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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy Payback Time (EPT)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Utamura, Motoaki. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Analysis With Energy Payback Effect." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691442.

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Analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behavior during replacement of power source from fossil to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during as well as after the replacement. Nuclear, small hydropower, and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as an option to replace fossil power until mid-century. Nuclear and small hydropower can be promising candidates but photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT to avoid energy expense after the replacement.

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2

Gomaa, Mohamed R., Hegazy Rezk, Ramadan J. Mustafa, and Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. "Evaluating the Environmental Impacts and Energy Performance of a Wind Farm System Utilizing the Life-Cycle Assessment Method: A Practical Case Study." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2019): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173263.

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The ever-increasing popularity of finding alternative forms of renewable energy has seen an increased interest and utilization of wind energy. The objective of this research therefore, is to evaluate the environmental impacts and energy performance of wind farms. This study was operationalized in Jordan using a life-cycle assessment (LCA) method. The environmental impact is evaluated through lifecycle emissions that include all emissions during various phases of the project. The energy performance is illustrated by the energy indicators. The latter is the energy payback ratio (EPR) and the energy payback time (EPT). This study was conducted on a 38 Vestas V112 3-MW wind turbine located in the southern region of Tafilah in Jordan that is host to the country’s first wind farm. SimaPro 7.1 software was used as the modeling platform. Data for this study were collated from various sources, including, manufacturers, the wind turbine farm, and local subcontractors. A software database was used for the modeling process, and the data obtained modeled in accordance with ISO 14040 standards. The findings of this study indicate that the impacts of the transportation and installation phases were moderate, with the largest negative environmental impact deriving from the manufacturing phase. To remedy some of the negative impacts in these phases, green cement was used for the turbine foundation to limit the environmental impacts to be had during the installation phase, while the transportation phase saw the utilization of locally-manufactured turbines. Furthermore, an evaluation of the study’s results revealed that the energy payback period of the wind farm is approximately 0.69 year (8 months), while the payback ratio is 29, and the annual CO2 saving estimated to be at 2.23 × 108 kg, 3.02 × 108 kg, 3.10 × 108 kg for an annual generated power of 371, 501, and 515 GWh/year.

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Ferraz de Paula, Laura, and Bruno Souza Carmo. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf." Wind 2, no. 3 (July 22, 2022): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind2030027.

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Brazil is currently witnessing the dawn of its offshore wind industry, and companies, government, investors, and society must understand the risks and possible environmental impacts this technology can generate. This paper aims to partially fill this need by presenting an analysis of the environmental impacts that would be caused by a 5 MW floating offshore wind turbine to be installed on the Brazilian continental shelf through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). We assumed that the wind turbine would supply electrical power to a floating oil and gas extraction platform, with the intention of reducing the amount of energy produced with fossil fuels in these platforms, in order to decrease the carbon footprint of this economic activity. The turbine would be mounted on a semi-submersible platform with a high mass of steel, and a battery system for energy storage. We considered two different sites for the turbine installation, Campos Basin and Santos Basin, which are the most important areas of oil and gas extraction in Brazil. The EIA examines the effects caused by the turbine in the ecosystems around it, showing that the fauna suffers from various impacts such as sedimentation, electromagnetic fields, and others, but few species are seriously affected, except for birds, which can have a risk of mortality. The LCA makes an assessment on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption for each part of the life cycle of the project, finding a total 21.61 g of CO2 emitted per kWh of energy produced by the turbine. The total energy consumed was 89,131.31 GJ, which causes an Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) of 16.28 and Energy Payback Time (EPT) of 1.23 years. Several sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the effect of the variation of several parameters related to recycling, maintenance and failures, and the capacity factor, on the values of CO2 emission and energy consumption. These analyses showed that variations in the amount of steel recycled and in the capacity factor of the system cause the most significant changes in EPR and EPT.

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Celik, Ilke, Adam B. Philips, Zhaoning Song, Yanfa Yan, Randy J. Ellingson, Michael J. Heben, and Defne Apul. "Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaic Solar Cells." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2017.2768961.

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Bhandari, Khagendra P., Jennifer M. Collier, Randy J. Ellingson, and Defne S. Apul. "Energy payback time (EPBT) and energy return on energy invested (EROI) of solar photovoltaic systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (July 2015): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.057.

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6

Gómez-Camacho, Carlos E., and Bernardo Ruggeri. "Energy Sustainability Analysis (ESA) of Energy-Producing Processes: A Case Study on Distributed H2 Production." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184911.

