reserves through a reliable and secure internal energy infrastructure and diversified and stable external energy supply sources, no threat to sustainable development and environmental safety, and mechanisms for minimizing existing and potential risks for the energy sector are introduced. It has been established that central component of the EU energy security is the energy supply security, which means the availability of continuous access to energy resources at affordable prices. The availability of energy resources is a multidimensional concept, the components of which are diversification of energy resources suppliers, spatial diversification of energy resources distribution, diversification of type energy resources and diversification of supply routes (pipelines). The study found that in the EU energy security supply is defined as a state of energy supply, in which the basic energy requirements should be covered through the joint use of internal energy resources and strategic reserves under acceptable economic conditions involving diversified and accessible external sources. Diversification encompasses three aspects: the diversification of supply sources, suppliers, and location of energy objects by spatial criterion. It has been discovered that in order to maintain the appropriate energy security level the energy sector should be characterized by the diversification of the complex of primary energy sources; diversification of electricity production at the expense of gas; diversification of the portfolio of energy resources suppliers; diversification of supply routes for imports; a tendency to reduce the energy intensity of GDP; reliable energy infrastructure; affordable prices. Evaluating the place and role of the diversification in the system of factors of ensuring the EU energy security as one of the largest importers of energy resources in the world, it was established that under the assurance of EU energy security is understood the process of reducing dependence on external energy suppliers through the development of own energy production, diversification of the internal energy portfolio and diversification of the energy resources supply from external sources, the formation of sufficient strategic energy resources reserves, energy efficiency, decarbonisation as a means to combat climate change and minimize pollution. The analysis of the structure and features of the modern EU gas market has proved that this market takes one of the key places in the overall structure of primary energy production in the EU, and its general development trend is the formation of a single competitive market by means of free competition and stock pricing in the most liquid gas hubs. It has been discovered that the concept of diversification on the basis of various longterm contracts can not at this time fully ensure the receipt of additional volumes of gas imports. The most attractive alternative for the coming years is the concept of supply diversification based on the development of competition. The conceptual-methodical approach to assessing the level of diversification of the EU gas market based on the market diversification index is proposed, which allows us to assess the level of market diversification in its main aspects. It is noted that the gas market diversification index is a quantitative measure of how much energy security is ensured in the aspect of diversifying gas supply. The tools for quantifying the level of diversification of external sources of supply have been improved, which allows us to assess the level of their diversification, taking into account political stability and economic expediency. The gas market diversification model is developed, which allows quantitatively and qualitatively to assess both the level of the gas market diversification in its main aspects and the overall level of the gas market diversification as a whole. The assessment of external and internal aspects of the EU gas market diversification has proved that the current level of diversification corresponds to the correct level of diversification according to the proposed scale of assessment. The analysis of the obtained assessments of the EU gas market diversification level has been carried out and promising directions of increasing EU energy security due to natural gas market diversification are provided. The program of diversification of the gas market of Ukraine is proposed on the basis of the analogue of the existing N-1 gas infrastructure standard in the EU. The priority directions of increasing the Ukraine natural gas market diversification level are identified, realization of the tasks complex on which proposed target indicators of Ukraine natural gas market diversification level on the main internal and external aspects inherent in the EU natural gas market, will provide a satisfactory overall level of the domestic natural gas market diversification and is a prerequisite for successful integration with the EU natural gas market. Obtained variants of target values of diversification as target parameters can then be based on the diversification programs and determine the main promising directions of Ukraine natural gas market development in terms of increasing energy efficiency, changing the structure of the energy mix, reduction of natural gas consumption, decreasing the dependence on imports, increasing the diversification level of the external supply sources and suppliers.

Trading optimal wind power in energy and regulation market offers possibil-ities for increasing revenues as well as impacting security of the system in apositive way[33]. The bidding in both energy and regulation markets can bedone through stochastic optimization process of both markets.Stochastic optimization can be possible once the probabilistic forecst is avail-able through ensemble forecast methodology. For stochastic optimization, thepost-processing of the ensembles to generate quantiles that will be used in op-timization can be accomplished by employing different methodology. In thisstudy, we will concentrate on the impact of post-processing of ensembles onthe stochastic optimization.Generation of quantiles needed for stochastic optimization used herein formarket optimization will be the main focus of the investigation. The impactof price ratios between energy and reserve market will be also investigated toanalyse the impact of said ratios on the revenues. Furthermore this analysiswill be performed for both US and Swedish markets.

The conventional understanding behind how the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has formulated its decisions and subsequently behaved in the international system has consistently centered on the role of market forces. Either proactively or reactively, it has been assumed that OPEC’s actions were merely engaging and responding to the supply and demand dynamics in the global economy. Though space was always given to the political considerations of certain OPEC Member States, and how that impacts the behavior of the Organization, inquiry into OPEC decision-making and behavior has generally centered on economic considerations, with politics playing an intermittent supporting role. This work challenges the assumptions behind the conventional narrative of OPEC’s behavior in the international system. By utilizing a historically-based process tracing method, relying heavily on archival data from OPEC’s headquarters and declassified American national security documents from the late 1940s to the present, a more sophisticated model of decision-making and behavior is developed. Accordingly, OPEC’s decisions and behavior are more accurately a product of four inter-related determinants: the role of market forces, the influence of outside actors (usually great powers) upon the Organization, interstate relations and politics among Member States, and the pressure of the internal state dynamics within OPEC Member States. It is at the intersection of these four variables where OPEC’s behavior is more readily understood. Thus, with a sophisticated understanding of the interplay of these determinants, OPEC’s decision-making process and behavior can be more accurately understood and possibly forecasted to a limited degree.

