Journal articles: 'Energy policy – Finland'

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Kilpeläinen, Sarah. "Developing Nordic Cooperation in Renewable Electricity Policy: Exploring Views from Finland and Sweden." Politics and Governance 8, no. 4 (November 3, 2020): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3408.

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Calls for extending Nordic cooperation in the energy sector consider increased cooperation to be a tool to further support the creation of a smart Nordic energy system and realize the sustainable energy transition. To enhance our understanding of the state of Nordic energy cooperation, this article focuses on renewable electricity policy development in Finland and Sweden against the backdrop of facilitating and accelerating the Nordic energy transition. Building on previous research, the respective policy landscapes in Finland and Sweden will be scrutinized with insights from expert interviews, allowing the highlighting of the role of the actors in shaping the national and international energy transition policy. Ultimately, the article will explore the possibilities to enhance Nordic cooperation and question a possible future institutionalization of Nordic energy cooperation from the perspectives of Finland and Sweden. The aims of the article are twofold. First, to analyze the current policy mixes in Finland and Sweden with a special focus on bottlenecks and development needs and, second, to explore the viewpoints of the stakeholders from these two countries regarding potential and bottlenecks for developing Nordic energy cooperation.

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Varho, Vilja. "Wind power policy options in finland – analysis of energy policy actors' views." European Environment 16, no. 4 (2006): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.416.

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Jääskeläinen, Jaakko, Sakari Höysniemi, Sanna Syri, and Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen. "Finland’s Dependence on Russian Energy—Mutually Beneficial Trade Relations or an Energy Security Threat?" Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103445.

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Studies on energy security in the context of relations between European Union (EU) and Russia tend to focus on cases, with an open conflict related to supply, such as “hard” energy weapons, or on only one fuel, often natural gas. However, there is a need to understand the long-term impacts that energy relations have politically, economically and physically, and their linkages between resilience, sustainability and security. We analyse the Finnish-Russian energy relations as a case study, as they are characterised by a non-conflictual relationship. To assess this complex relationship, we apply the interdependence framework to analyse both the energy systems and energy strategies of Finland and Russia, and the energy security issues related to the notable import dependence on one supplier. Moreover, we analyse the plausible development of the energy trade between the countries in three different energy policy scenarios until 2040. The findings of the article shed light on how the trends in energy markets, climate change mitigation and broader societal and political trends could influence Russia’s energy trade relations with countries, such as Finland. Our analysis shows that Finland’s dependence on primary energy imports does not pose an acute energy security threat in terms of sheer supply, and the dependence is unlikely to worsen in the future. However, due to the difficulty in anticipating societal, political, and economic trends, there are possible developments that could affect Finland.

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Hämäläinen, Raimo P. "Computer Assisted Energy Policy Analysis in the Parliament of Finland." Interfaces 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.18.4.12.

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Guo, Wen, Jiaofeng Pan, Liting Liang, Jari Kuusisto, and Yanran Ma. "A Synthesis of Energy Transition Policies in Finland, China." Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 36 (2022): 2022002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bcas/2022002.

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Since 2017 Finland and China have been developing a future-oriented partnership based on mutual economic and business interests. The starting point for this work is the recognition of significant differences in size, culture, and political as well as economic systems between the two sides. The Sino-Finnish cooperation in energy transition can provide a good example of mutually beneficial partnership where countries complement each other in terms of know-how and resources. This paper brings together the main findings from the policy study on energy transition in Finland and China. It aims to identify potential policy initiatives for expanding Sino-Finnish cooperation towards green growth.

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Berg, Annukka, Jani Lukkarinen, and Kimmo Ollikka. "‘Sticky’ Policies—Three Country Cases on Long-Term Commitment and Rooting of RE Policy Goals." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 14, 2020): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061351.

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Denmark, Germany, and Finland are countries that have emerged as technology leaders in key renewable energy fields—wind energy, solar power, and bioenergy. In this article, we dig into the policy trajectories of these countries and concentrate particularly on a phenomenon that is common for them all—the long-term commitment to promoting particular renewable energy (RE) technologies. Analyzing commitment, its causes and its consequences, can be considered important, as earlier findings show that long-term, consistent policy signals are a key for policy success. In this article, we point out that this ‘sticking’ to a RE technology has emerged and manifested in multiple ways in the case countries. Examples include relying on existing cultural capacities when navigating energy policy direction, strategically promoting scaling of technology markets to root new energy practices in society and developing energy policies as an extension of existing socio-technical structures. In order to understand these dynamics in more depth, we utilize literature on policy robustness and resilience. While all the case countries, Denmark, Germany, and Finland, have generated robust RE policy goals, Finland has failed to foster resilience simultaneously. We conclude that analysing stickiness of policy elements can be fruitful when seeking to understand and design transformative policies. Further, it can be taken as a complementary analytical perspective in the policy mix studies.

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Paukku, Eelis. "How could Finland promote renewable-energy technology innovation and implementation?" Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab024.

