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1
Pinilih, Sekar Anggun Gading, and Wiana Laelaputri Chairunnisa. "New and Renewable Energy Policy in Developing Indonesia's National Energy Resilience." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912510004.
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This study aims to discuss new and renewable energy policies as an effort to build national energy security. Research methods use legal research that searches from various perspectives. The implementation of analysis, using the method of regulatory and focus on energy, generally has many impacts. First, the policy on the use of new and renewable energy aims to prepare the carrying capacity of national energy security. Implementation this policy has not been fully implemented because there are still many obstacles faced. Second, the use of new energy and renewable energy as an effort to build national energy security in Indonesia is still not optimal. Even though Indonesia is blessed with abundant natural and energy resources in all its regions and the need for new and renewable energy as the future fate of energy security in the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia for people's welfare as a step to reduce the increase in consumption of fossil-based energy.
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Chen, Jinghan, Wen Zhou, and Hongtao Yang. "Is Embodied Energy a Better Starting Point for Solving Energy Security Issues?—Based on an Overview of Embodied Energy-Related Research." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 7, 2019): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164260.
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Embodied energy is termed as the total (direct and indirect) energy required to produce economic or environmental goods and services. It is different from the direct energy measurement of energy consumption. Due to the importance of energy security, it has attracted increasing attention. In order to explore whether and to what extent embodied energy can provide a more innovative approach and competitive perspective to energy security issues, 2608 relevant pieces of literature from the Web of Science core collection are analyzed in this study. Results show that embodied energy has been taken seriously. Moreover, by reviewing the typical literature, this paper first summarizes the embodied energy calculation methods and models, then investigates how embodied energy provides a new perspective to energy issues, and lastly analyzes how to show value in energy security issues in its application of guiding policy-making and energy security studies. In summary, there is no doubt that embodied energy can provide a more integrated perspective on energy consumption and demand and provide a more scientific reference for policy-making to enhance energy security. However, because of data and application scope limitations, establishing a comprehensive energy security research and application system with embodied energy measurements needs hard work.
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CHANG, YOUNGHO. "ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY." Singapore Economic Review 60, no. 03 (August 2015): 1550039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500393.
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Energy and environmental policies in Singapore have had two goals — to help the Singapore economy grow, and to keep Singapore clean and green. Energy policies such as development of an energy industry and an energy trading hub have contributed to economic growth and high per capita income, while enhancing energy security. There has been clear success toward achieving water self-sufficiency while providing water for all, and Singapore has become a global leader in the development and commercialization of water reclamation technologies. On the environmental front, indicators such as the share of green space, the ratio of wastes recycled, and decrease in some air pollutants show progress toward being clean and green. Per capita energy consumption has jumped to a high level by international standards, due to industrial structure, but energy efficiency and carbon emissions (per capita and per $ of GDP), have improved.
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Azhar, Muhamad, Solechan Solechan, Retno Saraswati, Putut Suharso, Suhartoyo Suhartoyo, and Budi Ispriyarso. "The New Renewable Energy Consumption Policy of Rare Earth Metals to Build Indonesia's National Energy Security." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186803008.
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This study aims to discuss the policy of using renewable energy in the form of rare metal eart as an effort to build national energy security. The research method used a legal research looking from various perspectives in social science. Law is seen as a space for the process of scientific study in order to seek truth. The use of relevant legal research wants to understand the law more thoroughly. In performing implementation analysis, using the method of Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) with focus on energy regulation. The results of the study show that: First, the policy of the Indonesian republic government regarding the use of new energy and renewable energy aims to prepare the carrying capacity of national energy security. This policy has not fully gone well. The policy is not supported by consistency in issuing derivative policies. Second, the use of new energy and renewable energy, especially rare earth metals as part of efforts to encourage national energy security in Indonesia is still very far from expectations. The use of rare eart metal is only around 0.7% of the use of new energy. Efforts to explore and exploit rare earth metals have not been carried out in a timely manner. Whereas the potential of rare earth metals is a strategic community and has the potential to encourage national energy security in Indonesia. Indonesia is projected to produce rare earth metals reaching 20% of the world's supply.
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Farah, Paolo Davide. "Strategies to balance energy security, business, trade and sustainable development: selected case studies†." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwaa011.
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Abstract Energy is pivotal for socio-economic and cultural development. Last century witnessed a drastic increase, on one hand on the consumption of energy and, on the other on greenhouse gases emissions. Traditionally, energy security has been linked with the need to guarantee supply and, in turn, enables economic growth. Against this background, countries focused on diversifying both energy sources and trade partners while at the same time increasing investment in energy infrastructure and technology. Investment in low-carbon energy sources for enhancing national energy policies prompts for a new understanding of energy security. The aim is, in fact, not anymore limited to securing provision but also to strengthen diversification and counteract the negative effects of energy consumption on the environment. The need to include a sustainability component to energy in trade, business and in the society at large, is adding a further layer of complexity in shaping national and international energy policy. Strategies to balance energy security, business, trade, and sustainable development are urgently needed in the Anthropocene. Creative and innovative approaches to energy policy could be found in countries where energy consumption is on a steady rise and environmental degradation is crystal clear.
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KALETNIK, Hryhorii, Viktor PRYSHLIAK, and Natalia PRYSHLIAK. "Public Policy and Biofuels: Energy, Environment and Food Trilemma." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.3(35).01.
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Current policies in energy sector address issues including environmentally friendly technologies, clean and renewable energy supplies and encourage more efficient energy use. The biofuel policy aims to promote production and consumption of fuels made from biomass. Despite the presence of both positive and negative effects of biofuels the world production and consumption of biofuels have been increasing significantly. To a large extent, this is due to an active public policy in the field of stimulating the production and consumption of biofuels. The volume of biofuel production in the leading countries (USA, Brazil and the EU) has been analyzed. The influence of public policy in the sphere of biofuel production and consumption on energy, environment and food security of the state has been examined. Multivariable and paired correlation as well as regression analysis aimed to determine the price dependence of the main crops used as feedstock for biofuels production, the volume of their production or processing for biofuels and the volumes of biofuel production have been carried out. As a result of this analysis the impact of the public policies in biofuels on the еnergy, environment and food security has been identified.
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Hashim, YB Dato' Murad. "Energy Development in Malaysia." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 4-5 (September 1988): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600407.
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The Malaysian governments Four Fuel Energy Policy is concerned with security of supply and the need to meet economic development targets through greater use of natural gas, hydropower and with imported coal. Gas reserves are 52 trillion cu. ft. and hydropower potential 29,000MW. Coal is included because of the enormous supplies available worldwide. Indigenous natural gas consumption is expected to grow at 9% p.a. till the year 2000 and to account for 40% of the total energy consumption. The Peninsula Gas Utilisation project will reduce the use of oil in electricity generation, provide it for steel manufacture and deliver gas to the domestic market. Natural gas will be used increasingly in transportation and for petrochemicals, excess production is destined for export.
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Mangla, Inayat U., and Jamshed Y. Uppal. "Macro-economic Policies and Energy Security—Implications for a Chronic Energy Deficit Country." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i3pp.255-273.