The diploma thesis deals with the implementation of own design of an electronic security system with the possibility of extension with the elements of home automation. The control panel is built using the Raspberry Pi3 B+ with a touch screen that communicates with the sensors using Bluetooth Low Energy technology.

This master's thesis deals with the design of an electronic security system as part of the physical security for the energy company in the Czech Republic. The electronic security system is designed to meet all legal requirements, internal directives and has also passed ISO 27001 certification. The Implementation of the security system is demonstrated on the selected object of the company that belongs to the elements of the critical infrastructure.

Recent widespread blackouts have indicated the need for more efficient and accurate power system monitoring, control and protection tools. Power system state estimation, which is the major tool that is used nowadays for providing the real-time model of the system, has significant biases resulting mainly from the complexity and geographic spread and separation of an electric power system. Synchrophasor technology is a promising technology that has numerous advantages compared to conventional metering devices. PMUs provide synchronized measurements, where synchronization is achieved via a GPS clock which provides the synchronizing signal with accuracy of 1 μsec. As a result, the computed phasors have a common reference (UTC time) and can be used in local computations, thus distributing the state estimation process. The first part of the work presents a PMU enabled dynamic state estimator (DSE) that can capture with high fidelity the dynamics of the system and extract in real time the dynamic model of the system. The described DSE is performed in a decentralized way, on the substation level based on local measurements which are globally valid. The substation based DSE uses data from relays, PMUs, meters, FDRs etc in the substation only, thus avoiding all issues associated with transmission of data and associated time latencies. This approach enables very fast DSE update rate which can go up to more than 60 executions per second. The distributed state estimation architecture that synchrophasor technology enables, along with the fast sampling rate and the accuracy of the measurements that PMUs provide, enable the computation of the real-time dynamic model of the system and the development of numerous power system applications for more efficient control and protection of the system. In the second part of the work, a transient stability monitoring scheme is presented that utilizes the information given by the dynamic state estimation and enables real-time monitoring of the transient swings of the system and characterizes the stability of the system in real time. In particular, the real-time dynamic model of the system, as given by the DSE, is utilized to evaluate the system's energy function based on Lyapunov's direct method and extract stability properties from the energy function. The two major components of the scheme are a) the calculation of the center of oscillations of the system and b) the derivation of an equivalent, reduced sized model which is used for the calculation of the potential and kinetic energy of the system based on which the stability of the system is determined. Finally, as an application of the transient stability monitoring scheme, an energy based out-of-step protection scheme is proposed. The energy of the generator is continuously monitored and if it exceeds a predefined threshold then instability is asserted and a trip signal can be sent to the generator. The major advantage of the scheme is that the out-of-step condition is predicted before its occurrence and therefore relays can act much faster than today's technology. The scheme is compared to presently available state of the art out-of-step protection schemes in order to verify its superiority.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
This thesis explores the causes of Russian foreign policy towards Georgia. It argues that the Russian Federation continues to pursue a policy which weakens the sovereignty of the Caucasus. The main priority of this thesis is to identify why the Russian Federation seems to be pursuing a set of policies that economically and politically weaken the sovereignty of Georgia. Therefore, this thesis examines the forces and factors of Russian domestic politics that drive Russian national interests towards the Caucasus. The analysis focuses on one particular issue-area: the role of the economic elite in shaping Russia's domestic and foreign policies vis-a-vis the state in the electricity sector. In focusing on the energy policies of the Russian Federation, this thesis reveals the negative consequences for Georgia's sovereignty that result from a strong Russian influence in the region. This thesis analyzes how Russian national interests towards Georgia challenge the latter to establish autonomous decisionmaking with regard to its foreign policy and to exercise its own authority through an exclusive competence in internal affairs of the state. In conclusion, this thesis offers policy prescriptions on how Georgia might best preserve its sovereignty with respect to the Russian Federation in terms of energy dependency.
Civilian, Ministry of Defense, Georgia