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Abstract Several major market failures are hindering renewable energy production. Probably the most significant one of these are negative externalities. Another issue hindering renewable energy production is low technological and commercial maturity. These technologies might not become commercially viable in the near future without state intervention. This study aims to analyse Finnish energy policy based on current legislation related to renewable energy production and budget policy related to renewable-energy subsidies. This study shows that the polluter-pays principle is implemented quite well in Finland due to the emissions trading scheme and taxation. Still, this principle is not entirely implemented in electricity production as electricity tax is not based on the carbon intensity of the fuel used, but rather on who uses the electricity. National subsidy policies focus on a short-term increase in renewable energy production as most subsidies are production subsidies granted through a bidding process, making these subsidy policies partly technology-neutral. These policies do not take into account long-term needs for energy policy as much as they could.

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Hedman, Åsa, Mari Sepponen, and Mikko Virtanen. "Energy efficiency rating of districts, case Finland." Energy Policy 65 (February 2014): 408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.022.

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Pilpola, Sannamari, and Peter D. Lund. "Effect of major policy disruptions in energy system transition: Case Finland." Energy Policy 116 (May 2018): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.028.

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Lounasmeri, Lotta. "Building New Nuclear in Finland: Crises Challenging Core Beliefs around Nuclear Energy." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202012.

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This paper examines the building of a new nuclear plant as a greenfield operation in Pyhäjoki, Finland. A newly-founded energy company, Fennovoima, was granted a license by the Finnish parliament to build a new power plant in 2010. In the years following this Decision in Principle the project faced several obstacles. Through interviews with key actors, this paper identifies the interests and core beliefs associated with building the plant. It posits that, in Finland, the underlying ideas and values surrounding nuclear energy are deeply embedded in conventional belief, or ‘doxa’-like, and as such are very difficult to challenge or change. Through the lens of this example, it offers suggestions and conclusions concerning the more general social logic behind energy policy decisions in the Finnish context and why nuclear energy has become a hegemonic solution in the Finnish polity. The paper also discusses the viewpoint of geopolitics, which has had historical relevance and has become of paramount concern in the current world situation.

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Ruostetsaari, Ilkka. "Citizens, Politicians and Experts in Energy Policy-Making: The Case of Finland." Energy & Environment 21, no. 3 (July 2010): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.21.3.203.

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Valkila, Noora, and Arto Saari. "Urgent need for new approach to energy policy: The case of Finland." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, no. 7 (September 2010): 2068–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.039.

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Ericsson, Karin, Suvi Huttunen, Lars J. Nilsson, and Per Svenningsson. "Bioenergy policy and market development in Finland and Sweden." Energy Policy 32, no. 15 (October 2004): 1707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(03)00161-7.

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Farsaei, Anahita, Sanna Syri, Ville Olkkonen, and Ali Khosravi. "Unintended Consequences of National Climate Policy on International Electricity Markets—Case Finland’s Ban on Coal-Fired Generation." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081930.

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Finland has adopted a high profile in climate change mitigation. A national target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035 has been declared. As a part of this, the use of coal for energy purposes has been banned from May 2029 onwards. The Nordic electricity market was a world fore-runner in creating a liberalized, multi-national electricity market in the 1990s. At present, the electricity systems of Finland, Sweden, and Norway are already very low-carbon. The Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the Nordic market about a decade ago. Estonian electricity production is the most carbon-intensive of all the EU countries due to the extensive use of domestic oil shale. Especially Lithuania still suffers from capacity deficit created by the closure of the Soviet time nuclear reactor Ignalina in Lithuania. This paper presents the ambitions of the EU and national level energy and climate policies and models the multi-national impacts of Finland’s forthcoming closure of coal-fired generation. We also take into account Sweden’s planned decrease in nuclear generation. We find that these national-level policies have an impact on the Baltic countries as reduced import possibilities and increasing electricity prices, and the expected rise of the EU CO2 allowance prices amplifies these. We further find that the abandonment of coal and nuclear power plants increases the net import and increases CO2 emissions in neighboring regions.

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Alola, Andrew Adewale, Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo, and Ifedolapo Olabisi Olanipekun. "Examining the Energy Efficiency and Economic Growth Potential in the World Energy Trilemma Countries." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042036.

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The World Energy Council has consistently formulated useful policies and ranked countries in term of their performances in environmental sustainability, energy equity, and energy security. In a novel approach, and possibly in one of the most unique studies in the World Energy Trilemma literature, the current study examines the interaction of energy efficiency and economic growth of several top-performing economies (Austria, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) in respect to environmental sustainability, energy equity, and energy security. Importantly, while affirming the inappropriateness of the linear econometric approach, the study utilized the newly developed quantile-on-quantile approach to examine the dataset for the period 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. As such, the result largely indicates a significant and positive effect of economic growth toward the energy efficiency across the quantiles for the examined countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). On the other hand, energy efficiency also impacts economic growth in most parts of the quantiles in the examined countries. However, the results show weak and negative interaction in the lower quantiles (average of 0.1–0.3) only for Denmark, Germany, and New Zealand, while the results further reveal weak and negative interaction in the middle quantile (average 0.4–0.6) for France, Finland, and Sweden. Importantly, this study presents useful economic-related policy inferences from the aspects of energy efficiency, energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability.

