Journal articles: 'Energy policy – Ontario'

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Whittingham, Nathaniel. "How wind turbines are not generating green energy: An economic review of the Ontario Green Energy and Green Economy Act." SURG Journal 7, no. 2 (June 16, 2014): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21083/surg.v7i2.2894.

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The Ontario Government passed the Ontario Green Energy and Green Economy Act in 2009. The Act promoted wind turbines and solar panels as a major component of the energy supply for the Province of Ontario as a replacement for coal-fired electricity generation plants. This article provides an economic assessment of the rationales that were offered for this policy, specifically, that the Act would help the Government of Ontario reduce the province’s reliance on fossil fuels, reduce carbon emissions, and stimulate the economy through the creation of jobs. The effects of the policy on the cost of electricity in the province are also considered. The analysis concludes that the Act will not reduce the Province of Ontario’s reliance on fossil fuels due to the inefficiency and unpredictability of wind turbines, ultimately leading to the need to use energy from more readily available sources of electricity such as gas. The need for fossil fuel backup also limits the potential to reduce the green house gas emissions. Keywords: Ontario Green Energy and Green Economy Act (2009); renewable energy; economic review

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Songsore, Emmanuel, Michael Buzzelli, and Jamie Baxter. "Understanding developer perspectives and experiences of wind energy development in Ontario." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36, no. 4 (August 2, 2017): 649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417721931.

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In the Province of Ontario, Canada, aggressive policy promoting wind energy development has led to both rapid development and intense stakeholder conflicts. Focusing on developers, key stakeholders largely hidden in the extant research literature and the perspectives of other stakeholders drawn from secondary sources, this paper presents original primary research to help fill this knowledge gap. Based on semi-structured interviews with established and active developers in the Province, we find that feed-in tariffs have arguably been the strongest driver of developers successfully getting turbines up and running. Yet, legislative and policy attempts to reduce delays and smooth the development process have often complicated the development process. Developers recognise and often agree with community viewpoints that the process as framed by Ontario’s policy environment forestalls cooperative development, particularly with respect to community engagement. While developers are supportive of better community engagement, they feel constrained by policy-related barriers. Findings from the study show that communities will only be engaged in projects to the full extent possible if developers take the initiative to transcend regulatory requirements for public engagement. The study concludes with useful lessons for jurisdictions transitioning to low or zero emissions energy technologies. Specifically, it supports recommendations for alternative policy approaches including consideration of policy specificity around economic benefit destitution, and community engagement and ownership of projects.

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Pearce, Joshua M. "Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053037.

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Well-intentioned regulations to protect Canada’s most productive farmland restrict large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) development. The recent innovation of agrivoltaics, which is the co-development of land for both PV and agriculture, makes these regulations obsolete. Burgeoning agrivoltaics research has shown agricultural benefits, including increased yield for a wide range of crops, plant protection from excess solar energy and hail, and improved water conservation, while maintaining agricultural employment and local food supplies. In addition, the renewable electricity generation decreases greenhouse gas emissions while increasing farm revenue. As Canada, and Ontario in particular, is at a strategic disadvantage in agriculture without agrivoltaics, this study investigates the policy changes necessary to capitalize on the benefits of using agrivoltaics in Ontario. Land-use policies in Ontario are reviewed. Then, three case studies (peppers, sweet corn, and winter wheat) are analysed for agrivoltaic potential in Ontario. These results are analysed in conjunction with potential policies that would continue to protect the green-belt of the Golden Horseshoe, while enabling agrivoltaics in Ontario. Four agrivoltaic policy areas are discussed: increased research and development, enhanced education/public awareness, mechanisms to support Canada’s farmers converting to agrivoltaics, and using agrivoltaics as a potential source of trade surplus with the U.S.

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Conway, Christopher D. "Ontario’s Electrical Future: Global Environmental Limits, Systems Thinking, and Electrical Power Planning in Ontario, 1974-1983." Scientia Canadensis 37, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2015): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030639ar.

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In the mid-1970s, the Royal Commission on Electrical Power Planning (RCEPP) was ordered by the government of Ontario to review Ontario Hydro’s ambitious expansion plans. Historians have often considered the RCEPP an interesting but ineffective commission as changing economic factors, rather than the Commissions’ recommendations for slower growth, eventually slowed Hydro’s momentum in the early 1980s. This paper explores the Commission as an important venue for energy debate and as a means of facilitating research from public interest groups, including Energy Probe, in the late 1970s. From this debate the Commission negotiated ideas of “soft energy paths”, global resource limits, and cybernetic system thinking into a set of policy recommendations for democratic, systems-based electrical power planning. I argue that the tension between centralized control and local action found in the Commission’s systems approach to planning illustrates the difficulty of collective, long-term, and expert mediated, globalist planning in a period once thought of as a “dawning age of energy conservation.”