Climate change is real. Global human population is growing as never before. Natural resources are limited. These factors have taken different countries to embrace new pathways in order to fulfill the energy needs of their population, understanding that energy is a fundamental instrument for achieving sustainable development. Since each economy decides, according to its needs, possibilities and interests, its own shift of energy production and consumption, this tendency has received the name of energy transitions. Energy transitions, through digitalization, decentralization and decarbonization of the energy system, have placed the power sector as the center of modern infrastructures, making it imperative to procure its security in the long-term. This thesis is focused on the security of electrical systems, for which, after performing a thorough review on energy policies of different economies, it presents a multi-dimensional index as a tool for policy makers aimed to assess long-term security of power systems. The composed index is subsequently applied to different nations from two different approaches: the tracking of a country’s development and the evaluation, comparison and ranking of different economies in a specific time frame. The designed tool represents a comprehensive framework for assessing -and improving- energy security in power systems, being this precisely the main contribution of the present thesis: the development and proposal of an instrument that contributes, through the betterment of energy systems by making them more secure, to achieve sustainable development.
El cambio climático es real. La población humana global está creciendo como nunca antes. Los recursos naturales son limitados. Estos factores han llevado a los distintos países a adoptar distintas rutas encaminadas a satisfacer las necesidades energéticas de su población, entendiendo a la energía como un instrumento fundamental para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible. Debido a que cada economía decide, de acuerdo a sus necesidades, posibilidades e intereses, su propio cambio en producción y consumo de energía, esta tendencia ha recibido el nombre de transiciones energéticas. Estas, a través de la digitalización, descentralización y descarbonización del sistema energético, han colocado al sistema eléctrico como el centro de las infraestructuras modernas, haciendo imperativo el procurar su seguridad en el largo plazo. La presente tesis está enfocada en la seguridad de los sistemas eléctricos, para lo que, luego de una exhaustiva revisión de políticas energéticas de distintas economías, se presenta un índice multidimensional como herramienta para los encargados de la elaboración de políticas orientadas a procurar la seguridad de los sistemas eléctricos. El índice compuesto es posteriormente aplicado a diferentes naciones desde dos perspectivas distintas: el seguimiento temporal del desarrollo de un país y la evaluación, comparación y jerarquización de diferentes economías en un tiempo específico. La herramienta diseñada representa un marco integral para la evaluación y mejoramiento de la seguridad energética de los sistemas eléctricos, siento precisamente esta la mayor contribución de la presente tesis: el desarrollo y propuesta de un instrumento que contribuya, a través del mejoramiento de los sistemas energéticos, haciéndolos más seguros, a alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible.
Enginyeria elèctrica

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Minussi
Resumo: Apresenta-se um modelo matemático, baseado na análise de sensibilidade, para a realização de controle de segurança dinâmica para a melhoria da estabilidade transitória de sistemas elétricos de potência. O controle de segurança dinâmica implementado consiste na alteração da impe-dância do sistema elétrico pela retirada/inclusão de linhas de transmissão. A proposta consiste em determinar um modelo de sensibilidade da margem de segurança do sistema em relação à admitância (impedância) do elemento considerado. Deste modo, pode-se estimar o impacto que as alterações no sistema de transmissão podem causar sobre a estabilidade transitória do sistema. Com as devidas adaptações, os resultados aqui apresentados podem ser estendidos para o caso do uso de dispositivos FACTS. A análise da estabilidade é realizada, via uso do conceito de sensibilidade da margem de segurança do sistema, que é determinada pelo Méto-do Direto de Lyapunov, por meio da função de energia total do sistema. Trata-se de um resul-tado que visa dar maior suporte ferramental aos planejadores e aos operadores dos sistemas de energia elétrica. Visando ilustrar os resultados auferidos com a aplicação do modelo proposto, são apresentados os resultados via simulações considerando-se dois sistemas de energia elétri-ca (sistema de 9 barras / sistema clássico Anderson & Fouad, e uma versão do sistema sul bra-sileiro).
Abstract: This work presents a mathematical model based on sensitivity analysis for the implementation of Security Dynamic Control for improvement of transient stability of electric power systems. The Security Dynamic Control performed corresponds to system impedance change by out-put/input of transmission lines (TL’s). The propose aims to determine a sensitivity model for the security margin of the system in relation to the impedance (susceptance) of the considered element. Thus, it is possible estimate the influence of TL’s on transient stability. Considering adaptations and some simplifications, the results obtained with this proposal can be used for FACTS devices. The stability analysis is achieved using the Security Margin concept deter-mined by the direct Lyapunov (energy) method; it is a supporting tool to the planners and op-erators of electric power systems. In order to illustrate the results obtained with the application of the proposed model, the simulation results are presented considering two electric power systems (9-bus system / Anderson & Fouad classic system, and one version of the South Bra-zilian system).
Doutor

With the increased loading and exploitation of the power transmission system and also due to improved optimised operation, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse attracts more and more attention . A voltage collapse can take place in systems or subsystems and can appear quite abruptly. Continuous monitoring of the system state is therefore required. The cause of the 1977 New York black out has been proved to be the reactive power problem. The 1987 Tokyo black out was believed to be due to reactive power shortage and to a voltage collapse at summer peak load. These facts have strongly indicated that reactive power planning and dispatching play an important role in the security of modern power systems. A proper compensation of system voltage profiles will enhance the system securities in the operation and will reduce system losses. In this thesis, some aspects of reactive power dispatch and voltage control problem have been investigated. The research has focused on the following three issues: Firstly, the steady-state stability problem has been tackled where, a voltage collapse proximity indicator based on the optimal impedance solution of a two bus system has been generalised to an actual system and the performance of this indicator has been investigated over the whole range (stable and unstable region) to see how useful this indicator can be for an operator at any operating point. Then we went further to implement a linear reactive power dispatch algorithm in which this indicator was used for the first time to attempt to prevent a voltage collapse in the system. Secondly, a new efficient technique for N-1 security has been incorporated aiming at either maximising the reactive power reserve margin for the generators or minimising active power losses during normal as well as outage conditions (single line outage) .The reactive power redistribution after an outage is based on the S-E graph adopted by Phadke and Spong[72].Thirdly, the dispatch (N-1 security excluded) has been incorporated on line in the O.C.E.P.S. control package to improve the quality of the service and system security by optimally controlling the generator voltages (potentially the reactive control system is able to control transformers, switchable capacitors and reactors). A new function called load voltage control (similar to the load frequency control function) has been introduced to allow smooth variation of the reactive control signals towards their targets.

