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1
Donoghue, Helen. "2050 Energy Roadmap: Energy Policy & Innovation." European Energy & Climate Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2012.01.02.
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Geletukha, G. G., T. A. Zheliezna, and A. I. Bashtovyi. "ROADMAP FOR BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE UNTIL 2050." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2020.6.
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The purpose of the work is to elaborate a concept of Roadmap for bioenergy development of Ukraine, which outlines the goals and prospects of the bioenergy sector until 2050. The proposed Roadmap is an essential document for the country for several factors. First, it determines the contribution of bioenergy to meeting Ukraine’s international commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Climate Agreement of 2015. Second, the Roadmap shows ways to achieve existing bioenergy development goals until 2035. Third, the Roadmap can be used to elaborate the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2030 and the Concept of state policy on energy and environment, as well as to revise the Ukraine’s current Energy Strategy with an extension until 2050. The baseline approaches of Roadmap for bioenergy development of Ukraine until 2050 are in line with the basic principles of the Ukrainian Green Deal until 2050 and additionally take into account two promising segments of the bioenergy sector such as the development of production and consumption of first- and second-generation biofuels and biomethane. The structure of consumption of biofuels by their types and by types of produced energy carriers is proposed. It is estimated that in 2050, about half of the total biofuels consumption will come from solid biofuels used for heat production. The rest in comparable proportions will be split between solid biofuels for power production, biogas, biomethane, and liquid biofuels. Further, the Roadmap needs to be detailed, refined and expanded to the level of the Strategy for bioenergy development in Ukraine until 2050.
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Meeus, Leonardo. "Appraisal of the European Commission's Energy Roadmap 2050." European Energy & Climate Journal 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2012.02.03.
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Lau, Hon Chung, and Steve C. Tsai. "A Decarbonization Roadmap for Taiwan and Its Energy Policy Implications." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 8425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148425.
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The objective of this paper is to propose a decarbonization roadmap for Taiwan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 by analyzing the status of fossil and non-fossil energies, screening applicable decarbonization technologies for their effectiveness, and then proposing an energy mix for the future. The novelty of this work lies in the screening process, which considers six, instead of one or two, categories: sustainability, security, affordability, reliability, technology readiness, and technology impact. Based on this screening, a decarbonization roadmap is proposed and compared with the announced net-zero emissions (NZE) plan. The proposed roadmap requires renewable electricity to grow at an average annual growth rate of 7% between now and 2050, instead of the 10.1% required by the NZE plan, which is more achievable based on issues identified with renewable energies during our screening exercise. The proposed roadmap improves on the NZE plan in the following aspects: (1) using clean coal technologies to decarbonize existing coal-fired power plants, (2) relying more on gas than wind and solar energies to replace coal and nuclear energy for power generation, (3) accelerating carbon capture and storage (CCS) implementation, (4) delaying the phaseout of nuclear energy until 2050, and (5) using blue instead of green hydrogen to decarbonize the transport and industry sectors. Implications of this roadmap for future research and development and energy policies are also discussed.
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KNOPF, BRIGITTE, YEN-HENG HENRY CHEN, ENRICA DE CIAN, HANNAH FÖRSTER, AMIT KANUDIA, IOANNA KARKATSOULI, ILKKA KEPPO, TIINA KOLJONEN, KATJA SCHUMACHER, and DETLEF P. VAN VUUREN. "BEYOND 2020 — STRATEGIES AND COSTS FOR TRANSFORMING THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM." Climate Change Economics 04, supp01 (November 2013): 1340001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813400010.
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The Energy Modeling Forum 28 (EMF28) study systematically explores the energy system transition required to meet the European goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050. The 80% scenario is compared to a reference case that aims to achieve a 40% GHG reduction target. The paper investigates mitigation strategies beyond 2020 and the interplay between different decarbonization options. The models present different technology pathways for the decarbonization of Europe, but a common finding across the scenarios and models is the prominent role of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. In particular, wind power and bioenergy increase considerably beyond current deployment levels. Up to 2030, the transformation strategies are similar across all models and for both levels of emission reduction. However, mitigation becomes more challenging after 2040. With some exceptions, our analysis agrees with the main findings of the "Energy Roadmap 2050" presented by the European Commission.
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Odenberger, Mikael, Jan Kjärstad, and Filip Johnsson. "Prospects for CCS in the EU Energy Roadmap to 2050." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 7573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.701.
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EFREMOV, Cristina, Mihai CERNEI, and Vasile LEU. "Sustainable energy transition roadmap to 2050 for Republic of Moldova." EMERG - Energy. Environment. Efficiency. Resources. Globalization 8, no. 3 (2022): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37410/emerg.2022.3.01.
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Cameron, Ron, and Martin Taylor. "The 2050 Roadmap for Nuclear: Making a Global Difference." Energy & Environment 22, no. 1-2 (February 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.22.1-2.1.
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Meeus, Leonardo, Péter Kaderják, Isabel Azevedo, Péter Kotek, Zsuzsanna Pató, László Szabó, and Jean-Michel Glachant. "Regulating building refurbishment in the context of the Energy Roadmap 2050." European Energy & Climate Journal 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2013.03.05.
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Efremov, Cristina. "PHOTOVOLTAICS SOLUTIONS AND ENERGY COMMUNITIES IN A CLEAN ENERGY ROADMAP." Journal of Engineering Science 29, no. 3 (October 2022): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2022.29(3).10.
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The present paper deals with solutions regarding the development of the Energy Strategy toward 2050 for a clean and sustainable future. At the national level conceptual elements are needed to draw a roadmap for the energy transition in the Republic of Moldova. The paper presents the renewable energy potential of the country with focus on photovoltaic energy production. A specific PV deployment solution is also analysed, namely the floating PV, while use cases for using this solution for serving energy communities in the rural area has been also proposed. The solutions can be considered steps that will foreshadow the national energy long-term strategy in the energy sector. An efficient transition to decarbonised energy systems requires the search for innovative solutions to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources, for changing the future energy system by promoting and evaluating innovative perspectives.
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Wagner, Hermann-Josef. "Wegbereiter für eine klimaneutrale Zukunft." BWK ENERGIE. 73, no. 9-10 (2021): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1618-193x-2021-9-10-38.
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Wie kann die Energieeffizienz den notwendigen Beitrag zu einem klimaneutralen Energiesystem leisten? Zur Erörterung dieser Fragestellung hat das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie im Sommer 2020 den Dialogprozess „Roadmap Energieeffizienz 2050“ gestartet. Der kürzlich veröffentlichte Zwischenbericht adressiert bereits ambitioniertere Maßnahmen bis zum neuen Zieljahr 2045.
