Academic literature on the topic 'Energy Payback Time (EPT)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Energy Payback Time (EPT)"
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Utamura, Motoaki. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Analysis With Energy Payback Effect." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691442.
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Analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behavior during replacement of power source from fossil to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during as well as after the replacement. Nuclear, small hydropower, and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as an option to replace fossil power until mid-century. Nuclear and small hydropower can be promising candidates but photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT to avoid energy expense after the replacement.
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Gomaa, Mohamed R., Hegazy Rezk, Ramadan J. Mustafa, and Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. "Evaluating the Environmental Impacts and Energy Performance of a Wind Farm System Utilizing the Life-Cycle Assessment Method: A Practical Case Study." Energies 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2019): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173263.
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The ever-increasing popularity of finding alternative forms of renewable energy has seen an increased interest and utilization of wind energy. The objective of this research therefore, is to evaluate the environmental impacts and energy performance of wind farms. This study was operationalized in Jordan using a life-cycle assessment (LCA) method. The environmental impact is evaluated through lifecycle emissions that include all emissions during various phases of the project. The energy performance is illustrated by the energy indicators. The latter is the energy payback ratio (EPR) and the energy payback time (EPT). This study was conducted on a 38 Vestas V112 3-MW wind turbine located in the southern region of Tafilah in Jordan that is host to the country’s first wind farm. SimaPro 7.1 software was used as the modeling platform. Data for this study were collated from various sources, including, manufacturers, the wind turbine farm, and local subcontractors. A software database was used for the modeling process, and the data obtained modeled in accordance with ISO 14040 standards. The findings of this study indicate that the impacts of the transportation and installation phases were moderate, with the largest negative environmental impact deriving from the manufacturing phase. To remedy some of the negative impacts in these phases, green cement was used for the turbine foundation to limit the environmental impacts to be had during the installation phase, while the transportation phase saw the utilization of locally-manufactured turbines. Furthermore, an evaluation of the study’s results revealed that the energy payback period of the wind farm is approximately 0.69 year (8 months), while the payback ratio is 29, and the annual CO2 saving estimated to be at 2.23 × 108 kg, 3.02 × 108 kg, 3.10 × 108 kg for an annual generated power of 371, 501, and 515 GWh/year.
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Ferraz de Paula, Laura, and Bruno Souza Carmo. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf." Wind 2, no. 3 (July 22, 2022): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind2030027.
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Brazil is currently witnessing the dawn of its offshore wind industry, and companies, government, investors, and society must understand the risks and possible environmental impacts this technology can generate. This paper aims to partially fill this need by presenting an analysis of the environmental impacts that would be caused by a 5 MW floating offshore wind turbine to be installed on the Brazilian continental shelf through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). We assumed that the wind turbine would supply electrical power to a floating oil and gas extraction platform, with the intention of reducing the amount of energy produced with fossil fuels in these platforms, in order to decrease the carbon footprint of this economic activity. The turbine would be mounted on a semi-submersible platform with a high mass of steel, and a battery system for energy storage. We considered two different sites for the turbine installation, Campos Basin and Santos Basin, which are the most important areas of oil and gas extraction in Brazil. The EIA examines the effects caused by the turbine in the ecosystems around it, showing that the fauna suffers from various impacts such as sedimentation, electromagnetic fields, and others, but few species are seriously affected, except for birds, which can have a risk of mortality. The LCA makes an assessment on the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption for each part of the life cycle of the project, finding a total 21.61 g of CO2 emitted per kWh of energy produced by the turbine. The total energy consumed was 89,131.31 GJ, which causes an Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) of 16.28 and Energy Payback Time (EPT) of 1.23 years. Several sensitivity analyses were performed to understand the effect of the variation of several parameters related to recycling, maintenance and failures, and the capacity factor, on the values of CO2 emission and energy consumption. These analyses showed that variations in the amount of steel recycled and in the capacity factor of the system cause the most significant changes in EPR and EPT.
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Celik, Ilke, Adam B. Philips, Zhaoning Song, Yanfa Yan, Randy J. Ellingson, Michael J. Heben, and Defne Apul. "Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaic Solar Cells." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2017.2768961.
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Bhandari, Khagendra P., Jennifer M. Collier, Randy J. Ellingson, and Defne S. Apul. "Energy payback time (EPBT) and energy return on energy invested (EROI) of solar photovoltaic systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (July 2015): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.057.
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Gómez-Camacho, Carlos E., and Bernardo Ruggeri. "Energy Sustainability Analysis (ESA) of Energy-Producing Processes: A Case Study on Distributed H2 Production." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184911.