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Walsh, Philip R., and Olalekan Ajibade. "Determining the efficacy of consolidating municipal electric utilities in Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-07-2018-0017.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine empirically if the encouragement by government policy of merger and acquisition activity involving municipal and provincially owned electricity distribution utilities (LDCs) in the Province of Ontario has had positive effects in terms of value creation, operating performance and economies of scale. Design/methodology/approach It was anticipated that with LDC consolidation, there will be increased operational efficiency and improvement in the cost-effectiveness of the merged electrical utility. Using matched pairs dependent t-testing and Wilcoxon signed-rank testing, the authors compared data for three years before and after the merger or acquisition of 16 municipal utilities (616 total observations) to determine if there were any statistically significant changes (positive or negative) in measures of financial, operational and service efficiency. Findings The findings indicate statistically significant increases in debt as a percentage of shareholder equity in post-merger/acquisition utilities and consequently leveraged higher returns on equity. However, there were no statistically significant changes in financial, operational or service efficiency measures (with the exception of decreased efficiency in telephone response). Research limitations/implications A total of 16 mergers or acquisitions were reviewed involving 32 of 79 LDCs, with the research implications pointing to a need for existing policy to be reviewed to determine whether a more detailed examination is required by the provincial energy regulator, including a closer examination of managerial motives, before approving mergers between municipal electricity distributors. This research involves only a quantitative approach and further research would examine these transactions using qualitative measures for a deeper examination as to managerial motives. Practical implications The results suggest that the mergers or acquisitions to date have served only to increase shareholder risk without improvement in other financial, operational or service efficiencies, a contradiction to the rationale behind the Province’s merger policy. Social implications The consolidation policy for Ontario LDCs has not resulted in any statistically significant improvement in electricity rates or service for consumers. Originality/value This paper is the first examination of the effects of Ontario’s LDC consolidation policy in terms of specific financial, operational and service efficiency measures.

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Songsore, Emmanuel, and Michael Buzzelli. "Wind energy development in Ontario: a process/product paradox." Local Environment 20, no. 12 (April 23, 2014): 1428–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.908174.

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Yatchew, Adonis, and Andy Baziliauskas. "Ontario feed-in-tariff programs." Energy Policy 39, no. 7 (July 2011): 3885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.033.

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Smith, L. E., Marie H. Buchinski, and And Deirdre A. Sheehan. "Recent Regulatory and Legislative Developments of Interest to Energy Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 48, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr160.

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This article identifies recent regulatory and legislative developments of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors survey a variety of subject areas, examining decisions of key regulatory agencies such as the National Energy Board, the Ontario Energy Board, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board, the Alberta Surface Rights Board, and the Alberta Utilities Commission, as well as related court decisions. In addition, the authors review a variety of key policy and legislative changes from the federal and provincial levels.

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Caswell, Susan, Patti-Jean Naylor, Dana Olstad, Sara Kirk, Louise Mâsse, Kim Raine, and Rhona Hanning. "Recreation Facility Food and Beverage Environments in Ontario, Canada: An Appeal for Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158174.

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Canadian, municipally funded recreation/sport facilities typically have unhealthy food environments. Ontario, unlike some provinces, lacks a voluntary recreation facility nutrition policy. This study assessed the healthfulness of food environments and vending sales in 16 Ontario recreation/sport facilities and, secondarily, compared data from facilities within municipalities that banned versus permitted plastic bottled-water sales (water-ban, n = 8; water, n = 8) to test the nutritional effects of environmental policy. Concession and vending packaged food/beverage offerings and vending sales were audited twice, eighteen months apart. The products were categorized using nutrition guidelines as Sell Most (SM), Sell Sometimes (SS), and Do Not Sell (DNS). Both water and water-ban facilities offered predominantly (>87%) DNS packaged food items. However, proportions of DNS and SM concession and vending beverages differed (p < 0.01). DNS beverages averaged 74% and 88% of vending offerings in water and water-ban facilities, respectively, while SM beverages averaged 14% and 1%, respectively. Mirroring offerings, DNS beverages averaged 79% and 90% of vending sales in water versus water-ban facilities. Ontario recreation/sport facilities provided unhealthy food environments; most food/beverage offerings were energy-dense and nutrient-poor. Water bans were associated with increased facility-based exposure to DNS beverage options. A nutrition policy is recommended to make recreation facility food/beverage environments healthier and to mitigate unintended negative consequences of bottled-water bans.

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Maroufmashat, Azadeh, and Michael Fowler. "Policy Considerations for Zero-Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Incentives: Case Study in Canada." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9030038.

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Transportation accounts for more than 20% of the total Greenouse Gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Switching from fossil fuels to more environmentally friendly energy sources and to Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) is a promising option for future transportation but well to wheel emission and charging/refuelling patterns must also be considered. This paper investigates the barriers to and opportunities for electric charging and hydrogen refueling infrastructure incentives in Ontario, Canada and estimates the number of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) that would be offset by infrastructure incentives. The paper also assesses the potential of electric and hybrid-electric powertrains to enable GHG reductions, explores the impact of the electricity supply mix for supporting zero-emission vehicles in different scenarios and studies the effect of the utility factor for PHEVs in Ontario. The authors compare the use of electric vehicle charging infrastructures and hydrogen refueling stations regarding overall GHG emission reductions for an infrastructure incentive funded by a 20-million-dollar government grant. The results suggest that this incentive can provide infrastructure that can offset around 9000 ICEVs vehicles using electricity charging infrastructure and 4000–8700 when using hydrogen refuelling stations. Having appropriate limitations and policy considerations for the potential 1.7 million electric-based vehicles that may be in use by 2024 in Ontario would result in 5–7 million tonne GHG avoidances in different scenarios, equivalent to the removal of 1–1.5 million ICEVs from the road.