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Perissi, Ilaria, Sara Falsini, Ugo Bardi, Davide Natalini, Michael Green, Aled Jones, and Jordi Solé. "Potential European Emissions Trajectories within the Global Carbon Budget." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114225.
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The Paris Agreement, ratified in 2015, pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within a Global Carbon Budget that limits the global temperature increase to less than 2 °C. With the Roadmap 2050 mitigation measures, the European Union has a target to reduce emissions by 80% of their 1990 value by 2050 but without giving an estimation or a maximum ceiling for the total amount of cumulative greenhouse gases emissions over that period. Thus, the impact of the EU regulations on global warming remains unestimated. The aim and the novelty of this study are to develop a set of potential European emissions trajectories, within the Global Carbon Budget and at the same time satisfying the Roadmap 2050 goals. The result of the study highlights the urgency to reinforce mitigation measures for Europe as soon as possible because any delay in policy implementation risks the Roadmap 2050 mitigation package being insufficient to achieve the objectives of the Paris treaty.
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Sadiqa, Ayesha, Ashish Gulagi, and Christian Breyer. "Energy transition roadmap towards 100% renewable energy and role of storage technologies for Pakistan by 2050." Energy 147 (March 2018): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.027.
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Zheliezna, T. A., and A. I. Bashtovyi. "ANALYSIS OF WAYS FOR DECARBONIZATION OF THE EU HEATING SECTOR (REVIEW)." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 42, no. 4 (June 19, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.11.
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The aim of the work is to analyze possible ways of decarbonization of the EU heat supply sector. The task of the work is to identify the most promising areas and develop appropriate recommendations for Ukraine. The heat supply sector of the EU and Ukraine needs decarbonization, for which there is a big potential and different areas of implementation of relevant measures. In Europe, such a strategy is set out in the Roadmap for decarbonization of the EU heating sector until 2050, the main provisions of which are in line with objectives of the European Green Deal and the EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling. European experts have developed the concept of a smart energy system, which was taken into account when preparing the Roadmap for decarbonization of the EU heating sector until 2050. A number of carried out studies have shown that a smart energy system with 50% district heating integrated with other parts of the overall energy system is more efficient than a conventional energy system or the one based on decentralized heat supply, in terms of the possibility of using a high share of renewable energy. It is recommended for Ukraine to finalize the Concept of green energy transition until 2050, taking into account European approaches to the development of heating systems and the use of modern biofuels. It is also recommended to expand the current Concept of heat supply of Ukraine to the level of a strategy with an emphasis on the development of district heating systems, wide involvement of renewable energy sources and new technologies.
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Garcia-Casals, Xavier, Rabia Ferroukhi, and Bishal Parajuli. "Measuring the socio-economic footprint of the energy transition." Energy Transitions 3, no. 1-2 (October 24, 2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41825-019-00018-6.
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Abstract The energy system is often treated as a self-contained system, disconnected from the broader socio-economic structures it is built upon. Understanding the enabling environment and structural elements will help to maximize the benefits of the transition and increase awareness of potential barriers and necessary adjustments along the way. IRENA has developed a methodology to measure the socio-economic footprint of energy transition roadmaps using the E3ME macro-econometric model, which evaluates the likely impacts in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), employment and human welfare. It is based on well-established historical databases and has a proven track record of policy applications. The presented socio-economic footprint analysis is based on the IRENA REmap energy transition roadmap 2018 that explores a higher deployment of low-carbon technologies, mostly renewable energy and energy efficiency. The results show that, with appropriate policies in place, reducing over 90% of the energy-related carbon dioxide emissions from the reference case via renewables and energy efficiency coupled with deep electrification of end-uses, results in consistently positive global GDP impacts across the period of analysis from 2018 to 2050. Across the world economy, the transition case leads to a relative increase of employment by 0.14% over the reference case throughout the analysed period from 2018 to 2050. In addition to GDP and employment growth, the energy transition can offer broader welfare gains. However, not all countries and regions around the world benefit equally, and just transition policies must be included to ensure all regions and communities are able to take advantage of the energy transition.
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Carvalho, António, Mariana Riquito, and Vera Ferreira. "Sociotechnical imaginaries of energy transition: The case of the Portuguese Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050." Energy Reports 8 (November 2022): 2413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.138.
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Santos, Bruno Henrique, and João Abel Peças Lopes. "Hydrogen and the Transition from Gas Networks to a New Energy Carrier Paradigm." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.003_0012.
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Portugal has developed a national roadmap for hydrogen deployment as a key element of the Portuguese energy transition towards carbon neutrality, with a major contribution towards the electrification of society, generating synergies between the electric and gas systems. Considering the government goals for hydrogen injection within natural gas infrastructures for 2025 and 2030, as long as the indicative trajectories for 2040 and 2050, the authors used the natural gas forecast of the security of supply official report in order to obtain the hydrogen demand and power plant capacity, evaluating the system effort to meet public policy goals. Several alternative scenarios were developed for sensitive analysis, in order to assess the different strategies of hydrogen deployment, considering production from an electrolyzer. Regarding the current Portuguese situation and every scenario outcome, the authors stated that major efforts must be undertaken in order to develop full-scale hydrogen projects in order to meet the national goals.
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Babonneau, Frédéric, Alain Haurie, and Marc Vielle. "Assessment of balanced burden-sharing in the 2050 EU climate/energy roadmap: a metamodeling approach." Climatic Change 134, no. 4 (November 7, 2015): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1540-x.
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Jeong, Woo-Cheol, Da-Han Lee, Jae Hyung Roh, and Jong-Bae Park. "Scenario Analysis of the GHG Emissions in the Electricity Sector through 2030 in South Korea Considering Updated NDC." Energies 15, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093310.
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South Korea announced an energy transition roadmap, CO2 roadmap, and national greenhouse gas reduction target of nationally determined contribution (NDC) for the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the government has also set a goal of reducing its CO2 emissions to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Additionally, the Korean government submitted an enhanced update of the first NDC at the end of 2021. In the electricity sector, the updated NDC proposed the GHG emissions target of 149.9 million tons in 2030. In this study, we model eight scenarios based on future energy mix and demand forecast considering the government’s latest plans to evaluate the possible emission reduction and impacts in the electricity sector. The scenario-based analysis is conducted to check whether it can satisfy the CO2 reduction target by using PLEXOS, a production simulation model. The results show that emission reduction targets are difficult to accomplish in the short term and can lead to significant changes in the operation of generators and increased costs to realize the decarbonization pathway.
