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1
Milbrandt, Anelia, Timothy Seiple, Donna Heimiller, Richard Skaggs, and Andre Coleman. "Wet waste-to-energy resources in the United States." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 137 (October 2018): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.023.
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Hughes, William R. "North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400202.
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Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
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Zuo, Zhili, Jinhua Cheng, Haixiang Guo, and Yonglin Li. "Comparative Study on Relative Fossil Energy Carrying Capacity in China and the United States." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102972.
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Based on resource carrying capacity, this study used the revised theory of relative resource carrying capacity (RRCC) and introduced an innovative concept of relative fossil energy carrying capacity (RFECC), which evaluates the degree of fossil energy sustainability based on the relationship between economy, population, and environment. This study took China and the United States as the study objects, took the whole country as the reference area, and calculated the RFECC of population, economic, and environmental resources from 2000 to 2018. Therefore, based on the comparative analysis, the following conclusions were drawn: (i) there is a big difference in the RFECC between China and the United States, which is manifested in the inverted U-shaped trend in China and the U-shaped trend in the United States; (ii) the relative fossil energy carrying states in China and the United States are different, mainly reflected in the economy and environment; (iii) the gap in RFECC between China and the United States has gradually widened; in general, China’s economic RFECC is better than that of the United States, while environmental RFECC and population RFECC in the United States is better than that of China; and (iv) coal and oil should be used as a breakthrough point for the sustainable fossil energy and sustainable development for China and the United States, respectively.
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Vysotskaya, A. A., A. A. Vorontsov, and R. I. Dzerzhinsky. "Analysis of Primary Energy Consumption in the United States." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (August 31, 2021): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.18.
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This article examines the overall trend in primary energy consumption from 1635 to 2020 in the United States. Based on the exponential growth model, the annual energy consumption average growth rate and the process characteristic time are determined. The anamorphosis method is used to search for the logistic model parameters. Long-term trends analysis and the corresponding time series fluctuations are carried out. For the fluctuations' analysis, the trend component is preliminarily excluded based on the proportions theory. Near-period values are determined using shift and autocorrelation functions. To predict further energy consumption dynamics, the ARIMA autoregressive model is used, on which basis a local increase in the annual energy consumption level to 97.66 quads Btu is expected by 2025. The US energy consumption dynamics by resource type is considered. A forecast up to 2025 for the primary energy resources consumption shares in their total volume is built on an autoregressive model basis
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Saunders, J. Owen. "Energy, Natural Resources and the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 8, no. 1-4 (January 1990): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1990.11433685.
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Pehlivanzade, Gülben Gülcan, and Zeynep Zaimoğlu. "Analysis of Environmental and Energy Policies in Turkey, the European Union and the United States." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123685.
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Energy consumption plays a pivotal role in the development of societies. Sustainable Energy Resources are vital inputs for daily life, and energy and industrial products are essential for economic growth (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). Consequently, those responsible for managing a country's energy sector must ensure the uninterrupted, reliable, timely, clean, and affordable supply of energy, as well as diversify energy sources to enhance energy security.
The concept of "sustainable development" has emerged in response to the need to prevent irreversible environmental damage caused by conventional energy sources and outdated technologies while ensuring access to energy as a fundamental human right under optimal conditions (Pamir, N 2005). Developed societies have transitioned from planning based solely on energy source acquisition and production to a planning approach that carefully considers the energy-economy-ecology balance (3E) while taking into account resource diversity and geopolitical realities (Energy Policies and Global Developments, emo.org.tr).
Turkey remains heavily dependent on energy imports, accounting for approximately 74% of its energy needs (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2023). The multifaceted nature of Turkey's energy strategy and its energy dependence emphasize the importance of international relations in this field.
U.S. energy policies have global ramifications, particularly in areas such as energy resource utilization, energy trade, and energy independence (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022). U.S. energy policies play a significant role in international relations, impacting relationships with other countries, especially in matters related to energy exports and imports.
In Europe, there is uneven progress towards clean electricity, with both successes and challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon energy system. While the European energy sector has taken significant steps towards decarbonization, there has been limited progress in some countries, and much more progress is needed. Achieving a fully decarbonized energy system in Europe requires united efforts and coordination to address the challenges posed by fossil fuel dependence and climate change.
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Chen, Bingyu. "Study on sustainable development of electricity resources in the United States." SHS Web of Conferences 181 (2024): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418104005.
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Relying on renewable electricity generation is critical to combating climate change and meeting long-term environmental objectives. In addition to discussing the Triple Bottom Line approach’s practical applications, this essay delves into the approach’s theoretical underpinnings. Companies like Tesla and the financial industry play crucial roles in encouraging the responsible growth of the nation’s electrical power grid. This essay argues that sustainable behaviours and investments in renewable energy can benefit from fiscal and economic policies that give incentives in these areas. In addition to contributing to Tesla’s market leadership and financial success, sustainable business practices can also help set an example for other companies. Incentives for renewable energy, increased energy efficiency, and a receptive regulatory environment are all recommended in this essay. The competitiveness of electric power companies may be increased, and their contributions to sustainable development may be increased via the incorporation of sustainability principles, circular economy practices, and stakeholder engagement.
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Badgett, Alex, Emily Newes, and Anelia Milbrandt. "Economic analysis of wet waste-to-energy resources in the United States." Energy 176 (June 2019): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.188.
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Musial, Walt. "Offshore Wind Electricity: A Viable Energy Option for the Coastal United States." Marine Technology Society Journal 41, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533207787442088.