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The paper assesses the energy sector’s foreign exchange requirements for meeting energy consumption and for capital expenditures, and identifies its implications for the country’s macroeconomic policy and management. We develop a conceptual model for projecting the energy sector’s long-term requirements for foreign exchange. The model indicates that the country’s chronic dependence on oil imports is likely to expose the economy to high and volatile oil prices. A fundamental issue for Pakistan is how the energy projects requiring large inflows of foreign capital and technology will be financed. The main implication of our analysis is that there will be continuing pressure on the country’s foreign exchange resources. The demand for foreign exchange by the year 2024-25 is projected to be US$ 20-21 billion without the FDI in new power generation. However, when we include the requirements of foreign exchange for capital expenditure, the total FX requirements are in the range of US$ 23- 24 billion. An implication of the country’s chronic energy deficiency is that the macroeconomic policies, particularly the foreign exchange rate policy, need to be redefined to reflect the projected demands on hard currencies and their expected scarcity value. It is likely that Pakistan will remain dependent on foreign imports to meet its energy requirements for a long time and will need to generate commensurate foreign exchange resources to ensure longterm energy security. JEL classification: E66, F37, Q43 Keywords: Macroeconomic Policy, Exchange Rate Policy, Energy Security
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Romprasert, Suppanunta, Korakot Kataboonyaruk, Natthacha Tangnititham, Tanyaluk Suwanthaijaroen, Maytavee Soonthornwattanachai, and Danai Tanamee. "Biodiesel Renewable Energy and Transportation Consumption." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(77).
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Paper focuses on the renewable energy in Thailand. Objective is to compare risk on renewable energy and transportation consumption on biodiesel. It is using SWOT analysis and sustainable development theory as the tools. Besides, collecting data via questionnaire to investigate behaviors of people in having the ideas relating to biodiesel. The 52 responses from survey launching have returned. According to the results, the current consumption of biodiesel is still low because insufficient is on awareness of the consumers' trusts about biodiesel. Moreover, government's policy is not in good quality control. Biodiesel price has not been confirmed or set up in a clear standard that shows confidence in biodiesel to consumers. Remains adherence to diesel as it has been used for a longer period of time. Therefore, the risk of renewable energy in biodiesel is a relatively high risk. At the same time, in terms of environmental sustainability development, research results show that the use of biodiesel can help reducing air pollution at either PM 2.5 or global warming. Also, it would distribute an income to palm farmers. The results can be implemented for making improvements and suggesting recommendations to the government. A strengthening policy on renewable energy security and implement strategies is for solving various energy problems. With the concept of supporting research and development, it can create a wide range of knowledges, and the production of biodiesel as renewable energy. There should control the price structure, and the well quality practices to be fairly suitable in the nearly future. Keywords: Biodiesel, Consumption, Renewable Energy, Risk, Transportation
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Acharya, Chet Narayan. "Switching to Clean Energy: A Milestone for Energy Security and Economic Advantage for Nepal." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 13, 2018): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v1i1.301.
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With the world-wide wave of economic development and improved traditional living standard of people, consumption of fuel has also increased significantly. Exponential growth in use of fossil fuel and its impacts compelled to search for alternative energy sources. Green energy is that source of energy that is naturally restocked. Nepal is rich enough country for renewable energy sources even though, could not accelerate growth and development agenda. Appropriate policy and planning of green energy would help to give a big push to break development hazards and would contribute for economic freedom and energy security. This paper attempts to scrutinize and understand the green energy utilization, proper management and exploring the capacity of the Nepalese economy.
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Anwar, Javed. "The Role of Renewable Energy Supply and Carbon Tax in the Improvement of Energy Security: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 4II (December 1, 2014): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i4iipp.347-370.
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As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator of people’s living standards. Due to technological and industrial development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the government about the energy security and should take actions for the development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources. Renewable portfolio supply (RPS), and carbon tax are the two indirect policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Renewable Energy Promotion is used to reduce greenhouse gas emission, promote local energy sources and improve energy security through reducing energy dependency and diversification of energy sources. Carbon tax is an indirect policy option for energy security enhancement through emission reduction. Imposing tax on carbon emission will alter the primary energy supply mix, more efficient fuel and technologies will be substituted for less efficient fuel and technologies. This will reduce the primary energy demand and lead to improved energy security.
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Solaymani, Saeed. "A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137328.
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Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic characteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources. While present policies indicate the incorporation of sustainable energy sources, further efforts are needed to offset the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the study predicts that with the production capacity of agricultural products in 2018, approximately 4.8 billion liters of bioethanol can be obtained from crop residues and about 526 thousand tons of biodiesel from oilseeds annually. Granger’s causality analysis also shows that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth to renewable and non-renewable energy use. Labor force and gross fixed capital formation cause renewable energy consumption, and nonrenewable energy consumption causes renewable energy consumption.
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Sááez, Lawrence. "U.S. Policy and Energy Security in South Asia: Economic Prospects and Strategic Implications." Asian Survey 47, no. 4 (July 2007): 657–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.4.657.
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South Asia's future energy consumption will be driven by continuing economic growth and demographic trends. The likely inability of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh to meet burgeoning energy demands poses a threat to their energy security. U.S. policy in Asia constrains the ability of South Asian countries to enhance their energy security, either indigenously or through imports. This may have unintended consequences for U.S. strategic interests in South Asia in particular, and in Asia in general.
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DERKACH, Tetyana, and Denys CHEBANENKO. "THE PARADIGM OF ECONOMIC ENERGY SECURITY BY ORIENTATION ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 3(64) (2020): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.03.114.
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Introduction. The topic of renewable energy today is one of the most relevant and requires consideration from the point of view of all components of this process, namely economic, financial, environmental, technological, and others. The transition to renewable energy is already irreversible today since natural resources are depleted, fuel prices are the subject to significant fluctuations, and the stable growth of the national economy is ensured by energy security. The purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the volume of global energy consumption, to analyze the impact of the introduction of renewable energy sources on the development of the national economy, to ensure energy security with the depletion of hydrocarbon resources and a slight diversification of their suppliers. Results. Today the Ukrainian economy is the most energy-intensive. Unstable energy prices are a threat both to the global economy and to each country separately. Therefore, in the event of a decrease in the supply of traditional energy resources, the importing countries experience the greatest difficulties. The existing tendency in Ukraine to increase the consumption of traditional energy sources, combined with the absence of a targeted policy aimed at reducing the volume of environmental pollution, will lead to an increase in negative economic consequences. The advantage of renewable energy sources is their equal distribution throughout the country (with the exception of water resources). This feature leads to the formation of one of the main characteristics of power systems based on renewable energy sources, namely, their decentralization. It should be borne in mind that the world energy market is made up of state and non-state participants. Non-state participants are showing an upward trend. However, the state should have the greatest influence on the national energy sector. Renewable energy is an area that, in the Ukrainian context, depends on state support, namely economic and administrative incentives. The dynamics of the development of renewable energy should be combined with the balanced development of the fuel and energy sector in Ukraine. Conclusions. The process of development and transition to renewable energy needs a systematic approach. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are needed to assess the transition to renewable energy. An effective strategy for the transition to the introduction of renewable energy technologies should be justified by economic feasibility. The transition from traditional energy to renewable sources should lead to energy security, which contributes to stable economic growth, political independence, and improving the quality of the environmental component.
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Parag, Yael. "From Energy Security to the Security of Energy Services: Shortcomings of Traditional Supply-Oriented Approaches and the Contribution of a Socio-Technical and User-Oriented Perspectives." Science & Technology Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.56093.
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Traditional literature and policy approach to energy security focus on the security of energy supply. It is argued here that a supply-centric approach to energy security is too narrow to account for the complex nature of energy systems and tends to overlook energy users, their expectations from, interaction with and roles in future low carbon energy systems. From users’ point of view, be they households, businesses or governments, the supply of kWh or oil barrels is often meaningless. What matters is not the source of energy, but rather the services provided by it. Therefore, securing energy services seems to be the public and the government’s concern, and the security of supply is only one mean to achieving it. Stemming from science, technology and society studies, this discussion paper suggests that applying a multi-level socio-technical and user-oriented perspectives which focus on the energy services and considers also psychological, social and cultural aspects of energy consumption, could reveal new and overlooked actors, roles, means and strategies that may provide and contribute to energy services security.Keywords: energy security, energy services, socio-technical systems
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Šumskis, Vaidotas, and Vincentas Giedraitis. "Economic implications of energy security in the short run." Ekonomika 94, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2015.3.8791.
