Journal articles on the topic 'Energy policy Australia Mathematical models'
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Elghaish, Faris, M. Reza Hosseini, Saeed Talebi, Sepehr Abrishami, Igor Martek, and Michail Kagioglou. "Factors Driving Success of Cost Management Practices in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 9539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229539.
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Integrated project delivery (IPD) is a mode of project procurement recognised as facilitating superior project performance. However, this success is contingent on effective cost management practices that share cost data with all project stakeholders in an accurate, timely and transparent manner. Despite an extensive literature on aspects of cost management, none identifies the essential ingredients required of an effective cost management system, sufficiently robust to support successful IPD projects. Candidate cost management augmenting practices are drawn from the literature, and presented for scrutiny in questionnaire form, to fifty IPD experienced experts, based in the USA, UK and Australia. Findings reveal activity-based costing (ABC) to be effective at identifying overhead costs and creating accounting transparency. Similarly, earned value management (EVM), in combination with ABC, is effective at developing mathematical models for equitable risk-reward distribution. Moreover, web-based management systems, as supported by Building Information Modelling (BIM), are effective at generating trust and collaboration on which IPD success depends. A questionnaire survey using purposive sampling was conducted to assess the factors driving success of implementing IPD regarding cost management process. The contribution to knowledge made by this paper is in identifying requisite support mechanisms essential to elevate traditional cost management practices to the higher standard needed to ensure IPD delivery success.
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Kim, Hu Gon, Yong Joo Chung, and Chun Hyun Paik. "Mathematical Constraints Representation for Bottom-Up Approaches to Climate Policy Modeling." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 3133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3133.
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For analyzing the effect of GHG abatement policies, bottom-up models including MARKAL, MESSAGE, AIM etc. are widely used. These models are normally based on LP(linear programming) optimization, and are trying to find both the minimal cost combination of technologies and energy flows while satisfying the demands. This study investigates representative constraints needed for analysing GHG abatement policies, proposes how to implement these constraints in bottom-up modeling.
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Kolosok, Svitlana, Tetyana Pimonenko, Alona Yevdokymova, Nazim Ozbey Hajiyev, Maksym Palienko, and Lesya Prasol. "Energy efficiency policy: impact of green innovations." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.4-04.
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The European energy policy is a core role in the development of the new model of the energy market and carbon-free economy in Ukraine. In the paper, the authors analyzed the key issues on the way to implement the European policy on increasing energy efficiency and green innovations which emphasized in pro et contra. The performance of national energy policy could be limited by the market instruments, the efficiency of the smart grid and perception of innovations in the energy sectors, institutional development in general. Thus, the paper aimed to indicate the impact of green innovations on sustainable development and the country’s energy efficiency for 2000-2019. The authors used economic and mathematical modeling. The Ordinary Least Square Model was used for the integral assessment of energy efficiency policy. The authors analyzed nine sub-indicators from four Sustainable development goals (Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Responsible Consumption and Production, Combating Climate Change) and the indicator which characterized the innovation costs of industrial enterprises in the energy sector in Ukraine. The methodological instrument for checking the hypothesis and empirical justification was software stats models в Python 3.6.11. Due to the seven rounds of optimization, the authors developed significant functioning. Considering the finding of Ordinary Least Square Modelling, the authors highlighted the determinants which influenced the efficiency of energy policy: dependence on energy imports by-products, real GDP per capita, and final energy consumption. At the same time, the final energy consumption had less effect on the efficiency of energy policy and demonstrated the negative relationships with energy efficiency. The results of the models were verified using RESET and Jarque-Bera tests and confirmed the correctness of the proposed model. Keywords: energy policy, sustainable development goals, green innovations, energy efficiency.
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Makarov, V. "The Symbiosis of Economic Science and Practice in Reforming (On the Book by S. Ya. Chernavsky “Reforms of the Energy Regulated Branches in Russia”)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2014): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-10-114-124.
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The book by S. Chernavsky is devoted to the reform of the Russian energy sector and the economy as a whole. The author assesses in detail carried out reforms and develops policy recommendations in the interest of the society. In some chapters of this book the author plays the role of an analyst, in the others - that of one of the participants directly involved in the reform or its main developer. In all cases, the analysis is combined with the use of modern economic theory, mathematical models of the behavior of economic agents and empirical data. Many mathematical models presented have been developed and evaluated in cooperation with the leading Russian experts in the field of mathematical modeling and econometrics analysis that determines their validity. The obtained results and policy recommendations allow us to count on lower transformation costs and higher probability of successful implementation of reforms.
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Duan, Jon, G. Cornelis van van Kooten, and A. T. M. Hasibul Islam. "Calibration of Grid Models for Analyzing Energy Policies." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031234.
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Intermittent forms of renewable energy destabilize electricity grids unless adequate reliable generating capacity and storage are available, while instability of hybrid electricity grids and cost fluctuations in fossil fuel prices pose further challenges for policymakers. We examine the interaction between renewable and traditional fossil-fuel energy sources in the context of the Alberta electricity grid, where policymakers seek to eliminate coal and reduce reliance on natural gas. We develop a policy model of the Alberta grid and, unlike earlier models, calibrate the cost functions of thermal generation using positive mathematical programming. Rather than employing constant average and marginal costs, calibration determines upward sloping supply (marginal cost) functions. The calibrated model is then used to determine an optimal generation mix under different assumptions regarding carbon prices and policies to eliminate coal-fired capacity. Results indicate that significant wind capacity can enter the Alberta grid if carbon prices are high, but that it remains difficult to eliminate reliable baseload capacity. Adequate baseload coal and/or natural gas capacity is required, which is the case even if battery storage is allowed into the system. Further, significant peak-load gas capacity will also be required to backstop intermittent renewables.
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Robin, Libby. "Uncertain Seasons in the El Niño Continent: Local and Global Views." Australia, no. 28/3 (January 15, 2019): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.28.3.02.
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As global climate change shifts seasonal patterns, local and uncertain seasons of Australia have global relevance. Australia’s literature tracks extreme local weather events, exploring ‘slow catastrophes’ and ‘endurance.’ Humanists can change public policy in times when stress is a state of life, by reflecting on the psyches of individuals, rather than the patterns of the state. ‘Probable’ futures, generated by mathematical models that predict nature and economics, have little to say about living with extreme weather. Hope is not easily modelled. The frameworks that enable hopeful futures are qualitatively different. They can explore the unimaginable by offering an ‘interior apprehension.’
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Onyx, Jenny, Liz Cham, and Bronwen Dalton. "Current Trends in Australian Nonprofit Policy." Nonprofit Policy Forum 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2015-0023.
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AbstractThere has been a large growth in nonprofits in Australia over the past 30 years. This paper will chart some of the key current policy trends that have helped shape the sector. The huge investment in the nonprofit sector by government, particularly since the mid 1990s coincided with a strong ideological shift to a neoliberal economic agenda. There was a concerted effort to bring nonprofits under the control of government policy. This has lead to greater competition among nonprofits, the growth of large charities at the expense of small local organisations, and a greater emphasis on adopting business models. Those nonprofit organisations that provide a community development role have been particularly under threat. However while much of the nonprofit world in Australia is increasingly driven by neoliberal, business oriented demands, another alternative phenomenon is emerging, particularly among young people and largely out of the gaze of public scrutiny. As fast as the state finds a way of controlling the productive energy of the nonprofit sector, the sector itself finds a way of curtailing that control, or of creating new ways of operating that go beyond existing structures and rules of operating.
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Tonn, B. E. "A Method for the Nonstatistical Assessment of Behaviorally-Based Policy Models." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 5 (May 1988): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200669.