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Moran, Lesley A., and Jagdish C. Nautiyal. "Present and future feasibility of short-rotation energy farms in Ontario." Forest Ecology and Management 10, no. 4 (May 1985): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90123-9.

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Puddister, D., S. W. J. Dominy, J. A. Baker, D. M. Morris, J. Maure, J. A. Rice, T. A. Jones, et al. "Opportunities and challenges for Ontario's forest bioeconomy." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 04 (August 2011): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-045.

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Ontario's forest sector is undergoing a significant shift owing to declining markets for traditional products; this shift is further exacerbated by a cyclical industry downturn. These factors are leading to extensive job losses in Ontario's north as well as rural community upheaval. Governments are striving to reverse these effects by stimulating new industries focused on using forest biofibre for products such as fuel for energy, specialty chemicals, and polymers. In light of these new demands, provincial and federal policy and science experts are examining the range of potential forest biomass utilization opportunities in terms of their long-term implications for sustainability, role in an emerging bioeconomy, and the possible influences of, for example, a changing climate and technological advances. Current research and broad-scale monitoring projects are helping to answer several important questions in the ecological, economic, policy, resource supply, and technological realms, while new questions must be continually addressed. In this paper, we describe the legislative, policy, and administrative context in which the sustainable biofibre industry may exist. We argue that social, economic, and environmental goals for a sustainable forest biofibre industry in Ontario can best be achieved by adhering to the principles of adaptive management. Market forces and third-party certification, which can influence the biofibre sector, are also discussed.

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Zareipour, Hamidreza, Kankar Bhattacharya, and Claudio A. Cañizares. "Electricity market price volatility: The case of Ontario." Energy Policy 35, no. 9 (September 2007): 4739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.006.

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Hanning, Rhona M., Henry Luan, Taryn A. Orava, Renata F. Valaitis, James K. H. Jung, and Rashid Ahmed. "Exploring Student Food Behaviour in Relation to Food Retail over the Time of Implementing Ontario’s School Food and Beverage Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 18, 2019): 2563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142563.

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Background: Canadian provincial policies, like Ontario’s School Food and Beverage Policy (P/PM 150), increasingly mandate standards for food and beverages offered for sale at school. Given concerns regarding students leaving school to purchase less healthy foods, we examined student behaviours and competitive food retail around schools in a large urban region of Southern Ontario. Methods: Using a geographic information system (GIS), we enumerated food outlets (convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, full-service restaurants) within 500, 1000 and 1500 m of all 389 regional schools spanning years of policy implementation. Consenting grade 6–10 students within 31 randomly selected schools completed a web-based 24-h diet recall (WEB-Q) and questionnaire. Results: Food outlet numbers increased over time (p < 0.01); post-policy, within 1000 m, they averaged 27.31 outlets, with a maximum of 65 fast-food restaurants around one school. Of WEB-Q respondents (n = 2075, mean age = 13.4 ± 1.6 years), those who ate lunch at a restaurant/take-out (n = 84, 4%) consumed significantly more energy (978 vs. 760 kcal), sodium (1556 vs. 1173 mg), and sugar (44.3 vs. 40.1 g). Of elementary and secondary school respondents, 22.1% and 52.4% reported ever eating at fast food outlets during school days. Conclusions: Students have easy access to food retail in school neighbourhoods. The higher energy, sodium and sugar of these options present a health risk.

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Singh, Ranjita, Philip Walsh, and Christina Mazza. "Sustainable Housing: Understanding the Barriers to Adopting Net Zero Energy Homes in Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226236.

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Buildings in Canada account for a significant amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net zero energy building technology has been identified as part of the solution. This study presents a conceptual model identifying barriers to the adoption of net zero energy housing and tests it by administering a survey to 271 participants in a net zero energy housing demonstration project in Toronto, Canada. Using multivariate correlation and multi-linear regression analyses this study finds that of all the innovation adoption variables it was the construction and design quality that was the most significant contributor to the adoption of a net zero energy home by a potential home owner. This study found that the (a) extra cost compared to a conventional home, b) lack of knowledge about the technology associated with a net zero energy home or (c) not knowing someone who owned a net zero energy home were not significant barriers to accepting net zero energy homes. Our results suggest that policy-makers should promote the diffusion of net zero energy home technology by encouraging housing developers to include net zero energy homes in their collection of model homes, with an emphasis on quality design and construction. Furthermore, engaging in trust building initiatives such as education and knowledge about the technology, its related energy cost savings, and the environmental benefits would contribute to a greater acceptance of net zero energy homes.

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Winfield, Mark, and Scott Weiler. "Institutional diversity, policy niches, and smart grids: A review of the evolution of Smart Grid policy and practice in Ontario, Canada." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.06.014.

