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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy Return On Investment (EROI)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Murphy, David J., Marco Raugei, Michael Carbajales-Dale, and Brenda Rubio Estrada. "Energy Return on Investment of Major Energy Carriers: Review and Harmonization." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127098.

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Net energy, that is, the energy remaining after accounting for the energy “cost” of extraction and processing, is the “profit” energy used to support modern society. Energy Return on Investment (EROI) is a popular metric to assess the profitability of energy extraction processes, with EROI > 1 indicating that more energy is delivered to society than is used in the extraction process. Over the past decade, EROI analysis in particular has grown in popularity, resulting in an increase in publications in recent years. The lack of methodological consistency, however, among these papers has led to a situation where inappropriate comparisons are being made across technologies. In this paper we provide both a literature review and harmonization of EROI values to provide accurate comparisons of EROIs across both thermal fuels and electricity producing technologies. Most importantly, the authors advocate for the use of point-of-use EROIs rather than point-of-extraction EROIs as the energy “cost” of the processes to get most thermal fuels from extraction to point of use drastically lowers their EROI. The main results indicate that PV, wind and hydropower have EROIs at or above ten while the EROIs for thermal fuels vary significantly, with that for petroleum oil notably below ten.

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2

Ecclesia, Marco Vittorio, João Santos, Paul E. Brockway, and Tiago Domingos. "A Comprehensive Societal Energy Return on Investment Study of Portugal Reveals a Low but Stable Value." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103549.

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Energy return on investment (EROI) is a ratio of the energy obtained in relation to the energy used to extract/produce it. The EROI of fossil fuels is globally decreasing. What do the declining EROIs of energy sources imply for society as a whole? We answer this question by proposing a novel EROI measure that describes, through one parameter, the efficiency of a society in managing energy resources over time. Our comprehensive societal EROI measure was developed by (1) expanding the boundaries of the analysis up to the useful stage; (2) estimating the amount of energy embodied in the energy-converting capital; (3) considering non-conventional sources such as the muscle work of humans and draught animals; and (4) considering the influence of imported and exported energy. We computed the new EROI for Portugal as a case study. We find a considerably lower EROI value, at around 3, compared to those currently available, which is stable over a long-time range (1960–2014). This suggests an independence of EROI from economic growth. When estimated at the final stage, using conventional methods (i.e., without applying the four novelties here introduced), we find a declining societal EROI. Therefore, our results imply that the production of new and more efficient final-to-useful energy converting capital has historically kept societal EROI around a stable value by offsetting the effects of the changing returns of energy sources at the primary and final stages. This will be crucial in the successful transition to renewables.

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Murphy, David J. "The implications of the declining energy return on investment of oil production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2006 (January 13, 2014): 20130126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0126.

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Declining production from conventional oil resources has initiated a global transition to unconventional oil, such as tar sands. Unconventional oil is generally harder to extract than conventional oil and is expected to have a (much) lower energy return on (energy) investment (EROI). Recently, there has been a surge in publications estimating the EROI of a number of different sources of oil, and others relating EROI to long-term economic growth, profitability and oil prices. The following points seem clear from a review of the literature: (i) the EROI of global oil production is roughly 17 and declining, while that for the USA is 11 and declining; (ii) the EROI of ultra-deep-water oil and oil sands is below 10; (iii) the relation between the EROI and the price of oil is inverse and exponential; (iv) as EROI declines below 10, a point is reached when the relation between EROI and price becomes highly nonlinear; and (v) the minimum oil price needed to increase the oil supply in the near term is at levels consistent with levels that have induced past economic recessions. From these points, I conclude that, as the EROI of the average barrel of oil declines, long-term economic growth will become harder to achieve and come at an increasingly higher financial, energetic and environmental cost.

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4

Bajan, Bartłomiej, Joanna Łukasiewicz, Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda, and Walenty Poczta. "Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041011.

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The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

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5

Cleveland, Cutler J., and Peter A. O’Connor. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Oil Shale." Sustainability 3, no. 11 (November 22, 2011): 2307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3112307.

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6

Oliveira, André Freitas, Fernando Gasi, and Sérgio Ricardo Lourenço. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Brazilian Coal Production." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 6, no. 7 (2019): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.6719.