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Ericsson, Karin, Suvi Huttunen, Lars J. Nilsson, and Per Svenningson. "Corrigendum to “Bioenergy policy and market development in Finland and Sweden?” [Energy Policy 32 (2004) 1707–1721]." Energy Policy 33, no. 1 (January 2005): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.04.005.

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Lehtonen, Olli, and Lasse Okkonen. "Energy cost reduction creates additional socioeconomic benefits– The case of Eno Energy Cooperative, Finland." Energy Policy 129 (June 2019): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.018.

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Ratinen, Mari. "Social embeddedness of policy actors. The failure of consumer-owned wind energy in Finland." Energy Policy 128 (May 2019): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.004.

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Luty, Lidia, and Monika Zioło. "Differentiation of climate and energy policy in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.32.

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Purpose: The energy policy of the European Union focuses mainly on three areas: renewable energy, reducing the emission of harmful pollutants, in particular CO2, and increasing the efficiency of electricity used. Sustainable energy management, in turn, is undoubtedly associated with the increased use of renewable energy sources ensuring energy security as well as the diversification of energy supplies that support and improve the quality of the environment. The aim of the article is to present the diversity of the European Union countries in terms of actions taken in the field of energy policy resulting from climate and energy goals. Design/methodology/approach: On the basis of the objectives of the energy policy presented in the EU directives, indicators describing the activities of the Member States in this respect were selected. Then, they were subjected to substantive and statistical verification, leaving 6 variables. The tool of Multidimensional Statistical Analysis, which is a synthetic measure, was used to develop a synthetic measure of the level of achievement of the goals of the climate and energy policy. Two types of analyses were used: static for international comparisons between the European Union countries, conducted for 2021, and dynamic, for the years 2011-2021. Findings: The most favourable situation in terms of activities aimed at reducing emissions of harmful substances and improving the energy efficiency of countries can be observed in the hitherto leaders of Sweden and Finland. Together with Denmark, these countries have set very ambitious national targets for achieving a share of at least 50% from renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. All countries have increased their energy productivity index. Bulgaria, Italy and Slovakia have made the greatest reductions in pollutant emissions. In the interests of energy independence, countries are trying to increase energy production from domestic resources. The greatest improvements in this field were made in Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Finland. The division into three groups of countries implementing the energy and climate policy introduced by the EU showed that the indicators that differentiate countries to the greatest extent, among the group of selected variables, are greenhouse gas emissions and the energy dependency ratio. Keywords: energy and climate policy, EU countries, synthetic measure. Category of the paper: Research paper.

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Große, Juliane, Christian Fertner, and Niels Boje Groth. "Urban Structure, Energy and Planning: Findings from Three Cities in Sweden, Finland and Estonia." Urban Planning 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i1.506.

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Transforming energy use in cities to address the threats of climate change and resource scarcity is a major challenge in urban development. This study takes stock of the state of energy in urban policy and planning and reveals potentials of and constraints to energy-efficient urban development. The relationship between energy and urban structure provides a framework for discussing the role of urban planning to increase energy efficiency in cities by means of three in-depth case studies of medium-sized cities in Northern Europe: Eskilstuna in Sweden, Turku in Finland and Tartu in Estonia. In some ways these cities go ahead when it comes to their national climate and energy policies and aim to establish urban planning as an instrument to regulate and influence the city’s transition in a sustainable way. At the same time, the cities are constantly facing goal conflicts and limitations to their scope of action, which creates dilemmas in their strategic orientation and planning activities (e.g. regional enlargement and increased commuting vs. compact urban development). Finally, considering urban form and spatial structure along with the policy context as well as regional drivers and functional relations is suggested as a suitable approach for addressing the challenges of energy-efficient urban development.

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Hyysalo, Sampsa, Jani Lukkarinen, Paula Kivimaa, Raimo Lovio, Armi Temmes, Mikael Hildén, Tatu Marttila, et al. "Developing Policy Pathways: Redesigning Transition Arenas for Mid-range Planning." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030603.

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Sustainability transitions require new policy pathways that significantly reduce the environmental impacts caused by, for example, energy production, mobility and food production. Transition management (TM) is one of the approaches aiming at the creation of new ways to govern transitions. It uses transitions arenas (TA) as a key process and platform where new policy pathways are created in collaboration with multiple (frontrunner) stakeholders. TM’s ambitious and demanding agenda is not easy to implement. There is a continued need for testing and developing new ways of carrying out its key processes. We redesigned the TA process in the context of energy system change in Finland by 2030, focusing on interim goals, mid-range change pathways and developing a new notation system that allows participants to directly create the pathways. The resulting renewed TA process results in more specific and detailed mid-range pathways that provide more concreteness to how to implement long-term transition goals. It helps to bridge long-term national visions/strategies and low carbon experiments that are already running. The Finnish TA work created eight ambitious change pathways, pointing towards new and revised policy goals for Finland and identifying specific policy actions. Evaluation of the TA, 6–9 months after its completion underscores that an effective TA needs to be embedded by design in the particular political context that it seeks to influence. It is too early to say to what degree the pathways will be followed in practice but there are positive signs already.