Pervasive computing systems are comprised of various personal mobile devices connected by the wireless networks. Pervasive computing systems have gained soaring popularity because of the rapid proliferation of the personal mobile devices. The number of personal mobile devices increased steeply over years and will surpass world population by 2016.;However, the fast development of pervasive computing systems is facing two critical issues, energy efficiency and security assurance. Power consumption of personal mobile devices keeps increasing while the battery capacity has been hardly improved over years. at the same time, a lot of private information is stored on and transmitted from personal mobile devices, which are operating in very risky environment. as such, these devices became favorite targets of malicious attacks. Without proper solutions to address these two challenging problems, concerns will keep rising and slow down the advancement of pervasive computing systems.;We select smartphones as the representative devices in our energy study because they are popular in pervasive computing systems and their energy problem concerns users the most in comparison with other devices. We start with the analysis of the power usage pattern of internal system activities, and then identify energy bugs for improving energy efficiency. We also investigate into the external communication methods employed on smartphones, such as cellular networks and wireless LANs, to reduce energy overhead on transmissions.;As to security, we focus on implantable medical devices (IMDs) that are specialized for medical purposes. Malicious attacks on IMDs may lead to serious damages both in the cyber and physical worlds. Unlike smartphones, simply borrowing existing security solutions does not work on IMDs because of their limited resources and high requirement of accessibility. Thus, we introduce an external device to serve as the security proxy for IMDs and ensure that IMDs remain accessible to save patients' lives in certain emergency situations when security credentials are not available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, 2006.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-55). Also issued in print.

Modern civilizations have evolved to be highly dependent on electrical energy. The exponentially growing renewables market has signaled transitions in electricity sectors that have traditionally been dominated by fossil fuel electricity. Various theoretical debates have recently emerged surrounding the processes of socio-technical transition, focusing on the pathways of transition, the levers for radical change and path-dependencies within these systems. The Multi-Level Perspective on Socio-technical Transitions is one such theory. This perspective views socio-technical change as a factor of interdependent shifts between three analytical levels observed within the system: the socio-technical regime, the socio-technical niche and the landscape. In accordance with this theory, radical change is generally observed as originating at niche level. Irregularities within the dominant regime and landscape pressures allow for niche innovations to break through into the dominant regime in processes of socio-technical transition. Toward understanding actor influences on energy transitions, considerable attention has been paid to actor's impact on governance processes through: patterns of consumption, the shaping of legislation and technical innovations, by socio-technical transitions theories. However less attention has been paid to the ways in which actors in renewable electricity markets are: forming networks toward the establishment of new regimes and governing processes at niche level, and consequently how actor governance has impacted the established perceptions and available pathways for realizing electric security. This thesis, builds on the Multi-Level Perspective, through an exploration of how actors govern socio-technical systems at niche level, paying careful attention to the modalities of power giving and power taking that allow for the development of networks of people and things toward the stabilization of novel socio-technical practices, innovations and developmental trajectories. It does this through a networked analysis of how different actors with different interests cooperate to open up innovative social and technological pathways.

Internet of Things require a continuous power supply for longevity and energy harvesting from ambient sources enable sustainable operation of such embedded devices. Using selfpowered power supply gives raise two scenarios, where there is surplus or scarce harvested energy. In situations where the harvester is capable of harvesting beyond its storage capacity, the surplus energy is wasted. In situations where the harvester does not have sufficient resources, the sparse harvested energy can only transiently power the device. Transiently powered devices, referred to as intermittent computing devices, ensure forward progress by storing checkpoints of the device state at regular intervals. Irrespective of the availability of energy, the device should have adequate security. This thesis addresses the security of energy harvested embedded devices in both energy scenarios. First, we propose precomputation, an optimization technique, that utilizes the surplus energy. We study two cryptographic applications, namely bulk encryption and true random number generation, and we show that precomputing improves energy efficiency and algorithm latency in both applications. Second, we analyze the security pitfalls in transiently powered devices. To secure transiently powered devices, we propose the Secure Intermittent Computing Protocol. The protocol provides continuity to underlying application, atomicity to protocol operations and detects replay and tampering of checkpoints. Both the proposals together provide comprehensive security to self-powered embedded devices.
Master of Science
Internet of Things(IoT) is a collection of interconnected devices which collects data from its surrounding environment. The data collected from these devices enable emerging technologies like smart home and smart cities, where objects are controlled remotely. With the increase in the number of such devices, there is a demand for self-powered devices to conserve electrical energy. Energy harvesters are suitable for this purpose because they convert ambient energy into electrical energy to be stored in an energy buffer, which is to be used when required by the device. Using energy harvesters as power supply presents us with two scenarios. First, when there is sufficient ambient energy, the surplus energy, which is the energy harvested beyond the storage capacity of the buffer, is not consumed by the device and thus, wasted. Second, when the harvested energy is scarce, the device is forced to shutdown due to lack of power. In this thesis, we consider the overall security of an energy harvested IoT device in both energy scenarios. We optimize cryptographic algorithms to utilize the surplus energy and design a secure protocol to protect the device when the energy is scarce. Utilizing both the ideas together provides adequate security to the Internet of Things.