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7

Prananta, Wiraditma, and Ida Kubiszewski. "Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102803.

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In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.

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8

Masnadi, Mohammad S., and Adam R. Brandt. "Energetic productivity dynamics of global super-giant oilfields." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 6 (2017): 1493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01031a.

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9

King, Nick, and Aled Jones. "An Assessment of Civil Nuclear ‘Enabling’ and ‘Amelioration’ Factors for EROI Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208414.

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Nuclear fission is a primary energy source that may be important to future efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The energy return on investment (EROI) of any energy source is important because aggregate global EROI must be maintained at a minimum level to support complex global systems. Previous studies considering nuclear EROI have emphasised energy investments linked to ‘enabling’ factors (upstream activities that enable the operation of nuclear technology such as fuel enrichment), have attracted controversy, and challenges also persist regarding system boundary definition. This study advocates that improved consideration of ‘amelioration’ factors (downstream activities that remediate nuclear externalities such as decommissioning), is an important task for calculating a realistic nuclear EROI. Components of the ‘nuclear system’ were analysed and energy investment for five representative ‘amelioration’ factors calculated. These ‘first approximation’ calculations made numerous assumptions, exclusions, and simplifications, but accounted for a greater level of detail than had previously been attempted. The amelioration energy costs were found to be approximately 1.5–2 orders of magnitude lower than representative ‘enabling’ costs. Future refinement of the ‘amelioration’ factors may indicate that they are of greater significance, and may also have characteristics making them systemically significant, notably in terms of timing in relation to future global EROI declines.

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10

Gingerich, Jon, and Ole Hendrickson. "The theory of energy return on investment: A case study of whole tree chipping for biomass in Prince Edward Island." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69300-3.

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Industrial societies consume vast quantities of fossil fuel resources; the carbon dioxide released when these fuels are combusted is a major concern because of global warming. "Energy Return On Investment" (EROI) is the ratio of energy gain from a resource relative to the energy invested to achieve that gain. EROI analysis shows that the net energy available from fossil fuels decreases as resources are depleted, encouraging a transition to renewable resources which will not be depleted under sustainable management. Renewable resources can reduce net contributions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; however, many sources of renewable energy require fossil fuel inputs into their production process. EROI analysis can also be used to determine renewable energy sources with the greatest energy gain, relative to the fossil fuel investment required to achieve that gain.One renewable source of energy with considerable potential for expansion in Canada is wood biomass. A case study of whole tree chipping (WTC) in Prince Edward Island revealed an EROI ratio of wood chip energy gained relative to fuel energy invested of 26.7:1. The major factor affecting the EROI for WTC was transport of the chips to the burning facilities: distance and load size were important components that should be considered when designing new burning facilities. There are some benefits and disadvantages of WTC not captured by EROI analysis that also need to be considered.

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11

Honcharov, Yevgen, Nataliya Kruykova, Vladislav Markov, and Igor Polyakov. "Can EROEI (EROI) serve as a measure of energy efficiency?" Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (7) (June 30, 2022): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2022.1.10.

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Until now, there is no single assessment of the energy activity of mankind. The efficiency factor widely used in technology is not such, as it is not able to assess the prospects for the development of new fossil fuel deposits or the introduction of new types of energy production, especially renewable sources. EROEI (English energy returned on energy invested), or EROI (energy return on investment - the ratio of energy received to spent, energy profitability) in physics, economic and environmental energy - the ratio of the amount of usable (useful) energy received from a particular source energy (resource), to the amount of energy spent to obtain this energy resource. If for some resource the EROI is less than or equal to one, then such a resource turns into an “absorber” of energy and can no longer be used as a primary source of energy.” It should be noted that, strictly speaking, EROEI and EROI are not quite the same thing. If the first is the ratio of received and invested energy, then the second is the ratio of received energy and investments! But for some simplification, we will further consider these concepts identical. Moreover, which is very significant, when determining these coefficients, natural or natural sources of energy, such as insolation or the energy of fissile nuclides, are not taken into account. Only the energy costs associated with human activities are taken into account. At first glance, everything is correct and the EROI indicator can really be used as a kind of universal criterion. Based on the above analysis, it can be quite definitely said that EROEI is not a universal energy efficiency criterion, but can be used along with other well-known criteria and coefficients. EROEI should only be used in quantitative assessments of the efficiency of energy produced both directly from combustible fuels and in power plants. The calculation of EROEI faces certain difficulties, which are associated with the complexity of calculating the ancillary costs and losses of energy produced, as well as the costs associated with human labor. EROEI does not take into account the environmental component of the energy production process, which can be critical.