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U.S. offshore wind energy resources are abundant, indigenous, and broadly dispersed among the most expensive and highly constrained electricity load centers. Economic capacity expansion models developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory show that offshore wind energy can compete in future U.S. electric energy markets without major changes in the market variables or revolutionary technological breakthroughs. However, significant research, development, and deployment will be needed to bring the current technology through a course of cost reductions. To maximize the resource potential, these reductions need to be made along parallel technology paths that will expand the available resource by allowing wind turbines to be installed in deep water. Analysis shows that incremental technology improvements leading to moderate cost reductions, and reasonable increases in the cost of conventional energy will help offshore wind achieve cost competitiveness by 2030 and become a major contributor to the energy supply of the United States. This paper describes a wide range of technical research and development that can reduce costs and improve technology for deep water deployment.
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Dmitriev, S. "Energy Strategy of the United States: Correction of Priorities." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2014): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-3-13-23.
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Сomprehensive energy strategy presumes focusing of U.S. government’s and private investors’ efforts in the following key areas: increasing energy efficiency of the national economy, search for effective alternative to traditional motor fuels, safe and responsible production of hydrocarbon resources, promotion of renewable energy investments, accent on the innovation component of the energy complex. Thanks to “shale revolution”, the US will fully cover domestic demand for natural gas by domestic production and may become an exporter of LNG. Cheap gas is a competitive advantage for the United States and can serve as a foundation for a new era of rapid economic development. Dependence on the supply of oil from abroad will gradually weaken, but doubts remain about the U.S. ability to achieve full self-sufficiency in oil.
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Holmes, K. John, and Larry Papay. "Prospects for electricity from renewable resources in the United States." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 3, no. 4 (July 2011): 042701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3613947.
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Hoppock, David C., and Dalia Patiño-Echeverri. "Cost of Wind Energy: Comparing Distant Wind Resources to Local Resources in the Midwestern United States." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 22 (November 15, 2010): 8758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es100751p.
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Davis, Charles E. "Shaping State Fracking Policies in the United States." State and Local Government Review 49, no. 2 (June 2017): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17712555.
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This article presents an overview of research focusing on how state and local governments have regulated oil and gas over the past decade following the expanded industry use of new technologies like hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling. A consequence of fracking was a substantial increase in energy production accompanied by the emergence of policy concerns about how resource development and jobs could be balanced with efforts to maintain environmental quality. Researchers have dealt with three key concerns in the following sections: (1) determining whether state and local officials can each play an important role in developing policies affecting oil and gas drilling activities, (2) examining how state regulators deal with environmental and health impacts associated with fracking, and (3) looking at how state policy decisions have been shaped taking into account both state-level political and economic characteristics and agency resources and political will.
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Carreras-Sospedra, Marc, Donald Dabdub, Jacob Brouwer, Eladio Knipping, Naresh Kumar, Ken Darrow, Anne Hampson, and Bruce Hedman. "Air Quality Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources Implemented in the Northeastern United States." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 58, no. 7 (July 2008): 902–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.7.902.
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Makholm, Jeff D., and Laura T. W. Olive. "Troubles with Seven Decades of Canadian/United States Oil Trade." Climate and Energy 40, no. 12 (June 6, 2024): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22411.
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In May 2023, we described the complexities of the energy market links between the United States and Canada due to national politics, US federal permitting policy, and the power of special interest groups.1 Yet, for more than a century, the US and Canada have worked through those challenges to develop an integrated North American energy market. Major energy infrastructure projects—pipelines and electric transmission lines—and an institutional ecosystem to foster competitive development of resources mean that energy trade between these two countries remains essential. Recent legal woes related to Enbridge Line 5 strain that relationship.2
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Afridi, Manzoor Khan, Musharraf Iqbal, and Sumbul Hussan. "New Great Game in Central Asia: An Analysis of China’s Interests." Global Social Sciences Review II, no. I (June 30, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(ii-i).01.
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The importance of Central Asia for China increased with the change in international power structure, growth of its economy, rapid industrialization and increase in population. China is regarded as the second largest energy consumer in the world while Central Asia has rich energy resources and raw materials complementary for its economic growth. It is interested in the energy resources of Central Asia for the security of its energy supply and a large market for its finished goods. Prior to Central Asian energy resources, China was importing oil from the Middle East. The route of oil supply from M.E to China was passing through Malacca strait, under the control of United States, a perceived rival of China in the world politics. In case of conflict this route may be blocked by United States. This situation worried the Chinese policy makers and prepared a comprehensive policy regarding the energy resources of Central Asian region. Energy is not the only concern of China in Central Asia; it is also worried about the security of its Xinjiang, sharing border with some Central Asian Republics (CARs). About 60% of the population of Xinjiang are Uyghur Muslims. The same ethnic community also exists on the other side of the border in the Central Asian Republics. China has an apprehension that in case of instability in the region, terrorists organizations may instigate the China’s Uyghur for independence. That is why, China is supporting United States in its fight against terrorism. Politically, it wants to reduce the influence of United States in the region by integration with the CARs (Central Asian Republics) through SCO particularly after US military penetration in the region in 2001. Applying a descriptive-analytical approach in the paper, the interests of China in CARs are surveyed.
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Ladin, Sarah. "Energy-Water Nexus, the Clean Power Plan, and Integration of Water Resource Concerns into Energy Decision-Making." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 7.1 (2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.7.1.energy-water.