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Advanced computer-technology, sophisticated econometric computer-software, and the increasing availability of disaggregated data have all facilitated the development and use, for planning and policy analysis, of statistically-estimated mathematical models of human behavior. In this paper the author presents a method to judge subjectively the quality of these models and illustrates how the results of the method can be used, with statistical measures of the quality of a model, as indicators of the predictive abilities of the model. Ideas are drawn from the literature on artificial intelligence, and the concern is how to represent and manipulate subjective judgments. Five models which are related to household energy-use behavior are subjectively assessed, statistically estimated, and used to predict future behavior. In four of the five cases, the subjective assessments, in combination with the statistical measures, correctly indicate the quality of the predictive accuracy of a model.
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Lau, Henry. "Monitoring Quality of Components by Fuzzy Control Principle." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 05, no. 02 (June 1998): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539398000145.
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A fuzzy expert system uses fuzzy logic control,1 which is based on a "superset" of Boolean logic that has been extended to handle the concept of "partial truth." It replaces mathematical models with models that are built from a number of rules with fuzzy variables such as output temperature, and fuzzy terms such as extremely hot, fairly cold. A fuzzy expert system has been implemented in a plastic moulding shop in Australia for monitoring dimensional quality of output products. Because these plastic parts are used as assembly components for production of gear boxes, their dimensional accuracy is of utmost importance. This paper presents the implementation of this monitoring system adopting a graphical and non-mathematical approach, and examines the application of fuzzy control systems in quality control. Practical examples with descriptions of how the fuzzy rules are shown and the operations of the fuzzy inference engine are covered.
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White, DH, and PJ Bowman. "Economics of feeding energy-based supplements to grazing ewes before mating in order to increase the reproduction rate of a wool-producing flock." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870011.
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The financial wisdom of feeding energy-based supplements to ewes before mating to increase fecundity was evaluated using mathematical models of sheep production systems. It was concluded that, for a wool-producing enterprise in southern Australia, feeding supplements to ewes pre-mating is likely to be highly unprofitable. This is partly because relatively few ewes would have extra ova and also because multiple embryos and lambs have a lower probability of survival than single embryos and lambs. Further more, the extra lambs reared would be associated with an increase in grazing pressure which would necessitate a reduction in either stocking rate or in ewe liveweight at mating and thus fecundity in the subsequent season.
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Moore, Trivess, and Andréanne Doyon. "The Uncommon Nightingale: Sustainable Housing Innovation in Australia." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 3469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103469.
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There is a need to deliver more environmentally and socially sustainable housing if we are to achieve a transition to a low carbon future. There are examples of innovative and sustainable housing emerging around the world which challenge the deeper structures of the existing housing regime. This paper uses the analysis of socio-technical dimensions of eco-housing presented by Smith to explore the development of an emerging sustainable housing model known as Nightingale Housing in Australia within a sustainability transitions framing. While there were several similarities to Smith’s analysis (e.g., establishment of guiding principles, learning by doing), there were also some key differences, including the scaling up of sustainable housing while using tried and tested design principles, materials and technologies, and creating changes to user relations, policy, and culture. Smith’s dimensions remain a good framework for understanding sustainable housing development, but they must be located within a scaling up sustainable housing agenda. What is required now is to develop a better understanding of the processes and opportunities that such housing models offer policy makers, housing researchers, and building industry stakeholders to achieve a broader scale uptake of sustainable housing both in Australia and globally.
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THOMAS, EMMA G., HANNAH E. BARRINGTON, KAMALINI M. LOKUGE, and GEOFFRY N. MERCER. "MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS, INCLUDING DRUG RESISTANCE AND HIV: A CASE STUDY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S WESTERN PROVINCE." ANZIAM Journal 52, no. 1 (July 2010): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181111000587.
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AbstractHigh tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a serious public health concern. The epidemic in this region is exacerbated by the presence of drug-resistant TB strains as well as HIV infection. This presents a public health threat not only locally but also to Australia due to the high potential for cross-border transmission between PNG’s Western Province and the Australian Torres Strait Islands. We present two mathematical models of TB in the Western Province: a simple model of the underlying TB dynamics, and a detailed model which accounts for the additional effects of HIV and drug resistance. The detailed model is used to make quantitative predictions about the impact of expanding the TB case detection rate under the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course treatment regimen. This paper provides a framework for future investigation into the economic costs and public health benefits of potential TB interventions in this region, with the eventual aim of providing recommendations to guide policy makers in both PNG and Australia.
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Wright, Simon, Mark Frost, Alfred Wong, and Kevin A. Parton. "Australian Renewable-Energy Microgrids: A Humble Past, a Turbulent Present, a Propitious Future." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 2585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052585.
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As the global energy market undergoes a wholesale transformation accelerated by the need to decarbonise, a rapid transition to renewable energy and the mass deployment of distributed energy resources, autonomous energy networks or microgrids are emerging as an attractive mechanism for the delivery of electricity to end users. Yet in Australia, at least, relatively little is known about key aspects of microgrids that are fundamental to their successful deployment, not least the more commercial and economic elements rather than the purely technical. Drawing on the extant global literature on microgrids, in this paper, we explore the most important of these aspects including business models, ownership and investment. Identifying the ambiguity, inconsistency and uncertainty evident in many of the feasibility studies currently in train across Australia, in this paper, we highlight specific areas for future research. These research areas must be addressed if the full potential of microgrids is to be realised in the context of a global energy transition both domestically and internationally.
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Barragán-Escandón, Antonio, Jonathan Miguel Olmedo Ruiz, Jonnathan David Curillo Tigre, and Esteban F. Zalamea-León. "Assessment of Power Generation Using Biogas from Landfills in an Equatorial Tropical Context." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072669.
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This work evaluates the biogas production potential of the Ceibales landfill for feeding a power plant in the southern region of Ecuador. Biogas production is estimated through mathematical models that consider energy generation and technologies available to supply electricity plants. Characteristic landfill data are accounted for to analyze and develop these mathematical models. Once the generation capability of each source is identified, a decision can be made on the most suitable electricity generation technology. A local model (Ecuadorian model) is applied to calculate the potential of biogas and is compared with other models commonly used for evaluating this type of project. This type of renewable energy is attractive because it produces electricity from waste; however, it is not an attractive option unless its application is encouraged, as hydro has been encouraged through the investment of taxpayer resources. Technologies require a boost to become profitable, and even more so if they compete with traditional technologies.
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Kuzmin, Anton. "Mathematical Exchange Rates Modeling: Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics." Mathematics 10, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10244672.
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The development of the author’s concept of the International Flows Equilibrium Exchange Rate (IFEER) is the basis for the mathematical exchange rate modeling of two interconnected equal economies. IFEER-concept allows modeling the exchange rate dynamics of relatively medium-term equilibrium and short- and long-term disequilibrium. Discrete and integral versions of the concept are the basis for further modeling. New structural models of medium-, short- and long-term dynamics and new final structural dependencies of the exchange rate on the system of fundamental factors are the main results. The models include mathematically formalized export-import and capital flows and international competitive advantages indicators. The modeling allowed the revealing of the structural pricing mechanism of the exchange rate dynamics from new positions. We verify the US dollar to the Russian ruble exchange rate modeling during periods of financial and economic crises in recent Russian history, based on a systematic analysis of the exchange rate policy. Because of the analysis, the fall in export prices of oil and other energy carriers in international markets, the rise in consumer prices within the country, and the fall in aggregate output are the main reasons for the fall of the Russian ruble. The conducted modeling allows for the evaluation of the short-term contribution to the crisis depreciation dynamics. The mathematical tools allow for the development of the decision-making process on the exchange rate regulation.
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Rabe, Marcin, Dalia Streimikiene, and Yuriy Bilan. "The Concept of Risk and Possibilities of Application of Mathematical Methods in Supporting Decision Making for Sustainable Energy Development." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041018.