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Paz, Jerome. "Global energy outlooks and Australia’s net zero energy future." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S63—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21180.
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The release of the Sixth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has escalated and issued a final warning that the world is in a climate emergency and on a trajectory to ecological collapse. The collective target for humanity remains keeping emissions within 1.5 degrees and this will require a monumental shift in attitudes and priorities by governments, industries and individuals. The International Energy Agency’s ‘Net Zero by 2050’ report sets out a roadmap to achieve Net Zero. Many other leading energy data sources, such as BP and DNV, have also now reflected ambitions to achieve the 1.5° target and what this means for energy supply and demand, especially for oil and gas. This paper will discuss energy demand future in the context of these energy outlooks, including the role that various energies are expected to play in the medium- to long-term and what impact does that have on Australia’s energy future.
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Abbas, Waleed, Ahmed Hassan, and Hossam Ismael. "Climate Change Impact On Renewable Energy Resources In The Arab World Based On Jacobson's Roadmap Of Renewable Wind, Water, And Sunlight (Wws) 2050." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-133.
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Most Arab countries are part of the Sunbelt where solar insolation is among the highest in the world (as high as 9.5 kWh/m2 per day). At the same time, Arab countries have a high-risk of climate change. Of the 19 countries that set new temperature high in 2010, five were Arab countries. Temperature in Kuwait reached 54.3 °C in 2019. The aims of this study were fourfold: to discuss the current situation of renewable energy in the Arab countries, to analyses the regional patterns of climate change, to secure a certain amount of the future energy needs by establishing the suitability map for renewable energy exploitation, and to assess the Jacobson's «world plan», 100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for Arab Countries according to climate change impacts 2050. To achieve these aims, the current study depended on climatic data from web-based WorldClim utility and the global climate model ECHAM5-MPIQM that downscaled by the regional climate model RegCM and CQRDEX domain. A site suitability map has been developed using the Geographic Information System (GIS). We analyzed the results based on the IPCC A2 scenario for the periods 2011-2040 and 2041-2070. We found that transforming Arab countries to a 100% WWS system as suggested by Jacobson et al. (2016) will reduce the end-user demand in 2050 by about 32%. This difference can be attributed to the conversion of fossil fuel combustions to a more efficient sustainable renewable energy.
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KNOPF, BRIGITTE, BJØRN BAKKEN, SAMUEL CARRARA, AMIT KANUDIA, ILKKA KEPPO, TIINA KOLJONEN, SILVANA MIMA, EVA SCHMID, and DETLEF P. VAN VUUREN. "TRANSFORMING THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM: MEMBER STATES' PROSPECTS WITHIN THE EU FRAMEWORK." Climate Change Economics 04, supp01 (November 2013): 1340005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813400058.
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The Energy Modeling Forum 28 (EMF28) performed a large-scale model comparison exercise to illustrate different technology pathways for cutting European greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Focusing on selected countries (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and UK), this paper first analyzes climate and energy policy objectives and debates in the respective countries. It then compares EMF28 model results to the short-term projections of the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) and the long-term transformation pathway given in the European Commission's "Energy Roadmap 2050". It concludes that there is sufficient agreement with the NREAPs and national policies to accept the model results as conceivable scenarios. The scenarios suggest that in the future a variety of different national energy mixes will continue to reflect the different resource bases and preferences of individual Member States. In order to ensure a cost-efficient transformation, it is important to improve coordination between Member State policies and those at the EU level.
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Kanugrahan, Satria Putra, Dzikri Firmansyah Hakam, and Herry Nugraha. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Indonesia Power Generation Expansion to Achieve Economic Sustainability and Net Zero Carbon 2050." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159038.
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Indonesia’s power generation roadmap aspires to achieve 23%, 28%, and 31% of power from renewable energy by 2025, 2038, and 2050, respectively. This study presents a technoeconomic analysis of Indonesia’s power generation development plans using the LEAP model in the post-COVID-19 period, with a focus on achieving the renewable target. In this study, four scenarios were modeled: business as usual (BAU), cost optimization (CO), national plan (NP), and zero-carbon (ZC). The BAU scenario is based on the PLN Electricity Business Plan 2019–2028, which does not include a target for renewable energy. The CO scenario aims to meet the renewable energy mandate at the lowest possible cost. The NP scenario aims to achieve renewable energy, with an additional natural gas target of 22% by 2025 and 25% by 2038. The ZC scenario aims to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2050 at the lowest possible cost. In comparison to the other scenarios, the BAU scenario has the highest total cost of power production, with a total of 180.51 billion USD by 2050. The CO scenario has the lowest total cost of production with a total of 89.21 billion USD; however, it may not be practical to implement.
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Wang, Haichao, Giulia Di Pietro, Xiaozhou Wu, Risto Lahdelma, Vittorio Verda, and Ilkka Haavisto. "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transitions for Countries with Different Climates and Renewable Energy Sources Potentials." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123523.
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Renewable energy sources (RES) are playing an increasingly important role in energy markets around the world. It is necessary to evaluate the benefits from a higher level of RES integration with respect to a more active cross-border transmission system. In particular, this paper focuses on the sustainable energy transitions for Finland and Italy, since they have two extreme climate conditions in Europe and quite different profiles in terms of energy production and demand. We developed a comprehensive energy system model using EnergyPLAN with hourly resolution for a reference year for both countries. The models include electricity, heat and transportation sectors. According to the current base models, new scenarios reflecting an RES increase in total fuel consumption have been proposed. The future shares of renewables are based on each nation’s potential. The outcomes of the new scenarios support the future national plans, showing how decarburization in an energy system can occur in relation to the European Roadmap 2030 and 2050. In addition, possible power transmission between Italy and Finland were investigated according to the vision of an integrated European energy system with more efficient cross-border activities.
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Ruggieri, Gianluca, Francesca Andreolli, and Paolo Zangheri. "A Policy Roadmap for the Energy Renovation of the Residential and Educational Building Stock in Italy." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031319.