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Energy regulation in the United States is now at a crossroads. The EPA has begun the process to officially repeal the Clean Power Plan and currently has no plan to replace it with new rulemaking to regulate carbon emissions from the U.S. energy sector. Even though the Clean Power Plan is more or less at its end, its regulatory structure stands as a model of the way decision-makers in the United States regulate the energy sector and the environment. Since the beginning of the modern environmental legal system, decision-makers have chosen to silo the system. Statutes and agencies focus on just one media or one issue. Tackling the climate crisis will inevitably require an integrationist model of lawmaking. The Clean Power Plan took the same problematic route as past regulation. While the Clean Power Plan rightfully addressed rising carbon levels, it failed to account for another growing problem associated with climate change: quickly depleting water resources. Although the consequences of the energy-water nexus are clear, U.S. decision-makers continue to ignore the need to integrate energy and water decision-making. Continuing to compartmentalize environmental problems, rather than addressing climate change impacts in a holistic manner, will not bring about the results that are desperately needed. The tools needed to integrate decision-making exist throughout the three branches of government. Congress can and should step in to pass a new statute, which establishes a legal mandate on agencies to fully consider the implications of energy policy and energy regulation on water resources. The federal courts can read a legal requirement into the Clean Air Act or the Administrative Procedure Act that would require federal action in the energy sphere to account for impacts on water resources. Finally, the President can use his power to force federal agencies to consider water resources more thoroughly than in the past. While some of these mechanisms may be hard to envision given the current political atmosphere, implementation is necessary to ensure water and energy security in the face of a growing climate crisis.
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Kambara, Tatsu. "The Energy Situation in China." China Quarterly 131 (September 1992): 608–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000046312.
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With a total population of over a billion people, China requires vast supplies of energy for industrial and economic development. Indeed, in absolute terms, the country ranks third to the United States and the former Soviet Union as a producer and consumer of energy resources. Nevertheless, its per capita energy consumption remains extremely low even for a developing country.
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Berisha, Edmond, Carolyn Chisadza, Matthew Clance, and Rangan Gupta. "Income inequality and oil resources: Panel evidence from the United States." Energy Policy 159 (December 2021): 112603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112603.
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Kaven, J. O., D. C. Templeton, and Arpita P. Bathija. "Introduction to this special section: Geothermal energy." Leading Edge 39, no. 12 (December 2020): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39120855.1.
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Geothermal energy is a global renewable resource that has the potential to provide a significant portion of baseload energy in many regions. In the United States, it has the potential to provide 8.5% of the electric generation capacity by the middle of the century. In general, geothermal systems require heat, permeability, and water to be viable for energy generation. However, with current technologies, only heat is strictly necessary in a native system. Engineered geothermal systems (EGS) introduce water into the subsurface at elevated pressures and reduced temperatures and enhance permeability through hydraulic and/or shear fracturing. Additionally, although moderate- to high-temperature resources currently dominate geothermal energy production, low-temperature resources have been utilized for direct-use cases. When well balanced and maintained, geothermal resources can produce significant amounts of heat and achieve long-term sustainability on the order of an estimated tens to hundreds of years.
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Kim, Jong-Hyun, and Yong-Gil Lee. "Learning Curve, Change in Industrial Environment, and Dynamics of Production Activities in Unconventional Energy Resources." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093322.
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Since 2007, shale oil and gas production in the United States has become a significant portion of the global fossil fuel market. The main cause for the increase in production of shale oil and gas in the US is the adoption of new production technologies, namely, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. However, the production cost of shale oil and gas in the US is comparably higher than the production cost of conventional oil and gas. In 2014, the crude oil and natural gas price decreased significantly to approximately 40 dollars per barrel, and natural gas prices decreased to 3 dollars per million British thermal unit, and thus the productivity and financial conditions for the exploration and production of shale oil and natural gas for producers in the United States have worsened critically. Therefore, technological innovation has become one of the most interesting issues of the energy industry. The present study analyzes the trends in technological innovation having a relationship with production activities. This study calculates the learning rate of 30 companies from the petroleum exploration and production industry in the United States using an improved learning rate calculation formula that reflects the changes in the oil production ratio. Thus, more statistically confident calculation results and interpretations of strategic production activities with regard to changes in the industrial environment were achieved in this study.
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Chen, Youjun. "The Emerging U.S.-Japan Energy Alliance and Its Implications for China." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 01 (January 2017): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500038.
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Since the Tohoku earthquake and Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011, Japan’s energy policy has undergone great changes, resulting in closer energy cooperation with the United States. To serve its own national interests, the United States also began to emphasize the significance of energy cooperation under the U.S.-Japan alliance. Consequently, both countries have made strategic breakthroughs in terms of energy politics, energy economics and energy security, and a U.S.-Japan energy alliance is now taking shape. The progress of U.S.-Japan energy cooperation, on one hand, will help reduce the cost of China’s natural gas import and create favorable conditions for China to promote domestic reforms in the energy sector. On the other hand, it will also present new challenges to China’s geopolitical environment and its global role. While the United States continues to increase its export of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Asian markets, China should make full use of the opportunity to speed up the development of its own shale gas resources, optimize its energy consumption structure, promote domestic energy reforms, and diversify its energy import sources. In the meantime, it should try to work with the United States and Japan to foster an all-inclusive, long-term mechanism for energy cooperation among all countries in the Asia-Pacific.
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Pushkar, Svetlana. "LEED-CIv4 Commercial Interiors: United States (2014–2019)." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010069.
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This paper analyzes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Interior Design and Construction: Commercial Interior (LEED-CIv4) projects, thereby presenting the first empirical evidence of these projects. The aim of the study was to reveal trends in Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum LEED-CIv4 US projects, certified in 2014–2019. The effect size between possible and achieved points in categories and credits was measured using Cliff’s δ. The following conclusions were drawn: (i) the Integrative Process, Innovation, and Regional Priority categories showed high achievements only in Platinum projects, so it is necessary to reconsider these categories toward increasing their acceptance at all certification levels; (ii) the Location and Transportation and Indoor Environmental Quality categories were quite well-designed because most credits in these categories showed varying levels of achievement (low/medium/high/very high) at all four certification levels; and (iii) the Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, and Material and Resources categories were badly designed because most credits there similarly showed low achievements at all four certification levels, thus needing more attention toward their improvement in the next LEED-CI version.
