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Academic literature on the topic 'Energy Return On Investment (EROI)'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Murphy, David J., Marco Raugei, Michael Carbajales-Dale, and Brenda Rubio Estrada. "Energy Return on Investment of Major Energy Carriers: Review and Harmonization." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127098.

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Net energy, that is, the energy remaining after accounting for the energy “cost” of extraction and processing, is the “profit” energy used to support modern society. Energy Return on Investment (EROI) is a popular metric to assess the profitability of energy extraction processes, with EROI > 1 indicating that more energy is delivered to society than is used in the extraction process. Over the past decade, EROI analysis in particular has grown in popularity, resulting in an increase in publications in recent years. The lack of methodological consistency, however, among these papers has led to a situation where inappropriate comparisons are being made across technologies. In this paper we provide both a literature review and harmonization of EROI values to provide accurate comparisons of EROIs across both thermal fuels and electricity producing technologies. Most importantly, the authors advocate for the use of point-of-use EROIs rather than point-of-extraction EROIs as the energy “cost” of the processes to get most thermal fuels from extraction to point of use drastically lowers their EROI. The main results indicate that PV, wind and hydropower have EROIs at or above ten while the EROIs for thermal fuels vary significantly, with that for petroleum oil notably below ten.
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Ecclesia, Marco Vittorio, João Santos, Paul E. Brockway, and Tiago Domingos. "A Comprehensive Societal Energy Return on Investment Study of Portugal Reveals a Low but Stable Value." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103549.

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Energy return on investment (EROI) is a ratio of the energy obtained in relation to the energy used to extract/produce it. The EROI of fossil fuels is globally decreasing. What do the declining EROIs of energy sources imply for society as a whole? We answer this question by proposing a novel EROI measure that describes, through one parameter, the efficiency of a society in managing energy resources over time. Our comprehensive societal EROI measure was developed by (1) expanding the boundaries of the analysis up to the useful stage; (2) estimating the amount of energy embodied in the energy-converting capital; (3) considering non-conventional sources such as the muscle work of humans and draught animals; and (4) considering the influence of imported and exported energy. We computed the new EROI for Portugal as a case study. We find a considerably lower EROI value, at around 3, compared to those currently available, which is stable over a long-time range (1960–2014). This suggests an independence of EROI from economic growth. When estimated at the final stage, using conventional methods (i.e., without applying the four novelties here introduced), we find a declining societal EROI. Therefore, our results imply that the production of new and more efficient final-to-useful energy converting capital has historically kept societal EROI around a stable value by offsetting the effects of the changing returns of energy sources at the primary and final stages. This will be crucial in the successful transition to renewables.
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Murphy, David J. "The implications of the declining energy return on investment of oil production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2006 (January 13, 2014): 20130126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0126.

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Declining production from conventional oil resources has initiated a global transition to unconventional oil, such as tar sands. Unconventional oil is generally harder to extract than conventional oil and is expected to have a (much) lower energy return on (energy) investment (EROI). Recently, there has been a surge in publications estimating the EROI of a number of different sources of oil, and others relating EROI to long-term economic growth, profitability and oil prices. The following points seem clear from a review of the literature: (i) the EROI of global oil production is roughly 17 and declining, while that for the USA is 11 and declining; (ii) the EROI of ultra-deep-water oil and oil sands is below 10; (iii) the relation between the EROI and the price of oil is inverse and exponential; (iv) as EROI declines below 10, a point is reached when the relation between EROI and price becomes highly nonlinear; and (v) the minimum oil price needed to increase the oil supply in the near term is at levels consistent with levels that have induced past economic recessions. From these points, I conclude that, as the EROI of the average barrel of oil declines, long-term economic growth will become harder to achieve and come at an increasingly higher financial, energetic and environmental cost.
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Bajan, Bartłomiej, Joanna Łukasiewicz, Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda, and Walenty Poczta. "Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041011.

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The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.
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Cleveland, Cutler J., and Peter A. O’Connor. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Oil Shale." Sustainability 3, no. 11 (November 22, 2011): 2307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3112307.

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Oliveira, André Freitas, Fernando Gasi, and Sérgio Ricardo Lourenço. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Brazilian Coal Production." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 6, no. 7 (2019): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.6719.

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Prananta, Wiraditma, and Ida Kubiszewski. "Assessment of Indonesia’s Future Renewable energy Plan: A Meta-Analysis of Biofuel Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102803.

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In early 2020, Indonesia implemented the biodiesel 30 (B30) program as an initiative to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on fossil fuels and to protect Indonesia’s palm oil market. However, palm oil has received international criticism due to its association with harmful environmental externalities. This paper analysed whether an investment in palm oil-based biofuel (POBB) provides Indonesia with the ability to achieve its environmental and financial goals. In this research, we performed a meta-analysis on biofuel energy return on investment (EROI) by examining 44 biofuel projects using ten types of biofuel feedstocks from 13 countries between 1995 and 2016. Results showed an average EROI of 3.92 and 3.22 for POBB and other biomass-based biofuels (OBBB), respectively. This shows that if only energy inputs and outputs are considered, biofuels provide a positive energy return. However, biofuels, including those from palm oil, produce externalities especially during land preparation and land restoration. We also compared these EROI biofuel results with other renewable energy sources and further analysed the implications for renewable energies to meet society’s energy demands in the future. Results showed that biofuel gives the lowest EROI compared to other renewable energy sources. Its EROI of 3.92, while positive, has been categorised as “not feasible for development”. If Indonesia plans to continue with its biofuel program, some major improvements will be necessary.
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Masnadi, Mohammad S., and Adam R. Brandt. "Energetic productivity dynamics of global super-giant oilfields." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 6 (2017): 1493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee01031a.