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In the sustainability context, the performance of energy-producing technologies, using different energy sources, needs to be scored and compared. The selective criterion of a higher level of useful energy to feed an ever-increasing demand of energy to satisfy a wide range of endo- and exosomatic human needs seems adequate. In fact, surplus energy is able to cover energy services only after compensating for the energy expenses incurred to build and to run the technology itself. This paper proposes an energy sustainability analysis (ESA) methodology based on the internal and external energy use of a given technology, considering the entire energy trajectory from energy sources to useful energy. ESA analysis is conducted at two levels: (i) short-term, by the use of the energy sustainability index (ESI), which is the first step to establish whether the energy produced is able to cover the direct energy expenses needed to run the technology and (ii) long-term, by which all the indirect energy-quotas are considered, i.e., all the additional energy requirements of the technology, including the energy amortization quota necessary for the replacement of the technology at the end of its operative life. The long-term level of analysis is conducted by the evaluation of two indicators: the energy return per unit of energy invested (EROI) over the operative life and the energy payback-time (EPT), as the minimum lapse at which all energy expenditures for the production of materials and their construction can be repaid to society. The ESA methodology has been applied to the case study of H2 production at small-scale (10–15 kWH2) comparing three different technologies: (i) steam-methane reforming (SMR), (ii) solar-powered water electrolysis (SPWE), and (iii) two-stage anaerobic digestion (TSAD) in order to score the technologies from an energy sustainability perspective.
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Bansal, Sarthak, and Dharamveer Singh. "A Comparative Study of Active Solo and Dual Inclined Compound Parabolic Concentrator Collector Solar Stills Based on Exergoeconomic and Enviroeconomic." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 524–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47297.
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Abstract: The Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) is a uniform photovoltaic thermal (PVT) compound linked to solar photos (N) of water collectors called PVT-CPC Active Solar Filtration System Analysis. New Delhi Analysis is done for a solar filter system for a given particle size under weather conditions. We assess efficiency, system productivity, and life cycle cost analysis. The Thermal Model Life cycle cost efficiency (LCCE), designed for LCCE analysis, is considered the only and double-doubled effective PVT-CPC system for filtering solar energy recovery time. In this work, we need to analyze the appropriate points of the collector and extract the bulk of the system. Tests were performed on dual-solar and dual-inclined PVT-CPC operating systems with a single basin size and a water depth of 0.14 m, with yield on yearly basis, factor of energy payback, and efficiency of life cycle cost conversion analysis of 5.0%, 12.63%. Moreover, 22.21% is two times higher than the solo inclined system. In addition, the water return, one PVT-CPC, and two turns have been found to have a recovery time (EPT) with an interest rate of 5%. The solar filter system is 10.89% and 17.99% higher than the solo inclined photovoltaic thermal compound parabolic concentrator activated solar filter system, respectively. The above analysis concluded, we can confirm that the two bends are better than the active PVT-CPC system for solar filtering, which is the only inclination of the depth of 0.14 m in water based on daily based analysis. If depth of water 0.14 m is more significant, for basin size provided the performance of one inline is improved and is better than curved solar-powered filtering systems. The upgraded system lasts longer and can meet potable water and DC electricity on sunny commercial days.
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Faludi, Jeremy, and Michael Lepech. "ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.100.
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Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient, prefabricated building. A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco, California, and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building. Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy. The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing, transportation, annual energy use of the new building, and disposal of the existing building, compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building. The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years, and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years. The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years, and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.
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Zakiah, Aisyah. "ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT STRATEGIES IN GLASS TYPE OPTIONS." International Journal on Livable Space 5, no. 2 (August 2, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/livas.v5i2.7286.
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Cities are facing a challenge with the steady increase in energy consumption for buildings. This study aims to analyse the energy consumption and payback period of energy-efficient strategy implementation in glass type options. The energy-efficient strategy in the glass options is chosen since it affects the energy consumption the most. A study on the payback period needs to be conducted since purchasing high-performance glass materials increase the building capital cost and become a consideration for decision-maker. This study tested 5 variations, including single and double glass windows and incorporating 5 types of glass materials with various solar transmittance properties. The energy consumption then is calculated using energy simulation software OpenStudio using Jakarta weather data. The payback period is calculated to find out the length of time the energy cost saving can recoup the additional capital cost needs to purchase better thermal performance glass. The result shows that the double glass windows with low solar transmittance value reduce the energy consumption for cooling the most. Thus, cheaper glass material with similar solar transmittance value reaches the payback period fastest.
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Cucchiella, Federica, and Idiano D’Adamo. "A Multicriteria Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems: Energetic, Environmental, and Economic Assessments." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/627454.
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The development of photovoltaic (PV) energy has led to rising efficiencies, better reliability, and falling prices. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) of PV systems is proposed in this paper in order to evaluate the sustainability of alternative projects. The investigations are presented using multiple indicators: Energy Payback Time (EPBT), Energy Return on Investment (EROI), Greenhouse Gas per kilowatt-hour (GHG/kWh), Greenhouse Gas Payback Time (GPBT), Greenhouse Gas Return on Investment (GROI), Net Present Value (NPV), Discounted Payback Time (DPBT), and Discounted Aggregate Cost Benefit (D(B/C)A). PV energy is a relevant player in global electricity market and can have a key-role in sustainable growth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Energy Payback Time (EPT)"
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Olsson, Lovisa. "Faktorer som bör vägas in vid investering av solceller : Miljöanalys av de vanligaste solcellerna på marknaden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74501.