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Energy security is one of the primary goals of the European Union energy policy as the region relies mostly on imports to meet its energy resources demand. In 2013, the share of the net imported energy resources was as high as 54.5% of total energy consumption in the 28 member states of the European Union. Research on energy security involves a detailed analysis of economic, technological, and socio-political factors. The main objective of this study is to find out the economic consequences in the short run due to changes in the level of the security of energy resources supply. In order to acquire quantitative measures of the research object, the energy security index calculation methodology proposed by Jansen et al. (2004) is applied. To explore what effects, if any, energy security has on the economy of the EU, five economic indicators, with which the probable short-term impact of energy security is the most likely, are distinguished: real GDP, inflation, current account balance, foreign direct investment, and employment. Granger causality tests of the panel VAR model reveal that in the short run employment may be negatively affected by energy security. The effect itself is relatively small and short-lived. No short term causality is observed running from energy security towards the remaining macroeconomic variables of the panel VAR model. Such conclusions would suggest making the European Union energy policy decisions without prioritizing possible swings of the energy security level in the short run.
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Roth, Victoria. "Incorporating unconventional and renewable energy into the international energy framework: the diminution of OPEC in a new energy world order." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwaa008.
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Abstract Nearing its 60th anniversary of foundation, the once unchallenged Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) faces a modern diminution of influence. This slipping grip of near-hegemonic control exerted over the petroleum industry, is partly reflective of the rising influence of unconventional energy sources, the rising popularity for alternative and renewable energy sources and a downstream consequence of its own exertion of power. With rising international demand for renewables as a means to provide global energy security, the role of the state remains paramount in meeting energy demands. The international framework falls short of enabling a framework that brings renewable energy past its domestic dependency and into an internationally traded commodity. Following the 1973 embargo against the USA, OPEC inadvertently spurred on the need for a diversified market of energy production to ensure global energy security free from the whims of oligarchic groups. The subsequent investment into alternative energy, including the rising technological advancements made in areas such as horizontal and seismic imaging technology (or, ‘fracking’), has led to the diversification of energy production sources and lessened reliance on external importers by the American energy consumption powerhouse. The lessening reliance on OPEC has had a consequential impact on the unofficial head of the organization, Saudi Arabia. From the proposed initial public offering of Saudi Aramco to Vision 2030, all signs point to looming economic troubles for the petroleum dependant state without adequate, and effective, diversification.
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., Akbar Ullah, Karim Khan, and Munazza Akhtar. "Energy Intensity: A Decomposition Exercise for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 4II (December 1, 2014): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i4iipp.531-549.
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Since the recent energy crises, the research in this strand has increased considerably. A variety of its dimensions have been examined in the literature. For instance, higher energy prices; instability in the supplies of its various components; its rapid depletion and global warming are some of its dimensions, which have been the focus of discourse among both researchers and policy-makers. Equally, energy intensity measuring the energy consumption to GDP ratio has been an important component of energy policies [Ang (2004); Liu and Ang (2007); Jimenez and Mercado (2013)]. In particular, there is a special focus on sorting out the contribution of energy efficiency— ratio of sectoral specific energy consumption to sectoral GDP—to alienate the impact of efficiency on energy intensity from other relevant factors. This is because energy efficiency is recognised as one of the most cost-effective strategies to address crosscutting issues of energy security, climate change and competitiveness [IDB (2012)]. Consequently, the information regarding energy intensity, its efficiency or activity aspects are useful tools for policy decisions and evaluation and are regularly in practice in most of the advanced countries
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Ludynia, Anna. "Smart Grids in the Process of Building a Competitive Economy and Energy Security in Europe." Foundations of Management 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2013-0009.
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Abstract Article aims to present the technological innovation - Smart Grids in the process of maintaining Europ’s energy security, competitiveness of economy and environmental protection. Innovative intelligent networks are the solution to accelerate the liberalization process of the energy sector, and also to grow energy efficiency and savings in the consumption of electricity. Management of energy production and efficient planning of consumption will bring benefits for the economic development. Technology of smart grids will change in the future the structure of the supply of energy towards a decentralization system. This article consist of three main parts, the first concerns the analysis of energy policy in Europe with the most significant factors that shape this policy, the seconde part concerns the presentation of the smart grids solutions essence for electricity and the benefits generated by the process of implementing in the energy system. The third part is devoted to European and Polish projects in the subject of smart meters.
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Muskaj, Blerina. "Geopolitics of Energy." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v3i1.p78-87.
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At the beginning of my paper I will explain the concept of "Geopolitics of Energy", this will be done for a quite simple reason, because I want everyone who can sit to read this article to understand more clearly what is at stake, therefore allow them the comprehension of what is being elaborated bellow at first sight. Geopolitics of energy is a concept that relates to policies choosing exporters to implement on importers, is the policy that has an impact on energy consumption, which includes consumer’s choice in the geopolitical context, taking into account the economy, foreign policy, the safety of energy, environmental consequences and priorities that carries the energy exporter. This concept permits the understanding of how works the politics that undertakes this initiative taking into account natural resources such as: natural gas and oil. Natural gas and oil are two main resources that produce energy but also two main elements on which arises all the topic in the energetics game. For this paper is used qualitative methodology, through which we were able to accomplish this work. I focused on scientific literature, official publications and reports on energy geopolitics. The main aim has been to show how in this decade, energy security is at the center of geopolitical agenda and has become the focus of numerous political debates. Regarding this point of view, Europe is taking the initiative to create a common energy market within the continent by creating projects, in which Albania appears as a new regional energy potential. Russia, which is aiming to play a role in the international arena, is seeking to position itself geopolitically in "its political weapon", hydrocarbon resources, in particular natural gas resources.
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Anwar, Javed. "An Analysis of Energy Security Using the Partial Equilibrium Model: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 925–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.925-940.
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Restricting energy imports and total primary energy supply are the two direct policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Restricting energy imports directly reduce energy import dependency that leads to diversification of energy resources and ultimately enhances energy security while total energy supply reduction affects the energy security through the diversification of efficient technology mix and energy resources supply mix. As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator of people living standards. Due to technological and industrial development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the government about the energy security and should take enough actions for the development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources.
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Xie, Lubing, Xiaoming Rui, Shuai Li, Xiaozhao Fan, Ruijing Shi, and Guohua Li. "A Critical Analysis on Influential Factors on Power Energy Resources in China." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 2 (January 2, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n2p1.
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China is facing a number of challenges, such as environmental pollution, energy security, and slowing down of economic growth. China's total energy consumption has been leading the worldwide consumption for several years. China's annual primary energy consumption accounts for more than 90% of total energy consumption, and the country's utilization of wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, and other new form of energy remains very low. This research has adopted a strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis approach to examine the internal and external factors that affect the competitiveness of the energy industry in China. An extensive and critical review of a wide range of literature was conducted, including academic papers, industry reports, statistical data, relevant regulations, and policy documents. Eighteen factors were identified from the literature review. These factors form part of an integrated framework that provides a useful tool for policy makers and the industry to gain a better understanding of the factors that affect the sustainable development of the Chinese energy industry. The results also provide a useful reference for foreign firms that intend to explore the Chinese energy industry market.