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King, Nick, and Aled Jones. "An Assessment of Civil Nuclear ‘Enabling’ and ‘Amelioration’ Factors for EROI Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 8414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208414.

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Nuclear fission is a primary energy source that may be important to future efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The energy return on investment (EROI) of any energy source is important because aggregate global EROI must be maintained at a minimum level to support complex global systems. Previous studies considering nuclear EROI have emphasised energy investments linked to ‘enabling’ factors (upstream activities that enable the operation of nuclear technology such as fuel enrichment), have attracted controversy, and challenges also persist regarding system boundary definition. This study advocates that improved consideration of ‘amelioration’ factors (downstream activities that remediate nuclear externalities such as decommissioning), is an important task for calculating a realistic nuclear EROI. Components of the ‘nuclear system’ were analysed and energy investment for five representative ‘amelioration’ factors calculated. These ‘first approximation’ calculations made numerous assumptions, exclusions, and simplifications, but accounted for a greater level of detail than had previously been attempted. The amelioration energy costs were found to be approximately 1.5–2 orders of magnitude lower than representative ‘enabling’ costs. Future refinement of the ‘amelioration’ factors may indicate that they are of greater significance, and may also have characteristics making them systemically significant, notably in terms of timing in relation to future global EROI declines.
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Gingerich, Jon, and Ole Hendrickson. "The theory of energy return on investment: A case study of whole tree chipping for biomass in Prince Edward Island." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69300-3.

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Industrial societies consume vast quantities of fossil fuel resources; the carbon dioxide released when these fuels are combusted is a major concern because of global warming. "Energy Return On Investment" (EROI) is the ratio of energy gain from a resource relative to the energy invested to achieve that gain. EROI analysis shows that the net energy available from fossil fuels decreases as resources are depleted, encouraging a transition to renewable resources which will not be depleted under sustainable management. Renewable resources can reduce net contributions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; however, many sources of renewable energy require fossil fuel inputs into their production process. EROI analysis can also be used to determine renewable energy sources with the greatest energy gain, relative to the fossil fuel investment required to achieve that gain.One renewable source of energy with considerable potential for expansion in Canada is wood biomass. A case study of whole tree chipping (WTC) in Prince Edward Island revealed an EROI ratio of wood chip energy gained relative to fuel energy invested of 26.7:1. The major factor affecting the EROI for WTC was transport of the chips to the burning facilities: distance and load size were important components that should be considered when designing new burning facilities. There are some benefits and disadvantages of WTC not captured by EROI analysis that also need to be considered.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Lundin, Johan. "EROI of crystalline silicon photovoltaics : Variations under different assumptions regarding manufacturing energy inputs and energy output." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199639.

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Installed photovoltaic nameplate power have been growing rapidly around the worldin the last few years. But how much energy is returned to society (i.e. net energy) by this technology, and which factors contribute the most to the amount of energy returned? The objective of this thesis was to examine the importance of certain inputs and outputs along the solar panel production chain and their effect on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for crystalline wafer-based photovoltaics. A process-chain model was built using publicly available life-cycle inventory (LCI) datasets. This model has been kept simple in order to ensure transparency. Univariate sensitivity analysis for processes and multivariate case studies was then applied to the model. The results show that photovoltaic EROI values are very sensitive to assumptions regarding location and efficiency. The ability of solar panels to deliver net energy in northern regions of the earth is questionable. Solar cell wafer thickness have a large impact on EROI, with thinner wafers requiring less silicon material. Finding an alternative route for production of solar-grade silicon is also found to be of great importance, as is introduction of kerf loss recycling. Equal system sizes have been found to yield an primary EROI between approximately 5.5-19 depending on location and assumptions. This indicates that a generalized absolute EROI for photovoltaics may be of little use for decision-makers. Using the net energy cliff concept in relation to primary EROI found in this thesis shows that primary EROI rarely decreases to less than the threshold of 8:1 in univariate cases. Crystalline photovoltaics under similar system boundaries as those in the thesis model does not necessarily constrain economic growth on an energetic basis.
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Southon, Michael Carl. "Performance and cost evaluation to inform the design and implementation of Organic Rankine Cycles in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10728.