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12

Atlason, Reynir, and Runar Unnthorsson. "Ideal EROI (energy return on investment) deepens the understanding of energy systems." Energy 67 (April 2014): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.096.

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13

Bowring, S. P. K., L. M. Miller, L. Ganzeveld, and A. Kleidon. "Quantifying the "Energy-Return-on-Investment" of desert greening in the Sahara/Sahel using a Global Climate Model." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 4, no. 2 (August 8, 2013): 717–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-4-717-2013.

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Abstract. "Greening" the world's deserts has been proposed as a way to produce additional food, sequester carbon, and alter the climate of desert regions. Here, we quantify the potential benefits in terms of energetic quantities and compare these to the energetic costs. We then compare these using the metric of Energy-Return-On-Investment (EROI). We apply EROI to a series of global climate model simulations where the arid Sahara/Sahel region is irrigated with various rates of desalinated water to produce biomass. The energy content of this biomass is greater than the energy input rate for a minimum irrigation rate of about 200 mm yr−1 in the winter and 500 mm yr−1 in the summer, thereby yielding an EROI ratio > 1 : 1, expressing energetic sustainability. Quantified annually, the EROI was > 1 : 1 for irrigation rates more than 500 mm yr−1, progressively increasing to a maximum of 1.8 : 1 with 900 mm yr−1, and then decreasing with further increases in the irrigation rate. Including the precipitation feedback arising from changes in moisture-recycling within the study region approximately doubles these EROI ratios. This overall result varies spatially and temporally, so while the entire Sahara/Sahel region is irrigated equally, the western coastal region from June to August had the highest EROI. Other factors would complicate such a large-scale modification of the Earth System, but this sensitivity study concludes that with a required energy input, desert greening may be energetically sustainable. Furthermore, we suggest that this type of EROI-analysis could be applied as a metric to assess a diverse range of human alterations to, and interventions within, the Earth System.

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14

Jackson, Andrew, and Tim Jackson. "Modelling energy transition risk: The impact of declining energy return on investment (EROI)." Ecological Economics 185 (July 2021): 107023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107023.

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15

Murphy, David J., Charles A. S. Hall, and Bobby Powers. "New perspectives on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) of corn ethanol." Environment, Development and Sustainability 13, no. 1 (July 11, 2010): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-010-9255-7.

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16

Bowring, S. P. K., L. M. Miller, L. Ganzeveld, and A. Kleidon. "Applying the concept of "energy return on investment" to desert greening of the Sahara/Sahel using a global climate model." Earth System Dynamics 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-43-2014.

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Abstract. Altering the large-scale dynamics of the Earth system through continual and deliberate human intervention now seems possible. In doing so, one should question the energetic sustainability of such interventions. Here, from the basis that a region might be unnaturally vegetated by employing technological means, we apply the metric of "energy return on investment" (EROI) to benchmark the energetic sustainability of such a scenario. We do this by applying EROI to a series of global climate model simulations where the entire Sahara/Sahel region is irrigated with increased rates of desalinated water to produce biomass. The energy content of this biomass is greater than the energy input rate for a minimum irrigation rate of about 200 mm yr−1 in the winter and 500 mm yr−1 in the summer, thereby yielding an EROI ratio >1 : 1, expressing energetic sustainability. Quantified annually, the EROI was >1 : 1 for irrigation rates more than 500 mm yr−1, progressively increasing to a maximum of 1.8 : 1 with 900 mm yr−1, and then decreasing with further increases in the irrigation rate. Including the precipitation feedback arising from changes in moisture recycling within the study region approximately doubles these EROI ratios. This overall result varies spatially and temporally, so while the entire Sahara/Sahel region is irrigated equally, the western coastal region from June to August had the highest EROI. Other factors would complicate such a large-scale modification of the Earth system, but this sensitivity study concludes that with a required energy input, desert greening may be energetically sustainable. More specifically, we have shown how this type of EROI analysis could be applied as a metric to assess a diverse range of human alterations to, and interventions within, the Earth system.