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Irz, Xavier, Jyrki Niemi, and Xing Liu. "Determinants of food price inflation in Finland—The role of energy." Energy Policy 63 (December 2013): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.023.

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Bruggeman, Véronique. "Energy Efficiency as a Criterion for Regulation in the European Community." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 13, Issue 5 (May 1, 2004): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2004019.

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Summary: This article discusses the role of energy efficiency as a criterion for regulation in the European Community. It focuses on energy efficiency as a criterion for the regulation of products. For this reason, the IPPC Directive will not be discussed, however it also implements energy efficiency measures as a condition of the grant of an IPPC-style permit. First attention is drawn to the link between sustainable development, integrated product policy, security of supply and protection of the environment. Then, a brief introduction is given to present market barriers which hinder the production and consumption of more energy-efficient goods. The next three sections examine the European Community's view on its energy efficiency policy and focus therefore on primary legislation, secondary legislation and policy documents. Section VII explains the potential role public procurement can play in the energy efficiency policy. In this view, the article touches upon the Concordia Bus Finland and the Wienstrom cases and makes the connection with the new legislative package aimed at the harmonisation of the existing Public Procurement Directives before some general concluding remarks.

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Storsjö, Isabell Therese, and Hlekiwe Kachali. "Public procurement for innovation and civil preparedness: a policy-practice gap." International Journal of Public Sector Management 30, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-10-2016-0177.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to give a deeper understanding of public procurement for innovation and civil preparedness. The paper focuses on how the policy goals of innovation and preparedness are implemented in procurement practice, and explores the issues that affect innovation- and preparedness-oriented procurement. Design/methodology/approach The study is exploratory and based on empirical data from semi-structured interviews with 92 informants in the healthcare, energy and water services sectors in Finland. Interview data were analysed using a coding template, and further categorised to answer the research questions. Findings The study brings to light how procurers perceive the different but overlapping policy goals of innovation and preparedness, and whether and how the policy goals are turned into outcomes in the procurement process. Research limitations/implications The data were collected from case sectors in Finland. However, considering the adoption of European Union legislation, some of the findings are generalisable in other sectors, organisations and countries. Practical implications The paper highlights aspects that can aid procurers, suppliers and policy-makers in understanding how public procurement can be an instrument linking innovation and civil preparedness. Social implications It cannot be overemphasised that populations are exposed to more and, arguably, greater hazards. Public authorities can use innovative solutions and processes in meeting multiple objectives such as everyday societal needs as well as civil preparedness and planning. Originality/value Such research, purposely sampling case sectors providing critical services, has not been undertaken before in Finland. This work provides valuable information for organisations involved in public procurement, innovation and civil preparedness.

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Aslani, Alireza, Petri Helo, and Marja Naaranoja. "Role of renewable energy policies in energy dependency in Finland: System dynamics approach." Applied Energy 113 (January 2014): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.015.

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KC, Raghu, Jarno Föhr, Arun Gyawali, and Tapio Ranta. "Investment and Profitability of Community Heating Systems Using Bioenergy in Finland: Opportunities and Challenges." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111757.

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Oil heating systems are abundant in rural Finland and they need to be replaced by renewable energy as Finland aims to be carbon neutral by 2035. Bioenergy, one of the renewable energies, is a common source of energy in Finland as the country is rich in forest resources. In Finland, combined heat and power plants utilize such resource to produce district heat and electricity but Finnish rural areas do not have access to the district heating network. However, there are potential scenarios where community heating could be possible using portable chip-fired heating systems (heat containers). Ultimately, the cost of heating is an important factor for the consumers and the cost of investment is likely to put off any interest from the communities. In this research, we explored the cost and profitability of heat container investments in rural Finland and examined the challenges for the energy transition away from oil heating systems, as well as the opportunities decentralized biomass-fired heating systems might bring. The results of this research indicate that the price of heat produced in heat containers is comparatively higher than district heating, which is commonly used in cities in Finland, but is cost-competitive compared to oil heating depending on the price of oil. For example, the current price of LFO (~1 EUR/l) generates costlier heat than the 300 kW heat container provides. Firing wood pellets in the heat container is not economically viable due to expensive raw material but smaller-sized heat container (110 kW) firing wood chips could provide cost-competitive heat if uptime is raised to >2700 h/year. There are socio-economic impacts and value-added effects on the rural region due to utilization of local resource instead of imported LFO but there remain challenges and barriers such as high initial investment, low investment support and lack of policies focused on decentralised energy enterprises.