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In the sustainability context, the performance of energy-producing technologies, using different energy sources, needs to be scored and compared. The selective criterion of a higher level of useful energy to feed an ever-increasing demand of energy to satisfy a wide range of endo- and exosomatic human needs seems adequate. In fact, surplus energy is able to cover energy services only after compensating for the energy expenses incurred to build and to run the technology itself. This paper proposes an energy sustainability analysis (ESA) methodology based on the internal and external energy use of a given technology, considering the entire energy trajectory from energy sources to useful energy. ESA analysis is conducted at two levels: (i) short-term, by the use of the energy sustainability index (ESI), which is the first step to establish whether the energy produced is able to cover the direct energy expenses needed to run the technology and (ii) long-term, by which all the indirect energy-quotas are considered, i.e., all the additional energy requirements of the technology, including the energy amortization quota necessary for the replacement of the technology at the end of its operative life. The long-term level of analysis is conducted by the evaluation of two indicators: the energy return per unit of energy invested (EROI) over the operative life and the energy payback-time (EPT), as the minimum lapse at which all energy expenditures for the production of materials and their construction can be repaid to society. The ESA methodology has been applied to the case study of H2 production at small-scale (10–15 kWH2) comparing three different technologies: (i) steam-methane reforming (SMR), (ii) solar-powered water electrolysis (SPWE), and (iii) two-stage anaerobic digestion (TSAD) in order to score the technologies from an energy sustainability perspective.

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Bansal, Sarthak, and Dharamveer Singh. "A Comparative Study of Active Solo and Dual Inclined Compound Parabolic Concentrator Collector Solar Stills Based on Exergoeconomic and Enviroeconomic." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 524–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47297.

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Abstract: The Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) is a uniform photovoltaic thermal (PVT) compound linked to solar photos (N) of water collectors called PVT-CPC Active Solar Filtration System Analysis. New Delhi Analysis is done for a solar filter system for a given particle size under weather conditions. We assess efficiency, system productivity, and life cycle cost analysis. The Thermal Model Life cycle cost efficiency (LCCE), designed for LCCE analysis, is considered the only and double-doubled effective PVT-CPC system for filtering solar energy recovery time. In this work, we need to analyze the appropriate points of the collector and extract the bulk of the system. Tests were performed on dual-solar and dual-inclined PVT-CPC operating systems with a single basin size and a water depth of 0.14 m, with yield on yearly basis, factor of energy payback, and efficiency of life cycle cost conversion analysis of 5.0%, 12.63%. Moreover, 22.21% is two times higher than the solo inclined system. In addition, the water return, one PVT-CPC, and two turns have been found to have a recovery time (EPT) with an interest rate of 5%. The solar filter system is 10.89% and 17.99% higher than the solo inclined photovoltaic thermal compound parabolic concentrator activated solar filter system, respectively. The above analysis concluded, we can confirm that the two bends are better than the active PVT-CPC system for solar filtering, which is the only inclination of the depth of 0.14 m in water based on daily based analysis. If depth of water 0.14 m is more significant, for basin size provided the performance of one inline is improved and is better than curved solar-powered filtering systems. The upgraded system lasts longer and can meet potable water and DC electricity on sunny commercial days.

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Faludi, Jeremy, and Michael Lepech. "ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.100.

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Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient, prefabricated building. A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco, California, and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building. Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy. The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing, transportation, annual energy use of the new building, and disposal of the existing building, compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building. The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years, and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years. The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years, and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.

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9

Zakiah, Aisyah. "ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT STRATEGIES IN GLASS TYPE OPTIONS." International Journal on Livable Space 5, no. 2 (August 2, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/livas.v5i2.7286.

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Cities are facing a challenge with the steady increase in energy consumption for buildings. This study aims to analyse the energy consumption and payback period of energy-efficient strategy implementation in glass type options. The energy-efficient strategy in the glass options is chosen since it affects the energy consumption the most. A study on the payback period needs to be conducted since purchasing high-performance glass materials increase the building capital cost and become a consideration for decision-maker. This study tested 5 variations, including single and double glass windows and incorporating 5 types of glass materials with various solar transmittance properties. The energy consumption then is calculated using energy simulation software OpenStudio using Jakarta weather data. The payback period is calculated to find out the length of time the energy cost saving can recoup the additional capital cost needs to purchase better thermal performance glass. The result shows that the double glass windows with low solar transmittance value reduce the energy consumption for cooling the most. Thus, cheaper glass material with similar solar transmittance value reaches the payback period fastest.

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10

Cucchiella, Federica, and Idiano D’Adamo. "A Multicriteria Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems: Energetic, Environmental, and Economic Assessments." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/627454.

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The development of photovoltaic (PV) energy has led to rising efficiencies, better reliability, and falling prices. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) of PV systems is proposed in this paper in order to evaluate the sustainability of alternative projects. The investigations are presented using multiple indicators: Energy Payback Time (EPBT), Energy Return on Investment (EROI), Greenhouse Gas per kilowatt-hour (GHG/kWh), Greenhouse Gas Payback Time (GPBT), Greenhouse Gas Return on Investment (GROI), Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Payback Time (DPBT), and Discounted Aggregate Cost Benefit (D(B/C)A). PV energy is a relevant player in global electricity market and can have a key-role in sustainable growth.