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Darlamee, Shova, and Tri Ratna Bajracharya. "Energy Security Assessment of Nepal for the Period 2005-2030." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 10, 2021): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38359.
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Energy is an important driver of all economic activities and it is necessary for the production of goods and the provision of services. Thus, a secure supply of energy to meet national demand on both the short term and long term is important for any country. As a net importer of petroleum products from only one supplier country of petroleum products (i.e. India), supply and demand gap of energy, frequent price fluctuations of petroleum products and poor diversification of primary energy supply, policies regarding energy security should be developed for Nepal. This study aims to assess the energy security index of Nepal so as to provide a picture of the historical performance of the country in terms of energy security for the past years 2005-2015 and in the future 2016-2030 under different scenarios. A set of 24 energy security indicators were selected based on literature review and relevant to national energy policies and grouped under 5 dimensions which are availability, affordability, accessibility, efficiency and acceptability. It can be seen that energy security for Nepal has been following a declining trade since 2005/06 to 2015/16, the causes of which could be attributed to the increase in energy consumption, increase in imports of petroleum products, increase in electricity deficit from the year 2008/09, increase in price of petroleum products. However, the value of energy security index is on the higher side (near to 10) which is mainly due to the fact that energy supply of Nepal is mostly dependent on traditional sources which is domestically supplied. There is a need to incorporate energy security in the national energy policy of Nepal with more emphasis on diversification of primary energy sources (other than traditional resources), reduction on import dependency especially on fossil fuel resources, strategic fuel reserves, diversification of energy resources uses in different energy consumption sectors like transport, industries, increase in energy supply from renewable energy sources, etc.
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Serowaniec, Maciej. "Sustainable Development Policy and Renewable Energy in Poland." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082244.
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(1) Background: This article aims to answer the question of whether the Republic of Poland, by stipulating in the Constitution of 1997 the principle of sustainable development and ecological security, has created favourable conditions for the development of renewable energy. (2) Methods: The research is conducted using descriptive methods and—due to the legal nature of the publication and the crucial role played by the dogmatic method—it consists of the interpretation of legal acts and court decisions. (3) Results: Over the last few years, state authorities have introduced a number of regulatory and legal mechanisms to increase the stability of the operation of renewable energy sources, including the development of biomass or geothermal energy, as well as the development of energy clusters and cooperatives. This article characterises specific solutions and assesses their effectiveness. (4) Conclusions: The state authorities should take further specific actions aimed at achieving the sustainable development of the renewable energy sector in Poland. These actions should be primarily aimed at the use of huge resources of renewable energy sources, saving the consumption of energy resources, reducing the demand for final energy, gradually converting electricity production from coal to renewable energy sources (RES), and moving away from fossil fuels for heat production in favour of RES.
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Gorkina, T. I. "Prospects of interregional energy hub formation in Turkey." Regional'nye issledovaniya, no. 3 (2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2019-3-7.
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The article examines the energy policy of Turkey in connection with the country’s desire to become an international energy hub concentrating supplies from neighboring energy resources exporting countries, due to its unique geographical location. Its key position between Asia and Europe facilitates the passage through its territory of transport routes, allowing diversification of exports and imports for neighboring countries. Turkish economic policy, conducted in recent decades, allowed the country to make a leap in its development. To maintain the existing growth rates of the economy, it is necessary to have sufficient energy consumption. The dependence of the country on external energy sources leads to a multi-vector geopolitics, conducted by the country’s government. Turkey is surrounded by countries with which there are economic and geopolitical disagreements. Orientation on Russia with its large and diverse energy resources and a capacious domestic market will support the existing growth rates of the economy, occupy the unemployed population and stabilize energy supplies. Energy diplomacy has become an important factor in ensuring the energy security of both Turkey and its partners. Energy security is influenced by such factors as disruptions in energy supply and price volatility in the global energy market. The development of energy is currently taking place in the mainstream of energy programs, the main components of which are economics, politics, scientific and technical progress, social and environmental problems. The uniqueness of EGP between the zones of energy production and consumption increased the importance of the country as an transiter of energy, that controling the Black Sea straits and having ports on the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
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Jiang, Li, and Hui Tian. "Energy-Efficient Relay Selection Scheme for Physical Layer Security in Cognitive Radio Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/587104.
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Security is a critical issue in cognitive radio (CR) relay networks. Most previous work concentrates on maximizing secrecy capacity (SC) as a criterion to guarantee the security requirements in CR relay networks. However, under the requirement of “green” radio communication, the energy consumption is largely ignored. This paper proposes a relay selection scheme which jointly considers the best relay selection and dynamic power allocation in order to maximize SC and to minimize energy consumption. Moreover, we consider finite-state Markov channels and residual relay energy in the relay selection and power allocation process. Specifically, the formulation of the proposed relay selection and power allocation scheme is based on the restless bandit problem, which is solved by the primal-dual index heuristic algorithm. Additionally, the obtained optimal relay selection policy has an indexability property that dramatically reduces the computational complexity. Numerical results are presented to show that our proposed scheme has the maximum SC and minimum energy consumption compared to the existing ones.
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Bi, Ting Yan. "Research of Development Policy for Renewable Energy Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1185.
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The issues of energy and environment were two outstanding problems to control our economical and social sustainable development. Our government focused on the development of renewable energy industry all the time, having taken some positive matching policies in order to promote development and utilization of the renewable energy, which has gained great achievements. But with the consumption increase of oil, gas and coal etc, pressures in the ecological environment protection were becoming larger, and energy saving and emission reduction, green development, development of new energy have become the world's economic development strategies. As for China, there are still many difficulties and problems realizing the sustainable development of renewable energy industry, and we need to take the positive study and learn from foreign advanced experience. In biological energy, water power, wind power and solar energy and some like, we need to establish and perfect the relevant measures, and further make the development of renewable energy industry clear in the position of the national strategies. And improving the more positive policy to encourage to support renewable energy industry development, and earnestly carrying out tax, credit, investment, pricing and subsidies policies, supporting renewable energy industry international standards, promoting new energy resources, saving and replacing the fossil energy are the strategic choices to guarantee energy security, optimize the energy structure, and promote national economic and social sustainable development, and protect the ecological environment responding to climate change, to adjust the industrial structure.
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Pawłowska, Barbara. "ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN TRANSPORT AS ENERGY SECURITY FACTOR IN EUROPEAN UNION." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka 72 (December 9, 2017): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6876.
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The Energy Union is aimed at providing secure, sustainable, competitive energy to the EU population at affordable prices. A thorough transformation of the European energy system is required to accomplish this goal. The Energy Union is an important project which is supposed to set a new direction and a clear long-term vision for the European energy and climate policy. Transport is one of the key sectors in terms of energy consumption. In 2015, 94% of the energy used transport originated from crude oil and the sector’s share in the total energy consumption was 34% (Eurostat, 2016). The aim of the article is to show the activities in respect of the implementation of the “Clean Energy for Transport” package and its importance for the implementation of the Energy Union objectives. The development of an alternative fuel market should reduce the dependence on oil and contribute to increased security of the energy supply for Europe, promote economic growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in transport. Tools aimed at supporting the transition to low-carbon economy will be analyzed in the article. The scope of popularization of alternative fuels is determined to a large extent by market conditions and the extent to which an adequate infrastructure is developed. Hence, particular emphasis will be placed on the priorities for the development of technology and research, technical integration of solutions and financial support for alternative fuels.