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Four solar cells dominate the Swedish market today and are divided into two groups; first generation and second generation. The first generation involves of two silicone solar cells called mono-and multicrystalline solar cells. These solar cells were, as the name indicates, first on the market and today receive the highest efficiency. Due to high manufacturing costs, the second generation was developed which became thin film solar cells. The two most common solar cells in that generation are CdTe and CIGS, which account for about 20 percent of the solar cell market today while the first-generation accounts for the remaining 80 percent. Going towards a sustainable future it’s important and clear that both companies, cities and countries are ready meet the challenges. The solar cell technology has gained high confidence to bring in sustainable electricity production. Investors in Sweden experience the lack of a valuation concept from an environmental perspective between the solar cells on the Swedish market. The study has examined how the four different solar cells affect different environmental categories and which materials in the solar cells that are the most critical. By simulating the electricity production for a year with Gothenburg's solar radiation, the amount of electricity that could be used or sent to the grid was obtained. Where the silicon solar cells that have the highest efficiency also received the most electricity per square meter of solar cell. After producing electricity production and electricity consumption, the energy repayment period was calculated. Through LCA, 11 different environmental categories were developed to analyze different areas that are affected by solar cell production. Aquatic ecotoxicity of the marine environment was the environmental category that was most affected by the production for all four solar cell types. From the environmental category Global Warming, the amount of carbon dioxide equivalents was studied and then a payback time was calculated. Solar cells generally have three different phases; manufacture, operating and waste. The use phase is considered to be almost emission-free, the waste phase is relatively new for solar cell technologies. This is because no large waste streams have come than when the first major investments took place only in the nineties. The solar cells need different techniques depending on the type. The strategies should be different as different parts should be recycled and reused as far as possible. Due to the fact that there is unstable waste management, this phase has not been studied but only the manufacturing phase. A square metered solar cell was analyzed. For photovoltaic production in Europe, multicrystalline solar cell panels pay back the carbon dioxide equivalents after 11.5 years, while monocrystalline solar cell panels pay again after 14.3 years, ie after about half the life. CdTe paid the carbon dioxide equivalents fastest, after 2.2 years, and CIGS after 3.6 years. This means that the thin-film solar cells have the fastest time to get minus emissions. It is not justified to invest in solar cells manufactured in China when operating in Gothenburg, only after studying solar cell production. When the repayment period for carbon dioxide equivalents has been calculated, a Nordic electricity mix has been calculated with, depending on which electricity mix is chosen, it either gives reasons to not invest or to invest in solar cells. It is therefore important to be clear about what use the solar cells will have and which electricity is actually replaced before investors decide whether solar cells are the right energy source to invest in.
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Felderer, Astrid, Roman Brandtweiner, and Andrea Hoeltl. "Ranking of Energy Saving Devices for Smart Homes according to their Payback Time." WITPress, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6759/1/SDP18035FU1.pdf.
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This paper discusses the average energy savings of various smart devices in connection with their average price. By calculating the devices' payback times, a ranking of the tools can be given. The whole study focuses on the average household within the EU-28 in terms of climate as well as in terms of user behaviour. The purpose of the research was to provide a win-win situation for users' wallets and the environment by showing the device which suits both players best. As a result of the research, it was found that the greatest reduction in energy consumption can be reached by an interaction of the smart device and the inhabitants of a smart home. By giving users feedback on their energy consumption through smart meters, average savings of 7.5% are reached. As a smart meter is available for about Euro 80, it has a payback time of only 4.24 months.
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Torosian, Rojé, and Elin Elmehag. "Life Cycle Assessment of an Ocean Energy Power Plant : Evaluation and Analysis of the Energy Payback Time with Comparison Between Sweden and Tanzania." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-7253.
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I dagens samhälle är energi av essentiell vikt. Energi behövs för transport, elektricitet och uppvärmning. Fossila bränslen, som är en begränsad resurs, är idag den dominerande energikällan som används. Allteftersom indu-strier och konsumenter världen över använder mer energi för vardag blir det allt viktigare att belysa hur viktigt det är att minska på den globala efterfrågan på energi. Fossila bränslen behöver ersättas med förnyelsebara energikällor, såsom sol-, vind- och tidvattenkraft, för att samhället ska uppnå en hållbar utveckling.När en ny produkt utvecklas är det viktigt att analysera den potentiella miljöpåverkan, förslagsvis genom att genomföra en livscykelanalys, innan tillverkningen tar vid. Deep Green, som är en enhet som drivs med hjälp av tidvatten varefter elektricitet genereras, är en produkt som befinner sig i ett initialt skede av produktutveckling-en. I den här rapporten har en livscykelanalys sammanställts på hela produkten med syftet att uppnå en analys av hur olika val av material påverkar energianvändningen, koldioxidutsläppen och energiåterbetalningstiden. Komponenter har jämförts med varandra för att fastställa vilken komponent hos Deep Green som bidrar mest till energianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen. Utöver en livscykelanalys, LCA, har en digital modell, skapad i ett Excel dokument, utvecklats för att underlätta beräkningar av energianvändning, koldioxidutsläpp och ener-giåterbetalningstid. Den digitala modellen, med namn ENCO©, erbjuder möjlighet för användaren att ändra och definiera materialval för varje enskild komponent för att således utvärdera den potentiella miljöpåverkan samt energiåterbetalningstiden. Deep Green består av 34 olika komponenter som alla ingår i den