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The aim of this thesis is to evaluate ORC systems and technologies from an energy and economic perspective. ORC systems are a growing renewable electricity generation technology, but New Zealand has limited local skills and expertise for identifying ORC resource opportunities and subsequently developing suitable technologies at low cost. For this reason, this thesis researches ORC technology, resource types, and international development, with the aim to determine guidelines for how to cost-effectively develop ORC systems, and to make recommendations applicable to furthering their development within a New Zealand context. This thesis first uses two surveys, one of commercial ORC installations, and a second of economic evaluations of ORC systems in literature, to determine what resources and economic scenarios are supportive of commercial development. It is found that geothermal resources provide the largest share of ORC capacity, with biomass and waste-heat recovery (WHR) being developed more recently. The surveys also found that countries with high electricity prices or policy interventions have developed a wider range of resources using ORC systems. This thesis then undertakes an EROI evaluation of ORC electricity generation systems using a combination of top-down and process based methodologies. Various heat sources; geothermal, biomass, solar, and waste heat are evaluated in order to determine how the utilised resource can affect energy profitability. A wide range of EROIstnd values, from 3.4 – 22.7 are found, with solar resources offering the lowest EROIs, and geothermal systems the highest. Higher still EROI values are found to be obtainable with longer system lifetimes, especially for WHR systems. Specific engineering aspects of ORC design and technology such as high-side pressure, heat storage, modularity, superheating, pinch-point temperature difference, and turbine efficiency are evaluated in terms of economic performance, and a variety of general conclusions are made about each. It is found that total system thermo-economic optimisation may not lead to the highest possible EROI, depending on the objective function. Lastly, the effects of past and potential future changes to the markets and economies surrounding ORCs are explored, including the New Zealand electricity spot price, steel and aluminium prices, subsidies, and climate policy. Of the subsidy types explored, it is found that directly subsidising ORC system capital has the greatest effect on the economic performance of ORC systems, as measured by common metrics. In conclusion, this thesis finds that ORC systems have a limited applicability to New Zealand’s electricity market under current economic conditions outside of geothermal and off-grid generation, but changes to these conditions could potentially make their development more viable. The author recommends that favourable resources should be developed using systems that provide high efficiencies, beyond what might provide the best economic performance, in order to increase EROI, and reduce the future need for costly investments into increasingly less favourable resources.
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Caballero, Sandra Catalina. "Architectural variations in residences and their effects on energy generation by photovoltaics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41204.

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In the current global market, there are plenty solutions for the savings of energy in the different areas of consumption in buildings: Green roofs and walls, cool roofs, daylighting, motion sensors, and others but there are very few sources of renewable energy at the reach of a common person in residential (smaller) scale. Photovoltaic systems are the most well-know and reliable process of harvesting energy at this small scale. The relationship between energy demand and energy production when installing a photovoltaics system in a residence is one of the main drivers while making a decision at the time of purchasing a system. However, architectural decisions in early stages may influence, enhance or even decrease the possible energy generation and interior performance, thus influencing the possible return of investment. This study evaluates the possible architectural variations that may be beneficial or disadvantegous at a particular city and other circumstances. From, roof, angle, location, roof articulation, layout articulation , shading devices and others, this paper shows a spectrum of convenient and inconvenient projects due to current conditions like climate, solar radiation, typical construction, electricity rates and government incentives. As a conclusion a hierarchy of architectural elements when being used with photovoltaics is developed to demonstrate that a common user can strategically play with architectural features of his/her house to take the most out of the system.
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Kabzáni, Matej. "Vplyv energetických opatrní na ceny prevádzky budovy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318594.

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The theme of the diploma thesis "Effect of energy care on building prices" is the design and assessment of several measures, two of which generally lead to lower heating costs. The diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the current state of the family house and determination of PENB before the construction modifications and subsequently after the construction modifications, defining subsequent measures for energy saving implementation, both in terms of energy, economic and also environmental.
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Baranyková, Zuzana. "Provozní náklady rodinných domů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227516.

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This master thesis determines and compares operating costs (energy balance) of family houses, depending on their age and during their life cycle. The basic terms, heat-technical properties and technological procedures of improving heat-technical properties are defined in the first part of the thesis. In the practical part, the operating costs of three older houses are determined. Variants of building modifications to improve heat-technical properties are suggested and evaluated. Certificates of energy performance were determined and the values compared, for both the current state of the houses and for the state after the improvement heat-technical properties. The thesis includes calculation of building modifications costs and the payback period of the investment.
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Rezec, Michael. "Alternative approaches in ESG investing : four essays on investment performance & risk." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8127.