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Mkomba, Fydess Khundi, Akshay Kumar Saha, and Umaru Garba Wali. "Household-Level Effects of Energy Insecurity on Welfare in Southern Africa: A Malawian Case Study." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 1 (October 29, 2020): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33234.
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The debate of energy security has, over the past decades, centered on supply factors within the energy policy framework in the public policy discourse. Much more empirical evidence is required to fully understand the household-level effects of energy security on development outcomes. This paper explores the characteristics of the households that face energy insecurity and also analyze the effects of energy insecurity on household welfare using the recent data from the Malawi Fourth Integrated Household Survey(IHS4) 2016-2017. Overall, 42.58% of Malawian households were found to be energy insecure and the study findings show that the energy insecure were a heterogenous group compared to the energy secure. The heterogeneity exist because of differences in demographics (likely to be advanced in age, likely to be females, less likely to have a household head with formal education); socioeconomic status (likely to be poor, had low wealth levels); geography (likely to be rural dwellers in the central and southern parts of Malawi); housing and dwelling status (less likely to be renters, less likely to be found in permanent or semi-permanent buildings that have iron sheets and cement floor). Additional results from econometric analysis showed that energy insecure households reduced their food consumption by 2.3% for each 1% unit increase in the share of the energy costs in their total household budget. Similarly, on the education outcome, the energy insecure households reduced their education expenditure by 3.6% for each 1% unit increase in the share of the energy costs over the total household expenditure. These findings show that energy security plays a key role towards improvement of household welfare in general as this might have short term and long-term negative implications on human capital development.
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Zhongying, Wang, and Kaare Sandholt. "Thoughts on China’s energy transition outlook." Energy Transitions 3, no. 1-2 (September 10, 2019): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41825-019-00014-w.
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Abstract China’s strong economic growth over the past 40 years has been followed by similar strong growth in energy consumption, based on coal. A continuation of this development is not sustainable, and China has set new ambitious targets for future energy systems development, which in reality calls for a genuine energy revolution in order to build a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system towards 2035 and 2050. This paper looks at the mechanisms behind the energy transition, analysis of a concrete case for a sustainable energy system in 2050, and points to policy measures and instruments to ensure the necessary progress in this energy transition. The case shows that it is possible for China in 2050 to reduce CO2 emission to one-third of today’s emission while at the same time maintaining economic growth, improving security of supply, air quality, and economic efficiency of the power system.
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Weiner, Czaba, and Tekla Szép. "The Residential Energy Cost Reduction Programme in Hungary." Contemporary Europe 101, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120218694.
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The article outlines the positive and negative effects as well as the policy context of Hungary’s residential energy cost reduction programme initiated in 2013. This programme has occupied a permanent and high-profile place on Hungary’s political agenda and has been shaping the country’s economic policy, energy policy and the everyday lives of Hungarian households. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method is applied to decompose the absolute change in residential energy consumption between 2010 and 2017. The results show that decreasing energy prices for households had a positive impact on their energy use only in the first few years of the programme’s implementation. The authors conclude that the programme was realised without the necessary policy background. A significantly declining ratio of residential expenditure on energy services in total expenditure, decreased inflation rate and considerably improved socio-economic situation of the majority of the population are identified as positive effects. However, the programme discourages energy conservation and energy efficiency, erodes the competitiveness of renewables, reduces capital formation in the energy sector, deteriorates security of supply, and increases energy prices for non-household customers
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Holland, Robert Alan, Kate A. Scott, Martina Flörke, Gareth Brown, Robert M. Ewers, Elizabeth Farmer, Valerie Kapos, et al. "Global impacts of energy demand on the freshwater resources of nations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 48 (November 16, 2015): E6707—E6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507701112.
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The growing geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the extraction and processing of resources, and the environmental impacts associated with production activities makes it crucial to factor global trade into sustainability assessments. Using an empirically validated environmentally extended global trade model, we examine the relationship between two key resources underpinning economies and human well-being—energy and freshwater. A comparison of three energy sectors (petroleum, gas, and electricity) reveals that freshwater consumption associated with gas and electricity production is largely confined within the territorial boundaries where demand originates. This finding contrasts with petroleum, which exhibits a varying ratio of territorial to international freshwater consumption, depending on the origin of demand. For example, although the United States and China have similar demand associated with the petroleum sector, international freshwater consumption is three times higher for the former than the latter. Based on mapping patterns of freshwater consumption associated with energy sectors at subnational scales, our analysis also reveals concordance between pressure on freshwater resources associated with energy production and freshwater scarcity in a number of river basins globally. These energy-driven pressures on freshwater resources in areas distant from the origin of energy demand complicate the design of policy to ensure security of fresh water and energy supply. Although much of the debate around energy is focused on greenhouse gas emissions, our findings highlight the need to consider the full range of consequences of energy production when designing policy.
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Yahaya, Adamu Sani, Nadeem Javaid, Fahad A. Alzahrani, Amjad Rehman, Ibrar Ullah, Affaf Shahid, and Muhammad Shafiq. "Blockchain Based Sustainable Local Energy Trading Considering Home Energy Management and Demurrage Mechanism." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083385.
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With the increase in local energy generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), the concept of decentralized peer-to-peer Local Energy Market (LEM) is becoming popular. In this paper, a blockchain-based LEM is investigated, where consumers and prosumers in a small community trade energy without the need for a third party. In the proposed model, a Home Energy Management (HEM) system and demurrage mechanism are introduced, which allow both the prosumers and consumers to optimize their energy consumption and to minimize electricity costs. This method also allows end-users to shift their load to off-peak hours and to use cheap energy from the LEM. The proposed solution shows how energy consumption and electricity cost are optimized using HEM and demurrage mechanism. It also provides economic benefits at both the community and end-user levels and provides sufficient energy to the LEM. The simulation results show that electricity cost is reduced up to 44.73% and 28.55% when the scheduling algorithm is applied using the Critical Peak Price (CPP) and Real-Time Price (RTP) schemes, respectively. Similarly, 65.15% and 35.09% of costs are reduced when CPP and RTP are applied with demurrage mechanism. Moreover, 51.80% and 44.37% electricity costs reduction is observed when CPP and RTP are used with both demurrage and scheduling algorithm. We also carried out security vulnerability analysis to ensure that our energy trading smart contract is secure and bug-free against the common vulnerabilities and attacks.
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Zafriana, Lusi, Marjono Marjono, Indah Dwi Qurbani, and Sugiono Sugiono. "Determination of the palm based biodiesel policy integration model as a renewable energy commodity." Decision Science Letters 10, no. 3 (2021): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2021.3.003.
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The increase in economic activity in the industrial sector and the rapid growth of the world population have stimulated an increase in energy demand. In 2004, Indonesia earned the status of a net importer of oil so that it becomes a challenge for the Indonesian government in developing the use of renewable energy to achieve ideal conditions for national energy security. Indonesia has the potential for large amounts of renewable energy sources, one of which is palm-based biodiesel. The mandatory biodiesel policy program was implemented in 2008 with a biodiesel content of 2.5% and gradually until 2019 with a biodiesel content of 30% (B30). The mandatory biodiesel policy is closely related to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the concept of maintaining the balance of Trilemma Energi. The current energy management and utilization policies in Indonesia continue to increase in line with modern life consumption patterns that require a more environmentally friendly energy variable for energy absorption in Indonesia, especially renewable energy. The purpose of this research is to determine the integration model of palm-based biodiesel policy as a renewable energy commodity to support energy security. This study uses several strategic frameworks by combining a quantitative approach through the perspective of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and measuring the technology coefficient using the Technology Contribution Coefficient (TCC), as well as a qualitative approach with the Business Model Canvas (BMC) and the design of the Omnibus Law. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Expert Opinion (EO) which were validated by Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) using a sample of 40 respondents from related agencies. The results showed that based on the SEM-PLS validation of 20 BSC perspective variables, two invalid variables were obtained, namely the variable efficiency port service cost and value-added creation which had a P value> 0.05. Meanwhile, Indonesia's TCC score is quite high, namely 0.787, which means that Indonesia is quite aggressive in developing biodiesel and its policies. Based on the results of the FGD expert, it was obtained that the BMC initiates the helicopters to view current biodiesel developments. And 10 regulations have been drafted into a proposed draft Omnibus Law through an action plan.