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The building sector is crucial in all of the possible net zero scenarios suggested for the European Union. In this area, the Italian situation is exemplary. Italy suffers from an aging and low-performance building stock and needs to increase its annual rate of energy retrofits in order to achieve its 2030 and 2050 targets. Even though since at least 2007, several different incentives schemes intended to stimulate energy-efficiency interventions have been in place, Italy has not been sufficiently able to promote deep retrofits. In 2020, in order to help the economy recover after the lockdowns that were introduced to face the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the existing incentives were increased to up to 110% of investments for interventions that improved the energy class by at least two grades. This so-called “Superbonus” was also extended to the public social housing sector thanks to a credit assignment scheme. Given the results of this provisional phase, a possible policy roadmap for the energy renovation of the residential and educational building stock in Italy is presented in this paper through an analysis of data related to the implementation of current instruments in terms of number of interventions, investment needed, energy savings and evaluation of potential benefits and costs that can derive from an increase in the current deep-renovation rate. Through definition of a long-term renovation strategy, this paper illustrates how market barriers and other issues in instrument design can be tackled and how policymakers can help to develop a sustainable long-term roadmap for energy-efficient buildings. Beyond the residential sector, public buildings, particularly educational buildings, are taken into consideration as well, as they are places of collective use that represent the social values of fairness and sustainability and can therefore have an exemplary role for private initiatives.
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Sim, Shaun Yong Jie, Akila SRV, Jie Hong Chiang, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Plant Proteins for Future Foods: A Roadmap." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081967.
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Protein calories consumed by people all over the world approximate 15–20% of their energy intake. This makes protein a major nutritional imperative. Today, we are facing an unprecedented challenge to produce and distribute adequate protein to feed over nine billion people by 2050, in an environmentally sustainable and affordable way. Plant-based proteins present a promising solution to our nutritional needs due to their long history of crop use and cultivation, lower cost of production, and easy access in many parts of the world. However, plant proteins have comparatively poor functionality, defined as poor solubility, foaming, emulsifying, and gelling properties, limiting their use in food products. Relative to animal proteins, including dairy products, plant protein technology is still in its infancy. To bridge this gap, advances in plant protein ingredient development and the knowledge to construct plant-based foods are sorely needed. This review focuses on some salient features in the science and technology of plant proteins, providing the current state of the art and highlighting new research directions. It focuses on how manipulating plant protein structures during protein extraction, fractionation, and modification can considerably enhance protein functionality. To create novel plant-based foods, important considerations such as protein–polysaccharide interactions, the inclusion of plant protein-generated flavors, and some novel techniques to structure plant proteins are discussed. Finally, the attention to nutrition as a compass to navigate the plant protein roadmap is also considered.
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Bresa, Qëndresa, Ankica Kovač, and Doria Marciuš. "Introduction of Hydrogen in the Kosovo Transportation Sector." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 7275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197275.
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Based on the energy strategy of the Republic of Kosovo from 2017–2026, the increase in the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in the national energy system was aimed at. However, the hydrogen potential was not mentioned. In this work, a roadmap toward the introduction of hydrogen in the energy system, with the main focus on the transportation sector through three phases, is proposed. In the first phase (until 2024), the integration of hydrogen in the transportation sector produced via water electrolysis from the grid electricity, with the increase of up to a 0.5% share of fuel cell vehicles, is intended. In the second phase (2025–2030), the hydrogen integration in the transportation sector is increased by including renewable hydrogen, where the share of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) will be around 4%, while in the third phase (2031–2050), around an 8% share of FCEVs in the transportation was planned. The technical and environmental analysis of hydrogen integration is focused on both the impact of hydrogen in the decarbonization of the transportation sector and the energy system. To model the Kosovo energy system, the hourly deterministic EnergyPLAN model was used. This research describes the methodology based on EnergyPLAN modeling that can be used for any energy system to provide a clear path of RES and hydrogen implementation needed to achieve a zero-emission goal, which was also set by various other countries. The predicted decrease in GHG emissions from 8 Mt in the referent year 2017 amounts to 7 Mt at the end of the first phase 2024, and 4.4 Mt at the end of the second phase 2030, to achieve 0 Mt by 2050. In order to achieve it, the required amount of hydrogen by 2030 resulted in 31,840 kg/year, and by 2050, around 89,731 kg/year. The results show the concrete impact of hydrogen on transport system stabilization and its influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction.
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Seok, Ho Young. "A Study on the Import and Export of Carbon Dioxide and Its Legislative Tasks." Korean Public Land Law Association 100 (November 30, 2022): 485–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.100.485.
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On October 28, 2020, Korea announced a 2050 carbon neutral plan, and on December 7 and 15, the “2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy”, “2050 Long-Term Low Carbon Development Strategy (LEDS), and ”2030 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target (NDC)“ were finalized, and in May 2021, the ”2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission“ was established directly under the president. In the ”2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy,“ Korea noted that ”Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology (hereinafter referred to as “CCUS technology”) can reduce large-scale carbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuels in developing technologies that can lay the foundation for a carbon-neutral society. At that time, on June 15, 2021, the government proposed a roadmap for technological innovation of carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) as a cooperation between related ministries. As such, carbon dioxide is not just a substance subject to reduction, but the treatment of carbon dioxide, which is inevitable to be emitted, has resulted in creating economic value through CCUS technology. For example, it has secured commercial-scale coal power generation applicable technology due to long-term demonstration of coal power generation collection facilities. In terms of storage, it is the world's third successful injection of underground carbon dioxide. In March, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, announced in a joint press release, “We accepted the revision of the London Protocol to export carbon dioxide streams through the improvement of the system using overseas marine storage.” In line with these changes, South Korea needs to prepare international transactions and transportation systems. Therefore, this study aims to examine what legislative challenges Korea faces in relation to carbon dioxide imports and exports and how to cope with relations with other countries.
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Seok, Ho Young. "A Study on the Import and Export of Carbon Dioxide and Its Legislative Tasks." Korean Public Land Law Association 100 (November 30, 2022): 485–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2022.100.485.
