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Camilleri, James. "India's energy security : understanding its strategic condition." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186862.
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This thesis considers India's pursuit of energy security. Defining energy security within traditional parameters of supply, delivery, diversification of fuels and suppliers, and affordable prices; the work considers India's energy security condition by surveying the core energy sectors including coal, oil and gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. India's pursuit of energy security is then disaggregated into domestic and international arenas and both are analysed in turn. Considerable attention is paid to the international dimension where India's quest to acquire energy resources is contextualised within bilateral relations with specific countries. What the proceeding analysis makes clear is that the international arena offers considerable opportunities, but also constraints on, the realisation of greater energy security. Chapter one analyses global trends in the main energy sectors of coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and renewables. Historically, the fortunes of the global energy sectors have mirrored trends in the global economy. Since 2008, most of the world's major industrialised economies have experienced negative or greatly reduced levels of growth. This is primarily due to the proliferation of vast quantities of debt that have capsized several financial institutions and are adversely affecting the liquidity and solvency of many developed governments. The global energy sectors have also been deeply affected by the economic downturn with access to funds for the development of new infrastructure squeezed. The recent poor economic growth of these countries has further accentuated the downward trend they have experienced in energy consumption. Nevertheless, many parts of the developing world, including India, have only been marginally affected by the global economic downturn and continue to develop rapidly. Consequentially most of the growth in demand for energy is coming from developing countries, particularly India. Although there are slight variations depending on sector, this dual trend of stagnation in the developed world and rapid growth in the developing is one ofthe recurring themes in the global energy markets. It is within this context that the second chapter considers India's energy security condition. Detailed analysis of the coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric and renewable sectors demonstrate succinctly that India is experiencing considerable growing pains. While several challenges are unique to each sector the chapter also identifies several systemic problems, including insufficient supply, rampant demand, a tendency to import.
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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.
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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.
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Borzi, Eleonora, and Djiar Salim. "Energy Consumption and Security in Blockchain." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285901.
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Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology that was popularized after the release of Bitcoin in 2009 as it was the first popular blockchain application. It is a technology for maintaining a digital and public ledger that is decentralized, which means that no single authority controls nor owns the public ledger. The ledger is formed by a chain of data structures, called blocks, that contain information. This ledger is shared publicly in a computer network where each node is called a peer. The problem that arises is how to make sure that every peer has the same ledger. This is solved with consensus mechanisms which are a set of rules that every peer must follow. Consensus mechanisms secure the ledger by ensuring that the majority of peers can reach agreement on the same ledger and that the malicious minority of peers cannot influence the majority agreement. There are many different consensus mechanisms. A problem with consensus mechanisms is that they have to make a trade-off between low energy consumption and high security. The purpose of this report is to explore and investigate the relationship between energy consumption and security in consensus mechanisms. The goal is to perform a comparative study of consensus mechanisms from an energy consumption and security perspective. The consensus mechanisms that are compared are Proof of Work, Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake. The methodology used is literature study and comparative study by using existing work and data from applications based on those consensus mechanisms. The results conclude that Proof of Work balances the trade-off by having high energy-consumption and high security, meanwhile Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake balance it by having low energy consumption but lower security level. In the analysis, a new factor arose, decentralization. The new insight in consensus mechanisms is that decentralization and security is threatened by an inevitable centralization where the ledger is controlled by few peers.Blockchain är en så kallad distribuerad huvudbok teknologi som fick ett stort genombrott med den populära blockchain applikationen Bitcoin i 2009. Teknologin möjliggör upprätthållandet av en digital och offentlig huvudbok som är decentraliserad, vilket betyder att ingen ensam person eller organisation äger och kontrollerar den offentliga huvudboken. Huvudboken i blockchain är uppbyggt som en kedja av block, dessa block är datastrukturer som innehåller information. Huvudboken distribueras i ett nätverk av datorer som kallas för noder, dessa noder ägs av en eller flera personer. Problemet är att alla noderna i nätverket måste ha identiska huvudbok. Detta problem löses med en uppsättning av regler som noderna måste följa, denna uppsättning kallas för konsensus mekanism. Konsensus mekanismer säkrar huvudboken genom att möjliggöra en överenskommelse bland majoriteten av noderna om huvudbokens innehåll, och ser till att oärliga noder inte kan påverka majoritetens överenskommelse. Det finns flera olika konsensus mekanismer. Ett problem med konsensus mekanismer är att de är tvungna att göra en avvägning mellan låg energianvändning och hög säkerhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och utreda relationen mellan energianvändning och säkerhet i konsensus mekanismer. Målet är att utföra en komparativ analys av konsensus mekanismer utifrån energianvändning och säkerhet. Konsensus mekanismerna som jämförs är Proof of Work, Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake. Metodologin som används är litteraturstudier och komparativ analys med hjälp av existerande metoder och data från applikationer som använder konsensus mekanismerna. Resultatet visar att Proof of Work väljer hög säkerhet på bekostnad av hög energianvändning, medan Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake väljer låg energianvändning men på bekostnad av lägre säkerhet. Analysen ger en ny inblick som visar att centralisering är en oundviklig faktor som hotar säkerheten.
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Mohd, Amin Mohd Farid. "Energy planning and energy policy analysis for Malaysia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360504.
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Reaves, Jeff W. "European Union Policy Against Energy Coercion: An Analysis of EU Energy Security Policy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89671.
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Energy Security is a necessity of modern society and as technology and society evolve so does the requirement to secure energy to provide stability for state governments. Europe is in a transition period of increasing cohesion and integration, and Russia is leveraging its natural resources to conduct disruption campaigns coupled with energy coercion tactics. The EU is developing and has implemented policies conducive of energy security that requires member-states to enhance stability through energy security both through supply and demand. The European Energy Security Strategy established a system of pillars that was designed to increase overall energy security through a multidimensional approach. The effectiveness of EU energy policy is a critical issue that must be examined in order to establish that European energy security policy can be used as an effective countermeasure to Russian energy coercion and initiatives.Master of Arts
This study focused on energy security policies in the European Union as a countermeasure to energy coercion. While this project sought to identify the effectiveness of the EU’s current policy, there were two outcomes. First, the thesis provided strong evidence to support that EU energy security policy is an effective countermeasure against energy coercion tactics. The second outcome was a model that enables the analysis of policy implementation in Europe. Topics discussed throughout this thesis include: Russian energy strategy, EU energy security policy, energy efficiency, and policy implementation. This study ultimately focused on the European Energy Security Strategy, which established a system of pillars that was designed to increase overall energy security through a multidimensional approach. The importance lies in the effectiveness of EU energy policy as a critical issue that must be examined to establish that European energy security policy can be used as an effective countermeasure to Russian energy coercion and initiatives.
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Melin, Erik. "Depoliticising Energy : A Review of Energy Security in Swedish Policy-Making." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353430.