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11

de Simón-Martín, Miguel, Montserrat Díez-Mediavilla, and Cristina Alonso-Tristán. "Real Energy Payback Time and Carbon Footprint of a GCPVS." AIMS Energy 5, no. 1 (2017): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.1.77.

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12

Rachoutis, E., and D. Koubogiannis. "Energy Payback Time of a Rooftop Photovoltaic System in Greece." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 161 (November 2016): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/161/1/012092.

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13

Kamat, Prashant V. "Evolution of Perovskite Photovoltaics and Decrease in Energy Payback Time." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4, no. 21 (November 7, 2013): 3733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz402141s.

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14

Huang, Dikai, and Tai Yu. "Study on Energy Payback Time of Building Integrated Photovoltaic System." Procedia Engineering 205 (2017): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.174.

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15

Knapp, K., and T. Jester. "Empirical investigation of the energy payback time for photovoltaic modules." Solar Energy 71, no. 3 (2001): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(01)00033-0.

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16

(Mariska) de Wild-Scholten, M. J. "Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic systems." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 119 (December 2013): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.037.

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17

Knapp, K., and T. Jester. "Empirical investigation of the energy payback time for photovoltaic modules." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 43, no. 4 (July 2002): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(02)86351-2.

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18

Newell, Richard G., and Juha Siikamäki. "Individual Time Preferences and Energy Efficiency." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151010.

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We examine the role of individual discount rates in energy efficiency decisions using evidence from an extensive survey of US homeowners to elicit preferences for energy efficiency and cash flows over time. We find considerable heterogeneity in individual discount rates. We also find that individual time preferences systematically influence willingness to invest in energy efficiency, as measured through product choices, required payback periods, and energy efficiency tax credit claims. Education is a key driver of individual discount rates. Our findings highlight the importance of individual discount rates to understanding energy efficiency investments, the energy-efficiency gap, and policy evaluation.

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19

Radu, Petru Valentin, and Zbigniew Drazek. "Analysis of wayside energy storage devices for DC heavy rail transport." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818004001.

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The proposed paper presents the possibility of using the wayside energy storage devices (WESD) for the DC Heavy Rail Transport treating the design, costs and payback time. Moreover a case study comparison for the use of wayside energy storage devices on the heavy transport at the supply voltage of 3.3kV DC is presented. A method of sizing the energy storage devices using vehicle characteristics, traction power supply and running timetable is presented. The paper also presents the cost analysis for the most commonly used energy storage devices and the payback time.

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20

Peharz, Gerhard, and Frank Dimroth. "Energy payback time of the high-concentration PV system FLATCON®." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 13, no. 7 (2005): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.621.

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21

Aryanfar, Amin, Aslan Gholami, Payam Ghorbannezhad, Bijan Yeganeh, Mahdi Pourgholi, Majid Zandi, and Svetlana Stevanovic. "Multi-criteria prioritization of the renewable power plants in Australia using the fuzzy logic in decision-making method (FMCDM)." Clean Energy 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab048.

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Abstract The presented study focused on developing an innovative decision-making framework to select the best renewable-power-plant technologies, considering comprehensive techno-economic and environmental variables. Due to the favourable conditions, Australia was selected as the case study. A fuzzy-logic method and analytical hierarchy process were applied to prioritize different renewable-energy power plants. The techno-economic factors included levelized cost of energy, initial cost, simple payback time, and operation and maintenance costs along with environmental factors including carbon payback time, energy payback time and greenhouse-gas emissions were used to rank the power plants. The results showed that the capital cost and simple payback time had the highest priority from an economic point of view. In comparison, greenhouse-gas emissions and carbon payback time were the dominant environmental factors. The analysis results provided economic and environmental priority tables for developing different power plants in the current state and a future scenario by 2030. The fuzzy results and pairwise composite matrix of alternatives indicated that the onshore wind, offshore wind, single-axis tracker polycrystalline photovoltaic, single-axis tracker monocrystalline photovoltaic, fix-tilted polycrystalline photovoltaic and fix-tilted monocrystalline photovoltaic scored the highest in the current state. In contrast, by 2030, the single-axis tracker photovoltaic power plants will be the best choice in the future scenario in Australia. Finally, the results were used and analysed to recommend and suggest several policy implementations and future research studies.

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Armendariz-Lopez, J. F., A. P. Arena-Granados, M. E. Gonzalez-Trevizo, A. Luna-Leon, and G. Bojorquez-Morales. "Energy payback time and Greenhouse Gas emissions: Studying the international energy agency guidelines architecture." Journal of Cleaner Production 196 (September 2018): 1566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.134.