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ESG (Environmental, social, and governance) investing is an investment philosophy to inform holistic and sound decision-making of investors for the purposes of both, nourishing a stable economy with acceptable rates of return while at the same time addressing stakeholders' non-financial concerns to preserve an inhabitable planet. Some scholars in finance argue that institutions subject to norms, i.e. responsible investors pay a financial cost from engaging in ESG activities. Moreover, they see ESG investing as distracting, inappropriate, risky and legally challenging. In response, several studies have emerged to show that ESG investing is a growing interest with investors, helps to mitigate financial risks, and does not need to represent a financial cost. Despite convincing evidence in a growing body of academic literature, many questions are still open to debate. Therefore, the principal objective of this thesis is to explore three dimensions of ESG investing, namely corporate environmental responsibility, renewable energy, and ESG disclosure quality. The research questions address issues relating to pension funds' investment decisions and legal obstacles resulting from utilising ESG information, financial return and risk implications of investing in renewable energy, substitutability of renewable energy for fossil fuel investments, and the effects of ESG disclosure quality on the expected cost of capital. To answer these questions, the thesis employs several standard and alternative empirical methods from the asset pricing and risk literatures. The thesis concludes the following. First, the integration of environmental responsibility into pension fund investment decision-making processes does not impede the financial and risk performance of pension funds. This means that pension funds should be allowed to consider such information in their investment decision making processes as the information does not reduce the overall financial return of the tested portfolios and does not violate trust law, i.e. the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). Pension fund trustees have been prohibited to consider any non-financial criteria such as environmental, social, or governance criteria in their investment processes under trust law such as ERISA, when they could harm the finanical performance of the portfolio. To be more specific, a pension fund trustee breaches his fiduciary duties (the duty of loyalty and the duty of prudence), if he sacrifices the financial well-being of the pension fund for pursuing any other social goal (Langbein and Posner, 1980). In particular, the duty of loyalty is "... forbidding the trustee to invest for any object other than the highest return consistent with the preferred level of portfolio risk" (Langbein and Posner, 1980:98). Second, the thesis finds no evidence for sustained renewable energy equity premia. Furthermore, investments in renewable energy equity are considerably riskier than in fossil fuel energy equity, meaning that renewable energy firms are undergoing a period of high uncertainties related to their business model, low carbon prices, and lacking public and private infrastructure investment (Bohl et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2012; Sadorsky, 2012b ). Finally, my thesis shows that companies with high ESG disclosure quality experience lower expected cost of equity and cost of debt financing, everything else equal.
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Ondráček, Jan. "Vyhodnocení efektivnosti investic do energetických úspor." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227665.

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Investments in energy saving of buildings is associated with a reduction in the operating costs, but it is also an effort to improve the quality of the environment. The main impulse are constantly rising energy prices and deteriorating air quality. The diploma thesis deals with the return on investment in thermal insulation of residential houses. The theoretical part describes the different definitions from the field of investments, pricing and energy modifications. In the practical part are considered two apartment buildings, the first insulated, non-insulated second. The next step is quantifying of the investment cost of such insulation designed with the calculation of payback period, net present value and internal rate of return. At the end of the work is the evaluation of the effectiveness of investments.
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Černín, Lukáš. "Vliv provedení zateplení bytového domu v Brně Slatině." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232729.

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The aim of this thesis is to assess the influence of superstructure implementation and thermal insulation of residential building for expenses associated with operating the property. Calculation used detached brick apartment building in Brno Slatina on the street Tilhonova 50a/50b, which has two separated entrances. The heat sources, principles of thermal insulation of residential buildings, energy prices and the possibility of her savings have been described theoretically. Various materials have been designed with different insulation thicknesses of thermal insulation material. To existing and newly designed apartment building has been processed label of the building envelope and certificate of energy performance of the building and then the values were compared. The thesis includes a calculation of the costs to perform construction modifications and determine payback period of the investment.
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Hernandez, Jose Arreola. "Vine copula modelling of dependence and portfolio optimization with application to mining and energy stock return series from the Australian market." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1693.