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Wang, Chia-Nan, Thanh-Tuan Dang, Hector Tibo, and Duy-Hung Duong. "Assessing Renewable Energy Production Capabilities Using DEA Window and Fuzzy TOPSIS Model." Symmetry 13, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020334.
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Climate change and air pollution are among the key drivers of energy transition worldwide. The adoption of renewable resources can act as a peacemaker and give stability regarding the damaging effects of fossil fuels challenging public health as well as the tension made between countries in global prices of oil and gas. Understanding the potential and capabilities to produce renewable energy resources is a crucial pre-requisite for countries to utilize them and to scale up clean and stable sources of electricity generation. This paper presents a hybrid methodology that combines the data envelopment analysis (DEA) Window model, and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) in order to evaluate the capabilities of 42 countries in terms of renewable energy production potential. Based on three inputs (population, total energy consumption, and total renewable energy capacity) and two outputs (gross domestic product and total energy production), DEA window analysis chose the list of potential countries, including Norway, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Australia, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, United States, Japan, Colombia, and Italy. Following that, the FTOPSIS model pointed out the top three countries (United States, Japan, and Australia) that have the greatest capabilities in producing renewable energies based on five main criteria, which are available resources, energy security, technological infrastructure, economic stability, and social acceptance. This paper aims to offer an evaluation method for countries to understand their potential of renewable energy production in designing stimulus packages for a cleaner energy future, thereby accelerating sustainable development.
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Banks, Kimball M., and J. Signe Snortland. "Advocating for Preservation." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 4 (October 14, 2021): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.25.
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AbstractOver the past few years our body politic has become increasingly polarized: Republicans versus Democrats, conservatives versus liberals. That polarization filters down to governmental actions, policies, and decisions, evidenced in disagreements over regulation versus deregulation and fossil fuels versus renewable energy. Such polarization—whether legislative, administrative, or judicial and whether at the federal, state, or tribal level—can and does impact the management of our archaeological resources and the way cultural resource management is practiced in the United States. Given that most archaeologists in the United States are employed in cultural resource management, these actions affect their employment. Consequently, it is more critical than ever that archaeologists become cultural resource management and historic preservation advocates. This article discusses the whys and hows of preservation advocacy. Active, science-based advocacy by preservationists can engage governmental decision-makers to give due consideration to cultural resources and their management when making decisions or drafting and voting on legislation. Although the discussion focuses on advocacy at the federal level, the observations and suggestions are applicable at the state and local level.
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Alnouimat, Abdalla Moh'd Dyab. "The Influence of the Location and Wealth of Central Asian Countries on their Relationship with Countries of the World (Russia, China, The United States of America) (1992-2013)." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 5 (September 15, 2022): 458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i5.2764.
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Energy is power. From a political, economic and environmental point of view, energy’s security is one of the most important issues facing all countries of the world. In recent years, the competition between the United States, Russia and China for energy sources has become noticeably intense, with rapid growth in energy’s costs and geopolitical considerations including energy’s security. In this context, energy’s security becomes a global concern due to the rapid increase in demand for natural fuels. Indeed, Central Asia is one of the regions where the geopolitical influence and competition between the United States, Russia and China is most affected due to its rich energy resources and strategic location. Therefore, Central Asia was of particular interest to the United States, Russia and China. Moreover, Central Asia and the Caucasus are two of the best options for great powers such as Russia, China, and the United States. This conflict is not expected to end in the near future, but this may be one of the most important battlefields for the production of a new world order, which is required now more than ever.
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Saud, Pradip, Jingxin Wang, Benktesh D. Sharma, and Weiguo Liu. "Carbon impacts of hardwood lumber processing in the northeastern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 1699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0082.
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Carbon emission from hardwood lumber processing in different-sized sawmills under varying energy sources, management strategies, and potential carbon offsetting capacity through useful life (service life) of lumber in the northeastern United States was analyzed using analytical statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), mixed-effect model, principal component analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. Data obtained from a regional sawmill survey (Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia), energy audit of sawmills, public databases, and relevant literature were analyzed for the gate-to-gate life cycle inventory framework. Results showed that mean carbon emission (megagrams (Mg) per thousand cubic metres (TCM)) for lumber processing significantly differs among sawmill sizes. The total carbon emission from electricity consumption and wood residue of lumber processing was approximately 62.5%, 80.3%, and 66.2% of carbon stored in lumber processed for small, medium, and large sawmills, respectively. Efficient management and potential opportunities of improvement in sawmills can significantly reduce carbon emission (10.96% ± 1.57%) from hardwood lumber processing. Carbon stock from lumber production could be enhanced by either reducing carbon emission from energy consumption or decreasing lumber export quantity. The carbon emission–loss ratio (CELR) suggested that after 100 years, nearly 50% of carbon stored in lumber would be still available for carbon accountability. Electricity generation from either a single resource (natural gas) or mixed resources as is the case in RFC EAST (eGrid subregion) would be beneficial in lowering carbon emission from sawmill processing.
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Koval, V., N. Savina, Ye Sribna, A. Osipova, I. Kapelista, and S. Petrovska. "Sustainable resource management policy of national economic development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1269, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1269/1/012035.