A importância de métodos de projeto vem crescendo nos últimos anos à medida que sistemas sócio-técnicos complexos se tornam mais numerosos. Além da complexidade, o tamanho e o investimento financeiro destes sistemas amplificam a gravidade dos erros de projeto. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de especificação e projeto que reduza o tempo e energia para desenvolver um sistema complexo cujas funções sejam conhecidas a priori, gerenciando em paralelo os riscos. O objetivo específico foi verificar a viabilidade econômica de usinas nucleares móveis de pequeno porte. Este trabalho adotou como princípio a lei construtal que prevê o sucesso de sistemas que facilitem os fluxos necessários à sua existência. Após a identificação dos fatores chave para facilitar o fluxo de informações, esta tese desenvolveu um conjunto de conceitos para facilitar o trabalho de engenharia. Aplicando tais conceitos, este trabalho desenvolveu sequências de atividades que descrevem o método proposto, sendo cada atividade detalhada por uma lista de requisitos. A demonstração das vantagens do método proposto foi feita por meio de análise de árvore de eventos e árvore de falhas. Usando o método, esta tese desenvolveu especificações e projetos em vários níveis (empresarial, usina, caldeira nuclear, circuito primário e gerador de vapor). Baseando-se em dados da marinha americana, esta tese desenvolveu um modelo de custo para reatores de pequeno porte. Concluiu que a energia nuclear pode ser competitiva se a potência elétrica média efetiva ao longo da vida útil ficar acima de 30MWe e se o tempo de vida útil for igual ou maior do que 60 anos. Tal fato decorre dos altos custos de aquisição que requerem uma vida longa para compensar o investimento e dos efeitos de economia de escala especialmente pronunciados para reatores a água pressurizada.
The importance of design methodologies has been growing in recent years as complex socio-technical systems become more common. In addition to complexity, the size and financial investment of these systems amplifies the severity of design errors. The general goal of this work was to develop a specification and design methodology that reduces the time and energy to develop a complex system whose functions are known a priori, managing the risks in parallel. The specific goal was to verify if small modular reactors could be economically possible. This work adopted as principle the Constructal law, that predicts the success of systems that ease the necessary flows to its existence. After finding the key factors to ease the flow of information, this work developed a set of concepts to ease the engineering work. Applying such concepts, this work developed sequences of activities that describe the proposed methodology. Lists of requirements gave guidance for each activity. Event tree and fault tree analyses showed the advantages of the proposed methodology. Using the methodology, this work developed specifications and designs at many product breakdown levels (enterprise, nuclear power plant, nuclear steam supply system, reactor coolant system and steam generator). Using data from US Navy, this work developed a cost model for small reactors. This work concluded that nuclear power may be competitive if average electrical power extracted during the life is larger than 30 MWe and if life time is superior to 60 years. The first condition is consequence of the high overnight costs of nuclear power. The second is consequence of the strong scale economy effects of pressurized water reactors.

In this study, it was investigated how individual households could manage security of supply during an outage by installing a local energy system that could operate independently from the electricity grid. By installing local renewable off-grid energy systems, households could guarantee an uninterrupted supply of energy even during an outage on the electricity grid, while also increasing their energy autonomy during normal circumstances. The results showed that managing an outage during summer was fairly easy. Due to high electricity production, a small energy storage was enough to manage an outage during summer. However, managing an outage during winter was more critical. During winter, the systems needed to be almost fully reliant on the energy storage. This significantly increased the cost of these systems. Due to the high cost for the energy systems today, it was not considered a feasible solution to improve energy security at a national level. However, at a local level, this was considered to have the potential to improve energy security. First, it could to be of interest for people who already have installed solar panels, who could add a battery and thereby be able to manage an outage during summer. Second, it could be of interest for people who are more exposed to outages or have a low trust in the system to work properly. Lastly, this could be of interest for actors for whom backup energy is important, for instance for the industry.

The economic level of the individual states, the community and the global economy depends on reliable activity and the results of individual economic sectors and subsectors, including all participants in this process. From the entire spectrum of economic sectors the energy sector has been selected as the most important and critical infrastructure in the Czech Republic, the EU, and in the world. The selected energy sector subdivides into other subsectors: electricity, natural gas and oil. The work deals with the analysis of the above mentioned sectors, their fundamentals, stocks, consumption, equipment, resources, entities, price developments and potential risks. The aim of the work is to analyse the state of the energy resources in the Czech Republic, the EU, and in the world, including current and potential threats, to which the key infrastructures have to face.

Stability analysis methods may be categorized by two major stability analysis methods: small-signal stability and transient stability analyses. Transient stability methods are further categorized into two major categories: numerical methods based on numerical integration, and direct methods. The purpose of this thesis is to study and investigate transient stability analysis using a combination of step-by-step and direct methods using Equal Area Criterion. The proposed method is extended for transient stability analysis of multi machine power systems. The proposed method calculates the potential and kinetic energies for all machines in a power system and then compares the largest group of kinetic energies to the smallest groups of potential energies. A decision based on the comparison can be made to determine stability of the power system. The proposed method is used to simulate the IEEE 39 Bus system to verify its effectiveness by comparison to the results obtained by pure numerical methods.