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In order to cope with the changing climate, there will be a need for mitigating transformations of a scope, speed and magnitude that are unprecedented in human history, but the consensus- and market-driven approach is inhibiting this transformation. This thesis reviews how various discourses and debates on energy policy within Swedish governments have changed between 1974 and 2017, through the lenses of energy security and depoliticisation, and how a better understanding of these debates and discourses may inform the impending large-scale transformation required to meet the challenge of climate change. Some of the main findings are that (1) nuclear power and the result of the nuclear power referendum have been decisive for energy policy, and that nuclear power will remain of vital importance in the twenty-first century. (2) Energy has become increasingly depoliticised since the 1980s, ensuing the referendum on nuclear power. (3) The discourse on energy security has shifted towards market-based solutions: in the 2000s, climate change is to be mitigated through consumer- oriented solutions such as green certificates. Through privatisation, it essentially has become up to the consumer, deciding whether to participate in mitigation of climate change.
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Stellmann, Lars. "Germany's energy demand and supply until 2020 : implications for Germany's foreign energy policy." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FStellmann.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Robert E. Looney, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available online.
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Lam, Siu-fai Raymond. "An analysis of the policy of energy efficiency and conservation in Hong Kong in the 1990s." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19709833.
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Sahin, V. "Turkey : Energy planning and policy options; 'an energy planning approach in a developing country'." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355355.
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Fouquet, Roger. "Information for energy-related environmental policy : the role of disaggregated dynamic energy demand modelling." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844457/.
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Public concern about energy-related environmental damage has put pressure on governments to enhance abatement policies. This has in turn led to increasing demands for information about and analysis of expected and optimal levels of environmental quality, and the means of influencing these levels. Energy demand modelling can act as a valuable tool in the production of this information, particularly where it relates to future levels of environmental quality and to how policy intervention can alter constraints facing consumers in order to achieve desired levels. The thesis focuses on two features of energy demand analysis. First, major developments in dynamic econometrics, and in particular the cointegration approach, have enabled energy demand modellers to incorporate long run equilibrating relationships between energy use and its main determinants, such as economic activity and relative prices, within a dynamic framework. Second, the existence of a diverse market for energy both in terms of the fuels used and the users suggests that energy demand should be analysed at a disaggregated level. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether disaggregated dynamic energy demand modelling can provide additional valuable information for the formulation of environmental policy. The core of the thesis takes the form of six separate papers: three review papers link dynamic energy demand modelling with environmental policy and three case study papers use disaggregated dynamic energy demand modelling to examine aspects of future United Kingdom energy-related environmental quality and how it can be altered through changing the constraints facing consumers. While theory and traditional econometrics have provided useful information about energy consumption behaviour, the introduction of the cointegration approach and the error correction model are enabling economists to estimate more reliably the long run relationships between energy demand and its main determinants, and the gradual adjustment of consumers towards equilibrium consumption levels after a disequilibrating disturbance. This new information is giving a greater understanding of how to achieve desired future environmental quality levels. The heterogeneous nature of energy use, both in terms of the fuels used and their users, indicates that the accuracy of elasticity estimates and, thus, the quality of information they can provide for environmental policy might be improved through the disaggregation of dynamic energy demand modelling. Employing the cointegration approach and sectoral and fuel specific error correction models to generate estimates of income, three separate papers provide evidence in support of this argument. Individually, these papers provide information about sectoral and fuel specific elasticities, about how residential users alter their behaviour as economic constraints change and about how certain car users alter their fuel consumption patterns when provided with adverse environmental publicity about fuels. Together, these papers suggest that there exists considerable variation in income and real price elasticities between sectors and fuels, and that using the estimates generated by such disaggregated dynamic models will provide greater accuracy than aggregated and static models. These variations are of particular importance to environmental policy makers because of the difference in environmental impact associated with different fuels. The thesis, therefore, finds that, by generating more detailed and reliable elasticity estimates, disaggregated dynamic energy demand models provide new and valuable insights for the formulation of environmental policy. It concludes that disaggregated dynamic energy demand modelling will form an increasing share of the models used for environmental forecasts and policy analysis - although the overall interest in this area of research may shift as levels of certain energy-related environmental indicators improve (eg carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and others worsen (eg volatile organic compounds and PM10). The thesis suggests that considerable refinements in energy demand modelling can be made, both in the methods used and in the focus of empirical studies, which will lead to further improvements in the formulation of environmental policy.
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Shrestha, Rita. "Energy planning and policies in nepal." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131884.
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Jeffrey, Bernard Kucharski. "Energy security in Japan in the context of a planned energy system transition." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217192.
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Ehrling, Axel. "Energy sources of the future – an explorative scenario analysis of Sweden’s energy security in regard to present energy policy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385517.
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Energy has always been an essential commodity, vital for a well-functioning society. Since, the industrialization has fossil fuels been used as man’s main energy source. Consequently, vast amounts of emissions have spread into earth’s atmosphere and lead to an unprecedently quick global warming. Governments are today reacting to climate change, and energy policies to limit the effects are developed. Sweden has since year 2008 established energy policy targets to reduce its emissions. This report looks into outcomes of Swedish energy policy by forecasting scenarios to measure target achievement and effects on Swedish energy security. Energy security has historically been dominated by geopolitical issues and oil, however, today the term has grown to encompass secure access to energy services at a sufficiently low and stable price, in a way that is socially and environmentally acceptable compared to other energy options. Thus, energy security in this report is understood as ‘Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. From this definition are forecasted scenarios developed and analyzed towards an energy security framework consisting of three subcategorize, affordability, reliability and sustainability. The scenarios are made by linear, exponential and logistic trendlines, to cover different expansion patterns. The general outcome of the scenarios suggests that energy security as defined will become more sustainable and reliable at the cost of affordability for energy consumers. However, even though sustainability is increasing are some of the energy policy targets not likely to succeed if business continues as usual.
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Chebbo, Ahmad Mustapha. "Security constrained reactive power dispatch in electrical power systems." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6580/.
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With the increased loading and exploitation of the power transmission system and also due to improved optimised operation, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse attracts more and more attention . A voltage collapse can take place in systems or subsystems and can appear quite abruptly. Continuous monitoring of the system state is therefore required. The cause of the 1977 New York black out has been proved to be the reactive power problem. The 1987 Tokyo black out was believed to be due to reactive power shortage and to a voltage collapse at summer peak load. These facts have strongly indicated that reactive power planning and dispatching play an important role in the security of modern power systems. A proper compensation of system voltage profiles will enhance the system securities in the operation and will reduce system losses. In this thesis, some aspects of reactive power dispatch and voltage control problem have been investigated. The research has focused on the following three issues: Firstly, the steady-state stability problem has been tackled where, a voltage collapse proximity indicator based on the optimal impedance solution of a two bus system has been generalised to an actual system and the performance of this indicator has been investigated over the whole range (stable and unstable region) to see how useful this indicator can be for an operator at any operating point. Then we went further to implement a linear reactive power dispatch algorithm in which this indicator was used for the first time to attempt to prevent a voltage collapse in the system. Secondly, a new efficient technique for N-1 security has been incorporated aiming at either maximising the reactive power reserve margin for the generators or minimising active power losses during normal as well as outage conditions (single line outage) .The reactive power redistribution after an outage is based on the S-E graph adopted by Phadke and Spong[72].Thirdly, the dispatch (N-1 security excluded) has been incorporated on line in the O.C.E.P.S. control package to improve the quality of the service and system security by optimally controlling the generator voltages (potentially the reactive control system is able to control transformers, switchable capacitors and reactors). A new function called load voltage control (similar to the load frequency control function) has been introduced to allow smooth variation of the reactive control signals towards their targets.
