Journal articles: 'Energy meter calibration'

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Olencki, Andrzej, and Piotr Mróz. "Testing Of Energy Meters Under Three-Phase Determined And Random Nonsinusoidal Conditions." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0019.

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Abstract Electric energy meters are designed to account energy under sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal conditions, because both, old and new standards for energy meters require testing their accuracy under different conditions. The latest EN 50470 standard increases the range of meter testing under nonsinusoidal conditions, introducing new shapes of test signals such as the phase fired waveform or the burst fired waveform. This paper discusses calibration problems of electronic revenue energy meters for direct connection and for connection through current transformers, and it proposes a new calibration procedure which reproduces normal operating conditions better: three-phase configurations of measurement systems, load range during meter testing or shapes of test signals. Recently, modern Electrical Power Standards, also known as Power Calibrators, enable automatic testing of various types of electrical devices, including electricity meters in their normal operating conditions. This article presents examples of single and multi position fully automatic test systems, which employ Power/Energy Calibrator from Poland as the precision source with programmed waveforms of three phase voltages up to 560 V and currents up to 120 A conforming to EN 50470, or with random waveforms generated by PC software random wave generator. Measurement uncertainty of the energy meters under different nonsinusoidal conditions using a test system with reference to accuracy of the power calibrator or to the reference meter, are discussed. Comparative analysis of test results for different shapes of voltage and current signals is presented in the conclusions of this paper.

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Zhou, Wei Wei, Ji Ye Huang, Ming Yu Gao, Zhi Wei He, and Bu Sen Cai. "Design and Realization of CAN-Based Main Control System of Multi-Station Meter Testing Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.411.

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In this paper, 0.05 grade three-phase main control system of multi-station meter testing equipment (MTE) is presented. This design is based on the S3C2440 core board as the control core, and the software is based on Windows CE(WINCE) embedded operating system. The device is displayed and controlled by 7-inch Touch Screen. The main control system communicate with the error instrument and PC through Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, and the largest number of error instruments can connect to CAN bus is 100. The main control system communicates through RS232 bus with three-phase signal source and standard electric energy meter, through RS485 bus with programmable power amplifier. In this device, calibration of energy meters can not only through the PC software, but also use the main control system. Compared to the traditional design of the electric energy meter calibration device, the design’s the man-machine interface is more optimized, the number of electric energy meters can be test in the same time is more, faster communication, stronger anti-interference ability, and calibration is more efficiency.

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Wang, San Qiang, Xing Zhe Hou, Yan Lin Liu, and Qiu Hui Zhuang. "Electronic Type Electric Energy Meter Calibrating Method Application Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.994.

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With the progress of science and technology, electronic type electric energy meter is widely used in electric energy metering and charging in China, especially in rural power network reform, investment, electronic type electric energy meter with its linearity, stability is good, the power consumption of small, voltage and frequency response speed, high measurement precision, to further improve the market share, but how to test electronic type electric energy meter, but has been puzzling the test technical staff, according to the practical experience on the above problem undertakes a few discuss. This paper analyzes the electronic type electric energy meter principle, characteristics, focus on the research of the electric energy meter calibration method, the electronic type electric energy meter calibrating idea and train of thought.

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Hou, Tao, and Yan Hong Guo. "Research of Calibration Instrument of Multi-Site Single-Phase Energy Meter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.424.

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This design is a full-featured, high precision power meter on-site calibration device and integrated electrical parameter measuring device. The internal use of SCM control, you can not open the instrument case, through the keys with precision adjustment, thus increasing the reliability and stability. This study projects able to keep the case of electricity meters for a variety of electrical power meter, indicating a variety of instrumentation and electrical power transmitters to provide on-site instruments detection, but also to voltage, current, power, power factor, phase, frequency and other electrical parameters measurement.

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Балабан, В. М., К. И. Мунтян, and Е. П. Тимофеев. "CALIBRATION OF A FLUORESCENT PULSE LASER ENERGY METER." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 3A (November 30, 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.3a.2020.218498.

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Kromplyas, B. A., A. S. Levytskyi, and Ie O. Zaitsev. "SMART SHIELD PANEL AC VOLTMETER CELL." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini 2021, no. 60 (December 10, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2021.60.065.

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In this paper smart shield panel electrical operating parameters meters of energy generating facilities functionality is analysis. The list of functions of measuring instruments supplemented, which allowed increasing their operational characteristics. Methods and results of realization of these functions given for the panel board intellectualized voltage meter of alternating current. The structural scheme of the developed panel board intellectualized meter is described and its main technical characteristics are given.A method of mobile calibration of the device is proposed, in which a calibration signal source with a separate fixed value is used, and the calibration process itself is controlled from the device keyboard. A modernized detailed and simplified calibration algorithm is present. Ref. 12, fig. 5, tabl. 2.