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On October 28, 2020, Korea announced a 2050 carbon neutral plan, and on December 7 and 15, the “2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy”, “2050 Long-Term Low Carbon Development Strategy (LEDS), and ”2030 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target (NDC)“ were finalized, and in May 2021, the ”2050 Carbon Neutrality Commission“ was established directly under the president. In the ”2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy,“ Korea noted that ”Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology (hereinafter referred to as “CCUS technology”) can reduce large-scale carbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuels in developing technologies that can lay the foundation for a carbon-neutral society. At that time, on June 15, 2021, the government proposed a roadmap for technological innovation of carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) as a cooperation between related ministries. As such, carbon dioxide is not just a substance subject to reduction, but the treatment of carbon dioxide, which is inevitable to be emitted, has resulted in creating economic value through CCUS technology. For example, it has secured commercial-scale coal power generation applicable technology due to long-term demonstration of coal power generation collection facilities. In terms of storage, it is the world's third successful injection of underground carbon dioxide. In March, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, announced in a joint press release, “We accepted the revision of the London Protocol to export carbon dioxide streams through the improvement of the system using overseas marine storage.” In line with these changes, South Korea needs to prepare international transactions and transportation systems. Therefore, this study aims to examine what legislative challenges Korea faces in relation to carbon dioxide imports and exports and how to cope with relations with other countries.
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Horváth, Ákos, and János Gadó. "The security of energy supply in the 21st century." Scientia et Securitas 2, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2021.00074.
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Summary. The European goal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 has serious implications for our energy system. All studied scenarios in the frame of this roadmap include a contribution of the nuclear energy in various ranges (up to 21%) depending on several hypotheses. In order to attract leading edge technology development into the Central European region and to share the common responsibility of EU member states in achieving sustainable energy production and contributing to the fight against climate change, the idea emerged that the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia could host a major European nuclear facility as part of R&D efforts aiming at the development of the next generation of nuclear reactors. The paper introduces the ALLEGRO project and the international collaboration organized for developing the scientific and legal background for the licensing of a fourth generation nuclear reactor demonstrator. Összefoglalás. A 2050-re kitűzött klímacélok elérése érdekében az európai országok csökkenteni fogják a fosszilis tüzelőanyagok felhasználását, és a megújuló energiaforrások növekvő felhasználása mellett a nukleárisenergia-termelésre is támaszkodni fognak. A jövő nukleárisenergia-termelésének meg kell oldania hosszú távon a friss üzemanyag utánpótlását, és a kiégett üzemanyag elhelyezését, illetve újrafelhasználását. Az évszázad második felében várható azoknak a negyedik generációs gyorsreaktor típusoknak a megjelenése, amelyek képesek az üzemanyag takarékos felhasználását évszázadokig biztosítani. A visegrádi országok nukleáris kutatóintézetei között indult tudományos együttműködés a 2010-es években azt a célt tűzte ki, hogy egy negyedik generációs gázhűtésű gyorsreaktor demonstrátor berendezést (ALLEGRO) építsenek a régióban. A reaktor megvalósításához szükséges tevékenységek összehangolása érdekében 2013-ban megalapították a V4G4 Kiválósági Központot. Az ALLEGRO demonstrátor fejlesztése során megoldott technikai kérdéseken túl megoldandó kérdés maradt a megfelelő szervezeti struktúra kialakítása, amely kielégíti a jogi követelményeket, ugyanakkor biztosítja az európai nukleáris ipari vállalatok versenyképességét.
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Zhang, Yichi, Wen Zheng, Hao Fang, and Jianjun Xia. "Clean heating in Northern China: Regional investigations and roadmap studies for urban area towards 2050." Journal of Cleaner Production 334 (February 2022): 130233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130233.
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Capelo, Sara, Tiago Soares, Isabel Azevedo, Wellington Fonseca, and Manuel A. Matos. "Design of an Energy Policy for the Decarbonisation of Residential and Service Buildings in Northern Portugal." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052239.
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The decarbonisation of the building sector is crucial for Portugal’s goal of achieving economy-wide carbon neutrality by 2050. To mobilize communities towards energy efficiency measures, it is important to understand the primary drivers and barriers that must be overcome through policymaking. This paper aims to review existing Energy Policies and Actions (EPA) in Portugal and assess their effectiveness in improving Energy Efficiency (EE) and reducing CO2 emissions in the building sector. The Local Energy Planning Assistant (LEPA) tool was used to model, test, validate and compare the implementation of current and alternative EPAs in the North of Portugal, including the national EE plan. The results indicate that electrification of heating and cooling, EE measures, and the proliferation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are crucial for achieving climate neutrality. The study found that the modelling of alternative EPAs can be improved to reduce investment costs and increase Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions reduction. Among the alternatives assessed, the proposed one (Alternative 4) presents the best returns on investment in terms of cost savings and emissions reduction. It allows for 52% investment cost savings in the residential sector and 13% in the service sector when compared to the current national roadmap to carbon neutrality (Alternative 2). The estimated emission reduction in 2050 for Alternative 4 is 0.64% for the residential sector and 3.2% for the service sector when compared to Alternative 2.
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Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur, Mohammad Shahedur Rahman, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Alaeldeen Elhaj, Shaikh Abdur Razzak, Syed Abu Shoaib, Md Kamrul Islam, Mohammed Monirul Islam, Sayeed Rushd, and Syed Masiur Rahman. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector of Saudi Arabia—An Emerging Challenge." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 7388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127388.
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been experiencing consistent growth in industrial processes and product use (IPPU). The IPPU’s emission has been following an increasing trend. This study investigated time-series and cross-sectional analyses of the IPPU sector. Petrochemical, iron and steel, and cement production are the leading source categories in the Kingdom. In recent years, aluminum, zinc, and titanium dioxide production industries were established. During the last ten years, a significant growth was observed in steel, ethylene, direct reduce iron (DRI), and cement production. The growth of this sector depends on many factors, including domestic and international demand, socioeconomic conditions, and the availability of feedstock. The emissions from IPPU without considering energy use was 78 million tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) in 2020, and the cement industry was the highest emitter (35.5%), followed by petrochemical (32.3%) and iron and steel industries (16.8%). A scenario-based projection analysis was performed to estimate the range of emissions for the years up to 2050. The results show that the total emissions could reach between 199 and 426 million tons of CO2eq in 2050. The Kingdom has started initiatives that mainly focus on climate change adaptation and economic divergence with mitigation co-benefits. In general, the focus of such initiatives is the energy sector. However, the timely accomplishment of the Saudi Vision 2030 and Saudi Green Initiative will affect mitigation scenarios significantly, including in the IPPU sector. The mitigation opportunities for this sector include (i) energy efficiency, (ii) emissions efficiency, (iii) material efficiency, (iv) the re-use of materials and recycling of products, (v) intensive and longer use of products, and (vi) demand management. The results of this study will support the Kingdom in developing an appropriate climate change mitigation roadmap.