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Abstract The article considers the mechanism of possible full supply of strategic resources for the purpose of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Two main approaches to the accumulation of resources are indicated: i) the first approach, aimed at maintaining a strategic stock of energy resources, which involves the concentration of resources to ensure the stability and security of energy supplies; ii) the second approach consists in the accumulation of financial assets through the receipt of income and allows the formation of a financial reserve. In the case of the first approach, the country like the United States strategically accumulated crude oil reserves, exemplified by the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) in the 1970s. The percentage ratio of US crude oil exports relative to their daily oil consumption in the United States from 1980 to 2023 was calculated and detailed in the research, with trends such as a decline of 1% in 2005 and a subsequent increase of 156% in 2023 being revealed, and the impact of technological and geopolitical factors on these changes was determined.
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Roberts, Joni R., and Carol A. Drost. "Internet Reviews." College & Research Libraries News 78, no. 11 (December 4, 2017): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.78.11.621.
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CSU Japanese American History Digitization Project: A Collaborative Digital History Project of the California State University LibrariesWater Resources of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)World Energy Council
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ZHAO, Xingshu. "Understanding Climate Mitigation Responses in the United States and China from Strategic and Institutional Perspectives." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, no. 02 (December 2014): 1450015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500158.
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The United States and China have common but differentiated climate mitigation responses. Most studies so far have sought to explain this divergence with a focus on energy resources, technology, economic, or social factors. These studies ignore the role of strategy and institutions, and thus appear incomplete. In this paper, the author investigates the climate mitigation responses of the United States and China from a strategic and institutional perspective, explores how their climate responses are shaped, and identifies possible weaknesses hidden in their climate approaches. The paper finds that the United States and China have distinct national climate positions due to their diverse strategies and institutions. However, they have chosen similar policy tools and have achieved fairly comparable emission reductions thus far. In the long run, the effectiveness and efficiency of the low-carbon transformation will possibly be hindered by weaker policy innovation capability at sub-national levels in China and the operationally volatile energy strategy in the United States.
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Solomon, Barry D., and Adam M. Wellstead. "Shooting for Perfection: Hawaii’s Goal of 100% Renewable Energy Use." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001073.
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In the United States, 29 states, Washington, D.C. and three territories have adopted a mandatory Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for their electric power systems, while eight states and one territory have set renewable energy goals. Many foreign nations have adopted an RPS as well. Thus far, almost all RPSs across the United States have met their interim goals with targets and timetables that vary widely. Hawaii’s RPS is the most ambitious, with a 100% target set for 2045 (though Vermont set a 75% target for 2032). This paper provides a case study of the Hawai’i RPS. The paper focuses on geographical issues and perspectives that may tease out the course of the states’ electricity future: sensitivity to climate change, population distribution, interisland rivalries, as well as the need for greater energy storage and complementary policies. An important complexity is the challenge of meeting electricity demand on six separate Hawaiian Islands (because of the lack of an interisland transmission cable), although all of them have substantial renewable energy resources.
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Ahn, Seongho, Kevin A. Haas, and Vincent S. Neary. "Dominant Wave Energy Systems and Conditional Wave Resource Characterization for Coastal Waters of the United States." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123041.
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Opportunities and constraints for wave energy conversion technologies and projects are evaluated by identifying and characterizing the dominant wave energy systems for United States (US) coastal waters using marginal and joint distributions of the wave energy in terms of the peak period, wave direction, and month. These distributions are computed using partitioned wave parameters generated from a 30 year WaveWatch III model hindcast, and regionally averaged to identify the dominant wave systems contributing to the total annual available energy ( A A E ) for eleven distinct US wave energy climate regions. These dominant wave systems are linked to the wind systems driving their generation and propagation. In addition, conditional resource parameters characterizing peak period spread, directional spread, and seasonal variability, which consider dependencies of the peak period, direction, and month, are introduced to augment characterization methods recommended by international standards. These conditional resource parameters reveal information that supports project planning, conceptual design, and operation and maintenance. The present study shows that wave energy resources for the United States are dominated by long-period North Pacific swells (Alaska, West Coast, Hawaii), short-period trade winds and nor’easter swells (East Coast, Puerto Rico), and wind seas (Gulf of Mexico). Seasonality, peak period spread, and directional spread of these dominant wave systems are characterized to assess regional opportunities and constraints for wave energy conversion technologies targeting the dominant wave systems.
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Han, Yuzhe, Yuting Teng, and Zilin Xiao. "Comparison And Analysis of The Photovoltaic Industry Between China and the US." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 23 (December 29, 2023): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qtyvva18.
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Nowadays, the world is increasingly recognizing the limitations of non-renewable energy resources such as oil and fossil fuels. The continued reliance on these finite resources poses a significant risk of energy shortage in the future. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on promoting renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, and other non-polluting alternatives. In this article, the focus is on the development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry in China and the United States, with a specific emphasis on photovoltaic energy. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the current state of the PV industry in both countries, taking into account various factors such as PV power generation, installed PV capacity, and policy support. By conducting a comprehensive assessment of these aspects, the research findings reveal that the PV industry in China has experienced remarkable growth and has surpassed the United States in terms of competitiveness. China has emerged as a global leader in the PV industry, with significant advancements in technology and manufacturing capabilities. The country's PV power generation has witnessed substantial expansion, contributing significantly to its renewable energy targets. Moreover, China's installed PV capacity has experienced rapid growth, supported by favorable government policies and incentives that have stimulated investment and innovation in the sector. In contrast, the United States, while still a prominent player in the PV industry, has faced certain challenges in keeping pace with China's progress.
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Abgadzhava, D. A., and A. S. Vlaskina. "ЦЕНТРАЛЬНАЯ АЗИЯ — АРЕНА СТОЛКНОВЕНИЯ ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ И ГЕОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ РОССИИ, США И КИТАЯ." Konfliktologia 14, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2019-14-2-41-51.