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Bloemhof, Barb. "Assessing consumer benefits in the Ontario residential retail natural gas market: ontario residential retail natural gas market: Why marketer entry did not help." Energy Policy 109 (October 2017): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.038.

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Stokes, Leah C. "The politics of renewable energy policies: The case of feed-in tariffs in Ontario, Canada." Energy Policy 56 (May 2013): 490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.009.

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Stevenson, Mark A., David R. Hardy, and Laurie Gravelines. "Precious Values: Integrating Diverse Forest Values into Forest Management Policy and Action (Ontario)." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 4, no. 3-4 (March 28, 1997): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v04n03_16.

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Albadi, M. H., and E. F. El-Saadany. "The role of taxation policy and incentives in wind-based distributed generation projects viability: Ontario case study." Renewable Energy 34, no. 10 (October 2009): 2224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.03.017.

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MULVIHILL, PETER, MARK WINFIELD, and JOSE ETCHEVERRY. "STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ADVANCED RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ONTARIO: MOVING FORWARD OR BLOWING IN THE WIND?" Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 02 (June 2013): 1340006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213400061.

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This article explores the Canadian province of Ontario's approach to environmental assessment and SEA to electricity issues, its efforts to adapt these processes to facilitate the rapid development of renewable energy sources, and the potential contributions that an SEA approach might have made to these efforts. The province's experience may carry useful lessons for other jurisdictions considering the interplay between environmental assessment processes and strategies designed to move energy systems in the direction of greater sustainability.

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Bahramian, Pejman, Glenn P. Jenkins, and Frank Milne. "The displacement impacts of wind power electricity generation: Costly lessons from Ontario." Energy Policy 152 (May 2021): 112211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112211.

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Erutku, Can. "Carbon pricing pass-through: Evidence from Ontario and Quebec's wholesale gasoline markets." Energy Policy 132 (September 2019): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.026.

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Rowlands, Ian H., Briana Paige Kemery, and Ian Beausoleil-Morrison. "Optimal solar-PV tilt angle and azimuth: An Ontario (Canada) case-study." Energy Policy 39, no. 3 (March 2011): 1397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.12.012.

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Shin, Rachel, and Cory Searcy. "Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: An Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114191.

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A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have not made such commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 GHGs under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study used case company primary data, and secondary data such as emission factors from external sources. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The semi-structured interviews, which used prepared interview questions and probes to encourage follow-up answers, also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

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Kuznetsova, Elizaveta, and Miguel F. Anjos. "Challenges in energy policies for the economic integration of prosumers in electric energy systems: A critical survey with a focus on Ontario (Canada)." Energy Policy 142 (July 2020): 111429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111429.

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Godin, Katelyn M., Ashok Chaurasia, David Hammond, and Scott T. Leatherdale. "Examining associations between school food environment characteristics and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Canadian secondary-school students in the COMPASS study." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 11 (May 21, 2018): 1928–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001246.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine associations between Canadian adolescents’ sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and several school food environment characteristics, and to investigate differences in these characteristics between schools in provinces with voluntary (Alberta) v. mandatory (Ontario) provincial school nutrition policies.DesignWe used a questionnaire to assess the number of weekdays participants consumed three SSB categories (soft drinks, sweetened coffees/teas, energy drinks) and various sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics. We examined the in-school water fountain accessibility, vending machines’ contents and presence of various food outlets within schools’ 1 km buffer. We developed hierarchical Poisson regression models to identify associations between student- and school-level characteristics and students’ SSB outcomes.SettingAlberta and Ontario, Canada.SubjectsAdolescents (n 41 829) from eighty-nine secondary schools.ResultsCompared with their Ontarian counterparts, Albertan participants had a significantly higher rate of SSB intake across all drink categories and SSB availability was significantly greater in Albertan schools’ vending machines. Availability of sweetened coffees/teas in school vending machines and access to restaurants within the school’s 1 km buffer were associated with increased SSB intake in three of the final models. Overall, the school food environment-level characteristics examined had a modest to negligible impact on student days of SSB intake.ConclusionsWe identified that the school food environment characteristics examined here had little impact on adolescents’ days of SSB consumption. While schools should adopt or maintain a comprehensive policy approach to discourage students’ SSB intake, population-level interventions focusing on other contexts (e.g. home and community) are needed to complement existing school-based interventions.

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Jiang, Yuheng Helen, Ryan Levman, Lukasz Golab, and Jatin Nathwani. "Analyzing the impact of the 5CP Ontario peak reduction program on large consumers." Energy Policy 93 (June 2016): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.052.

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Hart, Dennis G., David A. Jr Guichon, Michael J. Laffin, and Michael A. Thackray. "Recent Legislative and Regulatory Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers." Alberta Law Review 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr700.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of recent legislative and regulatory developments of particular interest to oil and gas lawyers. In addition to reporting on recent changes in statutes and regulations, and recent decisions and published policy statements of administrative bodies, the paper also discusses a number of legislative and regulatory developments which are still evolving. In order to place some limit on the scope of the paper, only federal and Alberta legislative and regulatory developments are reported. The exception to this limitation is a report on recent Ontario Energy Board decisions relating to the marketing of natural gas.