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Paiho, Satu, and Heidi Saastamoinen. "How to develop district heating in Finland?" Energy Policy 122 (November 2018): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.025.

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Okkonen, Lasse, and Niko Suhonen. "Business models of heat entrepreneurship in Finland." Energy Policy 38, no. 7 (July 2010): 3443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.018.

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Graell, Gemma Graugés, and George Xydis. "Solar Thermal in the Nordics. A Belated Boom for All or Not?" AIMS Energy 10, no. 1 (2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022005.

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<abstract> <p>In this work, the use of solar thermal energy in the Nordic Countries, especially in Denmark, is studied. Renewable energies, such as solar, are an important ally in the fight against Climate Change, with more countries betting on them. In the past, it may have been believed that the Nordic Region does not have enough solar radiation for solar energy to be profitable, but changes in the climate and technology have proven this statement to be wrong. The case of Denmark is a clear example, which has become a leading country when it comes to solar thermal energy. A study of the current Danish solar thermal market is conducted in this project in order to understand how this country is making the most out of this energy source. Three different plants are studied (Silkeborg, Vollerup and Gr?sten) and compared to those of other Nordic Countries (Akershus from Norway and H?meenlinna from Finland). It was found that the main difference between them is the size of the Photovoltaic (PV) parks. Whilst Denmark specialised in large-scale plants with a two-phase building process, the other countries are only using small-scale installations. After a deeper understanding of the Danish energy market, it is concluded that there is a solar thermal energy policy that allows its exploitation. Furthermore, an increase in the level of solar radiation in Denmark over the last decade has led Danish experts to believe that solar energy in the Nordic Countries is going to be even more profitable in the following years. It is believed that Denmark will continue its current expansion into this market and also that the other Nordic countries will soon enough join.</p> </abstract>

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Joensuu, Tuomo, Markku Norvasuo, and Harry Edelman. "Stakeholders’ Interests in Developing an Energy Ecosystem for the Superblock—Case Hiedanranta." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010327.

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Policy objectives aimed toward zero-energy buildings call for the utilization of building-integrated renewable energy and distributed energy resources (DER). To enhance the utilization of DER, previous literature proposed the concept of an integrated community energy system (ICES). This research suggested using superblocks (units of multiple urban blocks) to define geographical limits, social contexts, and possibly common administrations for ICESs along with other living- and sustainability-related activities in an urban context. Through interviews with key stakeholders and an analysis, this research investigates the applicability of the superblock-ICES as a way of reaching the low-carbon objectives in the Hiedanranta brownfield development project in the city of Tampere, Finland. This research confirms that the driving forces of community-based solutions are economic benefits, technical development, and objectives of sustainability, and reveals or confirms that social acceptability, missing planning practices, economic risk, and missing or hindering legislation are the main issues or barriers of superblock-ICESs. For a wider adoption of superblock-ICESs, this research suggests cross-disciplinary piloting, together with developing planning practices and simulation tools. In Finland, legislative reforms are needed to remove the barriers and clarify issues related to security, reliability, customer protection, and public interest in governing a locally and collectively owned energy system.

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Makpal, Zholamanova, Nurmukhametov Nurbakhyt, Tolmachev Mikhail, Sarsen Kassymkhan, and Amerkhanova Altyn. "Comparative Analysis of Strategies for Innovative Development of the Fuel and Energy Complex: The Experience of the EU Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13628.

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Most European countries do not have large reserves of natural resources and depend on imported energy resources. In this regard, the government of the European Union has approved a new energy policy aimed at developing a “green” economy and combating dependence on non-renewable resources. Currently, the European Union is a leader in the development of renewable energy sources. Many states have achieved success in this industry, their experience can be used in other countries where alternative energy is not so widespread. This study analyzes and compares existing strategies for the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex of EU member states. The process of formation of the EU energy policy and its distinctive features were studied. The example of Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, and Finland was used to study in detail the impact of the new energy policy approved by the EU government. The prospects for the introduction of alternative energy sources in the geographical and climatic conditions of Kazakhstan have been assessed. Synthesizing the information obtained, a list of tips for the successful development of alternative energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan was proposed.

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Silvennoinen, P. "The case for more nuclear power in Finland." Energy Policy 19, no. 5 (June 1991): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(91)90028-m.

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Salmela, Suvi, and Vilja Varho. "Consumers in the green electricity market in Finland." Energy Policy 34, no. 18 (December 2006): 3669–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.08.008.

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Li, Shuangjie, Li Li, and Liming Wang. "2030 Target for Energy Efficiency and Emission Reduction in the EU Paper Industry." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010040.