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This article will present the result of an analysis of the geopolitical and geo-economic interests of China, Russia and the United States in the Central Asian region. Central Asia is a field of world power collision because of this region is characterized by an advantageous geostrategic position, communication and energy opportunities, and a significant stock of natural resources. The strategy implemented by China is aimed to cooperate in the development and transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials, the development of the region’s energy potential, the development of hydro resources, the development of transport communications, and industrial facilities. China takes first position of investments and loans in the economy of the republics. There is a cooperation in the fight against terrorism, extremism, drug crime. The United States is pursuing its own national interests in Central Asia in the military-strategic sphere, as well as by investing in the development of the oil and gas industry. The weakening of Russia and China influence in the region also belongs to the national interests of the United States. The realization of Russian’s geopolitical interests is connected with ensuring national security by protecting state borders, combating terrorism and religious extremism, drug crime. Geo-economic interests are associated with the development and transportation of natural resources (hydrocarbon raw materials), cooperation in the energy and transport and transit sectors. In addition, in this article will be analyze a number of geopolitical models that characterize Russian policy in Central Asia.
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Tabassum, Sanzana, Tanvin Rahman, Ashraf Ul Islam, Sumayya Rahman, Debopriya Roy Dipta, Shidhartho Roy, Naeem Mohammad, Nafiu Nawar, and Eklas Hossain. "Solar Energy in the United States: Development, Challenges and Future Prospects." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 8142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238142.
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The ambitious target of net-zero emission by 2050 has been aggressively driving the renewable energy sector in many countries. Leading the race of renewable energy sources is solar energy, the fastest growing energy source at present. The solar industry has witnessed more growth in the last decade than it has in the past 40 years, owing to its technological advancements, plummeting costs, and lucrative incentives. The United States is one of the largest producers of solar power in the world and has been a pioneer in solar adoption, with major projects across different technologies, mainly photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and solar heating and cooling, but is expanding towards floating PV, solar combined with storage, and hybrid power plants. Although the United States has tremendous potential for exploiting solar resources, there is a scarcity of research that details the U.S. solar energy scenario. This paper provides a comprehensive review of solar energy in the U.S., highlighting the drivers of the solar industry in terms of technology, financial incentives, and strategies to overcome challenges. It also discusses the prospects of the future solar market based on extensive background research and the latest statistics. In addition, the paper categorizes the U.S. states into five tiers based on their solar prospects calculated using analytical hierarchy process and regression analysis. The price of solar technologies in the U.S. is also predicted up to 2031 using Wright’s law, which projected a 77% reduction in the next decade.
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Bekker, Pieter H. F., and James W. Watt CVO. "Sustainable Energy Governance and the Notion of State Failure." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 4, no. 1-2 (August 2023): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2023.0100.
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Intractable sovereignty disputes and outside interventions driven by geo-political calculations challenge the rules-based global order and undermine sustainable development and governance, including of energy resources. States facing chronic conflict and instability, and falling short of fundamental norms of international law as enshrined in the United Nations Charter, are labelled as ‘failed States’ without recognising the deterioration of the global order. This article submits that the one-dimensional notion of a ‘failed State’ is problematic and unhelpful. It advocates a more nuanced, sustainability-based approach of State failure in addressing problems associated with governance of energy resources. It does so with reference to two examples from State practice: Russia’s position in the Arctic region in light of the receding ice cap and estimated hydrocarbon reserves in the Arctic Ocean, and the recent US-brokered maritime boundary agreement between Lebanon and Israel enabling Lebanon to gain access to disputed offshore resources without Russian involvement.
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Tkach, O., V. Tsvykh, M. Khylko, O. Batrymenko, and D. Nelipa. "OIL AND GAS FACTOR IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF LATIN AMERICA." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (86) (2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.86.04.
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Formulation of the problem. The authors analyze the current state and prospects for the development of the oil and gas complex and their role in the foreign policy of the Latin American states, policies of the use of oil and gas resources as a tool for enhancing influence in the region, as well as the functioning of multilateral oil supply agreements. The possibilities of realization of joint energy projects in Latin America are analyzed. The presence of oil and gas in the region has always been used as a political tool. The United States' reliance on Middle Eastern oil and the carbon emissions produced by the surging demand for fossil fuels in Asia tend to dominate discussions about the role of energy in U.S. foreign policy. But in recent years, the energy relationship between the United States and Latin America has perhaps become more important than other issues, as the largest share of the United States international trade and investment in the energy sector has occurred within the Western Hemisphere. Purpose of the researchis to study the role of the oil and gas complex in the foreign policy of Latin American countries. The oil and gas complex plays an important role in the foreign policy of Latin American countries. The Latin American energy market is quite attractive to transnational energy companies due to the huge volumes of cheap energy resources, the consumer market with growing energy demand. The energy markets of the Americas are deeply integrated. Despite the shale boom, which led to a sharp increase in U.S. oil production and a drop in imports, the United States still relies on Latin America for more than 30 percent of the oil it buys from abroad. The gas and gas complex part of the geological section is characterized by a similar lithological composition and the underlying rocks, containing oil and gas in industrial volumes. Research methods: The following research methods were used to address the issues set in the article: general scientific methods – descriptive, hermeneutic-political, systemic, structural-functional, comparative, institutional-comparative; general logical methods – empirical, statistical, prognostic modeling and analysis; special methods of political science. The preference was given to the method of political-system analysis, by which the common and distinctive characteristics of the basic components of immigration policy strategies were identified, reflecting existing political, public, information and other challenges for international relations and global development. The article of analysis. Latin America, a growing importer of U.S. natural gas and the largest market for U.S., makes refined petroleum products, such as gasoline. American oil companies and utilities are big investors in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela, helping to develop the energy resources of all those countries. In Brazil, the United States direct investment in oil and gas extraction reached $2,4 billion in 2015; in Mexico, the figure was $420 million. Washington's financing and technical cooperation programs have further helped the development of new energy resources in the region. U.S. institutions and funds back up clean energy investments and provide regulatory and technical guidance to tap the region's shale fields.