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This thesis models the dependence risk profile, investment risk and portfolio allocation features of seven 20-stock portfolios from the mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors of the Australian market in the context of the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (2008-2009 GFC) and pre-GFC, GFC, post-GFC and full sample period scenarios revolving around it. The mining and energy portfolios are the base of the study, while the retail and manufacturing are considered for benchmarking purposes. Pair vine copula models including canonical vines (c-vines), drawable vines (d-vines) and regular vines (r-vines) are fitted for the analysis of the portfolios’ multivariate dependence and their underlying sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. Besides, linear and nonlinear optimization methods threaded with the variance, mean absolute deviation (MAD), minimizing regret (Minimax), conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) and conditional Drawdown-at-Risk (CDaR) risk measures are implemented to examine the portfolios’ investment risk and optimal portfolio allocation features. The vine copula modelling of dependence aims at examining the dependence risk profile of the portfolios in specific market conditions; studying the changes of the portfolios’ dependence structure between pairs of period scenarios; and recognizing the vine copula models that best account for the portfolios’ multivariate dependence. The multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization seeks to identify the least and most investment risky portfolios, single out the portfolio that offers the best risk-return trade-off and recognize the stocks in the portfolios that are good candidates for investment. This thesis’ main contributions stem from the “copula counting technique” and “average model convergence” perspectives proposed to handle, analyse and interpret the portfolios’ dependence structure and portfolio allocation features. The copula counting technique aside from simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the assets’ dependence structure, it enables an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of their underlying dependence risk dynamics in specific market conditions. The average model convergence addresses the optimal stock selection and investment confidence problems underlying any type of portfolio optimization, and faced by investors when having to select stocks from a wide array of optimal investment scenarios, in a more objective manner, through model convergence and model consensus. Both, the copula counting technique and average model convergence are new concepts that introduce new theory to the pair vine copula and multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization literatures. The research findings stemming from the vine copula modelling of dependence indicate that the each of the portfolios modelled has dependence risk features consistent with specific market conditions. Out of the seven portfolios modelled the gold mining and retail benchmark portfolios are found to have the lowest dependence risk in times of financial turbulence. The iron ore-nickel mining and oil-gas energy portfolios have the highest dependence risk in similar market conditions. Out of the energy portfolios the coal-uranium is significantly less dependence risky, relative to the oil-gas. Out of the mining portfolios the iron ore-nickel is the most dependence risky, while the gold portfolio has the lowest dependence risk. The retail benchmark portfolio is significantly less dependence risky than the manufacturing benchmark portfolio in both, tranquil periods and non-tranquil periods. In terms of investment risk, the oil-gas energy portfolio is the most risky. The “copula counting technique” is acknowledged for simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the portfolios’ dependence structure and their sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. The average model convergence provides an alternative avenue to identify stocks with large weight allocations and high return relative to risk. The research findings and empirical results are interesting in terms of theory and practical financial applications. Portfolio managers, risk managers, hedging practitioners, financial market analysts, systemic risk and capital requirement agents, who follow the trends of the Australian mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors, may find the obtained results useful to design investment risk and dependence risk-adjusted optimization algorithms, risk management frameworks and dynamic hedging strategies that best account for the downside risk the mining and energy sectors face during crisis periods to the pair vine copula and multiple risk measure-based portfolio optimization literatures. The research findings stemming from the vine copula modelling of dependence indicate that the each of the portfolios modelled has dependence risk features consistent with specific market conditions. Out of the seven portfolios modelled the gold mining and retail benchmark portfolios are found to have the lowest dependence risk in times of financial turbulence. The iron ore-nickel mining and oil-gas energy portfolios have the highest dependence risk in similar market conditions. Out of the energy portfolios the coal-uranium is significantly less dependence risky, relative to the oil-gas. Out of the mining portfolios the iron ore-nickel is the most dependence risky, while the gold portfolio has the lowest dependence risk. The retail benchmark portfolio is significantly less dependence risky than the manufacturing benchmark portfolio in both, tranquil periods and non-tranquil periods. In terms of investment risk, the oil-gas energy portfolio is the most risky. The “copula counting technique” is acknowledged for simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the portfolios’ dependence structure and their sectors’ dependence risk dynamics. The average model convergence provides an alternative avenue to identify stocks with large weight allocations and high return relative to risk. The research findings and empirical results are interesting in terms of theory and practical financial applications. Portfolio managers, risk managers, hedging practitioners, financial market analysts, systemic risk and capital requirement agents, who follow the trends of the Australian mining, energy, retail and manufacturing sectors, may find the obtained results useful to design investment risk and dependence risk-adjusted optimization algorithms, risk management frameworks and dynamic hedging strategies that best account for the downside risk the mining and energy sectors face during crisis periods.
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Ruber, Lukáš. "Posouzení návratnosti investice do energeticky úsporného a standardního rodinného domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402595.

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The thesis deals with the assessment of the return on economic investment in passive house compared to the low-energy (standard) house. The thesis deals with the issue of passive house, development, conception and division of structural parts including used materials. Their advantages, disatvantages and possibilities of use in construction are briefly discussed. The main part of the thesis focuses on the economic return on investment in passive house. Based on a detailed calculation, the costs for two buildings in low-energy and passive standards are quantified here. The passive standard is achieved by various design modifications. All this is supported by software calculation of annual energy consumption. The return on such an investment is then determined in more ways from this balance sheet, taking into account the evolution of energy prices.
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Books on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Hall, Charles A. S. Energy Return on Investment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47821-0.

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Prieto, Pedro A. Spain’s Photovoltaic Revolution: The Energy Return on Investment. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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Investing in energy: Creating a new investment strategy to maximize your portfolio's return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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Rez, Peter. Embodied Energy and Energy Return on Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0015.

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It is nearly always the case that the energy used to make the materials dominates, whereas the energy used in shipping either the raw materials or the finished product is usually small in comparison. For most things that we use, the embodied energy is much less than the energy consumed in operational use. When considering energy generation, there are two energy costs that should be considered. There is the energy needed to build the system, which can be thought of as a ‘capital’ or investment energy, and the energy needed to provide the fuel. For fossil fuels, the energy needed to provide the fuel dominates; for renewables, the fuel is free, so there is only an investment energy. The investment energy for nuclear power is greater than the energy needed to make the fuel, but only by a factor of about 4.
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Hall, Charles A. S., and Pedro A. Prieto. Spain’s Photovoltaic Revolution: The Energy Return on Investment. Springer, 2013.

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Prieto, Pedro A., and Charles Hall. Spain's Photovoltaic Revolution: The Energy Return on Investment. Springer, 2013.

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Hall, Charles A. S. Energy Return on Investment: A Unifying Principle for Biology, Economics, and Sustainability. Springer, 2016.

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Hall, Charles A. S. Energy Return on Investment: A Unifying Principle for Biology, Economics, and Sustainability. Springer, 2018.

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Thomsett, M. Investing in Energy: Creating a New Investment Strategy to Maximize Your Portfolio's Return. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.

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Radtke, Jörg. Community Energy in Germany: Participation Between the Common Good and Return on Investment. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Friedemann, Alice J. "Ethanol and Energy Return on Investment (EROI)." In Life after Fossil Fuels, 125–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70335-6_22.

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Feng, Lianyong, Yan Hu, Charles A. S. Hall, and Jianliang Wang. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of China." In The Chinese Oil Industry, 71–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9410-3_4.