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Sandri, Serena, Hussam Hussein, and Nooh Alshyab. "Sustainability of the Energy Sector in Jordan: Challenges and Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 10465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410465.
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The acceleration of economic development and rising standards of living have made energy security a top priority for policy makers worldwide. The issue of securing energy is particularly challenging for Jordan, which suffers from scarcity of natural resources, combined with the regional instability and conflicts. Based on desk research and on experts’ interviews, this study discusses the status quo of the energy sector in Jordan, its main challenges, and future aspirations. It thus contributes to the debate on how Jordan can ensure environmental, economic, social, and political sustainability of its energy sector. Jordan’s energy security has been historically linked to its relations with the neighboring countries and thus vulnerable to external shocks and outside political events. Notwithstanding reform efforts to reduce dependency from imports and some progress in diversifying the energy mix, energy security remains critical: the country imports around 94% of its energy, which represents approximately 10% of GDP. The growing domestic demand, which increases at a yearly rate of 3%, further adds to the pressure to envision strategies towards a more sustainable energy sector. These strategies will need to include investment in renewable energy, the reduction of energy consumption via increasing energy efficiency, and also synergic agreements with other countries. The interviewed experts highlighted the importance of governance for the successful implementation of these strategies. The creation of an enabling environment should go hand in hand with the involvement of all key stakeholders from energy and related sectors, into the development of a future vision of a sustainable energy sector.
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Mirzaei, Atena, Bahram Saghafian, Ali Mirchi, and Kaveh Madani. "The Groundwater‒Energy‒Food Nexus in Iran’s Agricultural Sector: Implications for Water Security." Water 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091835.
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This paper presents the first groundwater‒energy‒food (GEF) nexus study of Iran’s agronomic crops based on national and provincial datasets and firsthand estimates of agricultural groundwater withdrawal. We use agronomic crop production, water withdrawal, and energy consumption data to estimate groundwater withdrawal from electric-powered irrigation wells and examine agronomic productivity in Iran’s 31 provinces through the lens of GEF nexus. The ex-post GEF analysis sheds light on some of the root causes of the nation’s worsening water shortage problems. Access to highly subsidized water (surface water and groundwater) and energy has been the backbone of agricultural expansion policies in Iran, supporting employment in agrarian communities. Consequently, water use for agronomic crop production has greatly overshot the renewable water supply capacity of the country, making water bankruptcy a serious national security threat. Significant groundwater table decline across the country and increasing energy consumption underscore dysfunctional feedback relations between agricultural water and energy price and groundwater withdrawal in an inefficient agronomic sector. Thus, it is essential to implement holistic policy reforms aimed at reducing agricultural water consumption to alleviate the looming water bankruptcy threats, which can lead to the loss of numerous agricultural jobs in the years to come.
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Kaman, Zeittey Karmilla, Siti Fatihah Salleh, and Waznatol Widad Mohamad Ishak. "RENEWABLE ENERGY AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i2.738.
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Research Highlights
This paper aims to assess the current progress of RE in this country and identify the impact of business sustainability idea towards RE policy development. The extensive review presented in this work offers a useful reference for policy makers, corporate managers and researchers who have vested interest in business sustainability and renewable energy related studies.
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Research Objectives
The objectives of this study is to explore the evolving concept of business sustainability towards environmental concern and to identify the impact of business sustainability idea towards Malaysia’s policy development on RE deployment.
Methodology
This is conceptual paper where the authors tend to make the analysis by exploring particular theories on business sustainability, renewable energy (RE), and the engagement of RE activities on Malaysia policy development.
Results
All energy sources have some impact and benefit on our environment. For instance, renewable energy (RE) is energy resource that naturally replenished over time and always can be generated such as solar, wind and hydro energy. However, if the rate of use exceeds the rate of renewal, gradually it will become unsustainable. Thus, to have a sustainable energy which defined as energy production that can last for the foreseeable future is crucial and become main focus of recent national policies, strategies and development plan as of many countries. Malaysia energy consumption still heavily depended on the non- renewable energies (RE) such as fossil fuel and natural gases. Unfortunately, the use of the non-RE is unsustainable and can contribute adversely towards the environment and economic performance of a country. Renewable energy is brought to play as it is believed sustainable and has the potential to thrive in infinitely competitive market of contemporary business nowadays. Therefore, in 2009, the government of Malaysia has announced a National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (NREPAP) as part of their commitment to accelerate the growth of RE as an alternatives energy sources for the coming years. Moving onwards, a strong policy is needed to tackle the challenges in meeting the demand, energy security and also the affordability of energy pricing. Thus, in energy security dimension, perhaps the government should put attention on renewable energy by engaging more on the alternative mechanism to deploy RE capacity through program such as Large-Scale Solar PV, Net Metering as at current practices and also other new initiative like green certificates. The exploration on new RE resource such as wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) also could assist in build up a new opportunity to enlarge the share of renewable energy mix percentage and ensure the future energy security (UNDP, 2007)
Findings
The energy industry is changing fast and in multiple directions. It is also regularly known as the catalyst for development in a country. Realizing the importance of energy as a vital dimension in economic and social development, the government of Malaysia has been continuously reviewing its energy policy and practices to ensure long-term sustainability, reliability and security of energy supply (Mohamed & Lee, 2006). The private sector even the communities should also be more corporate in social responsibilities and make compromises for instance by participating in green programs and accepting longer payback periods in RE projects. Nevertheless, continuous efforts and strong support from the societies are vital to ensure RE development can reach its maximum potential. This effort is also supported by (Dincer, 2000) and (Wutenhagen, Wolsink, & Buer, 2007) where they are stressed that increases the public awareness and acceptance on RE, it is as the initial step to make the sustainable energy program successful. This is done through the media, professional organizations, public and government channels. In conclusion, since there is still insufficient insight to critically reasoning the RE development in aspect of business and sustainability, the paper insists to contributes more to the research on energy policies enhancement in Malaysia particularly. This could be a challenge on governing agenda that involves a series of tradeoffs, market players, organizations and companies (Oliveira, 2018) and these efforts are important to ensure the future success of the RE development in Malaysia.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) for the fund granted through the Internal Grant (UNIIG2019), Project code: J510050852.
References
Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 157–175.
Mohamed, A. R., & Lee, K. T. (2006). Energy for sustainable development in Malaysia: Energy policy and alternative energy. Energy Policy, 34(15), 2388–2397.
Oliveira, R. L. De. (2018). Powering the future : Malaysia ’ s energy policy challenges. Kuala Lumpur: IDEAS Policy Research Berhad.
UNDP, United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Energy and Poverty in Malaysia: Challenges and the Way Forward. UNDP.
Wutenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., & Buer, M. J. (2007). Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. Energy Policy, 35, 2683–2691.
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Khaustova, Viktoriia Evhenivna, Tetiana Igorivna Salashenko, and Oleksiy Volodymyrovych Lelyuk. "ENERGY SECURITY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY BASED ON A SYSTEMS APPROACH." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 2(14) (March 1, 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-1-2(14)-79-92.