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Moore, Charles. "Renewable Energy Adoption and Its Effect on Rural Development in United States." Journal of Developing Country Studies 8, no. 2 (June 18, 2024): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jdcs.2674.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the renewable energy adoption and its effect on rural development in United States. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Renewable energy adoption in rural areas of the United States has shown promising effects on rural development. Studies indicate that the deployment of renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar farms, has led to job creation, increased local tax revenues, and economic diversification in rural communities. Additionally, renewable energy projects have provided opportunities for landowners to earn additional income through leasing their land for energy production Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Diffusion of innovations theory, social-ecological systems theory & technology acceptance model (TAM) may be used to anchor future studies on renewable energy adoption and its effect on rural development. Strengthening practical interventions to facilitate the adoption of renewable energy technologies in rural communities is essential. Developing supportive policy frameworks is critical to unlocking the full potential of renewable energy for rural development.
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Hajiyeva, Nargiz, and Ali Karimli. "Economic Evaluation of “Green Energy” Potential in Nagorno-Karabakh and Neighboring Regions." Modern Applied Science 15, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v15n3p71.
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The paper focuses on the economic opportunities of renewable energy resources (RES) in Azerbaijan's liberated territories. Armenia illegally exploited energy and other natural resources in Nagorno-Karabakh and its surrounding areas during its 30-year occupation. As a result, it is not surprising that the establishment of a "green energy" zone in the territories has been given high priority in the post-liberation period. Traditional energy sources are currently the most common source of electricity generation in the world. In this regard, the world's ever-increasing energy demand accelerates nation-states' gradual transition to green energy. Electricity generation from renewable energy sources is increasing in many countries, including the United States. In Nagorno-Karabakh and seven neighboring regions, the state is focusing on the production and effective use of renewable energy resources. As a result, ensuring harmony in the gradual use of renewable and traditional energy resources will be essential to the country's socioeconomic development, environmental sustainability, and energy security. The economic analysis of renewable energy potential and the establishment of a “green energy” industry are conducted in the article.
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Guan, Zhengfei, and Juhyun Oh. "United States Biofuel Policies: Overview and Discussion." EDIS 2016, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe974-2015.
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Governments at different levels in the United States have introduced various programs to promote alternative and renewable energies, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve energy security. Some of these policy initiatives include mandates and tax credits to encourage the production of biofuels. As governmental efforts to promote renewable fuels as alternative sources of energy have evolved from subsidization to mandate, the production of biofuels has dramatically increased. The expansion of the mandate may contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but biofuels may be technically, economically, and environmentally inefficient. This 4-page fact sheet reviews and discusses current US biofuel policies and explores potential outcomes. Written by Zhengfei Guan and Juhyun Oh, and published by the Food and Resource Economics Department, November 2015. FE974/FE974: United States Biofuel Policies: Overview and Discussion (ufl.edu)
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Watt, Kenneth E. F. "Evidence for the role of energy resources in producing long waves in the United States economy." Ecological Economics 1, no. 2 (May 1989): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(89)90004-9.
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Liu, Bin, Katelyn B. Costa, Lian Xie, and Fredrick H. M. Semazzi. "Dynamical Downscaling of Climate Change Impacts on Wind Energy Resources in the Contiguous United States by Using a Limited-Area Model with Scale-Selective Data Assimilation." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/897246.
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By using a limited-area model (LAM) in combination with the scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) approach, wind energy resources in the contiguous United States (CONUS) were downscaled from IPCC CCSM3 global model projections for both current and future climate conditions. An assessment of climate change impacts on wind energy resources in the CONUS region was then conducted. Based on the downscaling results, when projecting into future climate under IPCC’s A1B scenario, the average annual wind speed experiences an overall shift across the CONUS region. From the current climate to the 2040s, the average annual wind speed is expected to increase from 0.1 to 0.2 m s−1over the Great Plains, Northern Great Lakes Region, and Southwestern United States located southwest of the Rocky Mountains. When projecting into the 2090s from current climate, there is an overall increase in the Great Plains Region and Southwestern United States located southwest of the Rockies with a mean wind speed increase between 0 and 0.1 m s−1, while, the Northern Great Lakes Region experiences an even greater increase from current climate to 2090s than over the first few decades with an increase of mean wind speed from 0.1 to 0.4 m s−1.
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Grant, E., K. Brunik, J. King, and C. E. Clark. "Hybrid power plant design for low-carbon hydrogen in the United States." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2767, no. 8 (June 1, 2024): 082019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/8/082019.
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Abstract In this study, we provide a nationwide techno-economic analysis of clean hydrogen production powered by a hybrid renewable energy plant for over 50,000 locations in the United States. We leverage the open-source Hybrid Optimization Performance Platform (HOPP) tool to simulate the hourly performance of an off-grid wind-solar plant integrated with a 1-GW polymer exchange membrane electrolyzer system. The levelized cost of hydrogen is calculated for varying technology costs, and tax credits to explore cost sensitivities independent of plant design, performance, and site selection. Our findings suggest that strategies for cost reduction include selecting sites with abundant wind resources, complementary wind and solar resources, and optimizing the sizing of wind and solar assets to maximize the hybrid plant capacity factor. These strategies are linked to increased hydrogen production and reduced electrolyzer stack replacements, thereby lowering the overall cost of hydrogen.