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17

Zhou, Z., and M. Carbajales-Dale. "Assessing the photovoltaic technology landscape: efficiency and energy return on investment (EROI)." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (2018): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01806a.

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18

del Castillo-Mussot, Marcelo, Pablo Ugalde-Véle, Jorge Antonio Montemayor-Aldrete, Alfredo de la Lama-García, and Fidel Cruz. "Impact of Global Energy Resources Based on Energy Return on their Investment (eroi) Parameters." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2016): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341389.

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Human development has been based on the use of the energy resources, especially those of fossil origin (oil, gas, coal, etc.), which are not infinite and damage ecosystems; it is of paramount importance to make a transition to other alternative sources of energy. We compare and discuss many global sources of energy and their impact, based on the useful parameter called energy returned on energy invested or energy return on investment (eroi). In the long run we could expect renewed emphasis on enhanced (stimulated or hot dry rock) geothermal energy sources due to technological advances in deep drilling and the availability of this kind of energy 365 days per year and 24 hours of a day.

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19

Cucchiella, Federica, and Idiano D’Adamo. "A Multicriteria Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems: Energetic, Environmental, and Economic Assessments." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/627454.

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The development of photovoltaic (PV) energy has led to rising efficiencies, better reliability, and falling prices. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) of PV systems is proposed in this paper in order to evaluate the sustainability of alternative projects. The investigations are presented using multiple indicators: Energy Payback Time (EPBT), Energy Return on Investment (EROI), Greenhouse Gas per kilowatt-hour (GHG/kWh), Greenhouse Gas Payback Time (GPBT), Greenhouse Gas Return on Investment (GROI), Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Payback Time (DPBT), and Discounted Aggregate Cost Benefit (D(B/C)A). PV energy is a relevant player in global electricity market and can have a key-role in sustainable growth.

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20

Delannoy, Louis, Pierre-Yves Longaretti, David J. Murphy, and Emmanuel Prados. "Assessing Global Long-Term EROI of Gas: A Net-Energy Perspective on the Energy Transition." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165112.

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Natural gas is expected to play an important role in the coming low-carbon energy transition. However, conventional gas resources are gradually being replaced by unconventional ones and a question remains: to what extent is net-energy production impacted by the use of lower-quality energy sources? This aspect of the energy transition was only partially explored in previous discussions. To fill this gap, this paper incorporates standard energy-return-on-investment (EROI) estimates and dynamic functions into the GlobalShift bottom-up model at a global level. We find that the energy necessary to produce gas (including direct and indirect energy and material costs) corresponds to 6.7% of the gross energy produced at present, and is growing at an exponential rate: by 2050, it will reach 23.7%. Our results highlight the necessity of viewing the energy transition through the net-energy prism and call for a greater number of EROI studies.

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21

Hall, Charles A. S. "Introduction to Special Issue on New Studies in EROI (Energy Return on Investment)." Sustainability 3, no. 10 (October 7, 2011): 1773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3101773.

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Hall, Charles A. S. "Synthesis to Special Issue on New Studies in EROI (Energy Return on Investment)." Sustainability 3, no. 12 (December 14, 2011): 2496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3122496.

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23

Vázquez-Rowe, Ian, Pedro Villanueva-Rey, Mª Teresa Moreira, and Gumersindo Feijoo. "Edible Protein Energy Return on Investment Ratio (ep-EROI) for Spanish Seafood Products." AMBIO 43, no. 3 (August 6, 2013): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0426-2.

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24

Hu, Yan, Charles A. S. Hall, Jianliang Wang, Lianyong Feng, and Alexandre Poisson. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of China's conventional fossil fuels: Historical and future trends." Energy 54 (June 2013): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.067.

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25

Chiriboga, Gonzalo, Andrés De La Rosa, Camila Molina, Stefany Velarde, and Ghem Carvajal C. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of biofuels in Ecuador." Heliyon 6, no. 6 (June 2020): e04213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04213.