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Atlason, Reynir Smari, and Runar Unnthorsson. "Societal and Environmental Impact of High Energy Return on Investment (EROI) Energy Access." In Renewable Energies, 127–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45364-4_9.

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Townsend, Jason M., Charles A. S. Hall, Timothy A. Volk, David Murphy, Godfrey Ofezu, Bobby Powers, Amos Quaye, and Michelle Serapiglia. "Energy Return on Investment (EROI), Liquid Fuel Production, and Consequences for Wildlife." In Peak Oil, Economic Growth, and Wildlife Conservation, 29–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1954-3_2.

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Akoubeh, Osama T. "Methane Production from Carbon Dioxide and Increasing Energy Return of Investment (EROI) in Shale Oil." In TMS Middle East - Mediterranean Materials Congress on Energy and Infrastructure Systems (MEMA 2015), 381–93. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119090427.ch40.

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Akoubeh, Osama T. "Methane Production from Carbon Dioxide and Increasing Energy Return of Investment (EROI) in Shale Oil." In Proceedings of the TMS Middle East — Mediterranean Materials Congress on Energy and Infrastructure Systems (MEMA 2015), 381–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48766-3_40.

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Hall, Charles A. S., and Kent Klitgaard. "Energy Return on Investment." In Energy and the Wealth of Nations, 387–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66219-0_18.

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Hall, Charles A. S., and Kent A. Klitgaard. "Energy Return on Investment." In Energy and the Wealth of Nations, 309–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9398-4_14.

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Prieto, Pedro A., Pedro A. Prieto, and Charles A. S. Hall. "Calculating the Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) for Spain’s Solar Photovoltaic Energy." In SpringerBriefs in Energy, 39–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9437-0_4.

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Hall, Charles A. S. "Energy Return on Investment as Master Driver of Evolution." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 59–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47821-0_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Beal, Colin M., Robert E. Hebner, Michael E. Webber, Rodney S. Ruoff, and A. Frank Seibert. "The Energy Return on Investment for Algal Biocrude: Results for a Research Production Facility." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38244.

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This study is an experimental determination of the energy return on investment (EROI) for algal biocrude production at a research facility at the University of Texas at Austin (UT). During the period of this assessment, algae were grown at several cultivation scales and processed using centrifugation for harvesting, electromechanical cell lysing, and lipid separation in an enhanced coalescence membrane. The separated algal lipids represent a biocrude product that could be refined into fuel. To determine the EROI, a second order analysis was conducted, which includes direct and indirect energy flows, but does not consider capital energy expenses. At the time that the data in this study was collected, the research program was focused on improving biomass and lipid productivity. As a result, some higher efficiency processing steps were replaced by lower efficiency ones to permit other experiments. Although the production process evaluated here was energy negative, the majority of the energy consumption resulted from non-optimized growth conditions. Therefore, the experimental results do not represent an expected typical case EROI for algal fuels, but rather outline the important parameters to consider in such an analysis. The results are the first known experimental energy balance for an integrated algal biocrude production facility. A Reduced Case is presented that speculates the energy use for a similar system in commercial-scale production. In addition, an analytical model that is populated with data that have been reported in the literature is presented. For the experiments, the Reduced Case, and Literature Model, the estimated EROI was 1.3 × 10−3, 0.13, and 0.57, respectively (refining energy requirements are not included in the experimental or Reduced Case EROI value). These results were dominated by growth inputs (96.59%, 94.15%, and 76.32% of the total energy requirement, respectively). For the experiments and Literature Model, lipid separation was the most energy intensive processing step (2.47% and 10.06%, respectively), followed by harvesting, refining, and then electromechanical cell lysing.
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Kowalska, Agata. "INVESTMENT ADVANTAGES OF THE DUAL FLUID REACTOR BASED ON THE EROI (ENERGY RETURNED ON INVESTED) ANALYSIS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/4.1/s16.004.

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Campaner, Riccardo, Massimiliano Chiandone, Vanni Lughi, Alessandro Massi Pavan, and Giorgio Sulligoi. "Assessment of photovoltaic systems for electric power generation using EROEI (energy return on energy investment)." In 2014 AEIT Annual Conference - From Research to Industry: The Need for a More Effective Technology Transfer (AEIT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aeit.2014.7002020.

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Kreith, Frank, and Ron E. West. "“Cash for Clunkers”: A Historical Analysis of the U.S. Quest for Independence From Foreign Oil." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62560.

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One of the most ambitious efforts to improve the efficiency of the American ground transportation system was the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save (CARS) Act of 2009, commonly referred to as the “Cash for Clunkers” program. This Act directed the Secretary of Transportation to establish a program from which owners of vehicles could receive credit for trading in their vehicles and purchasing a more fuel efficient vehicle. The credit amount was either $3,500 or $4,500, depending on the amount of improved fuel efficiency. The Act initially appropriated $1 billion for the program, but because of the enormous public response, Congress appropriated an additional $2 billion to extend the program, tripling the potential number of transactions originally expected. This article summarizes previous efforts to reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign oil import. It then analyzes the effect of the CARS Act on the improvement in vehicle efficiency, the reduction in national gasoline consumption, the economic benefits and/or losses to the consumer, the energy return on energy investment (EROI) for the vehicles purchased under this Act, and environmental benefits. It also compares the CARS Act with previous initiatives to improve the CAFE standard. Finally, recommendations are made for improving the mileage of the American automobile fleet and reducing the amount and cost of imported oil.
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Farajzadeh, Rouhi, Ali Akbar Eftekhari, Siavash Kahrobaei, Rifaat Mjeni, Diederik Boersma, and Hans Bruining. "Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery and the Dilemma of More and Cleaner Energy." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200256-ms.