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Titheridge, Helena. "Sustainability assessment of future energy strategies for Milton Keynes." n.p, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Dahan, Abdulkarim Ali 1962. "Energy consumption in Yemen: Economics and policy (1970-1990)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290620.
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This dissertation examines the consumption of commercial energy, electricity and petroleum products in Yemen for the period 1970-1990. The main objectives are: (1) analyzing the energy consumption in Yemen; (2) investigating the determinants of demand for electricity and petroleum products (3) projecting the values of petroleum consumption for the years 1991-2000; and (4) recommending measures to curb the rate of increase in the demand for energy and to reduce the dependence upon imported oil. This study found that economic growth in Yemen has had a major impact upon the demand for electricity and petroleum products, and that energy intensity had increased over time, indicating that economic growth of Yemen has been very energy intensive. The models that have been chosen in this study are based on the theory of demand. According to this theory, the demand for a good is a function of own price, price of substitutes, and income. The estimates given by the model for aggregate electricity over the period 1975-1990 improved when the number of customers was included in the demand equation. Income and the number of customers are the major determinants of electricity demand in Yemen; the estimated coefficient for price of electricity over the period was not statistically significant at the 5% level. In the case of the demand for electricity by sectors, the results are more useful than for aggregate electricity demand. Electricity consumption for the residential, commercial and industrial sectors was well modeled as a function of only price and income. Demand for electricity in the agricultural sector, however, was described best by a stock adjustment model. The estimated models for individual petroleum products showed that price for fuels and income are major determinants in explaining the variation in demand for these products. Overall, this study found that the future energy outlook in Yemen calls for increasing electricity and petroleum consumption. Moreover, current fuel efficiencies and the estimated fuel demand equations indicate increasing fuel prices, given growth rates of population and per capita GDP. Thus, issues to be considered by energy policy include welfare and economic growth implications of increasing fuel prices, energy conservation, and expanded domestic petroleum production.
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Roettger, Glenn D. "Over a barrel where Russian energy policy leaves Europe with regards to its energy security." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FRoettger.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert E. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83). Also available in print.
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Hole, Nicola. "The policy implications of everyday energy consumption : the meanings, temporal rhythms and social dynamics of energy use." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16551.
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Traditional research into pro-environmental behaviour change has a tendency to be focussed on either the context in which practices are enacted or the cognitive processes that lead to particular behaviours. Research is often located within individual disciplines, with policy implications defined by (often) narrow interpretations of a problem. Despite increasing recognition of the ability of behaviour change to significantly contribute to the reduction in emissions required to meet UK targets, policy is so far failing to encourage ânormativeâ low carbon practices in many areas of life. Based on theories of social practice, this thesis attempts to redress the relationship between individuals and behaviour in order to discover how energy practices are developed, maintained and reconfigured. Specifically, it develops a phenomenological approach to energy consumption by exploring how energy practices are experienced by individuals on a daily basis, based on the premise that much human behaviour is driven by individualsâ perceptions of their actions. The study highlights the importance of the meanings and associations that individuals possess in relation to their energy practices and how these are implicated by their experiences, past and present. Furthermore, it contends that practices are influenced by social interactional dynamics and normative frameworks within the home, as well as by the form and frequency of social relations external to the home. With energy consumption so closely interlocked with the practices with which individuals engage in a daily basis, this thesis suggests that policy needs to be more in tune with the everyday experiences of energy consumers. It concludes by setting out a form of policy-making that has the potential to reduce everyday energy use by being sensitive to the experiences and well-being of individuals and society.
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Seker, Ali Osman. "Militarization of Energy Security Turkey as a case study /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FSeker.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Russell, James; Second Reader: Kadhim, Abbas. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Energy Security, Turkey's Energy Policy, Energy Conflicts, Iran-Iraq War, International Energy Agency. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-54). Also available in print.
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Bhattacharjee, Suchismita. "Analytical Framework to Study Energy Efficiency Policy Portfolios across Countries/States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28386.
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Energy conservation and implementation of effective energy efficiency policies have become imperative to curbing the escalating consumption of energy. The imbalance in the supply and demand of a country's energy has increased the importance of implementing energy efficiency policies. Proper replication of strategic energy efficiency policies that are known to be successful in one country, along with development of new approaches, can be helpful in developing the energy policy portfolio of another country. Some OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) countries like Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States have benefited from their energy policies during the most recent energy crisis. The motivation of this research is to provide a tool for developing countries, which are still in the stage of formulating their energy efficiency policies, to compare energy efficiency policy portfolios across countries. These countries can improve their energy efficiency policy portfolios based on lessons learned from the developed countries.
The research develops a framework to compare energy efficiency policy portfolios across countries / states. Although this framework can be adopted for any type of energy policy, targeting any sector with few modifications, the current focus is on policies that target the residential building sector to reduce energy consumption. The research begins with identification of the functional domains that influence human behavior–people, economy, environment and technology–followed by identification of the factors affecting household energy consumption. It uses the four functional domains as the evaluation framework's four axes. The various factors affecting household energy consumption are positioned in the framework based on association with the functional domains. The energy efficiency policies implemented in a country are positioned in the same framework based on the pattern of diffusion of each type of policy. In addition, a prototype method is developed to identify the factors targeted by each energy efficiency policy implemented in a country. This evaluation method allows for a uniform assessment process of how energy efficiency policies target specific socio-economic factors that are known to affect energy consumption. The proposed framework will facilitate the work of policy makers and other decision makers with a powerful tool for evaluating and comparing their individual policies, or their complete portfolio of energy efficiency policies, to those from other states or countries, and to benefit from the lessons learned.Ph. D.
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Leach, Matthew Adrian. "Energy sector strategies in Eastern Europe : modelling technological change and policy options." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362434.
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Owen, Gillian Frances. "Procedure over purpose : development and implementation of energy conservation policy in UK." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388716.
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Set in the context of the problems the UK has experienced in achieving effective economic policies, focusing primarily on the role of the civil service, the thesis examines the development and implementation of energy conservation policy, in the UK, from the mid-1970s until April 1992, concentrating mainly on the 1980s. Changes since April 1992 and the prospects for energy conservation in the remainder of the 1990s are considered briefly in the final chapter and conclusion. The thesis uses energy conservation as a case study to explore general theories of policy development and implementation. Comparisons are made with Japan and Denmark. In the case of Japan, the comparison is set in the context of Japanese economic success and the role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. In the case of Denmark, the context is the planning system and the role of local government. The thesis examines the relative importance of systems of administration and other factors including: prevailing ideological orthodoxies; the roles of policy communities and networks. The title - "Procedure over purpose" - reflects several themes within the thesis including: the differences between procedure and purpose governed states; the relevance of the 1980s and 1990s civil service reforms to procedure or purpose driven policy areas. A further important theme is efficiency, both in terms of the emphasis on efficiency in civil service reforms and because of a change of terminology from energy conservation to energy efficiency during the period under study. Conclusions are drawn on the extent to which development and implementation of energy conservation policy in the UK has been governed more by procedure than a sense of purpose; how far this differs from other countries (primarily Japan and Denmark); its effect on the UK's achievement of energy savings up to the late 1980s; and the implications for policy success or failure.