genomförda LCAn men en initial analys visar att bara tolv specifika komponenter bidrar störst till energianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen. Fundamentet och vingstrukturen står för 78 % respektive 15 % för energianvändningen samtidigt som tio andra komponenter tillsammans utgör sex ytterligare procent. Resterande 27 komponenter delar på den sista procenten. Givet materialen som företaget Minesto har bistått med uppgår den totala ener-gianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen för hela produkten till ungefär 4500 GJ respektive 342 ton. Fundamen-tet är den del av Deep Green som bidrar mest till den potentiella miljöpåverkan.Beroende på de definierade materialen för varje komponent varierar energiåterbetalningstiden mellan 220 och 260 dagar vilket betyder att en produktion av Deep Green vore lönsam. Dock har den genomförda LCAn flera begränsningar som borde beaktas innan ett sista beslut fattas.Den resulterande energiåterbetalningstiden, EP, bör användas försiktigt och presenteras ihop med system grän-serna då de påverkar energiåterbetalningstiden mycket. Den totala energianvändningen och koldioxidutsläppen beror starkt på val av hantering när produkten är uttjänt. Baserat på resultatet, rekommenderas att fundamen-tet lämnas på havsbotten i slutet på livscykeln för att få lägst energiåterbetalningstid.En undersökning om huruvida det är möjligt att placera hela produktionskedjan i ett utvecklingsland, såsom Tanzania, har också blivit genomfört jämsides med LCAn. De flesta råmaterial, som är nödvändiga för tillverk-ning av Deep Green, bryts i Tanzania. Det är dessutom möjligt att importera de material som inte finns tillgäng-liga lokalt i landet. Med Tanzania som land kommer energiåterbetalningstiden att bli högre jämfört med Sve-rige eller England eftersom fler komponenter behöver importeras som i sin tur genererar en ökning av transpor-ter.När Deep green är färdigutvecklad rekommenderas att en ny beräkning av energiåterbetalningstid och koldiox-idutsläpp göras. ENCO© kan med fördel användas till detta. Det rekommenderas även att distributionskablar och installation inkluderas.Energy is an essential asset in the present society. It is needed for transportation, electricity and heating. Fossil fuels, being a limited reserve, are presently the dominating resource from which energy is being used. As indus-tries and consumers around the world use more energy for each passing day it becomes vital to shed some light on how important it is to decrease the global energy demand. Fossil fuels are needed to be replaced by renewa-ble energy sources, such as solar and wind power, in order to obtain a more sustainable development.When a new product is being developed it is usually important to analyze the potential environmental impact, suggestively by conducting a life cycle analysis, prior to manufacturing. Deep Green, being a tidal energy device for generation of electricity, is a product in its initial developing stage. In this thesis a lifecycle assessment has been conducted of the complete product with the purpose of achieving an analysis of how different choices of materials affect the energy usage, CO2 footprint and the energy payback time. Identifications by comparison have been taken into account to determine which component of Deep Green that contributes mostly to the energy usage and CO2 footprint. In addition to the Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, a digital model, created in an Excel workbook, has been developed to simplify calculations of the energy usage, CO2 footprint and energy payback time. The digital model, namely ENCO©, provides the possibility to interchange choice of materials for each component in order to evaluate the potential environmental impact and the energy payback time. Deep Green consist of 34 different components which are included in the LCA but an initial analysis shows that only twelve specific parts contribute largely to the energy usage and the CO2 footprint. The foundation and the wing structure account for 78 % and 15 % respectively of the energy usage along with ten other parts which together stand for an additional 6 %. Remaining 27 parts share the final percentile. Given the materials provided by the company of Minesto the total energy usage and CO2 footprint for the complete product corresponds to approx-imately 4500 GJ and 342 tonne respectively. The foundation is the part of Deep Green that contributes most to the total environmental impact.Depending on the defined materials for each component the energy payback time varies between 220 to 260 days which is to say that a production of Deep Green would be profitable. Nevertheless the conducted LCA has several delimitations which should be reflected upon prior a final decision is made.The resulted Energy Payback time, EP, should be carefully used and presented with the system boundaries, since they affect the EP very much. The outcome of energy consumption and CO2 footprint, depend highly on the choice of end of life management. Based on the result it is recommended that the foundation is left on the sea-bed at the end of its lifecycle to obtain the best EP.An investigation of whether it is possible to position the complete supply-chain within the boundaries of a de-veloping country, namely Tanzania, has also been conducted along with the LCA. It is believed that most of the raw materials, which are necessary for the manufacturing of Deep Green, are mined in Tanzania. It is however possible to import those materials which are not available within the country. When considering Tanzania, as a point of implementation for Deep Green, the energy payback time will become higher compared to Sweden or England since more components need to be imported which in turn generates an increase of transportation.It is recommended that a new calculation of the EP and the carbon footprint are done when Deep Green is fully developed. ENCO© can advantageously be used for this. It is also recommended that the distribution cables and the installation are included.
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Samett, Amelia. "Sustainable Manufacturing of CIGS Solar Cells for Implementation on Electric Vehicles." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1591380591637557.
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Caballero, Sandra Catalina. "Architectural variations in residences and their effects on energy generation by photovoltaics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41204.
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In the current global market, there are plenty solutions for the savings of energy in
the different areas of consumption in buildings: Green roofs and walls, cool roofs,
daylighting, motion sensors, and others but there are very few sources of renewable
energy at the reach of a common person in residential (smaller) scale. Photovoltaic
systems are the most well-know and reliable process of harvesting energy at this small
scale.