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Vyn, Richard J., Tasneem Virani, and Bill Deen. "Examining the economic feasibility of miscanthus in Ontario: An application to the greenhouse industry." Energy Policy 50 (November 2012): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.009.

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Sekercioglu, Fatih, Daniel I. Pirrie, Yan Zheng, and Aimen Azfar. "Assessing Climate Change Vulnerabilities of Ontario's Rural Populations." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n4p91.

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Climate change causes considerable challenges for both urban and rural communities. Our study aimed at enhancing the understanding of climate change effects on rural populations. The study was promoted in Middlesex County library locations and on Middlesex County’s social media accounts; all residents of Middlesex County were eligible to participate. Through this method of convenience sampling, we successfully recruited 40 rural residents and conducted five focus group sessions. The study was conducted in Middlesex County, in southern Ontario, Canada, which provided a good representation of southern Ontario's rural communities. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected in focus group discussions. Focus group discussions yielded four main themes and provided valuable insights on several climate change-related topics. The four identified themes are: frequent extreme weather events, access to food and safe drinking water, protection from vector-borne diseases, and living in a rural community. Our results indicate key parameters to address the climate change issues for rural residents and lead to a series of recommendations to revamp climate change policy at local, provincial, and federal levels. Study Participants commented on the need for adaptation skills concerning the physical and mental health aspects of increased indoor activity (avoiding natural spaces/pollution). This could also be an indicator/opportunity for future health programming and funding to support new realities. Future research is needed to develop effective local solutions with collaboration among government, business sectors, and rural residents.

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Colley, Paige, Linda Miller, Jamie A. Seabrook, Sarah J. Woodruff, and Jason Gilliland. "Children’s perceptions of a Centrally Procured School Food Program in southwestern Ontario, Canada." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 41, no. 4 (April 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.41.4.02.

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Introduction This qualitative study investigates children’s perceptions of the influences of a Centrally Procured School Food Program on their dietary behaviours and their recommendations on how to improve the program. Methods The observations of 208 students aged 9 to 14 years (Grades 5–8) at 21 elementary schools were collected through focus groups in 2017/18. The larger intervention consisted of a 10-week program offering daily snacks (i.e. fruit, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, meat alternatives) for elementary school children in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Results The participants’ overall impressions of the program were positive. They noted reduced hunger, increased energy and improved nutrition. Many children felt that the program changed their dietary patterns at home as well as at school, particularly in terms of eating more fruit and vegetables. The snack program also enabled children to try healthy foods. Conclusion Most participants considered the program to be beneficial in promoting healthy eating. Participants recommended adding educational activities, expanding the variety of foods and increasing child involvement in selecting and preparing foods.

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Kuznetsova, Elizaveta, and Miguel F. Anjos. "Prosumers and energy pricing policies: When, where, and under which conditions will prosumers emerge? A case study for Ontario (Canada)." Energy Policy 149 (February 2021): 111982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111982.

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Moore, Steven, Vincent Durant, and Warren E. Mabee. "Determining appropriate feed-in tariff rates to promote biomass-to-electricity generation in Eastern Ontario, Canada." Energy Policy 63 (December 2013): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.076.

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Haque, Fatima, Rafael M. Santos, and Yi Wai Chiang. "CO2 sequestration by wollastonite-amended agricultural soils – An Ontario field study." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 97 (June 2020): 103017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103017.

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Snoddon, Tracy. "Policy Forum: Carbon Taxes and Fiscal Federalism in Canada—A New Wrinkle to an Old Problem." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 70, no. 1 (April 2022): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2022.70.1.pf.snoddon.

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The federal government intends to increase its minimum carbon tax from $40 per tonne of carbon emissions to $170 per tonne by 2030. The carbon tax increase will have uneven and potentially large impacts on provincial emissions and carbon tax revenue, but little is known about how decisions to recycle these revenues will affect equalization payments to provinces. This article compares baseline equalization payments with simulated payments under various revenue-recycling scenarios given a $170 minimum carbon tax. The simulations demonstrate that recycling carbon tax revenues with offsetting reductions in provincial personal or business income taxes, for example, lowers overall disparities in provincial governments' revenue-raising abilities and reduces the size of the equalization program needed to address these disparities. The article draws attention to an already controversial design feature of the program, the fixed-growth rule. The simulations show that the fixed-growth rule limits the impact of higher carbon tax revenues on equalization, by adjusting payments to ensure that the overall size of the program grows roughly in line with the economy. As a result, any potential savings in aggregate equalization payments from revenue recycling are not realized. The distribution of payments is also affected by the fixed-growth rule. Overequalization often results, with Quebec and sometimes Ontario as the main beneficiaries.

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Rakshit, Roopa, Chander Shahi, M. A. (Peggy) Smith, and Adam Cornwell. "Energy transition complexities in rural and remote Indigenous communities: a case study of Poplar Hill First Nation in northern Ontario." Local Environment 24, no. 9 (August 19, 2019): 809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1648400.