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Kgathi, D. L. "Household response to fuelwood scarcity in South-eastern Botswana : implications for energy policy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334242.
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Marvin, Simon. "Localisation of Labour Party combined heat and power/district heating policy : 1977-87." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305170.
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Lam, Siu-fai Raymond, and 林紹輝. "An analysis of the policy of energy efficiency and conservation in Hong Kong in the 1990s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965489.
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Isaac, John Graham. "The structural changes in the UK energy market and policy options for the future." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290932.
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Sakva, Denys. "Evaluation of errors in national energy forecasts /." Link to online version, 2005. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1166.
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Ergen, Gaye. "Eu Energy Security And The Middle East Oil." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609089/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims to analyze oil as a security challenge for the European Union. The energy security policy is getting more and more important with the decrease of energy sources, which holds and shapes the balance of power in the world. Especially in the future, energy sources will be the key to political strategies. The European nations have created energy security policies in order to protect their benefits. The central argument of this thesis is that although the EU has attempted to create a common EU energy policy throughout its history, it could not escape from the impact of the national energy policy of the member states. The main focus is on the oil policy of the community. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to explore the policies created for oil security, especially in the Middle East, and why the EU could not implement these policies it created.
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Allen, John Oakley. "Decentralised electricity and its implications for the governance of UK energy security." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16387.
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The GB electricity system is in a state of change, both physically and operationally. The future of the electricity system needs to be low carbon and secure. Current system structures revolve around large-scale centralised generation to deliver this security. This thesis argues that with a broad definition of energy security, which reflects the future needs of the electricity system, a decentralised approach would be more beneficial to deliver these needs. This thesis identifies the governance processes that make up current energy security and evaluates how these might change in a system of decentralised electricity. The research consists of 31 in-depth interviews with key stakeholders of the electricity system from the government, regulatory, market and civil society based actor groups. In addition to this, the research utilised a secondary analysis of consultation responses and Government publications. This thesis uses multi-layer perspective theory to interpret the transition from a centralised to decentralised electricity system. In addition to the multi-layer perspective, an advancement of the governance perspective was also required. This develops the understanding of the changes to the actor relationships rules and the incentives of a decentralised electricity system. This research developed for key findings. Firstly, a decentralised electricity future would introduce a larger number of small investors, who in a centralised system would not exist. The second key point is, the UK Government is responsible for security of supply and their actions are focused on centralised electricity technologies. The third point is that energy security (in its boarder definition) is the responsibility of a network of actors working together. The fourth point is that current energy security is incorrectly dominated by supply meeting demand. The outcome of the research is that a decentralised electricity system would be beneficial to the broader concept of energy security which is used in this thesis.
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Morris, Jonathan. "Benchmarking domestic gas and electricity consumption to aid local authority carbon reduction policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12368.
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As part of an effort to be a world leader in international efforts in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, the UK Government has set itself ambitious targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 80% relative to 1990 levels by 2050. To meet this target, there is a strong emphasis in reducing carbon emissions from the domestic sector through the reduction of energy consumption in UK households by improving the energy efficiency of the housing stock, and the behaviours of the occupants. The Department of Energy and Climate Change have indicated that Local Authorities in England are potentially to work in partnership with businesses and community organizations to facilitate delivery; and as a promoter of domestic energy efficiency policies. Consultation with 11 Local Authorities across England confirmed that they are lacking a reliable mechanism that can detect areas within their administrative boundaries that are most in need of intervention to improve the energy efficiency of the housing stock. For the year 2008 the regression models demonstrate that geographical variations in the size of the house, median household income, and air temperature account for 64% of the variation in English domestic gas consumption, and that variations in the size of the house, median household income, and proportion of households connected to the national gas grid account for 73% of the variation in domestic electricity consumption. The predicted values from these regression models serve as benchmarks of domestic gas and electricity consumption in England having accounted for household income, house size, house type, tenure, and climatic differences and could be used to identify areas within Local Authorities with higher than expected energy consumption for energy efficiency interventions. These results contribute to the wider academic debate over how best to achieve the overall aims of household CO2 reductions by moving beyond a purely technical or behavioural-based approach to reducing domestic energy consumption.
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Lee, Shu-Kam. "The market for energy in China." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/851.
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Since 1979, China embarked on an economic reform to modernize the country. The reform was so successful that China was able to grow by an impressive rate of 9 percent per anum between 1979 and 1997. The rapid development of the economy leads to a drastic increase in demand for energy. Since China has the largest population in the world, its energy demand is nothing but huge. Each year, for example, China needs to install as much as 10,000 MW of new electricity generation capacity, which equals the curent capacity of Netherlands. This increase in demand for energy, which is likely to continue, wil have implications for global energy markets, the world price of energy and for the global environment as emissions of greenhouse gases grow rapidly. Against this background, there is an urgent need for the country to better manage the energy sector so that the market can function in an orderly manner. To tackle this issue, I single out three important energy problems to study. First, I wil examine the current situation of the energy imbalance in China. Second, I wil forecast how rapid the energy demand wil grow in future so that the deficit between the demand and domestic supply can be identified. Lastly, I wil discuss some methods that can be used to manage the demand. My finding shows that energy-capital and energy-material inputs are complementary, whereas the relationship of energy and labour is insignificant. In addition, the simulation exercises also reveals that a high energy pricing policy might not be effective in mitigating the demand and in encouraging firms to employ labour intensive techniques. Also, rising energy prices may bring spiral inflation and deterioration in the balance of payments and foreign resources. Therefore, government should act cautiously when increasing energy prices.
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Anasis, John George. "A Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM) for Climate Policy Analysis." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2620.
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One of the greatest challenges that will face humanity in the 21st century is the issue of climate change brought about by emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy use is one of the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is also one of the most important contributors to improved human welfare over the past two centuries and will continue to be so for years to come. This quandary has led a number of researchers to suggest that geoengineering may be required in order to allow for continued use of fossil fuels while at the same time mitigating the effects of the associated greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate. The goal of this research was to develop a model that would allow decision-makers and policy analysts to assess the optimal mix of energy and geoengineering resources needed to meet global or regional energy demand at the lowest cost while accounting for appropriate emissions, greenhouse gas concentration, or temperature rise constraints. The resulting software model is called the Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM). CEAGOM was then used to analyze the recently announced U.S.-China emissions agreement and to assess what the optimal global energy resource mix might be over the course of the 21st century, including the associated potential need for geoengineering. These analyses yielded optimal mixes of energy and geoengineering resources that could be used to inform regional and global energy and climate management strategies.