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Urgency of the research. Forming the energy policy of the national economy on the basis of the energy security concept will ensure making balanced management decisions concerning the future energy development of the country. Target setting. Both in the world and Ukrainian practices, the most common approach to forming a model of energy security is based mainly on sources of energy supply. However, such approach does not reflect the aggregation of the complexity of the relationship in energy systems. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Problems of studying national energy security are highlighted in works of such scientists as J. Jewell and A. Cherp, A. Kachynskyi, B. Kruyt, A. Mikhalevych, B. Sovakul, A. Shevtsov, A. Smenkovskyi, as well as of different international organizations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The concept of energy security requires further consideration in the context of a systems approach and its operationalization at the methodological level. The research objective is the conceptualization of energy security on the basis of a systems approach and its operationalization using the 4E model. The statement of basic materials. The article studies the features of functioning of energy systems and proposes a system concept of energy security. The authors suggest considering the subsystems of energy supply, energy conversion and energy consumption as its components, the assessment of energy security of which at the methodological level is performed using the corresponding system indicators: energy dependency, energy efficiency and energy conservation. The stable existence of an energy system is ensured by such a component of energy security as energy self-sufficiency. In the work, the approbation of the proposed methodological approach to the assessment of energy security in Ukraine has been carried out. Conclusions. Energy security should be considered as a system category, and its concept based on a systems approach. The operationalization of energy security is based on its assessment by means of the methodological approach using the 4E model: energy conservation, energy efficiency, and energy dependency, as well as energy self-sufficiency.
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Li, Jinchao, Lina Wang, Tianzhi Li, and Shaowen Zhu. "Energy Security Pattern Spatiotemporal Evolution and Strategic Analysis of G20 Countries." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061629.
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With the consumption of energy, blackouts, and a series of social development problems, the discussion of energy security has become the focus of international attention. This paper aims to construct a universal multidimensional index system from four dimensions, and compare the energy security systems of different countries by measuring the Energy Security Index (ESI) of 19 countries of G20 and analyzing their evolution characteristics. The results of this paper show that the ESI of the G20 countries is increasing, the number of dangerous countries is decreasing, mainly concentrated in the Asian and African regions, and environmental sustainability and safety use are the main factors affecting their energy security. The security countries are mainly concentrated in the developed countries of the Americas and Europe. Since 1995, the ESI of China has continued to rise and now China is a generally safe country, which reflects China’s continuous optimization of energy structure and continuous improvement of the relationship of energy systems and economic, population, and environmental systems.
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Hussein, Hussam, and Laurent Lambert. "A Rentier State under Blockade: Qatar’s Water-Energy-Food Predicament from Energy Abundance and Food Insecurity to a Silent Water Crisis." Water 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041051.
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This article investigates Qatar’s sustainability crisis of the high levels of water, electricity and food use. The high levels of consumption have been enabled by Qatar’s significant hydrocarbons wealth, a generous rentier state’s redistributive water governance, and structural dependence on imported food and food production subsidies. The water crisis is silent because it does not generate supply disruptions nor any public discontentment. The geopolitical blockade Qatar is experiencing sparked discussions in policy circles on the best ways to ensure food security, but has only exacerbated its water insecurity. The blockade makes more urgent than ever the necessity to maximize and increase synergies among different sectors.
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Rahman, Yudha, Citra Persada, and Asirin Asirin. "Analisis Ketahanan Energi Perkotaan di Provinsi Lampung dengan Metoda 4a (Studi Kasus: Kota Bandar Lampung, Kota Metro, dan Kabupaten Lampung Selatan)." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 19, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v19i3.663.
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Energy independence and national energy security are the objectives of the energy management policy regulated in Law No. 30 of 2007 on Energy. Energy security is illustrated by the 4A indicator, including its availability (availability), accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. From the condition of Energy Indonesia problem, it is necessary to study that can describe the condition of consumption and energy security for Lampung Province and share various alternative accomplishments. In this study were taken in 3 cities including Lampung Province namely Bandar Lampung City, Metro City, and South Lampung Regency. The purpose of this research is to analyze Urban Energy Security in Lampung Province with 4A Method (Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability) with Case Study of Bandar Lampung City, Metro City, and South Lampung Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research in describing and describe the energy security. From the Availability research decrease, the accessibility is not stable yet, in terms of affordability of lack of standard price information, and in terms of Acceptability there is still doubt in the community about the quality of fuel and electricity consumed
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Kidmo, Dieudonné Kaoga, Kodji Deli, and Bachirou Bogno. "Status of renewable energy in Cameroon." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021001.
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Globally, the continuous increase of energy consumption coupled with the depletion of the limited fossil fuel sources and their negative impacts on the environment, has shifted focus towards renewables for a sustainable development. For the last fifteen years, the world has enjoyed renewables generation capacity increases in a double-digit Terawatt-hours range. Although renewables consumption is fast developing in Asia Pacific, Europe and North America, significant coordination efforts are required among stakeholders in sub-Saharan Africans countries such as Cameroon. In 2018, the total final energy consumption in Cameroon was 7.41 Mtoe, 74.22% of which was from biomass, 18.48% from fossil fuels and 7.30% from electricity. Furthermore, 6977 GWh of electricity was produced, 78.29% of which from the major electricity operator (ENEO S.A. Cameroon) and 21.71% from independent producers (GLOBELEQ, ALTAAQA Sinohydro China and AGGREKO). More than three quarter of electricity produced were consumed by industry (57.04%) and residential (20.74%) sectors. The country's installed electricity generation capacity rose to 1402 MW, 56.15% of which was from hydropower, 43.84% from fossil fuels (17.55% from natural gas and 26.29% from oil) and 0.01% from solar photovoltaic. The promotion of renewable energy is an important part of Cameroon's plan to increase energy security and provide job opportunities to the country. Yet, the lack of proactive and long-term renewable energy policy and laws, in addition to less attention paid to renewable energy training and research, financing mechanisms, and unaffordable costs of renewable energy technologies to the poor population are amongst present issues hindering the development of renewable energy in the country. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the present status of renewable energy exploitation and development in Cameroon.
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Đorđević, Dejan Ž., and Milan Veselinović. "The Policy of Renewable Energy Sources in the Function of the Environmental Protection in the EU." Economic Themes 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0020.
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AbstractThe policy of renewable energy sources has gained more importance over recent years. The European Union is facing serious challenges regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy sustainability, followed by the supply security, import dependence and competitiveness as well as the effective implementation of the internal energy market. The energy policy of the European Union is the most effective response to the new situation the member states of the European Union are facing. The EU energy policy aims to cause a new industrial revolution and the growth of the economic energy efficiency with low emissions of carbon dioxide. In order to achieve this, targets have been set for the future. Among them is the increase in the share of production and consumption of renewable energy in the total energy balance.
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Almutairi, Khalid, Elham Manoosi Esfahani, Ali Mostafaeipour, Alibek Issakhov, Chila Kaewpraek, and Kuaanan Techato. "A Novel Policy to Optimize Energy Consumption for Dairy Product Warehouses: A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052445.