The relationship between energy demand and energy production when installing a
photovoltaics system in a residence is one of the main drivers while making a decision at
the time of purchasing a system. However, architectural decisions in early stages may
influence, enhance or even decrease the possible energy generation and interior
performance, thus influencing the possible return of investment. This study evaluates the
possible architectural variations that may be beneficial or disadvantegous at a particular city
and other circumstances.
From, roof, angle, location, roof articulation, layout articulation , shading devices
and others, this paper shows a spectrum of convenient and inconvenient projects due to
current conditions like climate, solar radiation, typical construction, electricity rates and
government incentives. As a conclusion a hierarchy of architectural elements when being
used with photovoltaics is developed to demonstrate that a common user can strategically
play with architectural features of his/her house to take the most out of the system.
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Raouz, Khalid. "Environmental Impact Assessment of aPhotovoltaic Power Station in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209911.
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The paper at hand presents the environmental impact analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) power station sited in Stockholm, Sweden, using life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA considers the primary energy return on investment and global warming potential of the PV-station, including; resource extraction, manufacturing, transportation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning. Other environmental impact indicators are also presented, such as; the eutrophication, acidification, human toxicity, and ozone depletion potentials. The results show that the most critical phase of the lifecycle is the upgrade from metallurgical to solar grade silicon due to the high consumption of energy. The emissions results are compared to the emissions factors used for calculations in Sweden in accordance with the Swedish Energy agency and the European Commission’s directive for emissions calculations. The results for the other environmental indicators showed inconsistencies compared to existing studies, something that is according to the IEA’s guideline for PV-systems LCA caused by data scarcity and the indicators lacking consensus within the PV LCA-community. The studied PV-station is expected to reach energy neutrality after 2,4 years and offset annual GHG emissions of up to18 ton of CO 2 equivalents.Studien tillhands presenterar miljöutvärderingen av en fotovoltaisk solcellsanläggning i Stockholm. Detta utfördes med hjälp av livscykelanalysverktyget. Analysen använder energiåterbetalningstiden och den globala uppvärmningspotentialen som indikatorer på anläggningens miljöinverkan. Både återbetalningstiden och den globala uppvärmningspotentialen beräknas för gruvarbetet, transporten, drift och underhåll samt avveckling och bortskaffning av anläggningen. Överföringsförluster beräknas också över anläggningens livscykel. Andra indikatorer som beräknas i denna studie är potentialen för försurning, övergödning, ozonnedbrytning och humantoxicitet. Dessa beräknas endast för modulens tillverkningskedja. Studiens resultat visar att den mest kritiska processen under solcellsanläggningens livscykel är kiselmetallens omvandling till solkisel, detta med avseende på energiförbrukningen och utsläpp av växthusgaser. Anläggningens globala uppvärmningspotential uttrycks i växthusgasutsläpp och jämförs med den nordiska elmixens utsläppsfaktor. Jämförelsen görs enligt dem gällande EU-direktiven. Resultaten för dem andraindikatorerna har visat på väsentliga avvikelser jämfört med tidigare studier. Detta beror enligt det internationella energirådet på databrist och på att dessa indikatorer saknar stöd inomLCA samfundet. Solcellsanläggningen beräknas bli energineutral efter 2,4 år samt eutralisera utsläpp på upp till 18 ton koldioxidekvivalenta per år.
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Taylor, Stephen H. "Analytical Modeling and Optimization of a Thermoelectric Heat Conversion System Operating Betweeen Fluid Streams." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2813.
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Analytical, closed-form solutions governing thermoelectric behavior are derived. An analytical model utilizing a thermal circuit is presented involving heat transfer into, through, out of, and around a thermoelectric device. A nondimensionalization of the model is presented. Linear heat transfer theory is applied to the model to obtain a series of closed form equations predicting net power output for the thermoelectric device. Fluid streams flowing through shrouded heat sinks with square pin fins are considered for the thermal pathways to and from the device. Heat transfer and pressure drop are characterized in a manner conducive to an analytical model using previously published experimental results. Experimental data is presented which validates and demonstrates the usefulness of the model in predicting power output for commercially available thermoelectric generators. A specific design for a thermoelectric power harvester is suggested consisting of a pattern of thermoelectric generators. An economic model for calculating payback time is developed. An optimization process is demonstrated that allows for the payback time of such a system to be minimized through optimization of the physical design of the system. It is shown that optimization of the thermal pathways dramatically reduces payback time. Optimized design of a system is discussed in light of theoretical cases with feasible payback times.
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Andoh-Appiah, Benjamin. "ComparativeExamination Of The Impacts Of Electricity Generation With Both Photovoltaic AndConventional Energies On Climate Change. The Case Of Mutanda Eco-CommunityCentre. (MECC)." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35411.