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Improving energy efficiency is an effective way to address the issues of economic development, energy saving and emissions reduction. For any important industries it is therefore necessary to measure energy efficiency and set a practical target for it. In this paper, we use CCR, SBM and energy intensity to measure the energy efficiency of the paper industries of 22 EU countries. Results indicate that the SBM and CCR efficiency value is more meaningful for policy makers than that of energy intensity, as measurement results of energy intensity deviate from reality and economic efficiency. The CCR and SBM have roughly the same fluctuation trends and the average SBM energy efficiency value is 0.71, always 10 percent lower than CCR model, as it takes simultaneous account of both the optimal input-output and has more discriminatory power in efficiency measurement. Furthermore, EU policy makers could improve energy efficiency by raising energy prices. As for the 2030 EU target of energy saving and emission reduction, the EU should pay more attention to five major paper producers: Finland, Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy.

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Dargay, J., and S. Pekkarinen. "Public Transport Pricing Policy: Empirical Evidence of Regional Bus Card Systems in Finland." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1604, no. 1 (January 1997): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1604-17.

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A research project is concerned with evaluating the effects of new integrated fare and ticket policies on bus use in Finland. The objective of the policy is to reduce energy consumption and the environmental effects of transport by encouraging a modal shift from cars to public transport. The scheme is based on introduction of a monthly regional bus card that offers a substantial discount on normal fares and that is valid from city center to smaller independent communities. The regional bus card is subsidized by local authorities and the state government. Estimates are presented of the fare elasticities of the demand for bus services in two regions in Finland—Oulu and Kuopio—where the regional bus card system has been introduced. The demand for bus cards and for travel with these cards is analyzed. The models used take into account different fare structures as well as the levels of fares, income, car-use costs, and service quality. The estimated elasticities indicate that in the medium-sized Finnish communities analyzed, the demand for both regional bus cards and trips when these cards are used are highly sensitive to price and income. The results are to be used in conjunction with other survey data for a preliminary assessment of the effect of the bus card system on bus patronage and car use.

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Ratinen, Mari, and Peter Lund. "Policy inclusiveness and niche development: Examples from wind energy and photovoltaics in Denmark, Germany, Finland, and Spain." Energy Research & Social Science 6 (March 2015): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.02.004.

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Pakere, Ieva, Toms Prodanuks, Agris Kamenders, Ivars Veidenbergs, Stefan Holler, Agnese Villere, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Ranking EU Climate and Energy Policies." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0027.

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Abstract The European Union (EU) has set ambitious targets to increase the overall energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact by introducing the ‘Green Deal.’ It is an EU plan for the transition to zero greenhouse gas emissions. The overall data analyses of GHG emissions per capita and GDP value in different EU countries show that the GDP increase in 2010–2017 has not increased GHG emissions. Therefore, the link between the GDP increase through energy resource usage increase has been eliminated. However, not all of the EU 27 member states contributed to the overall EU green policy equally. The article presents the methodology for the energy and environmental performance status analyses by evaluating nine different indicators (share of renewable energy, greenhouse gases per GDP, energy intensity, primary efficiency, industry efficiency, energy consumption in households, space heating efficiency, pollutant emissions from transport and specific energy consumption of transport sector) for EU member states. Indicators have been tested through correlation analyses. The use of multidimensional Energy and climate policy indicator has been proposed to rank the performance of different EU countries. The results show that the countries with the highest score in climate and energy indicator values are Sweden, Denmark, Latvia, Austria, Finland, Ireland, and Lithuania. The lowest obtained values are Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and France.

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Hakala, Emma, Ville Lähde, Antti Majava, Tero Toivanen, Tere Vadén, Paavo Järvensivu, and Jussi T. Eronen. "A Lot of Talk, But Little Action—The Blind Spots of Nordic Environmental Security Policy." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082379.

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Despite an increasing recognition that environmental change may have implications for security, there only are few policies to address the issue. This article will look at environmental security policies in Finland and Sweden and propose ways to develop more effective measures. It relies on a three-level framework that aims to enable the identification of environmental security impacts by categorising them into local, geopolitical and structural ones. The article will examine present environmental security strategies and policies in Finland and Sweden, consider their efficacy for addressing various kinds of impacts and point out approaches that are currently missing. Based on the discussion, it argues that a comprehensive policy approach is needed to tackle environmental security impacts. This requires closer coordination and interchange between sectors as well as strategic intent. In addition, further research is needed on the structural impacts of mitigating and adapting to environmental change.

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Ignatyeva, Margarita, Vera Yurak, Alexey Dushin, Vladimir Strovsky, Sergey Zavyalov, Alexander Malyshev, and Polina Karimova. "How Far Away Are World Economies from Circularity: Assessing the Capacity of Circular Economy Policy Packages in the Operation of Raw Materials and Industrial Wastes." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084394.