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Msimanga, Bongani. "Exploring the impacts of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies on the mining sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96668.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Worldwide, energy has been, and continues to be, key to economic development. However, the current global consensus is that energy-related carbon dioxide emissions would, at current rates, put the world onto a potentially catastrophic trajectory which could lead to global warming of 5 degree Celsius or more compared to pre-industrial times. There is a critical need for a low-carbon development or a move away from conventional fossil fuels energy sources. This study explores impacts of policies that South Africa developed in order to champion sustainable energy strategies based on energy efficiency and non-conventional energy sources, including renewable energy. The mining sector, because of its energy-intensive nature, was chosen. In order to achieve this objective three approaches were carried out: (i) a critical review of literature on energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) ; (ii) two case-studies that demonstrate the impacts of the policies; and (iii) action research on a sample of mines using survey questionnaire and interviewing. The research results show that the need to have security in energy and the need to be competitive and grow revenue are significant in deciding to carry out EE and RE initiatives in the mining sector. The results also show that safety followed by production are the priorities and are accompanied by a range of other demands, such as cost reduction and legislative requirements. It is, therefore, within this context that EE and RE initiative will always be carried out in the mining sector. The research concludes that, under the current market framework, South African EE and RE policies are not as effective as hoped they would be. The research, therefore, recommends that a percentage of the mines’ revenue could be dedicated to EE and RE initiatives. In addition, South Africa needs to come up with a new type of productive endeavour that would lead to less extractive industries, including mines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Energie is, was en sal wereldwyd altyd die sleutel wees tot ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Nieteenstaande, word dit wereldwyd aanvaar dat die huidige energie opwekking se koolstofdioksied vrystelling moontlik kan lei tot aardverwarming van 5 grade Celsius of meer wanneer vergelyk met word met pre-industriële tye. Daar is ‘n kritiese behoefte aan lae koolstofdioksied vrystelling ontwikkelings of ‘n beperking van konvensionele fossielbrandstof energiebronne. Hierdie studie analiseer die impak van die Suid Afrikaanse beleid wat ontwikkel is om volhoubare energie te bevorder wat effektief en onkonvensioneel is, insluitend hernubare energie. Die mynsektor, as ‘n groot verbruiker van energie, vorm die kern van die studie. Die studie is voltooi in drie fases naamlik: (1) kritiese oorsig van die literatuur oor energiedoeltreffendheid (EE) en hernubare energie (RE); (2) twee gevallestudies wat die impak van die beleid bevestig; en (3) praktiese navorsing deur middel van vraelyste en persoonlike onderhoude met seker myne. Die navorsing bevestig dat die behoefte aan bestendige energie teen kompeterende pryse wat die mynsektor in staat stel om inkomste te groei ,‘n beduidende invloed het op die besluit om EE of RE inisiatiewe te onderneem. Die resultate bevestig verder dat beroepsveiligheid en produksie uitsette die eerste prioriteite vir die myne is. Dit word verder beinvloed deur kostebesparings en wetlike vereistes. Enige EE en RE inisiatiewe wat onderneem word sal in hierdie konteks plaasvind. Die navorsing kom tot die slotsom dat, onder huidige marktoestande, Suid Afrika se EE en RE beleid nie so effektief is as waarop daar gehoop is nie. Die navorsing beveel derhalwe aan dat ‘n persentasie van myne se inkomste geoormerk moet word vir EE en RE inisiatiewe. Verder meer , Suid Afrika moet strewe na tipes produksie wat minder natuurlike grondstowwe onttrek, insluitend die myne.
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Kok, Sarah. "Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India. : A Comparative Study on the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259344.
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As living standards improve and population numbers increase in China and India, the demand and consumption of electricity will continue to intensify. Although both countries maintain a strong dependence on fossil fuels to meet energy demands, a recognition of the importance of a low carbon transition is apparent from the governments of both countries. China and India have both made commitments to abate global climate change, reduce poverty rates and enhance efforts to reduce fossil fuel dependence. Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in the last twenty years due to technological advances, priced reductions and governmental support policies. Yet in China and India policy development has been very erratic. This paper takes a case study approach to examine solar energy policies, particularly solar energy auctions, in China and India. Thus, this thesis aims to examine solar energy policy in China and India, and compare the potential of each country for energy security and sustainable development under the IRENA framework to Evaluate Renewable Energy Policy. The performance of solar energy policy in China and India is assessed on criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, equity and institutional feasibility. This study find that China has installed more cumulative solar capacity than India and that overall that solar energy policy in China is stronger than in India. However, at an individual policy level, India’s solar energy auction policy is stronger than China’s. Thus, the long-term sustainability of solar energy policy and deployment in both countries is a complex and multifaceted issue. This thesis concludes that for energy security and sustainable development the continuation of policy support is necessary in both countries to ensure that solar will continue to grow in significance.
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Pailman, Kelsey Amy. "Policy harmonisation, regional integration and energy security: the participation of independent power producers in the Sub-Saharan African energy sector." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31244.
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal Seven (SDG 7) promotes access to 'affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. Sub-Saharan Africa is however characterised by high levels of energy insecurity. Regional integration is a way in which energy security in the region can be achieved through the sharing of resources, infrastructure and expertise. Electricity trade in Sub-Saharan takes place primarily through the Southern African Power Pool. The Power Pool consists of 13 member countries that import and export electricity across transmission infrastructure. Regional integration is however hampered by unreliable state-owned centralised grids. Many grids in sub-Saharan Africa do not have sufficient energy generation capacity for regional trade. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) promote regional integration and energy security by increasing a country’s energy generation capacity and diversifying its energy mix through renewable energy sources. Sub-Saharan Africa currently lacks a harmonised policy framework on the participation of IPPs in national energy markets. This thesis argues that a harmonised policy framework on IPP participation on a national level can increase electricity trade and energy security regionally.
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Ding, Yuanyuan. "The Party, the Oil Companies, and Energy Security: Who Determines Chinese Policy?" unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04212008-131346/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. John Duffield, committee chair; Daniel Franklin, Michael Herb, committee members. Electronic text (48 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-48).
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Cox, Emily M. "Assessing energy security in a low-carbon context : the case of electricity in the UK." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68642/.