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Kear, Andrew R. "Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.453098.

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Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.

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SCHMIDT, J., P. SETO, and D. Averill. "Pilot-Scale Study of Satellite Treatment Options for the Control of Combined Sewer Overflows." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.012.

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Abstract Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) have been recognized for many years as a pollution problem within the Great Lakes ecosystem. CSOs were identified as a source of contamination in 10 of the 17 Canadian “Areas of Concern” designated by the International Joint Commission, and were considered a major problem in Hamilton Harbour and the Metropolitan Toronto Waterfront. Satellite treatment systems (located upstream in the sewerage system) were identified as being significantly more cost effective than other CSO control options in a feasibility study conducted for Metropolitan Toronto. Consequently, a multi-agency initiative was established in 1993 to examine the treatment of CSOs at a pilot-scale facility in the City of Scarborough. The technologies evaluated during two experimental seasons in 1994 and 1995 included a vortex separator, a circular clarifier, a horizontal-flow plate clarifier and an inclined rotary drum screen. Performance of the technologies is being assessed against a draft policy proposed by the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. Results to date have indicated that the vortex separator and the plate clarifier under “best conditions” were capable of 50% TSS removal and 30% BOD5 removal and should be capable of satisfying the policy.

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McCue, Kate, and Bill McCue. "Policy Forum: Implementing the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation Property Tax System—Opportunities, Challenges, and Lessons Learned." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 3 (November 2021): 857–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.3.pf.mccue.

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In 2018, the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation (GIFN) implemented a First Nation property tax system under the First Nations Fiscal Management Act (FMA)—one of the earliest First Nations in Ontario to do so. Implementation of a property tax system gave GIFN an opportunity to improve funding for and expand local services, and provide a more equitable sharing of local service costs between cottagers leasing First Nation land and the First Nation. Key challenges encountered when implementing the property tax system were building consensus around the need for a tax system, building an appropriate administrative infrastructure, carrying out property assessments, and professionals lacking knowledge of First Nation property tax. These challenges, however, presented opportunities to create a knowledge base around property taxation within GIFN, among cottage leaseholders, and in the wider community. Key lessons learned were (1) start as soon as possible; (2) First Nations Tax Commission support and standards are important; (3) staff training is important; (4) communicate early and often; (5) hold open houses; (6) local services are more than garbage collection; (7) property taxes do not harm lease rates or cottage sales; (8) educate lawyers, real estate agents, and other professionals; (9) startup costs were significant; (10) coordinate laws and standards with provincial variations; (11) modernize systems; and (12) utilize other parts of the FMA.

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Karanasios, Konstantinos, and Paul Parker. "Explaining the Diffusion of Renewable Electricity Technologies in Canadian Remote Indigenous Communities through the Technological Innovation System Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113871.

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This paper applies the Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach for the first time in the context of remote indigenous communities in Northwest Territories (NWT) and Ontario, Canada, to explain the diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs). These communities need reliable and sustainable electricity to address social, environmental and economic development issues. The study examines the diffusion of RETs during the 2000–2016 period, identifies the systemic and transformational failures responsible for the functional performance of the TISs, and generates insights about factors that have the potential to sustain the development of RET projects. Findings suggest that the TIS-proposed causal mechanisms were present and performed as expected. Since the accumulation of TIS functions influences the rate of deployment of renewable technologies, policy intervention to improve local learning and networking could lead to accelerated diffusion of RETs to the benefit of remote communities and other stakeholders.

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Topcu, Basak, Goretty M. Dias, and Sadaf Mollaei. "Ten-Year Changes in Global Warming Potential of Dietary Patterns Based on Food Consumption in Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 6290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106290.

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Many studies have evaluated the life cycle environmental impacts of diets based on a single period, but few studies have considered how environmental impacts of diets change over time, even though dietary patterns (DPs) change due to policy and socio-demographic factors. This study evaluated changes in the global warming potential (GWP) of DPs in the province of Ontario, Canada, using a life cycle assessment. We quantified the farm-to-fork GWP of six DPs (Omnivorous, No Pork, No Beef, No Red Meat, Pescatarian, and Vegetarian), using dietary intake data from a 2014 and 2015 survey. Throughout this period, the biggest decrease in GWP was for DPs containing beef, even though these DPs still have the highest GWP (3203 and 2308 kg CO2e, respectively, based on the annual energy intake of one individual). Across all DPs, plant-based proteins contributed less than 5% to GWP, while meat and fish contributed up to 62% of the total GWP. Ten-year GWP reductions are insufficient to meet climate change and other sustainability goals, and major dietary shifts are needed, particularly substituting animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins. To design effective interventions for shifting towards sustainable diets, research is needed to understand how socio-demographic and regional differences influence individuals’ food choices.

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Kaur, Baljeet, Narayan Shrestha, Prasad Daggupati, Ramesh Rudra, Pradeep Goel, Rituraj Shukla, and Nabil Allataifeh. "Water Security Assessment of the Grand River Watershed in Southwestern Ontario, Canada." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (March 29, 2019): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071883.