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Xu, Zi Li, Tie Jie Wang, Min Lei, Jun Zhang, and Kai Zhu. "Research on Verification Device of DC Electrical Energy Meter for Electric Vehicle Charger." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.651.

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With the increasing demands of electric vehicles, many DC electrical energy meters for vehicle battery charger appear. In this paper, a verification device of DC electrical energy meter is developed that base on real-time pulse period compare method, which used PCI-6281 for data acquisition, used LabVIEW for data processing and human-computer interface. This article describes the working principle of the verification device and core technology. The practical application verify the device can use for calibration of DC electrical energy meter efficiently.

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Shen, J. J. S., V. C. Ting, and E. H. Jones. "Application of Sonic Nozzles in Field Calibration of Natural Gas Flows." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231425.

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This paper presents Chevron Oil Field Research Company’s operating experience using the sonic nozzle as a proving device for measuring natural gas flows in field tests. The nozzle reference flow rate was used for calibrating orifice, turbine, and vortex meters in three tests with a pipeline quality gas and an unprocessed natural gas as the working fluid. For pipeline gas, the field calibration results show good agreement between the sonic nozzle reference and a turbine meter while the accuracy of orifice metering is size dependent. The 4-in. (102-mm) orifice meter flow rates agree well with the nozzle reference, but the 16-in. (406-mm) orifice flow measurements are up to 2 percent lower. Deviations between the test meters and the sonic nozzles are generally larger for the unprocessed gas. These field projects demonstrate that sonic nozzles can be operated successfully as a prover for processed natural gas, while more work is needed to study the critical flow in nozzles for unprocessed natural gas.

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Hou, Songxue, Yuyou Liu, Yunying Xu, Shunchao Wang, and Dan Xu. "Analysis and optimization of calibration method of digital energy meter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 887 (August 2017): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/887/1/012034.

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Carstens, Herman, Xiaohua Xia, and Sarma Yadavalli. "Low-cost energy meter calibration method for measurement and verification." Applied Energy 188 (February 2017): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.028.

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Whiterod, Nick S. "Calibration of a rapid non-lethal method to measure energetic status of a freshwater fish (Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii)." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09105.

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The energetic status of freshwater fish provides a dynamic measure of their energy balance in response to the environment they occupy. Commercially available microwave technology (the ‘energy meter’) provides a rapid, non-lethal and inexpensive alternative to traditional laboratory methods for the determination of energy density. The energy meter requires species-specific confirmation of the water–lipid relationship, and comparison of energy meter readings with laboratory-determined estimates of the whole-body energy density. I explored the applicability of the energy meter to the threatened Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii), using both hatchery and wild individuals. Although hatchery and wild fish varied in lipid content, water content and energy density, the parameter comparisons necessary to calibrate the energy meter were statistically consistent between both groups. Subsequently, a robust combined water–lipid relationship was identified for Murray cod, where energy density was strongly related to both water content and lipid content. Average energy meter readings were capable of providing a rapid, non-lethal and accurate assessment of Murray cod energy density. The successful calibration highlights the applicability of the energy meter to provide a dynamic measure of the energetic status of threatened freshwater fish throughout the world.

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Yan, QIN, HAN Zhansuo, LIN Lihong, WANG Jiangang, LI Jie, WANG Bing, and YANG Hongru. "Study on calibration system and method of femtojoule laser energy meter." Journal of Applied Optics 41, no. 4 (2020): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5768/jao202041.0407004.

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Tang, Shengfei, Wei Yin, Weijie Zhu, Xinxiang Gao, Dongjun Han, and Qiang Zhou. "Research on Dedicated Insertion Bar for Field Calibration of Energy Meter." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (April 15, 2020): 032068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/782/3/032068.

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Chen, Hao, Fu Sheng Chen, Jie Xiang, Li Man Shen, and E. Ying Li. "Research on the Digital Metering System and Verification Method of Digital Electrical Energy Meter." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.715.

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The digital energy metering system applied in the smart substation are quite different from the traditional meter system, so its nessary to do some research on the digital metering system. With comparing the digital metering systems to traditional metering system, the application structure and characteristics of digital metering system is discussed, the traceability model of the digital electrical energy meter based on IEC 61850 protocol is also given.In the next part,we designed the verification system for digital energy meter, besides the standard digital power source in the test device, calibration device and the general controller are expounded. The performance of the verification system designed in this article shows that the method could be an effective solution to the verification and traceability of digital energy meter.