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This study is devoted to presentation of the concept of risk, and the possibility of applying mathematical methods in supporting decision making in the energy sector to promote sustainable energy development. The problem with risk assessment in the energy sector arises mainly due to the difficulty of expressing risk in numerical terms. To avoid risk, it is necessary to set the criteria and objectives of measurement before making decisions in the energy sector. The aim of this study is to try to fill in this gap by means of comparing decisions under risk conditions within models supporting energy decisions. The authors’ focus is on the problem of risk in supporting decision making towards sustainable energy sector development, which is the main target of the European Union (EU) energy policies. Without the ability to determine the probability of occurrence of certain phenomena and their inclusion into the model, it is not possible to determine how well the solutions resulting from the models are accurate, and what is the probability of their implementation under specific conditions linked to renewable energy development.
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Chen, Shiyi, Wei Chen, Ahsanullah Soomro, Lijuan Luo, and Wenguo Xiang. "Multi-objective economic emission dispatch of thermal power plants based on grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process." Energy & Environment 31, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 785–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882387.
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In this paper, mathematical models for a synthesized evaluation were established according to grey relational analysis and analytic hierarchy process. The models were used to select a power dispatch scheme considering hierarchies of material consumption, electrical efficiency, exergy efficiency, and environmental benefit. Four unit dispatch schemes, i.e., proportional fair allocation dispatch, conventional economic dispatch, economic emission dispatch, and economic emission dispatch with varied weights were investigated and compared. Analytic hierarchy process decision-making approach has been employed to find the optimal Pareto solution as the best tradeoff between cost and pollutant emission. The model indicated that the economic emission dispatch was preferred as the best option and could further reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission, followed by the economic emission dispatch with varied weights. The assessment performed serves decision makers a valuable reference for policy making in the power dispatch sector.
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Kiani, Adiqa Kausar, Wasim Ullah Khan, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja, Yigang He, Zulqurnain Sabir, and Muhammad Shoaib. "Intelligent Backpropagation Networks with Bayesian Regularization for Mathematical Models of Environmental Economic Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179537.
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The research community of environmental economics has had a growing interest for the exploration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems to provide enriched efficiencies and strengthened human knacks in daily live maneuvers, business stratagems, and society evolution. In this investigation, AI-based intelligent backpropagation networks of Bayesian regularization (IBNs-BR) were exploited for the numerical treatment of mathematical models representing environmental economic systems (EESs). The governing relations of EESs were presented in the form of differential models representing their fundamental compartments or indicators for economic and environmental parameters. The reference datasets of EESs were assembled using the Adams numerical solver for different EES scenarios and were used as targets of IBNs-BR to find the approximate solutions. Comparative studies based on convergence curves on the mean square error (MSE) and absolute deviation from the reference results were used to verify the correctness of IBNs-BR for solving EESs, i.e., MSE of around 10−9 to 10−10 and absolute error close to 10−5 to 10−7. The endorsement of results was further validated through performance evaluation by means of error histogram analysis, the regression index, and the mean squared deviation-based figure of merit for each EES scenario.
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Amaris, Gloria, Richard Dawson, Jorge Gironás, Stephane Hess, and Juan de Dios Ortúzar. "From mathematical models to policy design: Predicting greywater reuse scheme effectiveness and water reclamation benefits based on individuals’ preferences." Sustainable Cities and Society 74 (November 2021): 103132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103132.
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Hayat, Mubashir, Bashir Salah, Misbah Ullah, Iftikhar Hussain, and Razaullah Khan. "Shipment Policy for an Economic Production Quantity Model Considering Imperfection and Transportation Cost." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218964.
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Determining replenishment lot size and number of shipments in a traditional production setup has been of great interest among researchers during the last decades. In order to survive modern competition, the manufacturer has to make good decisions about the lot size that is to be shipped to the retailer. Recently, several researchers have developed mathematical models for modelling different real-world situations; however, these models are lacking due to a combination of imperfection in process and shipment lot sizing. Therefore, in the proposed research, shipment policy for an imperfect production setup has been developed with transportation costs taken into consideration. The model analyzed lot sizing for manufacturers and retailers with imperfections in terms of equally sized shipments. Furthermore, an all-unit-discount policy for shipment is considered in the proposed research, and at the end, numerical computation and sensitivity analyses are carried out to gain more insight into the specifications of the model.
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Sanin-Villa, Daniel. "Recent Developments in Thermoelectric Generation: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416821.
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The world’s growing energy demand poses several concerns regarding the rational and efficient use of energy resources. This is also the case for many industrial processes, where energy losses and particularly thermal losses are common. Thermoelectric generators offer an alternative to address some of these challenges by recovering wasted heat and thereby increasing the overall efficiency of these processes. However, the successful operation of the thermoelectrical modules meant to carry this process is only possible when pairing these to an external control system; such a system plays an important role in predicting and operating such modules at its maximum power point. In this review paper, recent developments in the field of thermoelectric technology are discussed along with their mathematical models, applications, materials, and auxiliary devices to harvest thermal energy. Moreover, new advancements in phenomenological models are also discussed and summarized. The compiled evidence shows that the thermal dependence properties on the thermoelectric generator material’s modules and the mismatching thermal conditions play an important role in predicting power output in those systems, which prove the importance of including those parameters to enhance the accuracy of the energy production prediction. In addition, based on the evaluation of the mathematical models, it is shown that more studies are required to fill the gap between the current state-of-the-art of the technology and adjacent modeling techniques for the design and evaluation of thermal energy harvesting systems employing thermoelectric arrays under mismatching thermal conditions.
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Austin, Oshin Ola. "Advanced Control And Development of Hydro and Diesel Generator Hybrid Power System Models for Renewable Energy Microgrids." Journal La Multiapp 2, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v2i3.383.
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The Nigerian power problem resulted to incessant and erratic supply of electricity and this has destroyed many industrial processes in the country. It has reduced productivity and has increased unemployment rate in the country to over 50million (this figure is over 70% of Nigerian youths). This has led many of the youths in the country to crime. It has led to the deaths of many innocent people in the country. As of 2016, the electricity energy consumption in the world from the world fact book revealed that the average power per capita (watts per person) in the United States is 1,377 Watts. In Canada, it is 1704 Watts per person and in South Africa; it is 445 Watts per person and in Australia, average power per capita (watts per person) is as high as 1,112 Watts. Whereas, the average electricity consumed in watts per person in Nigeria is just 14 Watts. Unfortunately, this has put the country in a rank of 189 out of 219 countries estimated. In this research work, a Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) which comprises Hydro Electric Power Plant (HEPP) and Diesel Generator (DG) was modelled and a control algorithm was established to improve the performance of the system. Hybrid power system mathematical and Simulink models were developed. The output power of the developed Simulink model was be optimized using optimum power point optimization techniques and control algorithms. Simulink models of the two components of the Hybrid Electric Power System were produced using MATLAB/Simulink software. The develop Simulink models was interconnected and final model was developed. The results obtained revealed that the problems associated with conventional methods of power generation was overcomed by the development of this renewable and non-renewable energy resources Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) models.
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Malik, Shariful, Mohammad Shahidul Hasan Swapan, and Shahed Khan. "Sustainable Mobility through Safer Roads: Translating Road Safety Strategy into Local Context in Western Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 8929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218929.
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Road safety is an ongoing challenge to sustainable mobility and transportation. The target set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) suggests reframing the issue with a broader outlook and pragmatic system. Unlike previous road safety strategies and models that favour engineering solutions and legal instruments, there is an increasing need to consider local context and complexities. While such principles have been increasingly featured in higher-level policy frameworks in national or state-level strategies (e.g., Safe System or Vision Zero approach), an effort to translate them into implementable actions for local development areas is absent. To address this gap, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework to examine the nature and extent to which statewide principles are translated into local government policies. We outline a 4C Framework (consisting of clarity, capability, changing context, and community engagement) to evaluate local policy integration in Perth, Western Australia. A five-point indicative scale is applied to evaluate the selected policy instruments against this framework. The results show that only a little over a quarter (27%) demonstrated a highly satisfactory performance in capturing higher-level policy objectives. The low-scoring councils failed to demonstrate the ability to consider future changes and inclusive road design. Councils along the periphery having new residential development showed comparatively greater success in translating overarching strategies. Regional cooperation has been very effective in enabling local agencies to adopt a more sustainable pathway to road safety measures. The criteria proposed within the framework will play a pivotal role in effective policy integration and to achieve more context-sensitive outcomes that are beyond the scope of modern road safety strategies.