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This thesis is a study on how Mutanda Eco-Community Centre (MECC) in the south western part of Uganda can harness the solar energy at their disposal using photovoltaic as compared to the using of conventional energies in producing the needed electricity at the centre and the impacts on climate change. Since the centre is used in education on climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, it is expected that anything the centre does or uses with regards to energy ought to come from renewable sources such as wind, solar, thermal and biomass. Electricity has been a great challenge because there is no access to the national electricity grid. Since there is much abundance of solar irradiation in the entire country, solar poses as a potential sustainable energy since it is a renewable energy and has the greatest environmental benefits. The objective is in two categories: to determine how feasible the photovoltaic technology is in Kisoro and its application at MECC and to analyse the effects on climate change with comparison with non-renewable sources of energy. To determine the above, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Results from the studies through the use of simulation method (PVGIS-5) indicate that Kisoro, where the centre is located, has solar irradiation to harness due to Uganda´s geographical location on the equator. Findings revealed there are feasible governmental and private policies, market for PVs systems, enough players in the Sector and the willingness of the people to adopt and use solar energy, and its markets economic studies do reveal to be the indicators for the feasibility of the technology in Kisoro. Corrections of a few bottlenecks will increase the adoption rate of the photovoltaic systems. An investment of 85,000, 000 UGX will aid a financial benefit of 4,569.40 UGX per each kWh of electricity generated with 3.1years of Energy Payback Time and will prevent environmental pollution when compared with non-renewable energy. Climatic effects are minimal as compared to the other sources of energy. This greenhouse gases emission comes during the production of the PVs, modules and systems. The usage of solar technology possesses a lot of advantages. It is an unlimited source of energy; its maximum usage reduces carbon dioxide emissions. International conflicts of ownership of source of conventional energies are reduced and solar power creates energy security and dependency.2018-12-07
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Frank, Jaromír. "Analýza zhodnocení stavebního objektu při snížení jeho energetické náročnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225968.
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The subject of this thesis is the analysis of the evaluation of a construction unit by reducing its energy intensity. The first part of the thesis is dealing with the theoretical explanation of the basic concepts that are necessary for understanding of the dealt problem. The next part is dealing with the methodics of calculation of a building energy efficiency, determination of market prices of the property by general methodology, solution of the budgets of the reconstruction possibilities and determination of payback time of the investment into the reconstructions. The result of the thesis is the summary of all the outputs into the detailed table with comments.
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Danielsson, Ellinor, and Jenny Ekman. "Skogliga biobränslens roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida strategi." Thesis, KTH, Energisystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298048.
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Studien syftade till att ge en rekommendation angående hur fjärrvärmebolaget Stockholm Exergi bör utforma sin framtida strategi beträffande fasta oförädlade skogliga biobräanslen. Genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer utreddes dessa bränslens konkurrenskraft utifrån perspektiven klimatneutralitet, politiska direktiv och styrmedel, leveranssäkerhet samt lönsamhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att användningen av grenar och toppar kan medföra klimatnytta. Vidare framkom att implementeringen av EU:s nya förnybartdirektiv inte kommer att ha storskalig påverkan på Stockholm Exergis framtida användning av dessa bränslen. Gällande leveranssäkerhet och lönsamhet påvisades exempelvis en större framtida efterfrågan på skogliga restprodukter från andra sektorer. Ändock kunde slutsatsen dras att skogliga biobräanslen, under vissa förutsäattningar, har en viktig roll i Stockholm Exergis framtida fjärrvärmeproduktion.The study aimed to give a recommendation regarding how the district heating company Stockholm Exergi should design their future strategy concerning unprocessed solid woody biofuels. Through literature studies and interviews, the competitiveness of the fuels has been assessed based on climate neutrality, political directives and instruments, security of supply as well as profitability. Among other things, the results showed that the use of tree branches and tops can imply positive climate effects. Furthermore, the implementation of EU's new renewable energy directive will only have a marginal impact on Stockholm Exergi's future use of woody biofuels. Regarding the security of supply and profitability,an increased future demand of forest residues in other sectors have been identified. However, the study concludes that, under certain circumstances, woody biofuels have an important role in Stockholm Exergi's future district heating production.
Book chapters on the topic "Energy Payback Time (EPT)"
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Fthenakis, Vasilis. "Solar Cells solar cell : Energy Payback Times photovoltaic (PV) energy payback time (EPBT) and Environmental Issues solar cell environmental issues." In Solar Energy, 341–57. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5806-7_469.
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Fthenakis, Vasilis. "Solar Cells solar cell : Energy Payback Times photovoltaic (PV) energy payback time (EPBT) and Environmental Issues solar cell environmental issues." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 9432–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_469.
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Zanoni, Simone, and Laura Mazzoldi. "Long Term Analysis of Energy Payback Time for PV Systems." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 395–401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41266-0_47.
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Friedemann, Alice J. "The Oiliness of Everything: Invisible Oil and Energy Payback Time." In When Trucks Stop Running, 23–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26375-5_5.
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Tenente, Marcos, Carla Henriques, Álvaro Gomes, Patrícia Pereira da Silva, and António Trigo. "Multiple Impacts of Energy Efficiency Technologies in Portugal." In Springer Proceedings in Political Science and International Relations, 131–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18161-0_9.