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Zou, Peng, Qixin Chen, Yang Yu, Qing Xia, and Chongqing Kang. "Electricity markets evolution with the changing generation mix: An empirical analysis based on China 2050 High Renewable Energy Penetration Roadmap." Applied Energy 185 (January 2017): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.10.061.
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Ivcenko, Viktoria. "EU-Russia Energy Dialogue: economic and political dimensions." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2021 (September 8, 2021): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.21.10.
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Against the background of strong and long-standing energy interdependence between the European Union and Russia, the two partners agreed in 2000 to launch the Energy Dialogue, which was intended to intensify their cooperation and to eliminate related problems. The political and economic dimensions of the EU–Russia Energy Dialogue are presented and studied in this article. The aim is to analyse the scale of their impact on the basis of some important projects within this dialogue, taking into account the overall context. The results of conducted analysis demonstrate that while this comprehensive instrument for jointly creating the future of the two co-dependent partners should bring apparent improvements, its functionality is hindered by various economic and political factors. The latter, in particular, have had a significant impact, putting the Energy Dialogue on hold, not lastly with the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis and growing bilateral and multilateral political tensions. Today, 20 years after the commissioning of this seemingly so fruitful platform of the Energy Dialogue, we are looking at a very disappointing intermediate assessment. Various problems of the Energy Dialogue hinder not only cooperation development based on trust, legal norms and understanding, but also existing and partly active projects, such as the Roadmap EU–Russia Energy Cooperation until 2050 and Nord Stream 2, which are being pushed into the uncertain future. However, in view of existing and possible further projects in the energy sector, it is necessary to create the functional dialogue format.
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Kuusk, Kalle, Jens Naumann, Annina Gritzki, Clemens Felsmann, Michele De Carli, Massimo Tonon, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Nearly zero energy renovation concepts for apartment buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 18009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017218009.
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Revised EPBD directive has set ambitious targets for renovation. It is stated that Member States shall establish a long-term strategy facilitating the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly-zero energy buildings. The long-term strategy should set out a roadmap with a view to the long-term 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. This creates the need for cost-efficient renovation solutions which can be implemented in large scale. The impact assessment shows that roughly a doubled renovation rate of 3 % would be needed to accomplish the energy efficiency ambitions in a cost-effective manner. The objective of this study is to specify renovation concepts with adequate heating and ventilation, based on Estonian and German apartment buildings and corresponding local solutions. Energy performance and sizing analyses were conducted for selected multifamily apartment buildings typical for 1960-70es with three different renovation concepts. Energy calculations were conducted with national energy calculation methods and national energy requirements for major renovation. In the renovation, the building envelope insulation, air tightness, and heating and ventilation systems were improved so that the renovated building complies with national nearly zero-energy requirement for major renovation.
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Grzelakowski, Andrzej S., Jerzy Herdzik, and Sławomir Skiba. "Maritime Shipping Decarbonization: Roadmap to Meet Zero-Emission Target in Shipping as a Link in the Global Supply Chains." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 6150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176150.
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The main subject of research involves the characteristics and assessment of the already ongoing process of maritime shipping radical decarbonization. There were identified and analyzed international legal and administrative regulatory measures as well as a package of technical, technological, operational and economic solutions, including the possibility of choosing alternative low-emission fuels that are necessary to achieve the already set targets by 2050. This research aimed to indicate and assess the most promising types of measure which are to be applied to achieve the required reduction of CO2 emissions in global shipping as well as developing a potential roadmap leading to their implementation. In the conducted research work, mainly qualitative analyses were applied, i.e., factor analysis (FA), comparative analysis (CA), and a series of consultations with representatives of the maritime industry were carried out, following the procedure typical for the Delphi technique. The main result of the research work is the development of a scenario for potential supply and distribution of fuels to the maritime shipping market by 2050. The basic conclusion is that shortages in manufacturing, commercialization, and supply of low and zero-emission fuels to the shipping market may be the main obstacle hampering the reaching of the targets of shipping industry decarbonization. Such a scenario could significantly slow down the stepping up process of greening the global supply chains.
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Emelyanova, Olesya. "The Problem of Energy Transition in Japan and Its Solution." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 4 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120016120-3-1.
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Currently, the socio-economic development of the leading countries, which are developing today in the paradigm of the capitalist industrial system, is undergoing a structural crisis. At the same time, global environmental problems are seriously rising, meanwhile electricity consumption is rapidly increasing, which in traditional modern paradigm means an increase in demand for non-renewable energy sources. Japan in this situation is no exception. Moreover, the structural crisis of the existing economic structure has manifested itself in Japan since 1991, when the so-called "Bubble crisis" occurred, after which the country could not return to sustainable economic growth during its industrial heyday Today, Western countries and Japan see "energy transition" as a comprehensive solution to these problems, to this end, measures are being developed for the transition to renewable energy sources (RES), including hydrogen fuel, which in the future can become the most important resource for a successful transition to the digital age. The main document that today regulates the strategy of Japan's energy transition is the "Basic Energy Plan" of 2003, the latest 5th addition of which was adopted in 2018. The main goal of the strategy is to significantly reduce hydrocarbon emissions into the atmosphere. The document presents a roadmap for the country's gradual movement towards achieving carbon neutrality and contains development recommendations until 2030 and 2050. Another important document is the "Green Growth Strategy through Achieving Carbon Neutrality in2050" (2020). This article aims to identify the main factors, as well as to analyze the perspectives for Japan's energy transition in the short term.
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Ushiyama, Izumi, Hiroshi Nagai, Tetsuo Saito, and Fumihito Watanabe. "Japan's Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Potential as Well as Long-Term Installation Goal and its Roadmap by the Year 2050." Wind Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 2010): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0309-524x.34.6.701.
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Xu, Jin-Hua, Tobias Fleiter, Ying Fan, and Wolfgang Eichhammer. "CO2 emissions reduction potential in China’s cement industry compared to IEA’s Cement Technology Roadmap up to 2050." Applied Energy 130 (October 2014): 592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.004.
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Guo, Jian-Xin, and Chen Huang. "Feasible roadmap for CCS retrofit of coal-based power plants to reduce Chinese carbon emissions by 2050." Applied Energy 259 (February 2020): 114112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114112.
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Azurza-Zubizarreta, Olatz, Izaro Basurko-PerezdeArenaza, Eñaut Zelarain, Estitxu Villamor, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki, Unai Villena-Camarero, Alvaro Campos-Celador, and Iñaki Barcena-Hinojal. "Urban Energy Transitions in Europe, towards Low-Socio-Environmental Impact Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111641.