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Kong, Minjin, Taehoon Hong, Changyoon Ji, Hyuna Kang, and Minhyun Lee. "Development of building driven-energy payback time for energy transition of building with renewable energy systems." Applied Energy 271 (August 2020): 115162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115162.

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24

Tsuda, T. "Global distribution of vertical wavenumber spectra in the lower stratosphere observed using high-vertical-resolution temperature profiles from COSMIC GPS radio occultation." Annales Geophysicae 34, no. 2 (February 10, 2016): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-203-2016.

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Abstract. We retrieved temperature (T) profiles with a high vertical resolution using the full spectrum inversion (FSI) method from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) data from January 2007 to December 2009. We studied the characteristics of temperature perturbations in the stratosphere at 20–27 km altitude. This height range does not include a sharp jump in the background Brunt–Väisälä frequency squared (N2) near the tropopause, and it was reasonably stable regardless of season and latitude. We analyzed the vertical wavenumber spectra of gravity waves (GWs) with vertical wavelengths ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 km, and we integrated the (total) potential energy EpT. Another integration of the spectra from 0.5 to 1.75 km was defined as EpS for short vertical wavelength GWs, which was not studied with the conventional geometrical optics (GO) retrievals. We also estimated the logarithmic spectral slope (p) for the saturated portion of spectra with a linear regression fitting from 0.5 to 1.75 km.Latitude and time variations in the spectral parameters were investigated in two longitudinal regions: (a) 90–150° E, where the topography was more complicated, and (b) 170–230° E, which is dominated by oceans. We compared EpT, EpS, and p, with the mean zonal winds (U) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). We also show a ratio of EpS to EpT and discuss the generation source of EpS. EpT and p clearly showed an annual cycle, with their maximum values in winter at 30–50° N in region (a), and 50–70° N in region (b), which was related to the topography. At 30–50° N in region (b), EpT and p exhibited some irregular variations in addition to an annual cycle. In the Southern Hemisphere, we also found an annual oscillation in EpT and p, but it showed a time lag of about 2 months relative to U. Characteristics of EpTand p in the tropical region seem to be related to convective activity. The ratio of EpT to the theoretical model value, assuming saturated GWs, became larger in the equatorial region and over mountainous regions.

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Zhong, Shan, Pratiksha Rakhe, and Joshua Pearce. "Energy Payback Time of a Solar Photovoltaic Powered Waste Plastic Recyclebot System." Recycling 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling2020010.

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Evola, Gianpiero, Luigi Marletta, Antonio Gagliano, Francesco Nocera, and Desirée Peci. "Energy Balances and Payback Time for Controlled Mechanical Ventilation in Residential Buildings." International Journal of Heat and Technology 34, S2 (October 31, 2016): S315—S322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.34s218.

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Evola, Gianpiero, Luigi Marletta, Antonio Gagliano, Francesco Nocera, and Desirée Peci. "Energy balances and payback time for controlled mechanical ventilation in residential buildings." International Journal of Heat and Technology 34, Special Issue 2 (October 30, 2016): S315—S322. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.34sp0218.

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28

Horgan, Chris. "Using energy payback time to optimise onshore and offshore wind turbine foundations." Renewable Energy 53 (May 2013): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.10.044.

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Prabhakant and G. N. Tiwari. "Energy payback time and life-cycle conversion efficiency of solar energy park in Indian conditions." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 4, no. 3 (July 6, 2009): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctp020.

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Aviza, Donatas, and Zenonas Turskis. "AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE THICKNESS OF A THERMAL INSULATION LAYER OF THE FLOOR AND THE PAYBACK PERIOD." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.937356.

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The article provides the correlation analysis between the thickness of a thermo-insulation layer of the typical floor-on-soil sample and its simple payback time in a traditional new construction single-apartment residential and net-zero energy building. The calculations were carried out on the energy efficiency class of the building and the geographic area of the construction. On the basis of the results, a simple payback time was calculated. The main aim – thermal transmittance coefficients of soil touching partitions must satisfy the normative value of technical construction regulation and European standards. The research object of the study is relationships between the thickness of a thermoinsulation layer of the typical floor-on-soil sample and its simple payback time. Lithuania was chosen as the geographic area of the research. Calculations were carried out for seven towns: Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai, Panevezys, Utena, and Dukstas. The test result – developed correlation functions. Correlation analysis results are important not only for designers making decisions during the pre-design stage, but also for energy consumption auditors and experts.

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Zhao, Shan Guo, Xiao Song Zhang, Yuan Fang, and Xian Liang Li. "Analysis of a New Life Cycle Assessment Model Based on the Solar Building Integrated Technology." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.214.