Energy management is of prime importance for power system operators to enhance the use of the existing and new facilities, while maintaining a high level of reliability. In this thesis, we develop analytical models and efficient algorithms for energy management programs in transmission and distribution networks. First, we study the optimal power flow (OPF) in ac-dc grids, which is a non-convex optimization problem. We use convex relaxation techniques and transform the problem into a semidefinite program (SDP). We derive the sufficient conditions for zero relaxation gap and design an algorithm to obtain the global optimal solution. Subsequently, we study the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem in ac-dc grids with generation and load uncertainty. We introduce the concept of conditional value-at risk to limit the net power supply shortage. The SCUC is a nonlinear mixed-integer optimization problem. We use ℓ₁-norm approximation and convex relaxation techniques to transform the problem into an SDP. We develop an algorithm to determine a near-optimal solution. Next, we target the role of end-users in energy management activities. We study demand response programs for residential users and data centers. For residential users, we capture their coupled decision making in a demand response program with real-time pricing as a partially observable stochastic game. To make the problem tractable, we approximate the optimal scheduling policy of the residential users by the Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE) of a fully observable stochastic game with incomplete information. We develop an online load scheduling learning algorithm to determine the users’ MPE policy. Last but not least, we focus on the demand response program for data centers in deregulated electricity markets, where each data center can choose a utility company from multiple available suppliers. We model the data centers’ coupled decisions of utility company choices and workload scheduling as a many-to-one matching game with externalities. We characterize the stable outcome of the game, where no data center has an incentive to unilaterally change its strategy. We develop a distributed algorithm that is guaranteed to converge to a stable outcome.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

The operation of the smart grid is expected to be heavily reliant on microprocessor-based control. Thus, there is a strong need for interoperability standards to address the heterogeneous nature of the data in the smart grid. In this research, we analyzed in detail the security threats of the Generic Object Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Sampled Measured Values (SMV) protocol mappings of the IEC 61850 data modeling standard, which is the most widely industry-accepted standard for power system automation and control. We found that there is a strong need for security solutions that are capable of defending the grid against cyber-attacks, minimizing the damage in case a cyber-incident occurs, and restoring services within minimal time. To address these risks, we focused on correlating cyber security algorithms with physical characteristics of the power system by developing intelligent agents that use this knowledge as an important second line of defense in detecting malicious activity. This will complement the cyber security methods, including encryption and authentication. Firstly, we developed a physical-model-checking algorithm, which uses artificial neural networks to identify switching-related attacks on power systems based on load flow characteristics. Secondly, the feasibility of using neural network forecasters to detect spoofed sampled values was investigated. We showed that although such forecasters have high spoofed-data-detection accuracy, they are prone to the accumulation of forecasting error. In this research, we proposed an algorithm to detect the accumulation of the forecasting error based on lightweight statistical indicators. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms was experimentally verified on the Smart Grid testbed at FIU. The test results showed that the proposed techniques have a minimal detection latency, in the range of microseconds. Also, in this research we developed a network-in-the-loop co-simulation platform that seamlessly integrates the components of the smart grid together, especially since they are governed by different regulations and owned by different entities. Power system simulation software, microcontrollers, and a real communication infrastructure were combined together to provide a cohesive smart grid platform. A data-centric communication scheme was selected to provide an interoperability layer between multi-vendor devices, software packages, and to bridge different protocols together.

To mitigate climate change and realize the transition towards a cleaner consumption pattern, the development of EVs needs to be ensured as it is one of the major solutions to the fossil fuel-related problems human beings face today. Lithium, as a critical material to EV cells, is seen as a strategic resource in many countries. Given the fact that the global lithium distribution is quite uneven, securing lithium supply for the development of EVs is essential for the world to phase out fossil fuels consumption in the transport sector. The supply risks of lithium can be observed in many aspects, ranging from lithium production to geopolitics. In this paper, the author combines qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to overarchingly reflect the global supply disruptions of lithium. In the qualitative section, the concept of systems theory is applied, supported by the connection circle, the stock-flow model, and the panarchy model; in the quantitative section, the author uses the combination of Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) to measure the extent of supply disruptions in a certain year. The quantitative section serves as a good supplement to the qualitative analysis. The qualitative results indicate that lithium mining and processing plays the key role in the whole lithium supply chain. It can be affected by the factors in the larger global context such as global political environment and the demand for lithium, as well as the social, ecological and technical components in the smaller scale that provides a physical environment for lithium production. The quantitative results show that the global supply disruptions of lithium are significant in 2019, mainly due to the high level of supply concentration. The author suggests that the governments of major lithium producer countries might organize panel discussions regularly to ensure the stable and non-centric supply of lithium to the global market. The rich production countries may also offer technical support to the less developed lithium holders to help the latter overcome the difficulties brought by the increasing cost of mining.

У диссертаційному дослідженні розроблені теоретико-методологічні, науково-методичні та практичні засади, сформовано концепцію трансформації системи природокористування України на засадах "зеленої" економіки як нового етапу розвитку еколого-економічних відносин і просторово-сектральної парадигми, основним елементом якої є механізм реалізації принципів сталого розвитку, що забезпечує узгодження критеріїв економічної ефективності, соціальної стабільності та екологічної безпеки. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36759

The aim of this thesis was to develop tools for evaluating the potential sustainability and security of renewable energy systems in the UK, with a long-term view of maximising the potential renewable energy penetration of wind and solar by deployment of electrical energy storage. Using computer modelled renewable energy systems, a number of system variables are considered such as system size, energy sources (solar and/or wind), type of demand load, and capacity and type of storage technology. The results allow for a broad comparison of different types of renewable energy systems, and their optimisation. The optimisation methodology is also critically evaluated with consideration of its robustness and applicability, using two alternative metrics to measure system energy security and two different measurements of energy return on investment (EROI) to measure sustainability. When comparing renewable energy systems, results found that large systems that predominately got their power from wind sources were the most sustainable and secure, using optimisation methods that penalised both their overproduction and underproduction. Nearly all systems benefit from the use of electrical energy storage, without impacting too much on sustainability levels, but larger wind systems used less storage, suffering lower energy security as a result. System performance can best be improved by developing solar power technologies with lower embodied energy costs, followed by a reduction in embodied energy of storage technology. The former will enable more effective use of storage methods, while the latter allows for larger storage capacities with less environmental impact. Sustainability and energy security were given equal priority in the optimisation, however it was found that more sustainable generation technologies were preferable to more secure technologies, as there is more scope to improve energy return on investment than security. Therefore there is a limit, generally around 45-85\% (depending on size of system and choice of technology) to the proportion of time that renewable energy systems using variable energy sources can be autonomous, meaning that energy backup from the grid and/or dispatchable sources is still required.