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Abstract We develop a method based on concept of exergy-return on exergy-investment (ERoEI) to determine the energy efficiency and CO2 footprint of polymer and surfactant enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This integrated approach considers main surface and subsurface elements of the chemical EOR methods. The main energy investment in oil recovery by water injection is mainly related to circulation of water with respect to exergy of the oil produced. At large water cuts of >90%, more than 70% of the total invested energy is spent on pumping the fluids. Consequently, production of barrels of oil is associated with large amounts of CO2 emission for mature oil fields with large water cuts. Our analysis shows that injection of polymer increases the energy efficiency of the oil recovery system. Because of additional oil (exergy gain) and less water circulation (exergy investment), the project-time averaged energy invested (and consequently CO2 emitted) to produce one barrel of oil from polymer flooding is less than that of the water flooding at large water cuts. We conclude that polymer injection into reservoirs with high water cut can be a solution for two major challenges of the transition period: (1) meet the global energy demand via an increase in oil recovery and (2) reduce the CO2 footprint of oil production (more and cleaner oil). For surfactant-polymer EOR, the extent of improvement in energy efficiency depends on the incremental gain and the simplicity of the formulations.
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Hill, Davion M., and Carey King. "Using the Energy Intensity Ratio as an Assessment Tool for Near Term US Energy Strategy in Transportation and Petrochemicals." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54349.

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Conventional fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal have historically provided reasonable financial returns on investment as well as energy returned on energy invested (EROEI), despite the fact that continuous financial and energy inputs are required to use these fuels. Besides EROEI, the energy intensity ratio (EIR) is another measure for energy use and economics. The EIR is the ratio of energy bought per dollar to the energy it takes to make a dollar in the economy. In this case we are considering the cost of petroleum per barrel, and therefore we are discussing EIRp or EIR of oil based upon price. The EIRp is related to historical economical data and conclusions will be drawn about the value of EIRp as an economic indicator. Then, EIRp will be used as a tool to demonstrate the value of shifting energy resources from petroleum to alternatives, specifically for transportation and petrochemicals. The considerations for modern economic conditions as they compare to historical economic conditions will be explained, and the viability of policy and alternative technological transportation scenarios will be described in terms of EIRp and its relationship to vehicle miles travelled.
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Tobin, John C. "Return on Investment in Energy Education." In SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/68586-ms.

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Bardi, U., C. Borri, C. Giolli, A. Giorgetti, S. Meneghetti, J. Nocivelli, and A. Scrivani. "Net Energy Return (EROEI) of Thermal Barrier Coatings in Turbine Engines." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0568.

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Abstract Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are normally based on yttria partially stabilised zirconia (YPSZ) coatings and are commonly used coatings in the high temperature, combustion region of gas turbines. TBC permit to increase the temperature of combustion, increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of the engine. Therefore, an engine equipped with TBC can produce a larger amount of energy over its lifetime. This increase in produced energy can be compared with the energy needed for the manufacturing and installation of TBC. The comparison can be performed in terms of the “energy return” (or “energy returned for energy invested”, EROI or EROEI). The qualitative analysis performed in the present study indicates that this return is large in comparison to that of other energy producing systems.
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King, Carey W., Jay Zarnikau, and Phil Henshaw. "Defining a Standard Measure for Whole System EROI Combining Economic “Top-Down” and LCA “Bottom-Up” Accounting." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90414.

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Business investments rely on creating a whole system of different parts, technologies, field and business operations, management, land, financing and commerce using a network of other services. Using the example of a wind farm development, a typical life cycle assessment (LCA) focuses upon the primary technology inputs and their countable embodied direct impacts. What LCA omits are the direct and indirect impacts of the rest of the business system that operates the primary technology, the labor, commerce and other technology employed. A total environmental assessment (TEA) would include the physical costs to the environment of the labor, commerce and other technology too. Here a simplified “system energy assessment” (SEA) is used to combine a “top-down” method of measuring implied indirect business impacts using econometric methods, with a “bottom-up” method of adding up the identifiable direct impact parts. The top-down technique gives an inclusive but rough measure. The bottom-up technique gives a precise accounting for the directly identifiable individual parts that is highly incomplete. SEA allows these two kinds of measures to be combined for a significantly improved understanding of the whole business system and its impacts, combining the high and low precision measures indentified by each method. The key is exhaustively accounting for energy uses within the natural boundary of a whole business system as a way of calibrating the measure. That allows defining a standardized measure of complex distributed system energy flows and their energy returns on invested energy resources (EROI). The method is demonstrated for a generic business operation. Starting from the easily accountable inputs and outputs, SEA successively uses larger natural system boundaries to discover a way of finding the limiting value of EROI after all parts of the whole are included. Some business choices and a net present value model of cash flow for the 20 year project help illustrate the related financial issues. The business model used shows that the EROI of a generic “Texas Wind Farm” is 31 when accounting for direct and indirect fuels only, but decreases to 4–6 after accounting for the economic energy consumed by all necessary business units and services.
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Ibsaim, Rajab, and Amer Daeri. "Wind energy return on investment case study." In 2015 16th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sta.2015.7505096.