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This thesis assesses the future security of the UK electricity system in a low-carbon context. Electricity provision is a crucial and ubiquitous component of industrialised societies, and over the past couple of decades a number of fundamental changes to electricity systems have meant that the security of this provision has taken a central place on the policy agendas of the UK and many other industrialised nations. Alongside this, emerging normative, legal and political imperatives to mitigate climate change mean that energy systems will need to undergo a fundamental transition. The overarching aim of this thesis is to assess the future security of the UK electricity system in a low-carbon context, in order to identify the main risks, trade-offs and synergies which may emerge between different objectives in a transition to a low-carbon electricity system. To do this, this thesis develops a set of indicators for assessing the electricity security of low-carbon transition pathways, building on assessment frameworks from the existing literature and utilising a range of both quantitative and qualitative indicators. The indicator set is used to assess the security of three pathways for the UK electricity system, each of which aims to meet the UK's 2050 greenhouse gas reduction target. The indicators are then used as the basis for interview discussions with 25 experts from the UK energy sector, in order to explore the diversity of perspectives in the UK energy community. Finally, the experts' perspectives are used as multiple ‘lenses' through which to view the results of the security assessment of the three pathways. This thesis makes a contribution to knowledge and understanding in three ways. Firstly, it makes a methodological contribution by proposing and testing a set of indicators to measure the security of electricity systems in long-term scenarios of national energy transitions. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach and utilises both quantitative and qualitative indicators without aggregation in order to identify synergies and trade-offs. Secondly, this thesis makes an empirical contribution by applying this set of indicators in a novel way to assess the security of a set of low-carbon transition pathways for the UK electricity system: this is the first time that such a comprehensive security dashboard has been used to assess a set of future electricity system scenarios. By including reliability and cost parameters alongside a range of other important aspects of energy security such as diversity, trade and acceptability, this thesis extends the empirical work of existing frameworks to explore the potential implications of a low-carbon transition on electricity system reliability and costs, and the potential trade-offs between various objectives. Thirdly, this thesis makes a further empirical contribution by identifying the diversity of perspectives amongst UK energy experts; this is a novel contribution to the energy security literature, which contains few empirical studies on experts' perspectives on energy security, and no previously-existing work of this kind in the UK context. Finally, this thesis analyses the impacts of these perspectives on the results of the security assessment, thus providing the first study of this kind to actively incorporate multiple perspectives on energy security into an indicator assessment. The thesis finds that the three low-carbon pathways tested against the indicator framework all demonstrate a reduction in flexible, responsive supply capacity compared to the 2010 baseline, which could reduce the ability of the system to respond to unexpected perturbations in the supply/demand balance. The results show that demand reduction may be highly beneficial and results in co-benefits across multiple security dimensions (although this thesis has not conducted detailed investigation of the costs and risks of demand reduction, and therefore this issue needs to be analysed further in future research). Increasing the penetration of renewable electricity generation is shown to increase the diversity of the generation mix, and to have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emission reduction and resource depletion; however, it could lead to a reduction in system balancing capability, and does not necessarily minimise dependence on fuel imports. The decentralised transition pathway is shown to have the fewest ‘red flags' of security risk in the longer-term; this finding is an interesting addition to the academic and policy literature which has debated the potential security benefits of a decentralised electricity system for the UK. However, this thesis also highlights that there are many areas of uncertainty and potential security risk in a transition to a decentralised electricity system, which may experience some aspects of heightened security risk in the medium-term.
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Pourzitakis, Efstratios. "Hedging against energy insecurity: a comparison between China and the EU." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/423.
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The research compares the energy security approaches and strategies of China and the EU since the early 2000's. It examines the nexus between strategies and approaches of the two actors and it seeks to highlight the importance of domestic issues such as energy security governance and domestic politics. In addition, it sheds light to the notion of hedging which has become recently a buzzword among political scientists. Finally, it takes a critical position towards the mainstream dichotomy between strategic and market-based approaches to energy security. Despite their structural differences, China and the EU share similarities regarding their conceptualization of energy security. Interestingly, both sides have based their perceptions on perceived and contested energy security risks. Hence, in the mid-2000's, the two actors securitized energy due to external factors such as the Russia-Ukraine gas crisis and the so-called "Malacca Strait dilemma". Domestic factors however served as a transmission belt and they determined the process of how these external challenges shaped their energy security perceptions and eventually their strategies. During the last years of the examined period, Beijing and Brussels have adopted more comprehensive and sophisticated approach. Their declared adherence to market-based principles reflects among others their interest in self-identifying as liberal actors. The latter has been a global trend among states. Furthermore, it is concluded that their energy security strategies have distinct differences as well as certain similarities. For many years, issues such as the "Malacca Dilemma" and the European dependence on Russian gas have played an important role to the energy security strategies of China and the EU. Again, the two actors have been incorporating strategic and market-based policies in their energy security strategies that aim at their domestic markets as well as abroad. In order to analyse the energy security perceptions of the two actors, the research assumed that China and the EU have been adopting a hedging strategy. While their behaviour has the characteristics of hedging, a basic difference between the two actors is that for China hedging is a strategic choice while for the EU hedging is a combination of policies adopted by different actors. As a result, while it can be accepted that China has been implementing a hedging strategy the EU has been merely pursuing a hedging behavior. The distinction between hedging strategy and hedging behavior stands as one of the theoretical contributions of this research. Finally, the research chooses the Caspian Sea region as a case-study in order to examine the energy security strategies of China and the EU. Both actors have been seeking access to the Caspian energy resources in order to hedge against their energy insecurities. Their approaches however are fundamentally different as China has established a strong foothold in the region adopting mainly mercantilistic tactics while the EU has been facing important hardships as a result of domestic setbacks that limit the effectiveness of its resource diplomacy as well as due to political incompatibility with the Caspian states. Using the Regional Security Complex Theory as a conceptual starting point, the research approaches the Caspian Sea region as an energy security complex where China and the EU have been also integrated. The research analyses the energy security strategies of China and the EU within the Caspian complex applying the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism. This theoretical novelty can be evaluated as successful and as a result, the research has established an alternative theoretical approach to regional security complexes.
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Kelly, Susan Fay Leland Sigve Reiertsen. ""Oil actually" : Chinese and U.S. energy security policies in the Caspian region /." Tromsø : Institutt for statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2007. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/993/1/thesis.pdf.
Full text
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Raszewski, Slawomir. "European Union energy policy and the Black Sea/Caspian region : between security community and security complex?" Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590293.
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The return of energy security, as an issue of growing importance in international relations. has been a hallmark of the post-Cold War period. The systemic rift of 9/11 served as a 'wake-up call' in creating awareness of energy dependence and the associated political instability nexus, leading to energy diversification and conservation measures being initiated in major energy-consuming regions. Owing to its differing trade and supply structures, the role of natural gas as a fuel of choice to fill the gap between the era of oil and the era of nuclear/renewable energy bas become part of the energy security agenda while exposing it to a number of factors which have made it a key regional issue. Originally a bearer of an identity of an 'energy community', the European Union (EU) has been a leading proponent of this process. This thesis will provide a systematic re-examination of the foreign energy policy of the EU towards the Black Sea/Caspian region providing an explanation for EU policy failures during the critical years from 2004 to 2009. Despite a mature gas trade relationship with and its proximity to the energy rich nations of the Former Soviet Union (FSU), EU-Russia energy relations experienced a severe refreezing following the change of political leadership in Russia after 2000, which took place against a backdrop of rising global market prices for oil and, linked. to this, similar rises in the price of gas. During the same period the two transformative enlargements into Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) promised new energy policy opportunities. yet they have also created looming challenges in the process of creating a broader energy security community. The emerging conflation of the Caspian Sea region with the Black Sea region in energy terms, with Turkey as the conduit linking the energy-producing regions of the Caucasus and Central Asia with consuming states in Europe, have mutually become exposed to geopolitical realities that are clustered in the broader region. Drawing on extensive fieldwork data collected both in Brussels and Ankara the thesis provides vital information and analysis on the criticality of energy supply and the transit side of the policy and sheds new light on this process in the case study. The thesis identifies the causes of the deadlock affecting the policy-making process at the EU level and at the regional level in the Black/Caspian Sea region by examining both the internal and external dynamics which have frustrated the policymaking process. A focus in the EU on liberalisation and energy diversification have been hallmarks of the internal dynamics of the EU's policymaking processes. This has direct1y further added to the increased 'bureaucratisation' of the EU's energy policymaking process. Drawing on Allison's Foreign Policy Analysis Bureaucratic Politics (BPO) paradigm, primary and secondary data, including primary interviews with policy-makers, the thesis illuminates this little studied area and fills a gap in the literatures. The thesis also highlights at the regional level Ankara's new foreign and diplomacy-based energy policy dynamism juxtaposed with Moscow's omnipresence in regional energy security affairs. This regional juxtaposition of Ankara's energy needs and Moscow's omnipresence in the region poses difficult challenges for the implementation of EU energy policy as is discussed in the thesis.