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Kubicek, Paul. "Energy Politics and Geopolitical Competition in the Caspian Basin." Journal of Eurasian Studies 4, no. 2 (July 2013): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2013.03.007.
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This article explores geopolitical rivalry in the Caspian Basin, driven in large measure by the desire to control and exploit energy resources. It focuses in particular on actions by Russia, China, and the United States. While outside actors play an important role in the region, local states have demonstrated that they are not merely passive players. They have managed, in many cases, to use the ‘geopolitical pluralism’ of great power competition to gain room to maneuver. The result is a complicated picture of geopolitical balance. Looking ahead, however, China may be in the best position to assume the pre-eminent role in the region.
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Silva, Cátia, Pedro Faria, and Zita Vale. "Demand Response Implementation: Overview of Europe and United States Status." Energies 16, no. 10 (May 12, 2023): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104043.
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The authors review the efforts made in the last five years to implement Demand Response (DR) programs, considering and studying several models and countries. As motivation, climate change has been a topic widely discussed in the last decades, namely in the power and energy sectors. Therefore, it is crucial to substitute non-renewable fuels with more environment-friendly solutions. Enabling Distributed Generation (DG), namely using renewable resources such as wind and solar, can be part of the solution to reduce the greenhouse effects. However, their unpredictable behavior might result in several problems for network management. Therefore, the consumer should become more flexible towards this new paradigm where the generation no longer follows the demand requests. With this, Demand Response (DR) concept is created as part of this solution. This paper studies the European Union and United States’ current status, with over 50 references.
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Rose, Joseph B., and Gary N. Chaison. "Unionism in Canada and the United States in the 21st Century." Articles 56, no. 1 (October 17, 2002): 34–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/000140ar.
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Summary Based on a review and comparison of recent developments in organizing, collective bargaining and political action, this paper considers the potential for union revival in Canada and the United States. Although unions have devoted considerable energy and resources to new initiatives, the overall evidence leads us to generally pessimistic conclusions. The level and direction of union density rates indicates the two labour movements lack the institutional frameworks and public policies to achieve sustained revival. Significant gains in union membership and density levels will require nothing less than a paradigm shift in the industrial relations systems—a broadening of the scope and depth of membership recruitment, workplace representation and political activities.
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Upadhayay, Sugam, Kaveh Shamsa, Edmund Khashadourian, and Alex Sherm. "Determinants of Circular Economy: An Empirical Approach in the Context of the United States of America." Fall Issue, 2023 7, no. 1 (December 18, 2023): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47670/wuwijar202371suksekas.
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The USA is the world’s largest economy in terms of the consumption of resources. The excessive and irresponsible consumption of resources in the developed countries has jeopardized the stock of global resources. This quantitative study highlighting the importance of the circular economy (CE), has assessed the factors that would support the circular transition in the USA. Time series analysis based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was employed to analyze the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, Research and Development expenses, and Renewable Energy consumption on circular economy in the US with annual data from 1971 to 2017. While the study indicated the existence of a long-run relationship between the GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption, no relationship was observed between research and development expenses and the circular economy. The study strongly emphasizes the need for policy interventions to enhance the level of awareness regarding circular economy, increase consumption of renewable energies and steering investments in research and development activities to support CE activities in the USA.
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Chang, Yen-Chiang. "The Exploitation of Oceanic Methane Hydrate: Legal Issues and Implications for China." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 35, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 348–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10003.
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Abstract With the growth of global energy demand, States are actively considering the exploration for new energy. Methane hydrate is one of the world’s new energy sources with high energy density and abundant reserves, which have great strategic significance. This article focuses on three aspects, namely, project preparation, risk prevention and accident management, and addresses the risk issues arising from the exploration of methane hydrate. It is important to apply the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other treaties, as well as customary international law, while examining the rules applicable to the exploration of methane hydrate. State practice such as those of the United States, Russia, Japan, the European Union and China, are also discussed. The article puts forward some suggestions on the development of China’s methane hydrate resources. The core objective is to achieve a balanced approach to the development of environmental protection and energy development.
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Renwick, Edward. "California Oil and Gas Update." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 19, no. 2 (March 2013): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v19.i2.5.
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The last year has been a busy one in the upstream California oil and gas business. The 2011 Preliminary Report of California Oil and Gas Production Statistics, which was issued in April 2012 by the California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources, reports that 4,033 notices of intention to drill were filed with the Division as contrasted with 2,081 in 2010. Although the Preliminary Report for 2012 is not yet issued, anecdotal evidence suggests 2012 will be at least as active as 2011. Much of the excitement involves California's Monterey and Santos Shales. The Review of Emerging Resources: U.S. Shale Gas and Shale Oil Plays, published in July 2011 by the United States Energy Information Administration estimates that those shales hold 64% of the undeveloped technically recoverable shale oil resources remaining in discovered shale plays in the United States as of January 1, 2009.
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Gallagher, Kelly Sims. "Why & How Governments Support Renewable Energy." Daedalus 142, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00185.
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Many countries have adopted comprehensive policy frameworks to support renewable energy, but the United States has not adopted any consistent and stable policies at the national level to foster the use of renewable energy. This essay explores why some nations (Germany, China, and Denmark) and certain U.S. states (Colorado, Texas, and Ohio) have developed robust policies for the deployment of renewable energy. My aim is not to evaluate the specific policy mechanisms that countries and states have chosen, but rather to shed light on the underlying societal factors that contributed to each government's decision to enact the policies in the first place. I explore four factors that could influence a government's decision to adopt favorable policies for renewable energy: (1) economic motives; (2) a high endowment of renewable resources and/or a low endowment of nonrenewable sources; (3) the political system; and (4) cultural factors and attitudes.