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Nowadays, circular economy (CE) is on the agenda, however, this concept of closed supply chains originated in the 1960s. The current growing quantity of studies in this area accounts for different discourses except the holistic one, which mixes both approaches—contextual and operating (contextual approach utilizes the thorough examination of the CE theory, stricture of the policy, etc.; the operating one uses any kind of statistical data)—to assess the capacity of circular economy regulatory policy packages (CERPP) in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. This article demonstrates new guidelines for assessing the degree level of capacity (DLC) of CERPPs in the operation of raw materials and industrial wastes by utilizing the apparatus of the fuzzy set theory. It scrupulously surveys current CERPPs in three regions: the EU overall, Finland and Russia; and assesses for eight regions—the EU overall, Finland, Russia, China, Greece, France, the Netherlands and South Korea—the DLC of CERPPs in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. The results show that EU is the best in CE policy and its CERPP is 3R. The following are South Korea and China with the same type of CERPP. Finland, France and the Netherlands have worse results than EU with the type of CERPP called “integrated waste management” because of the absence of a waste hierarchy (reduce, recover, recycle). Russia closes the list with the type of CERPP “basic waste management”.

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Tuomenvirta, Heikki, Hilppa Gregow, Atte Harjanne, Sanna Luhtala, Antti Mäkelä, Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola, Sirkku Juhola, et al. "Identifying Policy Actions Supporting Weather-Related Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation in Finland." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 3661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133661.

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Climate change adaptation (CCA) policies require scientific input to focus on relevant risks and opportunities, to promote effective and efficient measures and ensure implementation. This calls for policy relevant research to formulate salient policy recommendations. This article examines how CCA research may contribute to policy recommendations in the light of idealized set of knowledge production attributes for policy development in Finland. Using general background information on the evolution of CCA research and a case study, we specifically examine how the set of attributes have been manifested in research serving CCA and discuss how they have affected the resulting policy recommendations. We conclude that research serving CCA can be improved by more explicit reflection on the attributes that pay attention to the context of application, the methods of teamwork and a variety of participating organizations, transdisciplinarity of the research, reflexivity based on the values and labour ethos of scientists and novel forms of extended peer review. Such attributes can provide a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for knowledge production that strives to bridge the gap between research and policy.

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Korhonen, Jouni, Heikki Niemeläinen, and Kyösti Pulliainen. "Regional industrial recycling network in energy supply-the case of Joensuu city, Finland." Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 9, no. 3 (August 19, 2002): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.20.

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Kangas, Hanna-Liisa, David Lazarevic, and Paula Kivimaa. "Technical skills, disinterest and non-functional regulation: Barriers to building energy efficiency in Finland viewed by energy service companies." Energy Policy 114 (March 2018): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.060.

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Pihkola, Hanna, Mikko Hongisto, Olli Apilo, and Mika Lasanen. "Evaluating the Energy Consumption of Mobile Data Transfer—From Technology Development to Consumer Behaviour and Life Cycle Thinking." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2018): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072494.

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Mobile data consumption in Finland is among the highest in the world. The increase in mobile data usage has been rapid and continual future growth is foreseen. Simultaneously, consumer behaviour is changing. While new end-user devices are more and more energy-efficient and energy consumption per transferred gigabyte has significantly decreased, people spend more time and consume more data via their mobile devices than ever before. Does the increased usage outweigh the energy savings that have been achieved? What options are available for tackling increasing energy demand? And should consumers have a role to play in this discussion? This paper examines the current and future trends that results from the energy consumption of mobile data transfer and mobile networks in Finland. The findings presented in this paper are based on a top-down energy intensity estimate and publicly available data, which was employed to construct an illustrative trend (kWh/gigabyte) for the energy consumption of transmitted mobile data for the years 2010–2017. In addition, energy consumption related to mobile data transfer is discussed from a life cycle perspective, considering both direct and indirect energy use. Finally, the challenges in conducting such assessments are examined.

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O’Hern, Steve, Roni Utriainen, Hanne Tiikkaja, Markus Pöllänen, and Niina Sihvola. "Exploratory Analysis of Pedestrian Road Trauma in Finland." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 6715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126715.

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In Finland, all fatal on-road and off-road motor vehicle crashes are subject to an in-depth investigation coordinated by the Finnish Crash Data Institute (OTI). This study presents an exploratory and two-step cluster analysis of fatal pedestrian crashes between 2010 and 2019 that were subject to in-depth investigations. In total, 281 investigations occurred across Finland between 2010 and 2019. The highest number of cases were recorded in the Uusimaa region, including Helsinki, representing 26.4% of cases. Females (48.0%) were involved in fewer cases than males; however, older females represented the most commonly injured demographic. A unique element to the patterns of injury in this study is the seasonal effects, with the highest proportion of crashes investigated in winter and autumn. Cluster analysis identified four unique clusters. Clusters were characterised by crashes involving older pedestrians crossing in low-speed environments, crashes in higher speed environments away from pedestrian crossings, crashes on private roads or in parking facilities, and crashes involving intoxicated pedestrians. The most common recommendations from the investigation teams to improve safety were signalisation and infrastructure upgrades of pedestrian crossings, improvements to street lighting, advanced driver assistance (ADAS) technologies, and increased emphasis on driver behaviour and training. The findings highlight road safety issues that need to be addressed to reduce pedestrian trauma in Finland, including provision of safer crossing facilities for elderly pedestrians, improvements to parking and shared facilities, and addressing issues of intoxicated pedestrians. Efforts to remedy these key issues will further Finland’s progression towards meeting Vision Zero targets while creating a safer and sustainable urban environment in line with the United Nations sustainable development goals.