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Solar Building Integrated Technology is an important measure in architecture energy conservation and environment protection. Taking into account of factors of environment, the new LCA model of Solar Building Integrated Technology is set up and then a concept of Environment Impact Payback Time is put forward. At last, an example of a certain solar thermal system is conducted, the final impact value of which is-2382.39Pt, and the Environment Impact Payback Time is 10 years.

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Dehghani, M. Javad, P. McManamon, and A. Ataei. "Toward Building Energy Reduction Through Solar Energy Systems Retrofit Options: An Equest Model." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2018-0007.

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Abstract Office buildings are responsible for a great portion of total energy consumption. In this study, solar system based retrofitting measures such as daylighting control system (DCS), Trombe wall (TW) and photovoltaic (PV) systems are modeled to an office building located in Dayton, Ohio, United States. An energy modeling tool, eQuest is utilized to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of the proposed single retrofitting measures along with the combined measure to identify the optimized building energy reduction opportunity. Compared to the baseline energy consumption, adopting single energy efficiency measures such as PV, DCS, TW, and overhangs/fins to windows results in about 25, 10, 9, 1 percentages of energy reduction respectively. In terms of economic perspectives, overhang and fins provide the best simply payback time around 1 year. Other solar system based retrofitting measures such as TW, DCS and PV can provide economic simple payback with 1.5, 2.5, and 12 years respectively. PV turned out to be the most costly options although it provides the largest energy savings which lead to the largest CO2 reductions. Adopting the combined system along with 50 kW photovoltaic array to the rooftop results in 45 percent office building energy reduction.

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Kassai, Miklós. "Recovering Heat from Condenser Unit Produced Refrigerant System in Food Processing Facility." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.14044.

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The object of this research was to investigate of the energy performance of a national chicken slaughterhouse in order to achieve condenser heat utilization generated by the operation of the existing, refrigerant systems. The paper focuses also for the technical realization of condenser heat utilization by concept plans and payback time calculations. The utilizing heat of a cooling circle's condenser is a quite quickly returnable investment. The time of payback is around 330 days by heat utilizing for hot water preheating and also air heating.

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Zsiborács, Henrik, Gábor Pintér, and Béla Pályi. "The solar systems payback effect of the price decrease of communal electric prices and of the interest rate decrease of the Central Bank." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2014.2.467-473.

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The energy is one of the most important needs of the humanity. One of its biggest challenge or danger is that the world's demand for energy continues to grow. The aim of present study is to review the introduction of solar energy utilization, the economic determination of the return of crystalline solar photovoltaic systems in Hungary, the electricity price reductions for individuals and the change in the payback period. The effect of the changing investment cost to the payback period based on the changes in electricity price reductions and in central bank interest rate is written in this study. An important question is for a household: decide by or against a solar (PV) system. The main direction of our recent research is the utilization of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy with crystalline solar systems. The research was carried out in solar-electric power plants extended from 1.5 kWp to 10 kWp. The calculation of payback time was performed by dynamic indices.

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Wu, Xin Fang, Yong Sheng Liu, Juan Xu, Xiao Dong Si, Wei Lei, and Wen Long Du. "Economic and Environmental Assessments of Two Installation Types of Photovoltaic Systems in Shanghai." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.44.

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This paper mainly analyses a BAPV system of 3kWp and a BIPV system of 10 kWp in Shanghai, China. Net present value (NPV) and the payback time (Pd) as the parameters to determine the profitability of the system based on some actual measured data. As there are two subsidy policies in China, including the initial investment subsidy and PV electricity tariff subsidy. The variations of NPV and Pdwith the initial investment subsidy and PV electricity tariff subsidy are researched. Analysis results indicate both the systems have a good economic benefit. Since the manufacturing, utilization and recycling periods of PV systems can lead to negative impacts on the environment. Environmental impacts by both the systems are also evaluated in this paper by the energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse-gas payback time (GPBT). Results show both the systems have a good environmental benefit, PV technology and PV system are sustainable.

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Iten, Muriel, Miguel Oliveira, Diogo Costa, and Jochen Michels. "Water and Energy Efficiency Improvement of Steel Wire Manufacturing by Circuit Modelling and Optimisation." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020223.

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Industrial water circuits (IWC) are frequently neglected as they are auxiliary circuits of industrial processes, leading to a missing awareness of their energy- and water-saving potential. Industrial sectors such as steel, chemicals, paper and food processing are notable in their water-related energy requirements. Improvement of energy efficiency in industrial processes saves resources and reduces manufacturing costs. The paper presents a cooling IWC of a steel wire processing plant in which steel billets are transformed into wire. The circuit was built in object-oriented language in OpenModelica and validated with real plant data. Several improvement measures have been identified and an optimisation methodology has been proposed. A techno-economic analysis has been carried out to estimate the energy savings and payback time for the proposed improvement measures. The suggested measures allow energy savings up to 29% in less than 3 years’ payback time and water consumption savings of approximately 7.5%.