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26

Raugei, Marco, Alessio Peluso, Enrica Leccisi, and Vasilis Fthenakis. "Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions and Energy Return on Investment for 80% Domestic Renewable Electricity with Battery Storage in California (U.S.A.)." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153934.

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This paper presents a detailed life-cycle assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative demand for total and non-renewable primary energy, and energy return on investment (EROI) for the domestic electricity grid mix in the U.S. state of California, using hourly historical data for 2018, and future projections of increased solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity with lithium-ion battery energy storage, so as to achieve 80% net renewable electricity generation in 2030, while ensuring the hourly matching of the supply and demand profiles at all times. Specifically—in line with California’s plans that aim to increase the renewable energy share into the electric grid—in this study, PV installed capacity is assumed to reach 43.7 GW in 2030, resulting of 52% of the 2030 domestic electricity generation. In the modelled 2030 scenario, single-cycle gas turbines and nuclear plants are completely phased out, while combined-cycle gas turbine output is reduced by 30% compared to 2018. Results indicate that 25% of renewable electricity ends up being routed into storage, while 2.8% is curtailed. Results also show that such energy transition strategy would be effective at curbing California’s domestic electricity grid mix carbon emissions by 50%, and reducing demand for non-renewable primary energy by 66%, while also achieving a 10% increase in overall EROI (in terms of electricity output per unit of investment).

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Pérez-Neira, David, Marta Soler-Montiel, Rosario Gutiérrez-Peña, and Yolanda Mena-Guerrero. "Energy Assessment of Pastoral Dairy Goat Husbandry from an Agroecological Economics Perspective. A Case Study in Andalusia (Spain)." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082838.

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This paper presents a methodological proposal of new energy sustainability indicators according to a novel accounting that follows agroecological and ecological economics criteria. Energy output is reformulated to include manure and thus consider the contribution to fertilization made by pastoral livestock farming to agroecosystems. Energy inputs calculations include the grazing resources. These new definitions and calculations allow for new formulations of the energy return on investment (EROI) as measures of the energy efficiency of livestock farming systems (final EROI and food/feed EROI). The environmental benefit of manure is estimated from the avoided energy cost of using this alternative to inorganic fertilizers (AECM). The environmental benefit of grazing is measured through the energy cost of avoiding cultivated animal feed (AECP) and its impact in terms of non-utilized agricultural area (ALCP). The comparative analysis of different livestock breeding systems in three pastoral dairy goat farms in the Sierra de Cádiz in Andalusia, southern Spain, reveals the analytical potential of the new energy sustainability indicators proposed, as well as the potential environmental benefits derived from territorial-based stockbreeding and, more specifically, grazing activities. Those benefits include gains in energy efficiency, a reduction of the dependence on non-renewable energy, and environmental costs avoided in terms of energy in extensive pastoral systems.

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Xie, Minghua, Xiaonan Wei, Chuanglian Chen, and Chuanwang Sun. "China's natural gas production peak and energy return on investment (EROI): From the perspective of energy security." Energy Policy 164 (May 2022): 112913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112913.

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29

Raugei, Marco, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, and Vasilis Fthenakis. "The energy return on energy investment (EROI) of photovoltaics: Methodology and comparisons with fossil fuel life cycles." Energy Policy 45 (June 2012): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.008.

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30

Manno, Jack P. "Looking for a Silver Lining: The Possible Positives of Declining Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." Sustainability 3, no. 11 (October 26, 2011): 2071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3112071.

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31

Hall, Charles A. S., Bruce E. Dale, and David Pimentel. "Seeking to Understand the Reasons for Different Energy Return on Investment (EROI) Estimates for Biofuels." Sustainability 3, no. 12 (December 13, 2011): 2413–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3122413.

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32

Carbajales-Dale, Michael, Marco Raugei, Vasilis Fthenakis, and Charles Barnhart. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Solar PV: An Attempt at Reconciliation [Point of View]." Proceedings of the IEEE 103, no. 7 (July 2015): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2438471.

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33

Marques, Aline de Luna, Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo, and Magali Christe Cammarota. "Biogas from microalgae: an overview emphasizing pretreatment methods and their energy return on investment (EROI)." Biotechnology Letters 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-018-2629-x.