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Harish, V. S. K. V., Arun Kumar, Tabish Alam, and Paolo Blecich. "Assessment of State-Space Building Energy System Models in Terms of Stability and Controllability." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111938.
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Building energy management system involves the development of control strategies for the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC), as well as lighting, systems. Building energy modeling is a significant part of designing such strategies. In order to analyze the feasibility of a building energy system model for any desired control strategy, a mathematical assessment tool is developed in this paper. A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) building energy system model, consisting of an outdoor wall, an external wall, two partition walls, one roof, and a ceiling, has been considered as the virtual test setup. A methodology for conducting stability and controllability assessment tests on the building energy model is proposed using inverse dynamics input theory (IDIT). IDIT enables the decoupling of control variables so as to enable the conversion of an MIMO system to a number of independent single-input single-output systems. The controllability is assessed based on the design properties for continuous systems: asymptotes and transmission zeros. The results show that the relative humidity and air temperature of the building space were controllable for all operating points; however, in unconditioned situations, where the humidity levels of the building space were greater than that of the outdoor levels, the models were unstable.
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YEH, RUEY HUEI, and MING-YUH CHEN. "OPTIMAL PREVENTIVE-MAINTENANCE WARRANTY POLICIES FOR REPAIRABLE PRODUCTS WITH AGE-DEPENDENT MAINTENANCE COSTS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 12, no. 02 (April 2005): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539305001720.
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This paper develops a mathematical model to derive the optimal preventive maintenance warranty (PMW) policy for repairable products with age-dependent maintenance costs. Under a PMW, any product failures are rectified by minimal repair, and additional preventive maintenance actions are carried out within the warranty period. When the costs for preventive maintenance and minimal repair are age-dependent, the optimal number of preventive maintenance actions, corresponding maintenance degrees, and the maintenance schedule for designing a PMW policy are derived here such that the expected total warranty cost is minimized. Under some reasonable conditions, we show that there exists a unique optimal PMW policy in which the product is maintained periodically with the same preventive maintenance degree. Using this property, an efficient algorithm is provided to search for the optimal policy. Some related models developed in the literature are discussed and these models are in fact special cases of the model proposed in this paper. Furthermore, when the life-time distribution of a product is Weibull, a closed-form expression of the optimal policy is obtained. Finally, the impact of providing preventive maintenance is evaluated through numerical examples.
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Wee, Kenneth. "Encouraging traditional owner participation in onshore unconventional projects." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14073.
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Australia has significant unconventional energy resources that can be tapped to bolster energy security needs and increase contributions to the global energy supply mix—fuelling both domestic and international economic growth. A key factor underpinning the success of developing onshore unconventional resources is the security of land and tenure access, which allows project proponents to sustainably engage in the exploration, appraisal and development of unconventional gas deposits spread across extensive geographical areas. These activities occur in areas that are vested in traditional landowners and indigenous native title holders, and have the potential to significantly impact their cultural heritage and their quality and way of life. It is, therefore, critical, on a number of levels, for project proponents to have the support of this key stakeholder group in ensuring the long-term viability of developing onshore gas resources. Alignment between the project’s proponents and the diverse range of traditional/indigenous landowners who influence—and are influenced by—their operations, however, is not easy to achieve due to competing interests and motivations. This extended abstract explores: alternative participation models for traditional land owners in onshore unconventional gas projects, including production payment and equity-based ownership models; examples of co-existence arrangements between project proponents and traditional owners; the impact of fiscal policy on the economic viability of alternative traditional owner participation and co-existence models; and, the role of state and federal governments in giving incentives to and fostering greater collaboration between project proponents and traditional owner groups.
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Ziyadin, Sayabek, Elena Streltsova, Alex Borodin, Nataliya Kiseleva, Irina Yakovenko, and Elmira Baimukhanbetova. "Assessment of Investment Attractiveness of Projects on the Basis of Environmental Factors." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092544.
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This article is devoted to the creation of intelligent modelling tools for decision support in the evaluation of intellectual projects submitted for financing, as based on qualitatively defined characteristics. The economic and mathematical models that form the basis of the toolkit are constructed using the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy logic, which allows for the description of poorly structured knowledge of specialists, as well as their application in solving questions about the extent of the impact of the proposed projects on the environment. The authors classify investment projects according to the degree of impact on the environment, the environmental criteria required by the investor for the evaluation of investment projects, and the formal formulation of the problem of evaluation of investment projects when taking into account the environmental factor. The toolkit was created based on the concept of intellectualization, where economic and mathematical models for the evaluation of investment projects are programmatically implemented via the tools and functions available in the MATLAB package.
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Dulebenets, Maxim A. "Advantages and disadvantages from enforcing emission restrictions within emission control areas." Maritime Business Review 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-05-2016-0011.
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Purpose Emissions produced by oceangoing vessels not only negatively affect the environment but also may deteriorate health of living organisms. Several regulations were released by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to alleviate negative externalities from maritime transportation. Certain polluted areas were designated as “Emission Control Areas” (ECAs). However, IMO did not enforce any restrictions on the actual quantity of emissions that could be produced within ECAs. This paper aims to perform a comprehensive assessment of advantages and disadvantages from introducing restrictions on the emissions produced within ECAs. Two mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programs are presented to model the existing IMO regulations and an alternative policy, which along with the established IMO requirements also enforces restrictions on the quantity of emissions produced within ECAs. A set of linearization techniques are applied to linearize both models, which are further solved using the dynamic secant approximation procedure. Numerical experiments demonstrate that introduction of emission restrictions within ECAs can significantly reduce pollution levels but may incur increasing route service cost for the liner shipping company. Design/methodology/approach Two mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programs are presented to model the existing IMO regulations and an alternative policy, which along with the established IMO requirements also enforces restrictions on the quantity of emissions produced within ECAs. A set of linearization techniques are applied to linearize both models, which are further solved using the dynamic secant approximation procedure. Findings Numerical experiments were conducted for the French Asia Line 3 route, served by CMA CGM liner shipping company and passing through ECAs with sulfur oxide control. It was found that introduction of emission restrictions reduced the quantity of sulfur dioxide emissions produced by 40.4 per cent. In the meantime, emission restrictions required the liner shipping company to decrease the vessel sailing speed not only at voyage legs within ECAs but also at the adjacent voyage legs, which increased the total vessel turnaround time and in turn increased the total route service cost by 7.8 per cent. Research limitations/implications This study does not capture uncertainty in liner shipping operations. Practical implications The developed mathematical model can serve as an efficient practical tool for liner shipping companies in developing green vessel schedules, enhancing energy efficiency and improving environmental sustainability. Originality/value Researchers and practitioners seek for new mathematical models and environmental policies that may alleviate pollution from oceangoing vessels and improve energy efficiency. This study proposes two novel mathematical models for the green vessel scheduling problem in a liner shipping route with ECAs. The first model is based on the existing IMO regulations, whereas the second one along with the established IMO requirements enforces emission restrictions within ECAs. Extensive numerical experiments are performed to assess advantages and disadvantages from introducing emission restrictions within ECAs.
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Amer, Baher M. A., and Houssam Chouikhi. "Smartphone Application Using a Visual Programming Language to Compute Drying/Solar Drying Characteristics of Agricultural Products." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 8148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198148.