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Water security is the capability of a community to have adequate access to good quality and a sufficient quantity of water as well as safeguard resources for the future generations. Understanding the spatial and temporal variabilities of water security can play a pivotal role in sustainable management of fresh water resources. In this study, a long-term water security analysis of the Grand River watershed (GRW), Ontario, Canada, was carried out using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Analyses on blue and green water availability and water security were carried out by dividing the GRW into eight drainage zones. As such, both anthropogenic as well as environmental demand were considered. In particular, while calculating blue water scarcity, three different methods were used in determining the environmental flow requirement, namely, the presumptive standards method, the modified low stream-flow method, and the variable monthly flow method. Model results showed that the SWAT model could simulate streamflow dynamics of the GRW with ‘good’ to ‘very good’ accuracy with an average Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.75, R2 value of 0.78, and percentage of bias (PBIAS) of 8.23%. Sen’s slope calculated using data from over 60 years confirmed that the blue water flow, green water flow, and storage had increasing trends. The presumptive standards method and the modified low stream-flow method, respectively, were found to be the most and least restrictive method in calculating environmental flow requirements. While both green (0.4–1.1) and blue (0.25–2.0) water scarcity values showed marked temporal and spatial variabilities, blue water scarcity was found to be the highest in urban areas on account of higher water usage and less blue water availability. Similarly, green water scarcity was found to be highest in zones with higher temperatures and intensive agricultural practices. We believe that knowledge of the green and blue water security situation would be helpful in sustainable water resources management of the GRW and help to identify hotspots that need immediate attention.

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Story, P. A., and F. H. Lickers. "Partnership Building for Sustainable Development: A First Nations Perspective from Ontario." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 4, no. 3-4 (March 28, 1997): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v04n03_14.

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Sholdice, Mark. "“It is the finest piece of government work that I know of anywhere”: The Influence of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario on the Giant Power Survey of Pennsylvania, 1923-1927." Scientia Canadensis 37, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2015): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030641ar.

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Since its foundation in 1906, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario exerted a major influence on the politics of electricity in the United States. American supporters of publicly-owned utilities saw the Hydro as a model worth emulating south of the border. Reformers who sought lower electric prices for consumers also looked to the Hydro for evidence of the technically-feasible lowest cost of producing and transmitting this source of energy. This paper will examine a specific instance when American Progressives sought to use the Hydro as both a source of information and inspiration for electric policy reforms: the Giant Power Survey of 1923-1927, an attempt by Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot to bring about lower electricity costs for consumers and to extend access to rural areas, through a mix of greater regulation and government action. The individuals involved in Giant Power came into close contact with Hydro officials for the vital administrative and technical information with which to argue for their cause; the Ontarians, however, had their own reasons to be wary of getting involved in a controversial proposal.

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Karanasios, Konstantinos, and Paul Parker. "Technical solution or wicked problem?" Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 322–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-11-2017-0085.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the issues related to the deployment of renewable electricity technologies (RETs) in remote indigenous communities by examining the views of key informants in a remote northern Ontario community through the lens of a wicked problem approach, with the goal to identify policy direction and strategies for the further development of renewable electricity projects. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses semi-structured interviews with community key informants, informed discussions with community members and energy conference participants and literature reviews of academic, policy and utility documents as complementary data sources for triangulation of results. Findings According to informants, the complexity surrounding the deployment of RETs in remote Canadian indigenous communities is the result of different stakeholder perspectives on the issues that RETs are expected to address. Furthermore, institutional complexity of the electricity generation system and uncertainty over both the choice of off-grid renewable technology and the future of electricity generation systems structure and governance add to this complexity. Research limitations/implications Given the governments’ legal obligation to consult with indigenous people for projects within their territories, community perspectives provide insights for policy design to support both the deployment of RETs and address indigenous communities sustainability goals. Originality/value This paper offers views and opinions of community members from an off-grid Canadian indigenous community. Community members describe how they envision their electricity systems and the desired contribution of community owned renewable electricity generation to increase local control and economic development.

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Medland, Sally J., Richard R. Shaker, K. Wayne Forsythe, Brian R. Mackay, and Greg Rybarczyk. "A multi-Criteria Wetland Suitability Index for Restoration across Ontario’s Mixedwood Plains." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 9953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239953.

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Significant wetland loss (~72%; 1.4 million hectares) in the Province of Ontario, Canada, has resulted in damage to important ecosystem services that mitigate the effects of global change. In response, major agencies have set goals to halt this loss and work to restore wetlands to varying degrees of function and area. To aid those agencies, this study was guided by four research questions: (i) Which physical and ecological landscape criteria represent high suitability for wetland reconstruction? (ii) Of common wetland suitability metrics, which are most important? (iii) Can a multi-criteria wetland suitability index (WSI) effectively locate high and low wetland suitability across the Ontario Mixedwood Plains Ecozone? (iv) How do best sites from the WSI compare and contrast to both inventories of presettlement wetlands and current existing wetlands? The WSI was created based on seven criteria, normalized from 0 (low suitability) to 10 (high suitability), and illustrated through a weighted composite raster. Using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and importance determined from a scoping review of relevant literature, soil drainage had the greatest meaning and weight within the WSI (48.2%). The Getis-Ord Gi* index charted statistically significant “hot spots” and “cold spots” of wetland suitability. Last, the overlay analysis revealed greater similarity between high suitability sites and presettlement wetlands supporting the severity of historic wetland cannibalization. In sum, this transferable modeling approach to regional wetland restoration provides a prioritization tool for improving ecological connectivity, services, and resilience.