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Achieving the ambitious targets set by Europe in its 2050 roadmap, moving away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy sources, while reducing carbon emissions, will require a radical change in Europe’s energy system. Much of the action that will enable this energy transition to be realised in a democratic way is at the local level. It is at this level that many of the decisions regarding the energy transition desired by European citizens will have to be taken. The methodology used in this study is based on data collection, literature review, data validation and analysis. A part of this analysis will also be taken by the mPower project as a diagnostic baseline. The first finding of this research work is that energy transition data availability at the local level is quite low. Second, the local authorities are experiencing difficulties in decarbonising their energy consumption. Finally, the factor with highest positive relationships with other energy transition variables is the number of people employed in the field of energy transition. The results suggest that in order to lead a participatory energy transition, the workforce specifically dedicated to energy transition is a key factor, clearly differentiating it from staff working on the general energy field.
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Domínguez, Sara, Bernay Cifuentes, Felipe Bustamante, Nelly M. Cantillo, César L. Barraza-Botet, and Martha Cobo. "On the Potential of Blue Hydrogen Production in Colombia: A Fossil Resource-Based Assessment for Low-Emission Hydrogen." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 11436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811436.
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Latin America is starting its energy transition. In Colombia, with its abundant natural resources and fossil fuel reserves, hydrogen (H2) could play a key role. This contribution analyzes the potential of blue H2 production in Colombia as a possible driver of the H2 economy. The study assesses the natural resources available to produce blue H2 in the context of the recently launched National Hydrogen Roadmap. Results indicate that there is great potential for low-emission blue H2 production in Colombia using coal as feedstock. Such potential, besides allowing a more sustainable use of non-renewable resources, would pave the way for green H2 deployment in Colombia. Blue H2 production from coal could range from 700 to 8000 ktH2/year by 2050 under conservative and ambitious scenarios, respectively, which could supply up to 1.5% of the global H2 demand by 2050. However, while feedstock availability is promising for blue H2 production, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture capacities and investment costs could limit this potential in Colombia. Indeed, results of this work indicate that capture capacities of 15 to 180 MtCO2/year (conservative and ambitious scenarios) need to be developed by 2050, and that the required investment for H2 deployment would be above that initially envisioned by the government. Further studies on carbon capture, utilization and storage capacity, implementation of a clear public policy, and a more detailed hydrogen strategy for the inclusion of blue H2 in the energy mix are required for establishing a low-emission H2 economy in the country.
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Nisiforou, Olympia, Louisa Marie Shakou, Afroditi Magou, and Alexandros G. Charalambides. "A Roadmap towards the Decarbonization of Shipping: A Participatory Approach in Cyprus." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042185.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities are driving climate change and are currently at their highest levels in history. The international community, through the United Nations process, places great emphasis on the decarbonisation of our economies across all sectors. GHG emissions from maritime transport, even if considered the most carbon efficient method of transportation, are projected to increase if no action is taken to decarbonise, and thus pressure has extended to the maritime sector to contribute to the significant GHG emission cuts necessary. The paths by which the maritime sector can contribute to the achievement of the international target of GHG reduction by 2050 are still being determined, but numerous promising options exist. This paper aims to provide an overview of action towards decarbonisation by the international maritime sector, and to assess how Cyprus, an important flag state, can contribute to decarbonisation efforts. A participatory approach was used, through implementation of the EIT Climate-KIC’s Deep Demonstrations methodology, as part of the ‘ Zero-Net Emissions, Resilient Maritime Hubs in Cyprus’ project. The results were used to identify a portfolio of actions related to policy and regulatory development, education and re-skilling, technological development, and operation optimisation, which can support the decarbonisation of the maritime sector in Cyprus.
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Monjardino, Joana, Luís Dias, Patrícia Fortes, Hugo Tente, Francisco Ferreira, and Júlia Seixas. "Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030324.
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Air pollution and climate change are closely interlinked, once both share common emission sources, which mainly arise from fuel combustion and industrial processes. Climate mitigation actions bring co-benefits on air quality and human health. However, specific solutions can provide negative trade-offs for one side. The Portuguese Carbon Neutrality Roadmap was developed to assess conceivable cost-effective pathways to achieve zero net carbon emissions by 2050. Assessing its impacts, on air pollutant emissions, is the main focus of the present work. The bottom-up linear optimization energy system the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model was selected as a modeling tool for the decarbonization scenarios assessment. The estimation of air pollutant emissions was performed exogenously to the TIMES model. Results show that reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is possible, and technologically feasible, in Portugal, by 2050. The crucial and most cost-effective vector for decarbonizing the national economy is the end-use energy consumption electrification, renewable based, across all end-use sectors. Decarbonization efforts were found to have strong co-benefits for reducing air pollutant emissions in Portugal. Transport and power generation are the sectors with the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions, providing likewise the most significant reductions of air pollutant emissions. Despite the overall positive effects, there are antagonistic effects, such as the use of biomass, mainly in industry and residential sectors, which translates into increases in particulate matter emissions. This is relevant for medium term projections, since results show that, by 2030, PM2.5 emissions are unlikely to meet the emission reduction commitments set at the European level, if no additional control measures are considered.
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Geletukha, G. G., and Yu B. Matveev. "PROSPECTS OF BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 3 (October 8, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.3.2021.8.
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Biogas upgrading to quality of natural gas (NG) creates possibility to supply biomethane to the NG grid, easy transportation and production of electricity and heat in locations where there is guaranteed consumption of thermal energy. Biomethane as a close NG analogue can be used for heat and electricity production, as soon as motor fuel and raw material for chemical industry.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the world's annual biomethane production potential is 730 bcm (20% of current world's NG consumption). World biomethane production reached almost 5 bcm/yr in 2019. According to forecast of the European Biogas Association the biogas and biomethane sector may almost double its production by 2030. According to IEA estimates, annual world biomethane production could reach 200 bcm in 2040 in case the sustainable development strategy is implemented
Currently, the Bioenergy Association of Ukraine estimates the potential for biogas/biomethane production in Ukraine using fermentation technology as 7,8 bcm/yr (25% of the country's current NG consumption). The roadmap of bioenergy development in Ukraine until 2050 envisages growth of biomethane production to 1,7 bcm in 2035 and up to 3 bcm in 2050.
Currently the prospects for green hydrogen development are well known. The authors support the need of hydrogen technologies as one of the way for production and use of renewable gases. However, they believe that biomethane has no less prospects.