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34

Kreith, Frank. "Bang for the Buck." Mechanical Engineering 134, no. 05 (May 1, 2012): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-may-1.

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This article focuses on the need to develop alternatives to fossil fuels for present-day and future energy systems. The direction of energy research ought to be toward material science that can extend the life and lower the cost of renewable energy systems, rather than toward highly theoretical analyses that have over-the-horizon payoffs. Additionally, the planning for a smooth transition from fossil based to sustainable energy must include a side-by-side analysis of the economics as well as the energy return on energy investment (EROI) of each potential system. The EROI analysis would ensure the long-term viability of the technology, and the commercial analysis would show how much the system will cost and, thereby, provide an estimate of the money required for the installation in the transition period. The transition from the oil- and coal-based economy to a sustainably based future is not expected to be easy; however, taking advantage of the low-hanging fruit of conservation and energy efficiency will make that transition easier and much less painful.

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Bauer, Sarah, Fangwei Cheng, and Lisa Colosi. "Evaluating the Impacts of ACP Management on the Energy Performance of Hydrothermal Liquefaction via Nutrient Recovery." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040729.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is of interest in producing liquid fuels from organic waste, but the process also creates appreciable quantities of aqueous co-product (ACP) containing high concentrations of regulated wastewater pollutants (e.g., organic carbon, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P)). Previous literature has not emphasized characterization, management, or possible valorization of ACP wastewaters. This study aims to evaluate one possible approach to ACP management via recovery of valuable scarce materials. Equilibrium modeling was performed to estimate theoretical yields of struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) from ACP samples arising from HTL processing of selected waste feedstocks. Experimental analyses were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of theoretical yield estimates. Adjusted yields were then incorporated into a life-cycle energy modeling framework to compute energy return on investment (EROI) for the struvite precipitation process as part of the overall HTL life-cycle. Observed struvite yields and residual P concentrations were consistent with theoretical modeling results; however, residual N concentrations were lower than model estimates because of the volatilization of ammonia gas. EROI calculations reveal that struvite recovery is a net-energy producing process, but that this benefit offers little to no improvement in EROI performance for the overall HTL life-cycle. In contrast, corresponding economic analysis suggests that struvite precipitation may be economically appealing.

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Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo, Carlos de Castro, and Luis Javier Miguel González. "Dynamic Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) and material requirements in scenarios of global transition to renewable energies." Energy Strategy Reviews 26 (November 2019): 100399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100399.

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Brandt, Adam R., and Michael Dale. "A General Mathematical Framework for Calculating Systems-Scale Efficiency of Energy Extraction and Conversion: Energy Return on Investment (EROI) and Other Energy Return Ratios." Energies 4, no. 8 (August 19, 2011): 1211–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en4081211.

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Brand-Correa, Lina, Paul Brockway, Claire Copeland, Timothy Foxon, Anne Owen, and Peter Taylor. "Developing an Input-Output Based Method to Estimate a National-Level Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." Energies 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2017): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10040534.

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Hu, Yan, Lianyong Feng, Charles C. S. Hall, and Dong Tian. "Analysis of the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of the Huge Daqing Oil Field in China." Sustainability 3, no. 12 (November 30, 2011): 2323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3122323.

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Arvesen, Anders, and Edgar G. Hertwich. "More caution is needed when using life cycle assessment to determine energy return on investment (EROI)." Energy Policy 76 (January 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.025.

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Yang, Sheng, Timothy Volk, and Marie-Odile Fortier. "Willow Biomass Crops Are a Carbon Negative or Low-Carbon Feedstock Depending on Prior Land Use and Transportation Distances to End Users." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 4251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164251.

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Few life cycle assessments (LCAs) on willow biomass production have investigated the effects of key geographically specific parameters. This study uses a spatial LCA model for willow biomass production to determine spatially explicit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy return on investment (EROI), including land use conversion from pasture and cropland or grassland. There were negative GHG emissions on 92% of the land identified as suitable for willow biomass production, indicating this system’s potential for climate change mitigation. For willow planted on cropland or pasture, life cycle GHG emissions ranged from −53.2 to −176.9 kg CO2eq Mg-1. When willow was grown on grassland the projected decrease in soil organic carbon resulted in a slightly positive GHG balance. Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with land use change, transportation distance, and willow yield had the greatest impacts on GHG emissions. Results from the uncertainty analysis exhibited large variations in GHG emissions between counties arising from differences in these parameters. The average EROI across the entire region was 19.2. Willow biomass can be a carbon negative or low-carbon energy source with a high EROI in regions with similar infrastructure, transportation distances, and growing conditions such as soil characteristics, land cover types, and climate.