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Curtin, Joseph, Celine McInerney, and Lara Johannsdottir. "How can financial incentives promote local ownership of onshore wind and solar projects? Case study evidence from Germany, Denmark, the UK and Ontario." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, no. 1 (February 2018): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094217751868.

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Mobilising citizens as investors in local solar photovoltaic and onshore wind energy projects can help meet climate objectives, generate local development opportunities, and build social support for low carbon transition. This can be achieved through the introduction of financial incentives attractive to local actors. To investigate what types of financial incentives are effective at the feasibility, development, construction, and operation stages of project development, we undertake a comparative case study of their use in Denmark; Germany; the UK; and Ontario, Canada. We find that a requirement for incentives such as grants and soft loans at the feasibility and development stages is a distinguishing feature of projects with citizen involvement, reflecting their greater risk aversion, lack of technical experience and financial capacity, and their inability to balance risk across a portfolio of projects. At later project stages, market-independent supports (feed in tariffs, grants, and tax incentives) have been effective in mobilising investment, but market-based supports (feed in premiums and quota schemes) can also be tailored to the specific needs of local community actors. These findings add a new dimension to the growing academic and policy debate about how Governments can effectively mobilise investment from local communities and citizens in distributed renewable technologies.

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Tovilla, Edgar. "Mind the Gap: Management System Standards Addressing the Gap for Ontario’s Municipal Drinking Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Ecosystem of Regulations." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177099.

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The research finds evidence in support of and wide recognition of the practical value of management system standards (MSS) by assisting municipalities in meeting their human health protection, environmental objectives, addressing environmental and property damage risks, and providing an additional mechanism of public accountability and transparency. Semi-structured interviews were applied to assess perceptions with practitioners and environmental non-governmental organizations on whether a similar approach to the legally required drinking water quality management standard (DWQMS) could be applied for the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors. Twelve Ontario municipalities have adopted or are in the process of adopting an ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) standard for their wastewater and/or stormwater systems, which represents 66% of Ontario’s population. With the large urban centres (e.g., Toronto, York Region, Durham Region, Halton Region and Peel Region) adopting the standard, this is likely to influence small to medium-sized cities to follow a similar approach. Although, resources might be a factor preventing the cohort of smaller utilities voluntarily taking this path. Regulations governing Ontario’s municipal drinking water, wastewater and stormwater utilities were compared via gap analysis. Gaps on management of the system, performance monitoring, auditing and having minimum design criteria left the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors behind in comparison with recently updated (2004–2008) regulatory framework for the drinking water sector. Based on the identification and review of significant gaps in wastewater and stormwater regulation (compared with the drinking water sector), environmental MSS should be incorporated to strengthen the regulatory framework of these sectors. These phenomena also depict a form of sustainable governance with the use of MSS, which are initiated, developed and regulated by non-state actors, recognizing the value of non-state rule instruments in the water, wastewater and stormwater sectors.

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Bhatti, Ahmad Zeeshan, Aitazaz Ahsan Farooque, Qing Li, Farhat Abbas, and Bishnu Acharya. "Spatial Distribution and Sustainability Implications of the Canadian Groundwater Resources under Changing Climate." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 9778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179778.

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Groundwater availability, utilization, sustainability, and climate change implications were assessed at regional and provincial scales of Canada. It remains an unexplored resource, estimated to be renewing between 380 and 625 km3/year. However, the provinces have initiated developing their quantitative and qualitative databases for their accurate inventory. Sustainable groundwater availability at the national scale was estimated as 19,832 m3/person/year (750 km3/year), with high regional variations ranging from 3949 in the densely populated Prince Edward Island (PEI) province to 87,899 in the thinly populated Newfoundland and Labrador (NFL). It fulfills 82%, 43%, and 14% of water requirements of the rural population, irrigation, and industry, respectively. It is the potable water source for more than 9 million people countrywide (24% of the population), and provinces of Quebec, and Ontario (1.3 million people), and PEI (0.15 million people) particularly depend on it. It is mostly a free or nominally charged commodity, but its utilization was found to be well under sustainable limits (40% of recharge) at the provincial scales, i.e., under 4% for all the provinces except New Brunswick (NB), which also had just 8% extraction of sustainable availability. Nevertheless, localized issues of quantitative depletion and qualitative degradation were found at scattered places, particularly in Ontario and Quebec. Climate change impacts of warming and changing precipitations on groundwater underscored its stability with some temporal shifts in recharge patterns. In general, increased recharge in late winters and springs was observed due to reduced frost and more infiltration, and was somewhat decreasing in summers due to more intense rainfall events.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy policy – Ontario'

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