Transporting of one cubic meter of biomethane through gas pipeline at 60 bar pressure transmits almost four times more energy than transporting of one cubic meter of hydrogen. This is fundamental advantage of biomethane. Another advantage is the full readiness of gas infrastructure for biomethane. Given the cost of gas infrastructure modernization to use hydrogen, it is more cost-effective to convert green hydrogen to synthetic methane.
Currently, biomethane is in average three times cheaper than green hydrogen, the cost of the two renewable gases is expected to equalize by 2050, and only further possible reduction in the cost of green hydrogen below $2/kg will make green hydrogen cheaper than biomethane. Therefore, the greatest prospects can be seen in the combination of the advantages of both renewable gases and conversion of green hydrogen into synthetic methane (power-to-gas process).
Authors believe that after adoption of legislation to support the development of biomethane production and use in Ukraine, the bulk of biomethane produced in the country will be exported to EU, where more favourable conditions for biomethane consumption are developed. As Ukraine's economy grows, more and more of the biomethane produced will be used for domestic consumption.
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Zissis, Georges, Laurent Canale, David Buso, Evangelos-Nikolaos D. Madias, Constantinos Bouroussis, Marta Krakowiak, Alberto Sozza, Frangiskos V. Topalis, and Stelios Zerefos. "Mapping the Needs for Trained Lighting Engineers in Construction Industry: The First Outcomes from ECOSLIGHT Skills Alliances European Project." Light & Engineering, no. 06-2021 (December 2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2021-087.
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The construction sector faces new challenges in order to provide smart, energy efficient and sustainable lighting environments for infrastructure, cities, buildings and the industry, in order to follow the 2050 low-carbon economy roadmap of the European Commission. In parallel, the Environmentally Conscious Smart Lighting (ECOSLIGHT) project aims to design training programs in lighting that will actively enhance employability and improve career prospects of lighting-related professionals, while also help businesses to find the right competences they need to increase their competitiveness. In this paper, by analysing critically the 438 collected answers though on-line ECOSLIGHT original developed questionnaire, we were able to understand clearly what are the needs of the sector for well-trained lighting professionals and indent the training needs for future lighting professionals who want find jobs in the sector. Further, we could establish standard “job-profiles” for two of the most popular need lighting professionals: lighting designers and lighting system engineers.
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Shafiullah, Md, Saidur Rahman, Binash Imteyaz, Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua, Md Ismail Hossain, and Syed Masiur Rahman. "Review of Smart City Energy Modeling in Southeast Asia." Smart Cities 6, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 72–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010005.
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The Southeast Asian region has been eagerly exploring the concepts of smart city initiatives in recent years due to the enormous opportunities and potential. The initiatives are in line with their plan to promote energy efficiency, phase down/out fossil fuel-based generation, and reduce greenhouse gas emission intensity and electrification of various sectors in addition to renewable energy targets and policies to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 or 2060. However, the major challenges for these countries are related to leadership, governance, citizen support, investment, human capacity, smart device heterogeneity, and efficient modeling and management of resources, especially the energy systems. An intelligent energy system is one of the most significant components for any functional smart city, where artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and big data are expected to tackle various existing and evolving challenges. This article starts with a brief discussion of smart city concepts and implementation challenges. Then, it identifies different types of smart city initiatives in Southeast Asian countries focusing on energy systems. In addition, the article investigates the status of smart systems in energy generation and storage, infrastructure, and model development. It identifies the unique challenges of these countries in implementing smart energy systems. It critically reviews many available energy modeling approaches and addresses their limitations and strengths, focusing on the region. Moreover, it also provides a preliminary framework for a successful energy system that exploits AI, IoT, and big data. Finally, the roadmap for a successful energy system requires appropriate policy development, innovative technological solutions, human capacity building, and enhancement of the effectiveness of current energy systems.
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Della Rocca, Alessandro, Davide Astesiano, and Enrico Malfa. "Rolling mill decarbonization: Tenova SmartBurners with 100% hydrogen." Matériaux & Techniques 109, no. 3-4 (2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2022012.
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The European Green Deal, the Paris COP21 agreement, the EU roadmap for a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050 and more recently the “Fit for 55” package set the targets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for several sectors. In this context, hydrogen will be relevant as a feedstock, fuel and energy storage solution. Today hydrogen use in steel industry is limited to annealing processes on a small quantity, therefore a complete transformation of the steelmaking production route from liquid steel process (Upstream) up to the rolling and finishing line (Downstream) requires development and validation of new technologies. The massive usage of hydrogen in steel industry is envisioned in the Carbon Direct Avoidance pathway reported in the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) of the Private Public Partnership Clean Steel. The paper presents the Tenova SmartBurner technology: TSX recuperative flameless for reheating applications ready to use hydrogen as fuel (up to 100%), with nitric oxides reached in the operative range from 100% natural gas to 100% hydrogen – well below the next envisioned limits (80 mg/Nm3 at 5% of O2 with furnace at 1250 °C).
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Oorschot, Leo, Lidwine Spoormans, Sabira El Messlaki, Thaleia Konstantinou, Tim de Jonge, Clarine van Oel, Thijs Asselbergs, Vincent Gruis, and Wessel de Jonge. "Flagships of the Dutch Welfare State in Transformation: A Transformation Framework for Balancing Sustainability and Cultural Values in Energy-Efficient Renovation of Postwar Walk-Up Apartment Buildings." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2018): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072562.
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Increasing energy efficiency of the housing stock is one of the largest challenges in the built environment today. In line with the international Paris-Climate-Change-Conference 2015, Dutch municipalities and housing associations have embraced the ambition to achieve carbon neutrality for their social housing stock by 2050. However, most deep renovation designs for increasing the energy efficiency of dwellings focus on the relatively easy portion of the housing stock: postwar row housing. Furthermore, such design solutions are mostly produced without much care for architectural quality and cultural heritage, nor for testing for consumer preferences. Yet, such aspects are of major importance in tenement housing, particularly regarding the architectural quality of the huge numbers of walk-up apartment buildings from the inter- and postwar periods owned by housing associations in the larger cities. Renovation of buildings of this typology is more complex because of, among others, technical, social, and heritage factors. To support decisions in this complex context, a General Transformation Framework and a Roadmap has been developed for generating design solutions for deep renovation of representative parts of postwar walk-up apartment buildings with the aim to increase energy efficiency; retain its architectural legibility and cultural heritage value; and allow for the presentation of (end) users, with various options for adaptation to assess their preferences.