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Yan, Jun, Lianyong Feng, Alina Steblyanskaya, Anton Sokolov, and Nataliya Iskritskaya. "Creating an Energy Analysis Concept for Oil and Gas Companies: The Case of the Yakutiya Company in Russia." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020268.

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Recently, energy analysis has been added to Russian gas companies’ annual reporting system. This new practice indicates that corporate reports are improving their analyses by addressing energy issue and the financial efficiency of energy production. However, the use of summary energy indicators is limited in these annual reports. In this paper we review the history of energy analysis in Russia from the early USSR period to today. Under the guidance of energy return on investment (EROI), we compare energy efficiency indicators with financial efficiency coefficients. The results show that the value of the return on cost of sales (ROCS) is negative in certain instances, while the value of the energy return on cost of sales (EROCS) is extremely high under the example of the Russian energy company JSC “YATEC.” Money-based indicator values (ROCS and return on fix assets (ROFA)) fluctuate with internal company financial management goals, and from the outside depending on market prices. Meanwhile energy-based values (EROCS) remain stable. Added financial analysis and energy analysis in companies’ annual statements will supplement each other in practice and will present the full picture for company efficiency analysis.

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Camargo, Federico Gabriel. "Dynamic Modeling Of The Energy Returned On Invested." DYNA 89, no. 221 (April 26, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v89n221.97965.

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This work was developed to present a conceptual and preliminary analysis of the concepts and criteria for estimating the Energy Return on Investment (EROI). In this work, methods based on monetary studies, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) were discussed and a dynamical systems modeling was proposed. In this respect, we made a mathematical development, defining the state and auxiliary variables and the adjustment parameters necessary to study the problem. Some criteria and influencing factors were defined, in the medium and long term, the sustainability of the energy system and seek to incorporate them into relevant areas of discussion and education, encouraging their dissemination and reviews. It is sought to discuss the issues and considerations for a standardized methodology that allows comparisons and decision-making, in order to minimize environmental impact.

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Kong, Zhaoyang, Xi Lu, Xiucheng Dong, Qingzhe Jiang, and Noah Elbot. "Re-evaluation of energy return on investment (EROI) for China's natural gas imports using an integrative approach." Energy Strategy Reviews 22 (November 2018): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2018.09.003.

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Romanelli, Thiago L., and Marcos Milan. "Energy performance of a production system of eucalyptus." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 14, no. 8 (2010): 896–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662010000800015.

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Maximizing yields is opposed to the goal of minimizing the use of inputs. In the context of system rationalization, the addition of non-economic parameters in the decision making and the magnitude of eucalyptus plantation in Sao Paulo State, Brazil led to this study. The objective was to establish the flows and to evaluate the performance of energy transformations on eucalyptus production. The evaluated system presented three alternatives of soil acidity management: lime, ash and sludge application. The applied indicators were energy return on investment, energy intensity and energy balance, which meant, respectively, the return over energy investment, the energy content of biomass and the energy obtained per area. For the basic scenario, lime, EROI was 58.5 MJ MJ-1, energy intensity was 124.7 MJ m-3, and the energy balance was 2120.7 GJ ha-1. The required energy was larger when ash (5.2%) and sludge (57.2%) were used. The main inputs were, in order, fuel, fertilizers, herbicide and lime. Harvesting was the main operation (56.7%), followed by subsoiling. Fuel in harvesting, fertilizers and lime summed 79.6% of the total energy. The sensitivity of the system showed that the material used to control soil acidity had more effect on the energy demand (up to +57.4%) than the suggested scenarios (-5.3% when the field efficiency was increased).

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Kittner, Noah, Shabbir H. Gheewala, and Daniel M. Kammen. "Energy return on investment (EROI) of mini-hydro and solar PV systems designed for a mini-grid." Renewable Energy 99 (December 2016): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.023.