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Drying is an important process for food security. A software application on a smartphone can be used to prevent mistakes while carrying out the calculations for drying investigation and research using several mathematical equations. The objective of this research was to develop a software program on cellphones depending on some of the important mathematical equations which are used to conduct some of the drying/solar drying characteristics to assist researchers and engineers who work in the food engineering field for sustainable development. This innovative software application can be installed on mobiles in Android and iOS systems to save effort and time. Mathematical models were developed to compute drying/solar drying calculations. These mathematical models were integrated into the flowchart to develop a software program using visual programming language in the operating system and create the user interface. The collected data from references were used to compare the results from the normal way of calculations with results from the developed software. The results were agreed for both normal calculations and the software. This application software can calculate the moisture content of product, drying ratio, quantity of removed moisture from the fresh products, required heat to evaporate moisture from fresh product, and efficiency of the solar collector.
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Subramanian, Avinash, Truls Gundersen, and Thomas Adams. "Modeling and Simulation of Energy Systems: A Review." Processes 6, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6120238.
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Energy is a key driver of the modern economy, therefore modeling and simulation of energy systems has received significant research attention. We review the major developments in this area and propose two ways to categorize the diverse contributions. The first categorization is according to the modeling approach, namely into computational, mathematical, and physical models. With this categorization, we highlight certain novel hybrid approaches that combine aspects of the different groups proposed. The second categorization is according to field namely Process Systems Engineering (PSE) and Energy Economics (EE). We use the following criteria to illustrate the differences: the nature of variables, theoretical underpinnings, level of technological aggregation, spatial and temporal scales, and model purposes. Traditionally, the Process Systems Engineering approach models the technological characteristics of the energy system endogenously. However, the energy system is situated in a broader economic context that includes several stakeholders both within the energy sector and in other economic sectors. Complex relationships and feedback effects exist between these stakeholders, which may have a significant impact on strategic, tactical, and operational decision-making. Leveraging the expertise built in the Energy Economics field on modeling these complexities may be valuable to process systems engineers. With this categorization, we present the interactions between the two fields, and make the case for combining the two approaches. We point out three application areas: (1) optimal design and operation of flexible processes using demand and price forecasts, (2) sustainability analysis and process design using hybrid methods, and (3) accounting for the feedback effects of breakthrough technologies. These three examples highlight the value of combining Process Systems Engineering and Energy Economics models to get a holistic picture of the energy system in a wider economic and policy context.
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Trejos-Grisales, Luz Adriana, Juan David Bastidas-Rodríguez, and Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja. "Mathematical Model for Regular and Irregular PV Arrays with Improved Calculation Speed." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 10684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410684.
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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are usually developed by configuring the PV arrays with regular connection schemes, such as series-parallel, total cross-tied, bridge-linked, among others. Such a strategy is aimed at increasing the power that is generated by the PV system under partial shading conditions, since the power production changes depending on the connection scheme. Moreover, irregular and non-common connection schemes could provide higher power production for irregular (but realistic) shading conditions that aere caused by threes or other objects. However, there are few mathematical models that are able to predict the power production of different configurations and reproduce the behavior of both regular and irregular PV arrays. Those general array models are slow due to the large amount of computations that are needed to find the PV current for a given PV voltage. Therefore, this paper proposes a general mathematical model to predict the power production of regular and irregular PV arrays, which provides a faster calculation in comparison with the general models that were reported in the literature, but without reducing the prediction accuracy. The proposed modeling approach is based on detecting the inflection points that are caused by the bypass diodes activation, which enables to narrow the range in which the modules voltages are searched, thus reducing the calculation time. Therefore, this fast model is useful in designing the fixed connections of PV arrays that are subjected to shading conditions, in order to reconfigure the PV array in real-time, depending on the shading pattern, among other applications. The proposed solution is validated by comparing the results with another general model and with a circuital implementation of the PV system.
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Ma, Huiru, Dewang Chen, and Jiateng Yin. "Riding Comfort Evaluation Based on Longitudinal Acceleration for Urban Rail Transit—Mathematical Models and Experiments in Beijing Subway." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114541.
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Riding comfort is an important index to measure the quality of service for railways, especially for congested urban rail transit systems where the majority of passengers cannot find a seat. Existing studies usually employ the value of longitudinal acceleration as the key indicator to evaluate the riding comfort of vehicles, while there is no validated mathematical models to evaluate the riding comfort of urban rail trains from the perspective of passengers. This paper aims to employ the collected longitudinal acceleration data and passengers’ feedback data in Beijing subway to qualitatively measure and validate the riding comfort of transit trains. First, we develop four regular fuzzy sets based comfort measurement models, where the parameters of the fuzzy sets are determined by experiences of domain experts and the field data. Then a combinational model is given by averaging the four regular fuzzy set models to elaborate a comprehensive measurement for the riding comfort. In order to verify the developed models, we conducted a questionnaire survey in Beijing subway. The surveyed riding comfort data from passengers and the measured acceleration data are used to validate and optimize the proposed models. Two key parameters are deduced to describe all parameters in the fuzzy set models and a meta-heuristic algorithm is applied to optimize the parameters and weight coefficients of the combinational model. Comparing the collected comfort data with the comfort levels and values calculated by different models shows that the averaging model is better than any regular fuzzy set model. Furthermore, the optimized model is better than the averaging model and provides the best accuracy and robustness for riding comfort measurement. The models provided in this paper offer an optional way to measure the riding comfort for further assessment and more comprehensively tuning of train control systems.
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Alnahdi, Amani, Ali Elkamel, Munawar A. Shaik, Saad A. Al-Sobhi, and Fatih S. Erenay. "Optimal Production Planning and Pollution Control in Petroleum Refineries Using Mathematical Programming and Dispersion Models." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143771.
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Oil refineries, producing a large variety of products, are considered as one of the main sources of air contaminants such as sulfur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are primarily caused by fuel combustion. Gases emanated from the combustion of fuel in an oil refinery need to be reduced, as it poses an environmental hazard. Several strategies can be applied in order to mitigate emissions and meet environmental regulations. This study proposes a mathematical programming model to derive the optimal pollution control strategies for an oil refinery, considering various reduction options for multiple pollutants. The objective of this study is to help decision makers select the most economic pollution control strategy, while satisfying given emission reduction targets. The proposed model is tested on an industrial scale oil refinery sited in North Toronto, Ontario, Canada considering emissions of NOx, SOx, and CO2. In this analysis, the dispersion of these air pollutants is captured using a screening model (SCREEN3) and a non-steady state CALPUFF model based on topographical and meteorological conditions. This way, the impacts of geographic location on the concentration of pollutant emissions were examined in a realistic way. The numerical experiments showed that the optimal production and pollution control plans derived from the proposed optimization model can reduce NOx, SOx, and CO2 emission by up to 60% in exchange of up to 10.7% increase in cost. The results from the dispersion models verified that these optimal production and pollution control plans may achieve a significant reduction in pollutant emission in a large geographic area around the refinery site.
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Zastempowski, Marcin, Andrzej Bochat, and Lubomír Hujo. "Selected Aspects of Modelling and Design Calculations of Roller Mills." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052595.
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An analysis of construction was conducted in this study, and the guidelines for designing roller mills used commonly in the agri-food, chemical, power and construction industries were presented. Quick designing of the machines required existence of adequate mathematical models. Within the framework of the study’s realization, a mathematical model was developed and we presented the selected results of calculations of the milling rollers loading from the assembly’s mill bowl. The simulation calculations conducted with the mathematical model unambiguously show that the roller’s rotation around a fixed point considerably influences the total loading of the mill’s bowl, and passing over that phenomenon is a mistake.
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Makarieva, Olga, Nataliia Nesterova, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Andrey Ostashov, and Anastasiia Zemlyanskova. "Challenges of Hydrological Engineering Design in Degrading Permafrost Environment of Russia." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072649.