Nous vivons aujourd’hui dans l'ère cybernétique où de nouvelles technologies naissent chaque jour avec la promesse de rendre la vie humaine plus confortable, pratique et sûre. Parmi ces nouvelles technologies, l'informatique mobile se développe en influençant la vie de l’utilisateur. En effet, les plates-formes mobiles (smartphone, tablette) sont devenues les meilleurs compagnons de l’utilisateur pour mener à bien ses activités quotidiennes, comme les activités commerciales ou de divertissement. En jouant ces rôles importants, les plates-formes mobiles doivent opérer dans des environnements de confiance. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la sécurité des plates-formes mobiles en passant d’un niveau de sécurité primitif qui s’appuie sur les plates-formes de confiance, à un niveau plus sophistiqué qui se base sur de l’intelligence bio-inspirée. Plus précisément, après avoir abordé les défis du cloud computing mobile (MCC), nous développons une étude de cas appelée Droplock pour le cloud mobile et nous étudions son efficacité énergétique et ses performances pour illustrer le modèle MCC. En outre, en s’appuyant sur les plates-formes de confiance (comme les TPM), nous avons introduit un nouveau schéma d'attestation à distance pour sécuriser les plates-formes mobiles dans le contexte du cloud mobile. Pour améliorer le niveau de sécurité et être adaptatif au contexte, nous avons utilisé de la logique floue combinant un système de colonies de fourmis pour évaluer la confiance et la réputation du cloud mobile basé sur la notion de cloudlets
As living in the cyber era, we admit that a dozen of new technologies have been born every day with the promises that making a human life be more comfortable, convenient and safe. In the forest of new technologies, mobile computing is raise as an essential part of human life. Normally, mobile devices have become the best companions in daily activities. They have served us from the simple activities like entertainment to the complicated one as business operations. As playing the important roles, mobile devices deserve to work in the environment which they can trust for serving us better. In this thesis, we investigate the way to secure mobile devices from the primitive security level (Trusted Platforms) to the sophisticated one (bio-inspired intelligence). More precisely, after addressing the challenges of mobile cloud computing (MCC), we have studied the real-case of mobile cloud computing, in terms of energy efficiency and performance, as well as proposed a demonstration of particular MCC model, called Droplock system. Moreover, taking advantages of trusted platform module functionality, we introduced a novel schema of remote attestation to secure mobile devices in the context of Mobile-Cloud based solution. To enhance the security level, we used fuzzy logic combining with ant colony system to assess the trust and reputation for securing another mobile cloud computing model based on the cloudlet notion

The thesis elaborates on an implementation of wireless home security system. The wireless communication utilizes IEEE 802.15.4 radios and ZigBee communication protocol. The beginning of the thesis provides specification of the intended system followed by an evaluation of usable energy harvesting solutions and later by consideration of single board computer systems suitable for implementation of the control node of the sensor network. The rest of the thesis describes design, implementation and testing of particular components of the security system. Conclusion evaluates the achieved goals and offers suggestions for future work. The end products of the thesis are physical devices implementing wireless sensor nodes, control unit of the security system as well as a graphical user interface for the system management.