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Zalewska, Justyna, Krzysztof Damaziak, and Jerzy Malachowski. "An Energy Efficiency Estimation Procedure for Small Wind Turbines at Chosen Locations in Poland." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123706.

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Contrary to the extensive amount of research on large wind turbines, substantial analyses of small wind turbines are still rare. In the present study, the wind energy potential of three locations in Poland is analyzed using real wind data from a five-year period and the parameters of the selected turbine model. Appropriate simulations are performed to assess the energy efficiency of the analyzed investments at a coastal, foothill, or lowland site. According to the results, the most favorable location for a small wind turbine is the coastal site (wind zone I). The payback time at this location is approximately 13 years, whereas the payback times at the other two analyzed are more than 3 times longer. The payback periods for the latter locations significantly exceed the estimated lifetime of the wind turbine, ruling out their economic viability. The cost of electricity generation varies greatly, from 0.16 EUR/kWh at the coastal location to 0.71 EUR/kWh at the lowland location. These results provide a reference for developing more efficient solutions, such as the use of a turbine with a shielded rotor, which can increase the power of the turbine by approximately 2.5 times.

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Degrenne, Nicolas, Francois Buret, Bruno Allard, and Jean Michel Monier. "Progress in Microbial Fuel Cells Energy Production." Advanced Materials Research 324 (August 2011): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.324.457.

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Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) harness the natural metabolisms of microbes to produce electrical power from almost any kind of organic matter. In addition to the low power densities (about 1mW for a 1-liter reactor), MFCs are presently built with expensive membrane and electrodes. The payback time of MFCs is therefore very long (evaluated to 25000 years for our lab prototype). Progresses in designing low-cost MFCs are necessary before conceiving large scale energy production.

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Seyedzahedi, Asrin, and Salah Bahramara. "Facilitating Investment in Photovoltaic Systems in Iran Considering Time-of-Use Feed-in-Tariff and Carbon Market." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031067.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are the leading solutions for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Iran’s energy system. However, there are some challenges to investing in PV systems in Iran, such as the low energy market price and the high investment cost of PV systems. Although the flat feed-in tariff (FiT) is defined to help purchase energy from the PV systems, it is not attractive to investors. In this paper, a mathematical formulation is developed for the planning problem of the PV systems with battery energy storages (BESs) considering two incentive policies: (1) Designing time-of-use FiT to encourage the PV systems to sell energy to the grid at peak hours (2) Participating in the carbon trading energy market. The insolation in Iran is calculated regarding mathematical formulations which divide Iran into eight zones. The results of the base case show high payback periods for all zones. In the presence of the incentive policies, the payback period decreases considerably from 5.46 yrs. to 3.75 yrs. for the best zone. Also, the net present value increases more than 170 percent in some zones compared to the base case.

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Tian, Xueyu, Samuel D. Stranks, and Fengqi You. "Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eabb0055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0055.

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A promising route to widespread deployment of photovoltaics is to harness inexpensive, highly-efficient tandems. We perform holistic life cycle assessments on the energy payback time, carbon footprint, and environmental impact scores for perovskite-silicon and perovskite-perovskite tandems benchmarked against state-of-the-art commercial silicon cells. The scalability of processing steps and materials in the manufacture and operation of tandems is considered. The resulting energy payback time and greenhouse gas emission factor of the all-perovskite tandem configuration are 0.35 years and 10.7 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, compared to 1.52 years and 24.6 g CO2-eq/kWh for the silicon benchmark. Prolonging the lifetime provides a strong technological lever for reducing the carbon footprint such that the perovskite-silicon tandem can outcompete the current benchmark on energy and environmental performance. Perovskite-perovskite tandems with flexible and lightweight form factors further improve the energy and environmental performance by around 6% and thus enhance the potential for large-scale, sustainable deployment.

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Jerome, Adeline, Paula Femenías, Liane Thuvander, Paula Wahlgren, and Pär Johansson. "Exploring the Relationship between Environmental and Economic Payback Times, and Heritage Values in an Energy Renovation of a Multi-Residential Pre-War Building." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 3652–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040201.

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Cultural value and heritage have been identified as necessary for a sustainable living environment, alongside environmental concern and energy efficiency. In this study, multiple methods, i.e., life cycle assessment, payback, and questionnaires and interviews with tenants, and empirical data from a recent energy renovation of a multi-residential pre-war building with wooden construction were used to analyse the impact of the renovation on cultural and aesthetic values, environmental impact, financial payback time, and user satisfaction. In the energy renovation, the façade, which had been disfigured in an earlier renovation, was recreated to resemble the original architecture. The main questions are: What impact has the recreation of the façade on the environmental payback time in comparison to a more conventional renovation? What are the consequences for the user satisfaction and financial return on investment? The results show that the recreated façade has improved the building’s aesthetics without compromising the environmental benefits. It also resulted in better thermal comfort, which is highly valued by the tenants. The improved aesthetics are also appreciated by the tenants, but to a lesser extent. Financially, the renovation is estimated to be not viable. Results of this study can be applied in the decision-making of similar renovation projects.