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Worldwide energy supply is mostly reliant on fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide emissions have caused many negative environmental issues like climate change, air pollution, and energy security. An important alternative to this hazard is substituting the fossil fuel-based carbon energy sources with renewable energy sources. Passive strategies, which are devised to provide thermal comfort in buildings are examples of how to use renewable energies. For this study, a dairy product warehouse in the city of Yazd in Iran was thoroughly investigated. The main goal of this study is to introduce different scenarios, then identifying them based upon optimization of energy consumption. Another main purpose of the present study is to maximize the use of passive energy to meet the cooling needs of a dairy products warehouse in the studied area. Underground temperature is lower than the surface in summer, also it is higher in winter. Therefore, this property of soil is investigated by using nine different scenarios at different heights for constructing underground warehouse for storing dairy products. Clearly, different renewable tools like wind turbine, wind catcher, solar chiller, and different roof designs by Savanah grass, roof pond are also investigated. At first, the cooling load of the warehouse is calculated separately for each season. Then, according to the energy load values obtained, the nominated scenarios are investigated. The results of the comparisons show that the construction of a warehouse at a depth of 3 m from the ground with a green roof covered with Savannah grass helps achieve the best degree of reduction in the cooling power.
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ÓhAiseadha, Coilín, Gerré Quinn, Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly, and Willie Soon. "Energy and Climate Policy—An Evaluation of Global Climate Change Expenditure 2011–2018." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184839.
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Concern for climate change is one of the drivers of new, transitional energy policies oriented towards economic growth and energy security, along with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and preservation of biodiversity. Since 2010, the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) has been publishing annual Global Landscape of Climate Finance reports. According to these reports, US$3660 billion has been spent on global climate change projects over the period 2011–2018. Fifty-five percent of this expenditure has gone to wind and solar energy. According to world energy reports, the contribution of wind and solar to world energy consumption has increased from 0.5% to 3% over this period. Meanwhile, coal, oil, and gas continue to supply 85% of the world’s energy consumption, with hydroelectricity and nuclear providing most of the remainder. With this in mind, we consider the potential engineering challenges and environmental and socioeconomic impacts of the main energy sources (old and new). We find that the literature raises many concerns about the engineering feasibility as well as environmental impacts of wind and solar. However, none of the current or proposed energy sources is a “panacea”. Rather, each technology has pros and cons, and policy-makers should be aware of the cons as well as the pros when making energy policy decisions. We urge policy-makers to identify which priorities are most important to them, and which priorities they are prepared to compromise on.
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Meidute-Kavaliauskiene, Ieva, Vida Davidaviciene, Shahryar Ghorbani, and Iman Ghasemian Sahebi. "Optimal Allocation of Gas Resources to Different Consumption Sectors Using Multi-Objective Goal Programming." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105663.
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Natural gas is a main source of energy in Iran, and optimal allocation to different sectors is crucial, based on realities, geopolitical considerations, and national security concerns. In this paper, a multi-objective goal programming model is developed to study the optimal allocation of this resource to various consumption sectors, including household business, industry, petrochemical industry, power plants, injection to oil fields, and export from Iran for the horizon of 2025. In this research, the energy security index is prioritized over other indicators. Two objective functions are considered: the first is maximizing the energy security index (minimizing the cost of energy security), and the second is minimizing the relative weight of different consumption sectors. The goal share of the various gas sectors, the amount of consumption of the various consumption sectors, and the allocatable and predicted amount for each year is calculated. Household business, power plants, petrochemical industries, industry, and export aid injection to oil fields are the most consuming sectors in 2025, respectively. Also, based on cost minimization, power plants, petrochemical industries, and industries in general are the more consuming sectors, respectively.
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Bariss, Uldis, Gatis Bazbauers, Andra Blumberga, and Dagnija Blumberga. "System Dynamics Modeling of Households' Electricity Consumption and Cost-Income Ratio: a Case Study of Latvia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 20, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0009.
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Abstract Increased energy efficiency of the building sector is high on the list of priorities for energy policy since better energy efficiency would help to reduce impact on climate change and increase security of energy supply. One aim of the present study was to find a relative effect of growth of demand for energy services due to changes in income, energy consumption per unit of demand due to technological development, changes in electricity price and household income on household electricity consumption in Latvia. The method applied included system dynamics modeling and data from a household survey regarding the relationship between electricity saving activities and the electricity cost-income ratio. The results revealed that, in direct contrast to the expected, a potential reduction of the electricity consumption is rather insensitive to electricity price and electricity cost-income ratio, and that the efficiency of technologies could be the main drivers for future electricity savings. The results suggest that support to advancement of technologies and faster replacement of inefficient ones rather than influencing the energy price could be effective energy policy measures. The model, developed in the study could be used in similar assessments in other countries.
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Setiawan, Indra Chandra. "Policy Simulation of Electricity-Based Vehicle Utilization in Indonesia (Electrified Vehicle - HEV, PHEV, BEV and FCEV)." Automotive Experiences 2, no. 1 (April 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.v2i1.2020.
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In the past few years, the energy consumption of the land transportation sector has increased considerably. One of the breakthroughs by the Government through Presidential Regulation No. 22/2017 concerning General Plan for National Energy (RUEN) is the use of electricity-based vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and achieve energy security. Successful policy making for emerging industries depends on two main factors: the adoption of scientific perspectives and accuracy to predict impacts. Therefore, this review aims to conduct a study of policy simulation methodologies related to the use of electric vehicles in Indonesia. Also, identification of the gaps and limitations of previous research is carried out and recommending an agenda for further research.
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Sturm, Bodo, and Tim Mennel. "Energieeffizienz – eine neue Aufgabe staatlicher Regulierung?" Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 58, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 3–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2009-0102.
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AbstractIn the political debate, calls for regulation of energy efficiency are usually based on environmental or resource economic arguments. This paper analyses the case for energy efficiency regulation as a policy to curb excessive resource consumption, to protect the climate and to achieve energy security. The economic rationale for regulation on these grounds is market failure due to externalities and asymmetric information as well as intergenerational distributive justice. We show, however, that most instruments used in energy efficiency regulation, such as standards, subsidies and white certificates, do not meet the criterion of cost efficiency. Tradable emission permits and specific energy taxes are more effective in achieving the policy goals and less costly. Energy efficiency is shown to be a result, not a means of sound environmental and resource policy.
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Nutongkaew, Pranee, Jompob Waewsak, Warangkhana Kiratiwibool, and Yves Gagnon. "Demand and Supply of Crude Palm Oil for Biodiesel Production towards Food and Energy Security." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.151.
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Energy and food security are two key national policies and agenda of Thailand. The Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), Ministry of Energy has modified a 15-year (2008-2021) Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP). According to the modified AEDP, the share of renewable and alternative energy consumption should increase to 25% by 2021. The latest policy aims to promote the biodiesel consumption and production by 5.97 million liters/day within 2021, up from its previous plan of 4.50 million liters/day while nowadays production capacity is 1.62 million liters/day. The current and anticipated production of biodiesel require raw materials, notably crude palm oil (CPO) from oil palm plantations. This paper presents a feasibility study, with respect to the AEDP plan, for biodiesel production by using domestic fresh fruit oil palm as a raw material. Demand and supply are analyzed based on statistical modeling and forecasting techniques, as well as GIS spatial analysis. The results show that the domestic CPO consumption for cooking palm oil will be 1.02 million tons/year, while biodiesel production will be 1.67 million tons/year in 2021. This corresponds to an oil palm plantation area of 11,152 km2 in 2021. Based on GIS spatial analysis along with land-use database and other relevant databases, it was found that the suitable area for palm oil plantation in Thailand is 14,639 km2, which is sufficient for domestic demand and consumption. The suitable area consists of 9,664 km2 for quite suitable and 4,975 km2 for medium suitable. However, the government should provide the guidelines, along with pro-active and supportive policies for worst case scenarios, e.g. drought and flood leading to the insufficient raw material, in order to reduce the negative impacts of biodiesel production for domestic demand and consumption.