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Pushkar, Svetlana. "ASSESSING LEED CORE AND SHELL (LEED–C-AND-S), V3 AND V4, OF GOLD OFFICE-TYPE PROJECTS: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINLAND AND SPAIN." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.2.109.

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ABSTRACT This study aims to compare the strategies that Finland and Spain have taken in order to get the Gold license from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Core and Shell (LEED–C-and-S) rating system. LEED–C-and-S version 3 (v3) and version 4 (v4) were considered. The absolute effect size is used to evaluate the performance of the LEED–C-and-S points. To assess the difference between Finland and Spain, we use the natural logarithm of the odds ratio and Fisher’s exact 2 × 2 test with Lancaster’s mid-p-value when analyzing the dichotomous data, and Cliff’s δ and the exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests when analyzing ordinal data. As a result, in order to achieve the Gold level in LEED–C-and-S office-type projects, Finland and Spain demonstrated similarities and differences in credit values in v3 and v4. In v4 (latest version), the similarly high credits were location and transportation (LT) and water efficiency (WE) and similarly low credits were material and resource (MR) and environmental quality (EQ); different credit values were in the energy and atmosphere (EA) category, in which Finland outperformed Spain, and the sustainable sites (SS) strategy category, in which Spain outperformed Finland. Thus, Finland used the LT-WE-EA strategy, whereas Spain used the LT-WE-SS strategy. Knowing these strategies can be helpful in better understanding green building development in these countries.

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Hyysalo, Sampsa, Jouni K. Juntunen, and Stephanie Freeman. "Internet Forums and the Rise of the Inventive Energy User." Science & Technology Studies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55307.

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While climate and energy policy voice concerns about citizen’s lack of improving their houses and heating systems, some citizens by far exceed the expectations. Our research on heat pumps revealed over a hundred inventions by citizen users in Finland alone, despite the technology being in many respects uninviting to modify. Users’ capacity to carry out these modifications owes much to their exchanges at userrun Internet forums, a new and proliferating type of setting. These online forums help otherwise dispersed and heterogeneous users to create a specific kind of learning space that helps some users to “grow inventive” even as the majority of users therein remain indifferent towards their specific projects. These findings open a discussion on how the actions of typically a small group of inventive users are embedded in and supported by the activities of a broader user base.

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Snäkin, J.-P. A., and Jouni Korhonen. "Industrial ecology in the North Karelia Region in Finland — Scenarios for heating energy supply." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 9, no. 1 (March 2002): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504500209470098.

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Heiskanen, Eva, Mikko Jalas, Jouni K. Juntunen, and Heli Nissilä. "Small streams, diverse sources: Who invests in renewable energy in Finland during the financial downturn?" Energy Policy 106 (July 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.013.

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Pölönen, Ismo. "The Finnish Climate Change Act: Architecture, Functions, and Challenges." Climate Law 4, no. 3-4 (February 23, 2014): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00404006.

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The article examines the key features and functions of the proposed Finnish Climate Change Act (fcca). It also analyses the legal implications of the Act and the qualities and factors which may limit its effectiveness. The paper argues that, despite its weak legal implications, the fcca would provide the regulatory preconditions for higher-quality climate policy-making in Finland, and it has the capacity to play an important role in national climate policy. The fcca would deliver regulatory foundations for systematic and integrated climate policy-making, also enabling wide public scrutiny. The proposed model leaves room for manifold climate-policy choices in varying societal and economical contexts. The cost of dynamic features is the relalow predictability in terms of sectorial paths on emission reductions. Another relevant challenge relates to the intended preparation of overlapping mid-term energy and climate plans with instruments of the fcca.

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Ruostetsaari, Ilkka. "Citizens’ support for rival modes of political involvement in energy policy-making. The case of Finland in 2007-2016." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 12, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-12-2017-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to test citizens’ attitudes on political involvement in energy policy-making that has generally seen to be dominated by experts and business interests and been relatively closed to citizen involvement. The study asks whether citizens are willing to participate politically more through political consumerism (i.e., consumption choices) or through representative democracy and if citizens are willing to assign decision-making to the experts representing public administration and business, as stealth democracy asserts. Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, the study is based on postal surveys conducted in 2007 and 2016 among a random sample representing Finns who were 18-75 years of age. Findings Political consumerism and stealth democracy were not considered as alternative and detached modes for electoral participation but rather as complementary. However, adherence to stealth democracy was a reaction of people who feel powerlessness in the face of the regime, while the supporters of political consumerism had a higher trust in their ability to influence. Originality/value The study is the first one which empirically compares citizens’ support for these three modes of involvement, and it generates new knowledge for the scholars and decision-makers when planning citizen role in (energy) policy-making.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy policy – Finland'

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