Millions of people in the world, particularly women and people in sub-Saharan Africa, suffer from hunger and poverty. Three of the major 2015-2030 United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to eliminate hunger through food security and sustainable agriculture, eradicate poverty, and achieve gender equality through women’s empowerment. Shea trees and their associated fruit and butter can play a major role in each of these three SDGs for women and their families throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Shea trees are located over a wide expanse stretching more than 5,000 kilometers across over eighteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These trees produce fruit that encase a kernel within a nut from which shea butter can be extracted. Shea butter production is unique in that it is predominately controlled by women and they utilize the profits they earn from selling the nuts or butter for items to support their families such as purchasing grain for depleted stores during the hungry season and paying for children’s school fees or clothing. Shea butter is also cited as a sustainable oil compared to other world oils such as peanut, palm, soybean, or cocoa butter which require heavy land use land change and fertilization while shea trees often grow in existing fields or fallows without fertilization, application of pesticides, or clear cutting of forests. However, shea butter production is still human and material energy intensive, requiring substantial amounts of firewood to heat and dry the shea nuts and the shea tree distribution and associated shea butter production and role in African livelihoods is under threat from the increasing effects of globalization and climate change. Thus, this dissertation fills in important research gaps in the existing literature on shea (Vitellaria paradox and nilotica) and sustainable development by developing and implementing methods to model food security, energy, and climate and cultural impacts of a process using shea butter production as a case study. To begin, the first comprehensive shea tree land suitability model to estimate potential shea production and amount of women collectors was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that combined eight parameters: land use, temperature, precipitation, elevation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil-type and soil-drainage. Even under conservative estimates, the model produced an extensive shea tree suitability area of 3.4 million square kilometers with 1.8 billion trees in 23 countries and over 18 million women collectors, encompassing a total population of 112 million. Next, this dissertation improved the global application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a tool used to measure the entire environmental impacts of a process from extraction of materials through end-of-life stages, by utilizing a hybrid-LCA methodology that incorporated human energy and embodied energy and emissions from firewood of five traditional and improved shea butter production processes common throughout West Africa. When the LCA results of shea butter production were compared to other LCA studies of world oils, shea butter performed better in abiotic depletion and human toxicity impact categories as well as global warming potential when indirect land use land change was considered. Nevertheless, a large amount of human and firewood embodied energy and emissions were involved in shea butter production. However, mechanization of certain production steps was found to significantly reduce human energy without increasing total embodied energy. Furthermore, improved cookstoves modeled in this dissertation could reduce global warming potential, human toxicity, and embodied energy by 77-78%, 15-83%, and 52% respectively. These results would not have been captured in traditional LCA methodology and this was the first study to compare process-based and economic input-output LCAs in a developing country with very different reliance on and accessibility to resources than developed countries. Finally, an in-depth ethnographic study was conducted in this dissertation, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to better understand the importance of shea butter to African’s livelihoods in the context of food security and climate change. Shea butter was found to have a vital role in the maintenance and development of social bonds between female friends and family as well as an integral role in all religious and traditional ceremonies including a special shea ceremony. Additionally, 93% of survey respondents agreed there has been a decrease in shea fruit yields during their life time, 80% of which believed this was attributed to decreased rainfall. Moreover, 83% of 181 shea trees sampled were found to have an invasive vine species, drying out and/or have large worms. Therefore, recommendations derived from this dissertation for development agencies, governments and industry include further research on and promotion of: parkland management, preservation, and regeneration as well as reduction in the amount of human energy and firewood in shea butter production by providing better access of women collectors to mechanization, improved cookstoves, and transportation (i.e. donkey carts and bicycles) for harvesting shea fruit. Overall the research developed in this dissertation contributed significantly to the existing literature on shea and developed methods and a framework that has applications for achievement of the UN’s SDGs for 2030 particularly to obtain food security.

The surge of mobile devices, such as smartphones, and tables, demands additional capacity. On the other hand, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and smart grid, which connects numerous sensors, devices, and machines require ubiquitous connectivity and data security. Additionally, some use cases, such as automated manufacturing process, automated transportation, and smart grid, require latency as low as 1 ms, and reliability as high as 99.99\%. To enhance throughput and support massive connectivity, sharing of the unlicensed spectrum (3.5 GHz, 5GHz, and mmWave) is a potential solution. On the other hand, to address the latency, drastic changes in the network architecture is required. The fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will embrace the spectrum sharing and network architecture modifications to address the throughput enhancement, massive connectivity, and low latency. To utilize the unlicensed spectrum, we propose a fixed duty cycle based coexistence of LTE and WiFi, in which the duty cycle of LTE transmission can be adjusted based on the amount of data. In the second approach, a multi-arm bandit learning based coexistence of LTE and WiFi has been developed. The duty cycle of transmission and downlink power are adapted through the exploration and exploitation. This approach improves the aggregated capacity by 33\%, along with cell edge and energy efficiency enhancement. We also investigate the performance of LTE and ZigBee coexistence using smart grid as a scenario. In case of low latency, we summarize the existing works into three domains in the context of 5G networks: core, radio and caching networks. Along with this, fundamental constraints for achieving low latency are identified followed by a general overview of exemplary 5G networks. Besides that, a loop-free, low latency and local-decision based routing protocol is derived in the context of smart grid. This approach ensures low latency and reliable data communication for stationary devices. To address data security in wireless communication, we introduce a geo-location based data encryption, along with node authentication by k-nearest neighbor algorithm. In the second approach, node authentication by the support vector machine, along with public-private key management, is proposed. Both approaches ensure data security without increasing the packet overhead compared to the existing approaches.

In computer security, cryptographic algorithms and protocols are required to ensure security of data and applications. This research investigates techniques to reduce the energy consumed by cryptographic hash functions. The specific hash functions considered are Message Digest-2 (MD2), Message Digest-5 (MD5), Secure Hash Algorithm-1 (SHA-1) and Secure Hash Algorithm-2 (SHA-2). The discussion around energy conservation in handheld devices like laptops and mobile devices is gaining momentum. Research has been done at the hardware and operating system levels to reduce the energy consumed by these devices. However, research on conserving energy at the application level is a new approach. This research is motivated by the energy consumed by anti-virus applications which use computationally intensive hash functions to ensure security. To reduce energy consumption by existing hash algorithms, the generic energy complexity model, designed by Roy et al. [Roy13], has been applied and tested. This model works by logically mapping the input across the eight available memory banks in the DDR3 architecture and accessing the data in parallel. In order to reduce the energy consumed, the data access pattern of the hash functions has been studied and the energy complexity model has been applied to hash functions to redesign the existing algorithms. These experiments have shown a reduction in the total energy consumed by hash functions with different degrees of parallelism of the input message, as the energy model predicted, thereby supporting the applicability of the energy model on the different hash functions chosen for the study. The study also compared the energy consumption by the hash functions to identify the hash function suitable for use based on required security level. Finally, statistical analysis was performed to verify the difference in energy consumption between MD5 and SHA2.