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The study shows that the current network of hydrometeorological observation in the permafrost zone of Russia is insufficient to provide data for the statistical approaches adopted at the state level for engineering surveys and calculations. The alternative to the financially costly and practically impossible expansion of the monitoring network is the development of hydrological research stations and the implementation of new methods for calculating streamflow characteristics based on mathematical modeling. The data of the Kolyma Water-Balance Station, the first research basin in the world in a permafrost environment (1948–1997), and the process-based hydrological model Hydrograph are applied to simulate streamflow hydrographs in remote mountainous permafrost basins. The satisfactory results confirm that mathematical modeling may substitute or replace statistical approaches in the conditions of extreme data insufficiency. The improvement of the models in a changing climate requires the renewal of historical observations at currently abandoned research stations in Russian permafrost regions. The study is important for forming the state policy in climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
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Linfati, Rodrigo, Fernando Yáñez-Concha, and John Willmer Escobar. "Mathematical Models for the Vehicle Routing Problem by Considering Balancing Load and Customer Compactness." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 12937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912937.
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The vehicle routing problem seeking to minimize the traveled distance and the deviation of the total workload is known as the vehicle routing problem with workload balance (WBVRP). In the WBVRP, several elements are considered: (i) the total distance or driving time, (ii) the number of customers to be visited, and (iii) the total weight or amount of delivered goods. We have considered the WBVRP by adding a concept called customer compactness and the visual attractiveness of the routes. The WBVRP allows a similar workload for drivers to improve their well-being and social development. Unbalanced routes could generate high costs due to potential strikes by drivers seeking an equitable workload. We have proposed three mathematical formulations for solving the WBVRP by minimizing the customer compactness and the distance with and without considering workload balancing. The workload balancing is based on the deviation concerning the average load of the routes and considering waiting and driving time. We have tested the efficiency of the proposed models on a synthetic set of instances, analyzing different aspects such as depot location, customer location, and demand. The analysis of the results has been performed considering customer compactness and the visual attractiveness of the obtained solution. Computational experiments on generated random instances show the efficiency of the proposed approaches.
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Hussein, Ahmed Kadhim, Farhan Lafta Rashid, Azher M. Abed, Mohammad Al-Khaleel, Hussein Togun, Bagh Ali, Nevzat Akkurt, et al. "Inverted Solar Stills: A Comprehensive Review of Designs, Mathematical Models, Performance, and Modern Combinations." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113766.
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Fresh water is scarce, making it a worldwide issue. In order to address global freshwater demand, a filtration technique is needed. Solar distillation (SD) that purifies brackish and subterranean water has been proven to be a promising green technology. It produces distilled water which can be used as potable water for drinking and other purposes. The designs, operations, and configurations of several inverted solar stills are thoroughly examined in this article. All techniques for solar water distillation to separate saltwater from freshwater have the same fundamental idea. It has been demonstrated that for a specified mass of water in the top basin, the daily output of an inverted absorber double-basin solar still (IASS) grows with increasing water depth in the bottom basin. Nevertheless, as the water depth in the bottom basin rises from 1 cm to 5 cm, the output of an inverted absorber double-basin solar system falls by about 27%. At water depths of 4, 6, and 8 cm, the daily yields from inverted absorber solar stills paired with a refrigeration cycle (RIASS) were 6.4, 10.08, and 9.5 L/day, respectively. The results also showed a substantial rise in water temperature in the inverted absorber solar still as a result of lower bottom heat loss and larger absorptivity. In this study, the emphasis on energy, efficiency, and environmental concerns remains with the modified multi-wick basin-type inverted absorber solar panel. The performance of the inverted trickling solar still was assessed with a 60 ppm average salinity under various sun radiation, feed water flow rate, and existence conditions for natural convection. It was found that the still could produce 2.55 L/day m2 of fresh water, a 15% increase. Brackish water with a salinity of 6000 ppm was used to test the still in November at tilt angles of 47° and 32°. Condensate production at the specified angles was 2.8 and 2 L/d, respectively. A total output of 6.907, 5.681, and 4.650 kg/m2/day was also generated using the modified multi-wick basin-type inverted absorber solar still (MMWBIASS) at water depths of 1, 2, and 3 cm, respectively. With black cotton wicks, the MMWBIASS had a total thermal efficiency of 34.04%, 28.17%, and 23.61%.
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Anders, Andrzej, Dariusz Choszcz, Piotr Markowski, Adam Józef Lipiński, Zdzisław Kaliniewicz, and Elwira Ślesicka. "Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 2798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102798.
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The aim of the study was to build numerical models of cucumbers cv. Śremski with the use of a 3D scanner and to analyze selected geometric parameters of cucumber fruits based on the developed models. The basic dimensions of cucumber fruits–length, width and thickness—were measured with an electronic caliper with an accuracy of d = 0.01 mm, and the surface area and volume of fruits were determined by 3D scanning. Cucumber fruits were scanned with an accuracy of d = 0.13 mm. Six models approximating the shape of cucumber fruits were developed with the use of six geometric figures and their combinations to calculate the surface area and volume of the analyzed agricultural products were identified. The surface area and volume of cucumber fruits calculated by 3D scanning and mathematical formulas were compared. The surface area calculated with the model combining two truncated cones and two hemispheres with different diameters, joined base-to-base, was characterized by the smallest relative error of 3%. Fruit volume should be determined with the use of mathematical formulas derived for a model composed of an ellipsoid and a spheroid. The proposed geometric models can be used in research and design.
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Saravanan, G., and I. Gnanambal. "Mathematical Model and Control Design of Micro Turbine Generation System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 7610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5760.
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In this modern era power generation seems to be a very demanding factor. New models and methods have been proposed to derive from various natural and man made resources. In such instances this paper gives a detailed report on the power generation from micro turbines. To enlist the microturbines as a prime source of energy utility restructuring, technology evolution, public environmental policy and expanding power demand are some of the most notable factors. Gas turbines plays a very important role in electric power generation. Especially they are used in the Combined cycle process power Plants. The parameters of Rowen’s model 265-MW single shaft heavy duty gas turbines which are used in dynamic studies are estimated in this paper using the operational and performance data. These data are also used to briefly explain the extraction of parameters of the used model. Gas turbine parameters are approximated using simple thermodynamics assumptions. Though micro turbine power generation seems to be an uprising and a promising source, the exact design with a perfect model is only capable of producing the highest efficiency. Thus this paper is proposed on the aspects of social awareness to elaborate a mathematical model and a control design of the Micro Turbine Power Generation System.
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Tan, Verity, Pablo R. Dias, Nathan Chang, and Rong Deng. "Estimating the Lifetime of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095336.
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Determining the lifetime of solar photovoltaic modules is integral to planning future installations and ensuring effective end-of-life management. The lifetime of photovoltaic modules is most commonly considered to be 25 years based on performance guarantees of 80% power output after 25 years of operation; however, influences including climatic conditions, social behaviour, fiscal policy, and technological improvements have the potential to prompt early replacement. Therefore, this work aims to estimate the operating lifetime of photovoltaic panels more accurately in Australia by considering a variety of technical, economic, and social reasons for decommissioning. Based on a range of sources including government organisations, other policymakers, regulators and advisors, energy suppliers, researchers, recyclers, and manufacturers, three lifetime models—power decrease, damage and technical failures, and economic motivation—were developed and then weighted in three scenarios to form overall views of panel lifetime in Australia. In addition, it was concluded that the module lifetime will vary considerably between countries due to differences in market factors. Therefore, these results specifically address Australia as most of the input data were sourced from Australian industry reports and Australian photovoltaic systems and interpreted within the context of the Australian photovoltaic market. However, the methodology of estimating lifetime based on both technical and non-technical factors can be applied to other scenarios by using country-specific data. With the popularity of photovoltaic technology beginning in the early 2010s and given the practical lifetimes of 15–20 years found in this work, Australia will need to act swiftly within the next three years to responsibly manage the looming solar panel waste.