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Reports on the topic "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)"

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Smith, C., J. Blink, M. Fratoni, H. Greenberg, W. Halsey, A. Simon, and M. Sutton. Nuclear Energy Return on Energy Investment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1073129.

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Halsey, W., A. Simon, M. Fratoni, C. Smith, P. Schwab, and P. Murray. Energy Return on Investment - Fuel Recycle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1043667.

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Mansure, A. J. Engineered Geothermal Systems Energy Return On Energy Investment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1062665.

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Drell, Persis, Dawn A. Bonnell, Jingguang Chen, Sue Clark, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Helmut Dosch, Cynthia Friend, et al. A Remarkable Return On Investment In Fundamental Research: 40 Years of Basic Energy Sciences at the Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1545686.

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Jones, Carol C., and Eric E. Richman. Lighting Business Case -- A Report Analyzing Lighting Technology Opportunities with High Return on Investment Energy Savings for the Federal Sector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877057.

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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, Vivid Amalia Khusna, and Inka B. Yusgiantoro. Crowdfunding Potential: Willingness to Invest and Donate for Green Project in Indonesia. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/pycrr-1.

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Highlights • Individual investors prefer to have an investment with high ROI rather than a low-profit investment with environmental and social benefits. • Males invest and donate more money than females in terms of quantity and frequency. • People with a level of education above an associate degree (D3) have a significantly higher level of willingness to invest and donate to green project, compared to people with a lower level of education. • In general, people with a higher income level have a higher willingness to invest. However, there is no proof on the relationship between level of income and willingness to donate. • The age increases have a positive correlation with the willingness to invest in green project. Nevertheless, people >44 years old are more interested in donating than investing. • The younger generation (<44 years) tends to pick higher returns and short payback periods compared to the older generations (>44 years). • The respondents tend to invest and donate to the project located in the frontier, outermost, and least developed region (3T) even though the majority of the respondents are from Java, Madura, and Bali. • A social project such as health and education are preferable projects chosen by the respondents to invest and donate to, followed by the conservation, climate crisis, region’s welfare, and clean energy access. • Clean energy has not been seen as one of the preferred targets for green project investors and donors due to the poor knowledge of its direct impact on the environment and people’s welfare. • The average willingness to invest and donate is IDR 10,527,004 and IDR 2,893,079/person/annum with desired return on investment (ROI) and payback period (PP) of 5–8% 24 months, respectively. • Respondents prefer to donate more money to reward donations than donations without reward. • There is an enormous potential of crowdfunding as green project alternative financing, including renewable energy. The total investment could reach up to IDR 192 trillion (USD 13.4 billion)/annum and up to IDR 46 trillion (USD 3.2 billion)/annum for donation. • The main bottlenecks are poor financial literacy and the lack of platforms to facilitate public participation. • COVID-19 has decreased willingness to pay and invest due to income reduction and the uncertain economic recovery situation. However, it makes people pay more attention to the sustainability factor (shifting paradigm in investment).
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Mehmood, Hamid, Surya Karthik Mukkavilli, Ingmar Weber, Atsushi Koshio, Chinaporn Meechaiya, Thanapon Piman, Kenneth Mubea, Cecilia Tortajada, Kimberly Mahadeo, and Danielle Liao. Strategic Foresight to Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Achieve Water-related Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lotc2968.

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The report recommends that: 1) Policymakers should conduct holistic assessments of social, economic, and cultural factors before AI adoption in the water sector, as prospective applications of AI are case- specific. It is also important to conduct baseline studies to measure the implementation capacity, return on investment, and impact of intervention. 2) To ensure positive development outcomes, policies regarding the use of AI for water-related challenges should be coupled with capacity and infrastructure development policies. Capacity development policies need to address the AI and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) needs for the AI-related skill development of all water-related stakeholders. Infrastructure development policies should address the underlying requirements of computation, energy, data generation, and storage. The sequencing of these policies is critical. 3) To mitigate the predicted job displacement that will accompany AI-led innovation in the water sector, policies should direct investments towards enabling a skilled workforce by developing water sector-related education at all levels. This skilled workforce should be strategically placed to offset dependency on the private sector. 4) Water-related challenges are cross-cutting running from grassroots to the global level and require an understanding of the water ecosystem. It is important for countries connected by major rivers and watersheds to collaborate in developing policies that advance the use of AI to address common water-related challenges. 5) A council or agency with representation from all stakeholders should be constituted at the national level, to allow for the successful adoption of AI by water agencies. This council or agency should be tasked with the development of policies, guidelines, and codes of conduct for the adoption of AI in the water-sector. These key policy recommendations can be used as primary guidelines for the development of strategies and plans to use AI to help achieve water-related SDGs.
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Energy Return on Investment from Recycling Nuclear Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1041314.

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