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AbstractPortuguese programs aimed at fostering Energy Efficiency (EE) measures often rely on cost–benefit approaches only considering the use phase and neglecting other potential impacts generated. Therefore, this work suggests a novel methodological framework by combining Hybrid Input–Output Lifecycle Analysis (HIO-LCA) with the Portuguese seasonal method for computing the households’ energy needs. A holistic assessment of the energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts connected with the adoption of EE solutions is conducted aimed at supporting decision-makers (DMs) in the design of suitable funding policies. For this purpose, 109,553 EE packages have been created by combining distinct thermal insulation options for roofs and façades, with the replacement of windows, also considering the use of space heating and cooling and domestic heating water systems. The findings indicate that it is possible to confirm that various energy efficiency packages can be used to achieve the best performance for most of the impacts considered. Specifically, savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), Greenhouse gases (GHG), and energy payback times (GPBT and EPBT) present the best performances for packages that exclusively employ extruded polystyrene (XPS) for roof insulation (packages 151 and 265). However, considering the remaining impacts created by the investment in energy efficiency measures, their best performances are obtained when roof and façades insulation is combined with the use of space heating and cooling and DHW systems to replace the existing equipment. If biomass is assumed to be carbon–neutral, solution 18,254 yields the greatest reduction in GHG emissions. Given these trade-offs, it is evident that multiobjective optimization methods employing the impacts and benefits assessed are crucial for helping DMs design future EE programs following their preferences.
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Al-Habaibeh, Amin, Ampea Boateng, and Hyunjoo Lee. "Innovative Strategy for Addressing the Challenges of Monitoring Off-Shore Wind Turbines for Condition-Based Maintenance." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 189–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_24.
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AbstractOff-shore wind energy technology is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy source in the 21st century towards reducing carbon emission and providing the electricity needed to power our cities. However, due to being installed away from the shore, ensuring availability and performing maintenance procedures could be an expensive and time consuming task. Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) could play an important role in enhancing the payback period on investment and avoiding unexpected failures that could reduce the available capacity and increase maintenance costs. Due to being at distance from the shore, it is difficult to transfer high frequency data in real time and because of this data transferring issue, only low frequency-average SCADA data (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) is available for condition monitoring. Another problem when monitoring wind energy is the massive variation in weather conditions (e.g. wind speed and direction), which could produce a wide range of operational alerts and warnings. This paper presents a novel case study of integrated event-based wind turbine alerts with time-based sensory data from the SCADA system to perform a condition monitoring strategy to categorise health conditions. The initial results presented in this paper, using vibration levels of the drive train, indicate that the suggested monitoring strategy could be implemented to develop an effective condition monitoring system.
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Harvey, Adam. "19. Introduction; The Time Value of Money; The Annuity Equation; Unit Energy Cost and Net Income; Net Present Value: NPV (r%); Internal Rate of Return (IRR); Simple and Discounted Payback Periods; Bank Loans and Interest; Cash Flow Analysis." In Micro-Hydro Design Manual, 305–20. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445472.019.
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Gupta, Ajay. "Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) and Energy Payback Time (EPBT) for PVs." In A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems, 407–25. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811479-7.00021-x.
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Tiwari, Gopal Nath, Praveen Kumar Srivastava, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha, and Arvind Tiwari. "The CO2 Mitigation and Exergo and Environ- Economics Analysis of Bio-gas Integrated Semi- Transparent Photo-voltaic Thermal (Bi-iSPVT) System for Indian Composite Climate." In Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application, 363–84. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050950122010018.
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It is to be noted that biogas production is drastically reduced in cold climatic conditions, especially in winter, due to a drop in ambient air temperature, which is much below an optimum temperature of about 37℃ for fermentation of slurry. Many methods, such as hot charging, passive/active for slurry heating, have been tested, and it has been found that the passive heating method is neither practical nor self-sustained. In order to make bio-gas heating self-sustained, economical, and friendly to ecology and the environment, a new approach of Bi-iSPVT has been adopted. Based on the finding, we have made an attempt to analyze the system in terms of CO2 mitigation, energy matrices, and environ- and exergo-economics to have a clean environment and sustainable climate. An analysis has been performed by using embodied energy, the annual overall thermal exergy of the system for ecological balance for the good health of human beings. It has been found that an energy payback time (EPBT) for a sustainable Bi-iSPVT system is about 1.67years, along with an exergo-economic parameter (Rex) of 0.1016 kWh/₹0.1016 𝑘𝑊ℎ/₹.
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Alsema, Erik. "Energy Payback Time and CO2 Emissions of PV Systems." In Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, 1097–117. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385934-1.00037-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Energy Payback Time (EPT)"
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Utamura, Motoaki. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Analysis With Energy Payback Effect." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30448.
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Analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behaviour during replacement of power source from fossil to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during as well as after the replacement. Nuclear, small hydropower and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as an option to replace fossil power until mid-century. Nuclear and small hydropower can be a promising candidate but photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT to avoid energy expense after the replacement.
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Ebhota, Williams S., and Tien-Chien Jen. "Photovoltaic Solar Energy: Potentials and Outlooks." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86991.