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Cârdei, Petru, Cătălina Tudora, Valentin Vlăduț, Mirabela Augustina Pruteanu, Iuliana Găgeanu, Dan Cujbescu, Despina-Maria Bordean, Nicoleta Ungureanu, George Ipate, and Oana Diana Cristea. "Mathematical Model to Simulate the Transfer of Heavy Metals from Soil to Plant." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 6157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116157.
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Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements, but their various applications have led to their wide circulation in the environment, raising concerns over their latent effects on the environment and human health. Their toxicity depends on numerous factors, including chemical species, concentration of heavy metal ions, environmental factors, etc. Experimental studies on the single or cumulative effects of heavy metals on plants are complex, time consuming and difficult to conduct. An alternative is mathematical modeling, which can include different factors into an integrated system and can predict plant and environmental behavior under multiple stressors. This paper presents a mathematical model that simulates the dependence of temperature, concentration of Zn in the soil and the subsequent bioaccumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.); respectively, the reaction of lettuce to Zn contamination. The main results consist of three mathematical models, based on systems of ordinary differential equations and checking their predictions with available experimental data. The models are applied to predict an optimal harvest time of lettuce with low concentration of Zn, in identifying the availability of the analyzed species to phytoremediation operations and the possibility of maneuvering certain control factors to reduce or increase the intensity of the bioaccumulation process.
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Wee, Kenneth. "Lowering the cost of funds for exploration: the case for tax-based equity financing incentives." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19184.
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Exploring for, and discovering, new oil and gas resources is essential to an oil and gas company’s ability to replenish and enhance its reserves base. With rising future demand for clean, sustainable and affordable energy sources and the important role and contribution of the Australian petroleum industry in the evolving global energy mix, continual investment in exploration activity will be the key to unlocking the prospectivity of undeveloped acreage, particularly in frontier areas. However, exploration is inherently risky and costly. Companies constantly compete for scarce capital to provide the necessary funding to undertake exploration activities. Financial capacity underwrites the ability to bid for exploration acreage by offering commensurate work program commitments. For junior explorers in the early exploration stage, liquidity constraints can mean that the covenants, collateral security requirements and periodic servicing obligations associated with raising debt financing are prohibitive. Equity investors, on the other hand, typically demand a higher return on capital. A fresh policy approach to encouraging petroleum exploration in Australia should be considered by government to incentivise the providers of equity capital to risk money for exploration ventures. This paper considers three models that are used internationally: (1) flow-through shares, (2) worthless stock deductions and (3) notional interest deductions for equity financing. This paper provides a comparative in-principle analysis of each model and offers some suggestions on how these models may be adapted to an Australian context and embedded into the existing taxation system.
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Tamilselvi, S., S. Gunasundari, N. Karuppiah, Abdul Razak RK, S. Madhusudan, Vikas Madhav Nagarajan, T. Sathish, Mohammed Zubair M. Shamim, C. Ahamed Saleel, and Asif Afzal. "A Review on Battery Modelling Techniques." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 10042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810042.
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The growing demand for electrical energy and the impact of global warming leads to a paradigm shift in the power sector. This has led to the increased usage of renewable energy sources. Due to the intermittent nature of the renewable sources of energy, devices capable of storing electrical energy are required to increase its reliability. The most common means of storing electrical energy is battery systems. Battery usage is increasing in the modern days, since all mobile systems such as electric vehicles, smart phones, laptops, etc., rely on the energy stored within the device to operate. The increased penetration rate of the battery system requires accurate modelling of charging profiles to optimise performance. This paper presents an extensive study of various battery models such as electrochemical models, mathematical models, circuit-oriented models and combined models for different types of batteries. It also discusses the advantages and drawbacks of these types of modelling. With AI emerging and accelerating all over the world, there is a scope for researchers to explore its application in multiple fields. Hence, this work discusses the application of several machine learning and meta heuristic algorithms for battery management systems. This work details the charging and discharging characteristics using the black box and grey box techniques for modelling the lithium-ion battery. The approaches, advantages and disadvantages of black box and grey box type battery modelling are analysed. In addition, analysis has been carried out for extracting parameters of a lithium-ion battery model using evolutionary algorithms.
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Vieira, Serrao-Neumann, and Howes. "Local Action with a Global Vision: The Transformative Potential of Food Social Enterprises in Australia." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 6756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236756.
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There is an urgent need to make food systems more sustainable and resilient. Such a transformation goes beyond technological innovation and requires economic and social change. Research interest in the transformative potential of community level action has increased. Food social enterprises often operate at the community level and consist of not-for-profit organisations that aim to make a positive contribution to social justice and environmental sustainability. The question addressed in this paper is whether these social enterprises are limited to isolated improvements or have the capacity to transform food systems more widely. This paper uses a multi-dimensional framework (involving the social setting, operational models, governance, and institutional context) to analyse the transformative potential of eight food social enterprises in the Australian cities of Brisbane and Melbourne. The analysis indicates that these enterprises create social networks, pursue agendas aligned with a global vision of transformation, and include a diversity of stakeholders. Their operational models are consistent with the goals of environmental sustainability and social justice. Their governance involves equality, transparency, and flexibility. In the institutional context, support from public policy is limited and there is a need to improve their engagement with governmental actors. While food social enterprises are well placed in the quest to make food systems more consistent with ecological dynamics and social justice, they need to engage in greater advocacy for institutional change in order to maximise their transformative potential.
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Pankiv, Oleh. "The concepts and features of the models of venture investment of energy-oriented startups." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(138) (2019): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-4-12.
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The theoretical and methodological principles of promising managerial decisions concerning the efficiency of attracting financial resources, as well as creation of fundamentally new sources of funding for the development of energy-oriented start-ups are considered. The role and place of the sectors of innovative energy saving and alternative sources of power supply in a complex system of energy independence of the country are determined. The way and the main directions of research and development of the ways to solve the aforementioned problem are outlined. As part of the search for optimization solutions, it is suggested to use the principles of the existing statistical and mathematical apparatus, marketing achievements and achievements in network development that take place in gaming business. An analogue comparison of the principal models was carried out, during which the existing types of energy-oriented start-ups were determined and presented. A separate direction in the economic search is proposed, and its profile characteristics are outlined. The type of model is typical for Ukrainian conditions. The author proposed a method of comparing strategies for attracting financial resources into a gaming business in the core of the research. To solve the investigated problem, it is proposed to apply the property of the law of the emergence. The analysis is based on a concrete example of the functioning of the tender procedure, namely the organization of public procurement. The purpose of the article is to consider and analyze the author's proposal to focus on such an important phenomenon as the constant creation of the difference between the expected price and the final contractual price. The model of the solution is based on the systematic combination of this phenomenon and the administrative stimulation of implementation of exclusively energy-innovation projects. The combination of these two points is the basis of an optimization policy for the potential formation and maintenance of a state program to search and stimulate the sources of funding for power plants.
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Kremmydas, D., A. Petsakos, and S. Rozakis. "Parametric Optimization of Linear and Non-Linear Models via Parallel Computing to Enhance Web-Spatial DSS Interactivity." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdsst.2012010102.
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A web based Spatial Decision Support System (web SDSS) has been implemented in Thessaly, the most significant arable cropping region in Greece, to evaluate energy crop supply. The web SDSS uses an optimization module to support the decision process launching mathematical programming (MP) profit maximizing farm models. Energy to biomass raw material cost is provided in supply curve form incorporating physical land suitability for crops, farm structure, and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) scenarios. To generate biomass supply curves, the optimization problem is parametrically solved for a number of steps within a price range determined by the user. The more advanced technique used to solve the MP model, the higher the delay of response to the user. In this paper, the authors examine how effectively the web SDSS response time can be reduced to the user requests using parallel solving of the corresponding optimization problem. The results are encouraging, since the total solution time drops significantly as the problem’s size increases, improving the users’ experience even when the underlying optimization models use advanced, time demanding modeling techniques. These statements are illustrated by comparing linear and non-linear agricultural sector models.