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Tripathi, Vinay S., and Adam R. Brandt. "Estimating decades-long trends in petroleum field energy return on investment (EROI) with an engineering-based model." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): e0171083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171083.

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Court, Victor, and Florian Fizaine. "Long-Term Estimates of the Energy-Return-on-Investment (EROI) of Coal, Oil, and Gas Global Productions." Ecological Economics 138 (August 2017): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.015.

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Schernikau, Lars, William Hayden Smith, and Rosemary Falcon. "Full Cost of Electricity “FCOE” and Energy Returns “eROI”." Journal of Management and Sustainability 12, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v12n1p96.

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Understanding electricity generation’s true cost is paramount to choosing and prioritizing our future energy systems. This paper introduces the full cost of electricity (FCOE) and discusses energy returns (eROI). The authors conclude with suggestions for energy policy considering the new challenges that come with global efforts to “decarbonize”. In 2021, debate started to occur regarding energy security (or rather electricity security) which was driven by an increase in electricity demand, shortage of energy raw material supply, insufficient electricity generation from wind and solar, and geopolitical challenges, which in turn resulted in high prices and volatility in major economies. This was witnessed around the world, for instance in China, India, the US, and of course Europe. Reliable electricity supply is crucial for social and economic stability and growth which in turn leads to eradication of poverty. The authors explain and quantify the gap between installed energy capacity and actual electricity generation when it comes to variable renewable energy. The main challenges for wind and solar are its intermittency and low energy density, and as a result practically every wind mill or solar panel requires either a backup or storage, which adds to system costs. Widely used levelized cost of electricity, LCOE, is inadequate to compare intermittent forms of energy generation with dispatchable ones and when making decisions at a country or society level. We introduce and describe the methodology for determining the full cost of electricity (FCOE) or the full cost to society. FCOE explains why wind and solar are not cheaper than conventional fuels and in fact become more expensive the higher their penetration in the energy system. The IEA confirms “…the system value of variable renewables such as wind and solar decreases as their share in the power supply increases”. This is illustrated by the high cost of the “green” energy transition. We conclude with suggestions for a revised energy policy. Energy policy and investors should not favor wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro, nuclear, gas, or coal but should support all energy systems in a manner which avoids energy shortage and energy poverty. All energy always requires taking resources from our planet and processing them, thus negatively impacting the environment. It must be humanity’s goal to minimize these negative impacts in a meaningful way through investments – not divestments – by increasing, not decreasing, energy and material efficiencies. Therefore, the authors suggest energy policy makers to refocus on the three objectives, energy security, energy affordability, and environmental protection. This translates into two pathways for the future of energy: (1) invest in education and base research to pave the path towards a New Energy Revolution where energy systems can sustainably wean off fossil fuels. (2) In parallel, energy policy must support investment in conventional energy systems to improve their efficiencies and reduce the environmental burden of generating the energy required for our lives. Additional research is required to better understand eROI, true cost of energy, material input, and effects of current energy transition pathways on global energy security.

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Muradin, Magdalena, and Joanna Kulczycka. "The Identification of Hotspots in the Bioenergy Production Chain." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 5757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215757.

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Increasing interest in bioenergy production in the context of the transition towards a circular economy and the promotion of renewable energy has produced demands for optimization of the value chain of energy production to improve the environmental viability of the system. Hotspot analysis based on life cycle assessment (LCA) contributes to the mitigation of environmental burdens and is a very important step towards the implementation of a bioeconomy strategy. In this study, hotspots identified using two parallel pathways: a literature review and empirical research on four different biogas plants located in Poland. LCA and energy return on investment (EROI) analysis of the whole bioenergy production chain were considered to identify unit processes or activities that are highly damaging to the environment. The biogas plants differ mainly in the type of raw materials used as an input and in the method of delivery. The results show that the most impactful processes are those in the delivery of biomass, especially road transport by tractor. The second contributor was crop cultivation, where fossil fuels are also used. Although the EROI analysis indicates a negligible impact of transport on the energy efficiency of bioenergy plants, the environmental burden of biomass transportation should be taken into consideration when planning further measures to support the development of the bioeconomy.

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