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Bohlmann, Jessika Andreina. "Evaluating the impacts of energy and environmental policy on South African households." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76004.
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This thesis investigates how different policies and measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions – i.e. carbon tax and energy efficiency policies – in South Africa will affect South African households. The contribution of this study lies with evaluating South African households at a disaggregated income level from low to high-income appreciating the fact that households at different levels are impacted differently by the implementation of policies at national level. In order to evaluate such impacts, the study started with profiling the households’ electricity consumption patterns in South Africa through the years and comparing them with the rest of the world. The next objective was to comprehend – implementing an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric model – the determinants of electricity consumption of the residential sector in the country. Finally, by using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), the study examined various policy scenarios designed to reduce emissions and its effects on different households, particularly the low-income ones that do not have the capital to absorb the impacts. The results showed that low-income households are affected differently than the rest of South African households by the national policies implemented to reduce CO2 emissions and combat climate change. However, given the way the carbon tax and energy efficiency policies are designed, low-income households should be affected minimally.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Economics
PhD (Economics)
Unrestricted
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Zoepf, Stephen M. "Plug-in vehicles and carsharing : user preferences, energy consumption and potential for growth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99332.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Technology, Management and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 187-195).
Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are seen as a key pathway to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in transportation, yet their sales are under 1% of new cars despite large incentives. Carsharing, a market where consumers rent vehicles for short durations, is a low-risk way for consumers to use Plug-In Electric Vehicles for their travel needs without a large financial commitment. However, deployment of PEVs in carsharing depends on three key factors: (1) consumer acceptance of PEVs for rental trips, (2) the ability of carsharing providers to manage technical limitations of PEVs, and (3) that real-world energy consumption of PEVs meets expectations. To explore the feasibility of PEV deployment in carsharing, this dissertation incorporates a Mixed-Integer Programming and simulation of the assignment of trips and vehicles, and a Hybrid Choice Model of carsharing user preferences. This dissertation's primary contributions consist of the combination of Hybrid Choice Models with a Structural Topic Model to incorporate respondent comments, a two-level representation of the assignment problem faced by carsharing providers in allocating trips to vehicles and locating vehicles, a case study of PEV deployment in Boston, and analysis of real-world energy consumption of two fleets of PEVs. Results suggest that a large fraction of round-trip carsharing fleets could be converted to PEVs, simultaneously increasing profitability and reducing gasoline consumption, and some benefits can be captured using simple heuristics. However, current user attitudes towards PEVs in carsharing vary widely, and while carsharing exposes many users to hybrids, few have tried PEVs.
by Stephen M. Zoepf.
Ph. D. in Technology, Management and Policy
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Narus, Joseph John. "Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones?" PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/169.
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Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the nation's abundant coal reserves into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, China might be able to increase its domestic oil production and generate profits. But a large-scale coal to oil industry exerts added pressure on China's domestic coal reserves and water resources, and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. The tension between the potential benefits of coal to oil development and its associated negative externalities present a challenge for China's energy policymakers, who must balance competing demands for energy security, resource management, and equitable development. The challenge of effectively managing the development of this industry is complicated by the characteristic problems plaguing energy sector governance in China, including the absence of a powerful energy policymaking institution, the decentralized nature of the country's economic development, and the influence of large energy companies. This study examines the evolution of China's coal to oil industry and the policies shaping its development in order to better understand energy sector governance in China and the complex challenges confronting policymakers as they strive to balance an array of competing demands. It finds that weak energy institutions and powerful domestic actors indeed hinder China's ability to efficiently formulate energy policies for the coal to oil industry, while considerations about the industry's environmental and resource impacts compel a cautious approach to development. China's incremental approach to formulating a long-term plan for the development of the coal to oil industry may, in the end, yield more effective policies.
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Moseley, Albert G. "Fueling the Dragon : energy security in China; is there a role for US policy /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA359366.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998."December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Robert E. Looney, Denny C. Roy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-169). Also available online.
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Dorileo, Ivo Leandro. "A matriz energetica de Mato Grosso = analise e prospecção." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264472.
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Orientador: Sergio Valdir BajayDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Este trabalho traz uma análise, sob as óticas retrospectiva e prospectiva, a respeito da estrutura setorial da economia e da matriz energética de Mato Grosso, em termos de seus principais determinantes sociais, econômicos e tecnológicos. A avaliação prospectiva é, também, sustentada por um conjunto de cenários alternativos de desenvolvimento, tendo como balizadores os principais cenários nacionais disponíveis atualmente, que permitem estabelecer as relações de interdependência entre as variáveis macroeconômicas e a demanda de energia. Os cenários são construídos, ainda, com base em uma consulta a especialistas do Estado, especialmente elaborada para este trabalho, sobre os possíveis rumos futuros da economia e do setor energético locais, e em uma análise das oportunidades de avanços na matriz energética mato-grossense. A metodologia de decomposição estrutural é aplicada para projeção da demanda energética, utilizando-se, além do PIB e dos valores adicionados setoriais, a intensidade energética e a participação relativa dos principais energéticos em cada um dos setores analisados. A partir desta sistematização, são efetuadas as projeções das demandas de energia setoriais e total do Estado até 2012, constituindo-se num instrumento analítico e metodológico eficaz para auxiliar o planejamento energético de Mato Grosso. Discutem-se, por fim, as perspectivas para expansão da oferta local de energia, diante das alternativas que atualmente se apresentam
Abstract: The present work provides an analysis regarding the sector structure of the economy and the energy demand and supply of State of Mato Grosso in the light of a retrospective and prospective approach, which takes into account the main social, economic and technological determinants. The prospective evaluation is also supported by a set of alternative development scenarios having as benchmarks the current available national scenarios, which pave the ground for the establishment of interdependence relations between the macroeconomic indices and the demand of energy. The scenarios are also developed with the aid of state experts, especially devised for this work on the prospective economic path, and the local energy sector with a view to the analysis of advance opportunities concerning the regional energy supply. The methodology of structural decomposition is applied to forecast the evolution of energy demand, wich also takes into consideration, besides the gross domestic product (GDP), the added sector values, the energy intensities and the relative participation of the most important energy resources in each of the analyzed sectors. From this systematization, the sector and total state energy demand are foreseen up to the year 2012, which becomes an analytical and methodological effective instrument to aid the energy planning of Mato Grosso. At last, it is argued the perspectives for local energy supply expansion before the alternatives that are currently presented
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Ogunleye, Olaoluwa. "Power to the People: Assessing Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Ontario." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37985.