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Liu, Yanrong, Zhongqiu Meng, Lei Zhu, Di Hu, and Handong He. "Optimizing the Sample Selection of Machine Learning Models for Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using Information Value Models in the Dabie Mountain Area of Anhui, China." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031971.
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The evaluation of landslide susceptibility is of great significance in the prevention and management of geological hazards. The accuracy of the landslide susceptibility prediction model based on machine learning is significantly higher than that of traditional expert knowledge and the conventional mathematical statistics model. The correct and reasonable selection of non-landslide samples in the machine learning model greatly improves the prediction accuracy and reliability of the regional landslide susceptibility model. Focusing on the problem of selecting non-landslide samples in the machine learning model for landslide susceptibility evaluation, this paper proposes a landslide susceptibility evaluation method based on the combination of an information model and machine learning in traditional mathematical statistics. First, the influence factors for landslide susceptibility evaluation are screened by the correlation analysis method. Second, the information value model is used to delimit areas with low and relatively low landslide susceptibility, and non-landslide points are randomly selected. Third, a landslide susceptibility evaluation method combined with IV-ML, such as logistic regression (IV-LR), random forest (IV-RF), support vector machine (IV-SVM), and artificial neural network (IV-ANN), is established. Finally, the landslide susceptibility factors in the Dabie Mountain area of Anhui Province are analyzed, and the accuracy of the landslide susceptibility evaluation results using the IV-LR, IV-RF, IV-SVM, and IV-ANN and LR, RF, SVM, and ANN methods are compared. The accuracy is evaluated by examining the ACC, AUC, and kappa values of the model. The results indicate that the evaluation effect of the IV-ML models (IV-LR, IV-RF, IV-SVM, IV-ANN) on landslide susceptibility is significantly higher than that of the ML models (LR, RF, SVM, ANN).
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Pang, Yingbo, Iftikhar Azim, Momina Rauf, Muhammad Farjad Iqbal, Xinguang Ge, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rahman Tariq, and Anne W. M. Ng. "Prediction of Bidirectional Shear Strength of Rectangular RC Columns Subjected to Multidirectional Earthquake Actions for Collapse Prevention." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 6801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116801.
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The understanding of the effects of multidirectional loadings imposed on major load bearing elements such as reinforced concrete (RC) columns by seismic actions for collapse prevention is of utmost importance, and a few simplified models are available in the literature. In this study, the distinguishing features of two machine-learning (ML) methods, namely, multi expression programming (MEP) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are exploited for the first time to develop eight novel prediction models (M1-to M4-MEP and M1-to M4-ANFIS) with different combinations of input parameters to predict the biaxial shear strength of RC columns (V). The performance of the developed models was assessed using various statistical indicators and by comparing them with the experimental values. Based on the statistical analysis of the developed models, M1-ANFIS and M1-MEP performed very well and exhibited the best overall efficiency of the studied ML methods. Simple mathematical formulations were also provided by the MEP algorithm for the prediction of V, using which the M1-MEP model was finalized based on its performance, accuracy, and generalization capability. A parametric analysis was also performed for the model to show that the mathematical formulation provided by MEP accurately represents the system under consideration and is imperative for prediction purposes. Based on its performance, the model can thus be recommended to update the current code provisions and engineering practices.
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García-Cuadrado, Juan, Andrea Conserva, Juan Aranda, David Zambrana-Vasquez, Tatiana García-Armingol, and Gema Millán. "Response Surface Method to Calculate Energy Savings Associated with Thermal Comfort Improvement in Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052933.
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In developed countries, a large part of the building stock in 2050 will consist of currently existing buildings. Consequently, in order to achieve the objectives in terms of energy efficiency in the building sector we must consider not only new infrastructures but also the old ones. A reduction in energy consumption for climate control of between 50 and 90% can be achieved by rehabilitation and the implementation of different energy efficiency measures. Currently, these measures to reduce energy consumption and associated CO2 emissions can be modelled using computer tools. However, high precision and detail of thermal behaviour models through simulations can mean a great computational cost for companies, which results in a blockage of servers and workers. In this paper, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is presented as an innovative methodology for the simplification of models for calculation of the energy savings associated with thermal comfort improvement in buildings. A single-family house model, located in three different climates, is presented as a case study in order to validate the proposed methodology. Different scenarios were simulated, addressing heating and cooling temperature set points and external wall insulation represented by the transmittance (U-value). Results obtained from energy simulation using Design Builder were contrasted against those estimated from the simplified model extracted from the RSM analysis. The results revealed a deviation lower than 3% when comparing both methods. Therefore, the simplified mathematical prediction models are demonstrated to be suitable for the study of the energy performance of buildings, saving computational time, costs and associated human resources.
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Chen, Xiaohong, Jincheng Zhou, Jinqiu Wang, Dan Wang, Jiu Liu, Dingpu Shi, Duo Yang, and Qingna Pan. "Visualizing Status, Hotspots, and Future Trends in Mathematical Literacy Research via Knowledge Graph." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113842.
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The goal of education for sustainable development is to prepare future citizens to make informed decisions and take responsible action to solve problems. The purpose of mathematical literacy is to ensure that all learners develop an understanding of mathematics, and how to relate mathematics to the world and use mathematical knowledge to make valuable decisions in their lives, work, and society. It can be seen that the purpose of mathematical literacy coincides with the goal of education for sustainable development. In addition, math literacy is closely related to self-regulated learning (SRL), which is the key to meaningful learning and sustainable development. In educational research, it is an essential task to cultivate learners’ mathematical literacy and promote their sustainable development. With the rapid growth of emerging technologies, the emergence of big data has brought numerous challenges to various research fields. In the age of big data, educational research that can identify research perspectives and hotspots and summarize research evolution rules from a large body of literature can assist us in deepening subsequent analysis. As a result, in this study, we used CiteSpace and HistCite knowledge map visualization and exploration technology to examine mathematical literacy research trends, major research countries and regions, major research institutions, significant researchers, highly cited papers, research hotspots, and evolution trends on a global scale. Through this study, we found that the earliest literature on mathematical literacy appeared in 1957, and the research on mathematical literacy can be divided into three germination stages (1957–2001), a slow development stage (2001–2011), and a prosperous development stage (2011–2022). Most studies come from developed countries such as the US, the UK, Germany, and Australia. The Universities of Utrecht and Purdue University were the most published institutions, and scholars at Purpura published the most articles. The research object of highly cited literature is mainly children, and the research is primarily carried out through the measurement of students’ mathematical ability and achievement and the analysis of related influencing factors, which provides a direction for how to improve students’ mathematical literacy. The research on mathematical literacy mainly includes four research hotspots: working memory and mathematical literacy; brain science and mathematical literacy; mathematical achievement and mathematical literacy; and the generation strategy of mathematical literacy. The research field of mathematics literacy mainly includes working memory, parietal cortex, math performance, mathematics education, early childhood, parental belief, fractions, cognitive development, and student learning. There are 10 clusters. Different clusters have different evolutionary trends. With the evolution of time, working memory, mathematical education, fractions, and precinct beliefs clustered, gradually expanding from the concentrated research direction to the subdivision field. The clusters of parietal cortex, math performance, early childhood, cognitive development, and students do not show large keyword nodes during the research period. With time, it has gradually expanded from the centralized research direction to the subdivision field. The parietal cortex, math performance, early childhood, cognitive development, and students clusters did not show large keyword nodes during the whole study period.