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Held, Michael, and Robert Ilg. "Update of environmental indicators and energy payback time of CdTe PV systems in Europe." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 19, no. 5 (January 5, 2011): 614–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.1068.

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Perpiñan, O., E. Lorenzo, M. A. Castro, and R. Eyras. "Energy payback time of grid connected PV systems: Comparison between tracking and fixed systems." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 17, no. 2 (March 2009): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.871.

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Zhang, Jian Yi. "Optimal Configuration of Evaporative Condensers in Refrigerating Plants Based on Part Load." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1176.

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The operating records of a typical industrial refrigeration plant in Xiamen, China are analyzed. Based on the results, the ratio of the heat exhaust of the operating condensers to that of the total condensers is calculated over each time period to obtain the regulation of part load. The energy consumption and the payback period are calculated for two typical refrigerating plants under different schemes based on the regulation of part load. Results show that energy savings will be 53.6% when condensers are optimally configured based on such regulation. The payback period is 0.8-1.7 years in some cases, whilst in other cases there is actually no additional investment required.

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Zabaniotou, Anastasia, and Ioannis Vaskalis. "Economic Assessment of Polypropylene Waste (PP) Pyrolysis in Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020593.

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Plastic waste has a high energy content and can be utilized as an energy source. This study aims to assess the economic feasibility of polypropylene plastic waste (PP) pyrolysis. A literature review was carried out to determine the optimal pyrolysis conditions for oil production. The preferred pyrolysis temperature ranges from 450 °C to 550 °C, where the oil yields vary from 82 wt.% to 92.3 wt.%. Two scenarios were studied. In the first scenario, pyrolysis gas is used for the pyrolysis heating needs, whereas in the second scenario, natural gas is used. An overview of the economic performance of a pyrolysis plant with a capacity of 200,000 t/year is presented. Based on the results, the plant is economically viable, as it presents high profits and a short payback time for both scenarios considered. Although the annual revenues are smaller in scenario 1, the significant reduction in operating costs makes this scenario preferable. The annual profits amount to 37.3 M€, while the return on investment is 81% and the payback time is 1.16 years. In scenario 2, although the plant is still feasible and shows high profitability, the annual profits are lower by about 1.5 M€, while the payback time is 1.2 years.

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Gagliardi, Christopher J., Li Wang, Prateek Dongare, M. Kyle Brennaman, John M. Papanikolas, Thomas J. Meyer, and David W. Thompson. "Direct observation of light-driven, concerted electron–proton transfer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 40 (September 22, 2016): 11106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611496113.

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The phenols 4-methylphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, and N-acetyl-tyrosine form hydrogen-bonded adducts with N-methyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium cation (MQ+) in aqueous solution as evidenced by the appearance of low-energy, low-absorptivity features in UV-visible spectra. They are assigned to the known examples of optically induced, concerted electron–proton transfer, photoEPT. The results of ultrafast transient absorption measurements on the assembly MeOPhO-H---MQ+ are consistent with concerted EPT by the instantaneous appearance of spectral features for MeOPhO·---H-MQ+ in the transient spectra at the first observation time of 0.1 ps. The transient decays to MeOPhO-H---MQ+ in 2.5 ps, accompanied by the appearance of oscillations in the decay traces with a period of ∼1 ps, consistent with a vibrational coherence and relaxation from a higher υ(N-H) vibrational level or levels on the timescale for back EPT.

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Todde, Giuseppe, Lelia Murgia, Isaac Carrelo, Rita Hogan, Antonio Pazzona, Luigi Ledda, and Luis Narvarte. "Embodied Energy and Environmental Impact of Large-Power Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082110.

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A life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to evaluate the cumulative energy demand and the related environmental impact of three large-power stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) irrigation systems ranging from 40 kWp to 360 kWp. The novelty of this analysis is the large power of these systems as the literature up to now is restricted to modeled PV pumping systems scenarios or small power plants, where the size can be a critical factor for energy and environmental issues. The analysis shows that the yearly embodied energy per unit of PV power ranged from 1306 MJ/kWp to 1199 MJ/kWp depending of the PV generator size. Similarly, the related yearly carbon dioxide impacts ranged from 72.6 to 79.8 kg CO2e/kWp. The production of PV modules accounted for the main portion (about 80%) of the primary energy embodied into the PV irrigation system (PVIS). The outcomes of the study also show an inverse trend of the energy and carbon payback times respect to the PV power size: In fact, energy payback time increased from 1.94, to 5.25 years and carbon payback time ranged from 4.62 to 9.38 years. Also the energy return on investment depends on the PV generator dimension, ranging from 12.9 to 4.8. The environmental impact of the stand-alone PV systems was also expressed in reference to the potential amount of electricity generated during the whole PV life. As expected, the largest PVIS performs the best result, obtaining an emission rate of 45.9 g CO2e per kWh, while the smallest one achieves 124.1 g CO2e per kWh. Finally, the energy and environmental indicators obtained in this study are strongly related to the irrigation needs, which in turn are influenced by other factors as the type of cultivated crops, the weather conditions and the water availability.