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There is need for increased production of electricity from renewable energy technologies. The transition to a low-carbon economy, whilst achieving energy security and meeting the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) is an ongoing challenge for many countries. Local communities instituting an energy co-operative model may be instrumental to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to attain the 2030 goal. Renewable energy co-operatives (RECs) are one approach that can contribute to environmentally and socially equitable energy transitions in order to meet the SDG7. This thesis examines the factors that affect the success of RECs within Ontario to better discern how RECs are set up and how government policy affects their development.
The main research question of this study is “How can Ontario’s renewable energy co-ops grow, experience long-term viability, be updated or expanded?” This thesis argues that the quest towards energy transition, a low-carbon economy and to achieve both the federal and provincial targets by 2030 should take on a multi-stakeholders approach. In theory, this should reflect community desires, goals and energy equity since a community should have its own supported role in energy generation towards the whole of Ontario. With the absence of provincial support from the removal of the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) program in 2017, it is now imperative that municipal governments become involved in REC developments within their community.
The methodological approach of this thesis uses a combination of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and sustainability analyses in order to interpret the data collected from semi-structured interviews with co-ops and policymakers as well as their websites and reports. This study examines the support structures and barriers for the growth of RECs in Ontario and how their growth can contribute to the SDG7. Through document review and interviews with representatives from the co-ops, I discovered that barriers include unstable government policy, inadequate funding, and a lack of support from financial institutions due to the smaller size of the projects developed by power co-ops. Comparisons with REC policy and progress in European countries show Ontario can do more to support RECs. This thesis concludes that one of the many available options for Ontario to contribute substantially to the transition to a low-carbon-economy is through applying the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change and the SDG7 by supporting citizen-led initiatives like RECs and to encourage large financial institutions to invest in their communities.
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Schünemann, Franziska [Verfasser]. "Economy-Wide Policy Modeling of the Food-Energy-Water Nexus : Identifying Synergies and Tradeoffs on Food, Energy, and Water Security in Malawi / Franziska Schünemann." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173657274/34.
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Otterheim, Anna. "Politics for energy security or a geopolitical struggle for power? : A thematic text analysis of EU policy making of critical metals for renewable energy." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151960.
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This thesis analyses EU policy making on critical metals for renewable energy technologies, with a focus on Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and cobalt. A thematic text analysis on EU documents published between 2010-2018 was conducted to identify themes and patterns in the EU debate and policy-making. The results showed that the EU has a clear objective to secure access to critical metals, to reduce import dependency and increase competitiveness on the market for critical metals. The key strategies to secure access to metals are to increase primary supply by increased domestic mining and by investing in countries with large reserves of critical metals; to improve recycling rates of these metals; to find substitution metals to replace the critical ones; and to focus on resource diplomacy. Environmental and social risks from an increased demand for REEs and cobalt gain little attention in the studied documents. Geopolitical risks are concluded as linked to the dependency on import from a few producing countries, China for REEs and DR Congo for cobalt, and are mainly focused on risks affecting the EU access to the metals. The struggle over resources and related geopolitical interactions are concluded to be affected by historical and existing global power structures. Further, the thesis concludes that EU resource diplomacy aims at facilitating for the EU to remain a powerful and competitive actor on the global market for trade of critical metal.
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Baek, Youngsun. "Responsiveness of residential electricity demand to changes in price, information, and policy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39581.
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This study analyzes consumers' behavioral responsiveness to changes in price and policy regarding residential electricity consumption, using a hybrid method of econometric analyses and energy market simulations with the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). First, this study estimates price elasticities of residential electricity demand with the most recent Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) data, collected in 2005, employing a conventional econometric model and a discrete/continuous choice model. Prior to the NEMS experiments with price shocks and consumers' behavioral features, this study uses NEMS to examine how energy policies would affect changes in retail electricity price in the future.
When climate policies are implemented nationally, electricity prices are estimated to increase by 17% in 2030 with a carbon cap and trade initiatives and by 4% with Renewable Electricity Standards (RES). The short-run elasticity of demand estimated from the 2005 RECS is found to be in a range of -0.81 ~ -0.66, which is more elastic than the current NEMS assumption of -0.15. The 2005 RECS dataset details information about American households' energy consumption. This rich source of micro-level data complements the existing econometric analysis based on time series data.
Electricity price (either census-division average price or household average price), annual income and number of rooms are found to be three major determinants of the level of electricity consumption. The difference in short-run price elasticity leads to a difference in social welfare estimates of energy policies and energy market forecasts. This study suggests that the estimate of social welfare loss caused by electricity price increase is overestimated if the elasticity is assumed to be smaller than the actual responsiveness. Supposing that 1) the short-run elasticity of -0.66 reflects the actual consumers' responsiveness to price changes in the present and future and 2) retail
electricity prices permanently increase by 10%, the welfare loss caused by the price increases would be estimated 0.9 billion dollars less than the current estimates with the elasticity of -0.15. This result suggests that if people are assumed to be more elastic to price signals, the time it takes for a policy to accomplish its goal could be shorter.
In addition to assessing potential savings expected from consumers' behavioral changes with the concept of price elasticity of demand in neoclassical economic theory, this study reviews economic and non-economic theories about behavioral features of energy consumers and discusses how existing information programs could be improved.
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Sitompul, Rislima Febriani Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Energy-related CO2 emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing sector." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30434.
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This study is aimed at developing policies for energy efficiency by observing the past changes of energy use in Indonesia???s manufacturing sector over the period 1980???2000, and to investigate mitigation options for energy-related CO2 emissions in the sector. The first part of the study uses decomposition analysis to assess the effect of the changes in energy consumption and the level of CO2 emissions, while the second part investigates energy efficiency improvement strategies and the use of economic instruments to mitigate CO2 emissions in the manufacturing sector. Economic activity was the dominant factor in increasing energy consumption over the whole period of analysis, followed by the energy intensity effect and then the structural effect. The increase in aggregate energy intensity over the period 1980-2000 was mainly driven by the energy intensity effect. In turn, the technical effect was the dominant contributor to changes in energy intensity effect, with the fuel-mix effect being of lesser importance. Changes in CO2 emissions were dominated by economic activity and structural change. Sub-sectors that would benefit from fuel switching and energy efficiency improvements are the textile, paper, and non-metal sub-sectors. Three main options for reducing CO2 emissions from the manufacturing sector were considered: the imposition of a carbon tax, energy efficiency initiatives, and other mitigation measures. A carbon tax was found to reduce sectoral emissions from the direct use of oil, gas and coal, but increased the demand for electricity. At the practical level, energy efficiency improvements can be implemented by adopting energy efficient technologies that can reduce aggregate energy intensity up to 37.1 per cent from the base-year level, estimated after imposition of a carbon tax at $30 per tonne of carbon. A major priority for energy efficiency improvements was found to be in the textile and the paper and chemical sub-sectors. A mitigation measure such as the Clean Development Mechanisms could be encouraged in order to reduce projected emission levels. The preferred option would be the adoption of energy efficient technologies in the textile, chemical, paper and non-metal sub-sectors.