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This review focuses on modern energy attributes and to identify alternative energy source and technology that satisfy energy trilemma requirements. The results and findings of the study show that photovoltaic (PV) solar cells technologies have the potentials of satisfying the global energy quest if deployed more. This study x-rays the different PV cells technologies in terms of generation chronology, power conversion efficiencies (PCE), (EPBT), present status and outlook. This study harmonises many photovoltaic performance indexes from review as follow: PV module power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of solar cells: lab -mono-Si (26.7%), multi-Si (22.3%), CIGS (21.7%), for and CdTe (21.0%); commercial - mono-Si (17%), CdTe (16.0%); energy payback time (EPBT) in Europe, 1–1.5 years and 1.5–3.5 years for thin film and crystalline silicon PV systems, respectively, 3 months and 8 months for perovskite (PSC) and CdTe solar cells respectively. The price of PV has drastically declined from $76/W in 1997 to $0.3/W in 2015. By 2050 and 2100, PV solar technology is expected to provide 20% and over 60% of the world’s energy supply, respectively. This will account for 50% CO2 emissions reduction globally. The projections depend on further improvement on the performance indexes and lifetime, series resistance, and optical properties. CdTe technology performs better than other technologies at elevated temperature, hence, recommended for tropical regions.
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Asdrubali, Francesco, Luca Evangelisti, Claudia Guattari, and Gianluca Grazieschi. "Evaluation of the Energy and Environmental Payback Time for a NZEB Building." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2018.8494525.
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Nezdarová, Petra, and Stanislav Frolik. "Energy Payback Time as an Optimization Parameter for Swimming Pool Solar Systems." In ISES Solar World Congress 2011. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2011.05.06.
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Hua, Zhihao, Mahmoud Elkazaz, Mark Sumner, and David Thomas. "An Investigation of a Domestic Battery Energy Storage System, Focussing on Payback Time." In 2020 International Conference on Smart Grids and Energy Systems (SGES). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sges51519.2020.00172.
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FELDERER, ASTRID, ROMAN BRANDTWEINER, and ANDREA HÖLTL. "RANKING OF ENERGY SAVING DEVICES FOR SMART HOMES ACCORDING TO THEIR PAYBACK TIME." In SDP 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp180351.
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Abd Alla, Sara, Vincenzo Bianco, Federico Scarpa, and Luca A. Tagliafico. "Energy Demand, Efficiency Measures and Embodied Energy in the Italian Residential Sector." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86400.
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This paper investigates a strategy for energy saving in the Italian residential sector that includes in the assessment the embodied energy related to the efficiency measures. Simulations are run in three main cities (Milan, Rome and Naples) covering different climate zones. The purpose is, firstly, to estimate the baseline of the buildings energy consumption, secondly, to simulate the implementation of realistic retrofit solutions and, finally, to assess the retrofitting’ embodied energy and its energy payback time. The energy payback is based on the comparison between the net saved operational site energy and the embodied energy of the selected measures. By running the simulations, it is possible to estimate the maximum potential for energy savings and realistic estimation of achievable results in short-medium period. Results show the energy efficiency measures more convenient in terms of energy payback depending on the climate zone. For Naples, a focus on façade insulation has been held and the results defined the optimal material thickness in terms of embodied energy and net saved operational site energy in a life cycle of 15 years.
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Vermeulen, HJ, and T. Nieuwoudt. "Optimisation of residential solar PV system rating for minimum payback time using half-hourly profiling." In 2015 International Conference on the Domestic Use of Energy (DUE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/due.2015.7102984.
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Roy, B., P. Windover, L. Panzica, K. O’Neal, J. Tario, and J. English. "Real-World Benefits of the Diesel Warming System for Short Line Locomotives." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74052.
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Locomotive idle reduction technology has the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and related emissions, but its use is limited in short line railroads. These operations typically minimize capital investments and accept higher maintenance and operational costs that correspond with their specific work load at that time. Therefore, most use older locomotives that are less efficient and more polluting. This business model does not enable them to invest in new technology, especially if there is some risk because it has not been widely used for their particular application. New York State has an extensive network of 29 short line railroad operations that collectively own and operate approximately 42% of the overall railroad infrastructure. To justify the purchase of idle reduction technology, the short line operators need documented benefits with proof of short payback, reliability, and ease of operation. Therefore, New West Technologies and Power Drives Incorporated with funding from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and support from the New York State Department of Transportation are demonstrating the Powerhouse™ Diesel Warming Systems (DWS) on seven short line railroads operating in New York State. The two Powerhouse™ DWS models demonstrated in this project are the 120V electric plug-in version (DWS-120) and the auxiliary power unit (DWS-APU). Allowing the locomotive to be shutdown in cold weather, both models heat the engine coolant with a diesel fired burner. The DWS-120 circulates the heated fluid with an electric water pump powered from a standard external 120VAC source. The APU model runs the pump with a small EPA-certified onboard diesel genset which provides added flexibility to where and when it can be used. Eleven locomotives were outfitted with this technology to evaluate the real-world operational experience, along with the benefits and cost savings that can be achieved from their use. This paper documents the energy, emission, and economic benefits realized by the multiple short line railroad partners that installed and utilized the Powerhouse™ DWS over the 2011–2012 cold season. The system provides an average fuel savings of 3.5 to 6.0 gallons per hour and emission reductions of up to 99% for NOX, 97% for PM, and 91% for CO2. In addition, feedback on the system’s performance and the technology’s noise reduction potential are presented. Overall, the anticipated outcome of this project is to validate the reduced fuel use, lower emissions, and lower costs, which will assist the business economics of an inherently efficient mode of transportation.
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Mazzanti, G., E. Santini, and D. Z. Romito. "Towards grid parity of solar energy in Italy: The payback time trend of photovoltaic plants during the last years." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345426.
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