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Khanmohammadi, Shoaib, Mohammad Zanjani, and Farzad Veysi. "Feasibility study of using solar energy as a renewable source in office buildings in different climatic regions." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-06-2017-0147.

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Purpose Present research focus on using solar energy as a renewable option for office buildings in different climatic conditions in Iran. To seeking a way to use clean solar energy and reduce current expense in buildings an investigation carried out. Nine office buildings in various climatic regions selected as case studies. Through a precise examination, buildings specifications, energy demand and climate information carried out. In the first step based on the buildings type and hot water demand, solar water heater systems designed for each case. In the second step, a cost-benefit analysis is done to detriment the economic aspects of implement aforementioned type of solar system. A cost-benefit analysis is done from saving energy and return time of investment point of view. Results indicate that solar water heater with low investment about US$500 and payback time between 2 and 5 years can be noticed as a desirable renewable option in case studies. Furthermore, analysis reveals that thermal load of building is more effective on fuel saving in building, while solar radiation intensity has more effective on the payback in solar water heater utilization. Design/methodology/approach In this study based on thermal load of nine building office and radiation of different part of Kermnashah province, the possibility of solar water system is investigated. Findings Analyses reveal that the thermal load of building is more effective on fuel saving, while solar radiation intensity has more effective on the payback in solar water heater utilization. The main originality goes back to consideration of different meteorological conditions in solar water heater selection.

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Menezes, Jandira, J. C. Cury, and L. M. Souza. "Sustainable Practices Improving the University Campus: Feasibility of A Photovoltaic System." Journal of Chemistry, Environmental Sciences and its Applications 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jce.2021.72006.

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This article aimed to discuss the principles of sustainability applied to the built environment, highlighting the importance of universities as replicators of these practices. To respond to a demand from the campus for more security in the energy supply, the work proposes the implementation of a solar photovoltaic energy system. For this, it carried out an economic viability analysis through bibliographic review activities, characterization of the study area, dimensioning of photovoltaic systems, budgets, cost analysis and payback calculation. The research evaluated the system’s implementation considering two energy demands, for the entire campus and for a smaller building. It was found that the CSL-UFSJ consumes, on average, 27,300.38 kWh, at a cost of US$ 2,736. Thus, an annual savings of US$ 32,833 is calculated. The cost estimate analyzes showed a value of US$ 139,784 for the implementation of the system. The return on investment time was calculated for 4.3 and 4.9 years considering simple and discounted Payback respectively.It is estimated that the consumption of the DECEB building is 13,187.1 kWh with a cost of US$ 1,322 per month, which results in an annual savings of US$ 15,860. The cost estimate analyzes showed a value of US$ 40.601 for the implementation of the system and values of 4.3 and 4.9 years were obtained as return on investment time considering the calculations for simple and discounted Payback, respectively. The research demonstrates that the implementation of the photovoltaic solar energy generation system is feasible for both cases analyzed.

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Lu, Lin, and H. X. Yang. "A Study on Simulations of the Power Output and Practical Models for Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 3 (July 19, 2004): 929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1701883.

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With the rapid increase in Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems and the popularity of photovoltaic (PV) applications, a simple but accurate model to calculate the power output of PV modules is crucial for evaluating systems. In addition, in the analysis of energy payback, two factors, the power output (maximum power output) model of PV modules and the representative local weather data, affect calculations of the energy savings and the payback time of BIPV systems. Most studies take the efficiency of PV modules as constant when calculating the energy payback time of PV systems, and ignore the influence of solar radiation and temperature on the results of the calculation. This study tries to develop one simple, practical, yet more accurate model for describing the characteristics of the power output of PV modules. It develops a model for describing the I-V characteristics of PV modules according to the equivalent circuits of solar cells, by which an accurate but complicated model of the maximum power output (MPO) can be achieved. Taking this MPO model as a benchmark, two other application models from other studies are evaluated and examined. One simplified application model for describing the maximum power output of PV modules is then derived from the results of the simulation. Once the solar radiation on PV panels and the ambient temperature are known, the power output of BIPV systems or PV systems can be calculated accurately and easily.

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