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Myers, Daryl R., Thomas L. Stoffel, Ibrahim Reda, Stephen M. Wilcox, and Afshin M. Andreas. "Recent Progress in Reducing the Uncertainty in and Improving Pyranometer Calibrations." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1434262.

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The Measurements and Instrumentation Team within the Distributed Energy Resources Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL, calibrates pyranometers for outdoor testing solar energy conversion systems. The team also supports climate change research programs. These activities led NREL to improve pyranometer calibrations. Low thermal-offset radiometers measuring the sky diffuse component of the reference solar irradiance removes bias errors on the order of 20 Watts per square meter (W/m2) in the calibration reference irradiance. Zenith angle dependent corrections to responsivities of pyranometers removes 15 to 30 W/m2 bias errors from field measurements. Detailed uncertainty analysis of our outdoor calibration process shows a 20% reduction in the uncertainty in the responsivity of pyranometers. These improvements affect photovoltaic module and array performance characterization, assessment of solar resources for design, sizing, and deployment of solar renewable energy systems, and ground-based validation of satellite-derived solar radiation fluxes.

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Tan, Jia Hai, Peng Yu Li, You Shan Qu, Ya Meng Han, Ya Li Yu, and Wei Wang. "Design of Calibration System for a Great Quantity of High Precision Scientific Grade CCD Cameras." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.326.

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For the calibration of a great quantity of scientific grade CCD cameras in the high energy physics system, a scientific grade CCD camera calibration system with high precision and efficiency is designed. The designed camera calibration system consists of a 1053nm nanosecond solid-state laser, a knife, a double-integrating sphere, a laser power meter, a signal generator, a computer with its data processing software. Key technical parameters of scientific grade CCD under the condition of 1053nm optical pulses that are the modulation, contrast, defects, optical dynamic range, non-linear response can be calibrated by the designed calibration system. A double-integrating sphere with high uniformity and stability is designed as a uniform light source, which improves the calibrating performance and accuracy. Experimental results show the system designed in this paper can calibrate the large number of scientific grade CCD cameras quickly and efficiently.

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Zaitseva, O. O., S. V. Cherednychenko, Ye M. Hryshchenko, and O. I. Iatsiuta. "CONTROL OF METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT METERS DURING OPERATION." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 44, no. 1 (May 12, 2022): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.1.2022.11.

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Purpose The purpose of this article is to consider the features of calibration of single heat meters during operation. Results of operation Heat meters belong to the field of legally regulated metrology, as their measurement results are used in calculations between consumers and suppliers of heat for heating and hot water supply, so they are subject to periodic verification during operation and after repair. The so-called single heat meters have been widely used in the equipment of individual heat metering units for space heating. The peculiarity of single heat meters is that for them the error in measuring the amount of heat is normalized and experimentally determined without dividing it into the errors of the components. The physical quantities supplied to the heat meter inputs are reproduced тепло the heat carrier consumption and the heat carrier temperature. In this case, the water temperature in the flow unit corresponds to the ambient temperature, and the temperature in the thermostats to the temperatures in the supply and return flows. However, for heat meters based on ultrasonic method of washing the coolant flow with compensation of changes in the speed of ultrasound from the temperature of the coolant, this calibration technique cannot be applied due to a methodological error from replacing the variable speed of ultrasound with a constant value. To ensure the reliability of the verification results, a methodology was developed, according to which the verification is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the error of the heat meter is determined when measuring the flow rate as the difference between the readings of the heat meter and the reference value of the flow rate reproduced by the spill unit. In this case, the temperature superheater of the heat meter is placed in a thermostat with a temperature equal to the temperature of the water in the pouring unit. This eliminates the methodological error from the temperature mismatch in the thermostat and in the pouring unit. In the second stage, the error of the heat meter is determined when measuring the temperature and calculating the amount of heat. In this case, the reference values in the thermostats and the readings of the heat cell when measuring the consumption of the heat carrier are taken as the reference values of the reproducible values. The total error of a single heat meter is defined as the sum of the errors obtained during the first and second stages of verification. Conclusion Calibration of heat meters during operation contributes to obtaining reliable results of measurements of the amount of heat consumed in the housing stock, and the development on the basis of these results of measures aimed at the rational use of energy resources.

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Li, Rui, Peng-bo Shi, Ming-kai Li, Yuan Zhang, Ning Ding, and He Wu. "Research on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Platform Based on Automatic Calibration System of Electric Energy Meter." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019403001.

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To the problem that the operation and maintenance of the electric energy meter automatic verification system is large and the equipment fault location not accurate, a smart operation and maintenance platform is developed. The function and structure of the system are analyzed, and the application effect of the intelligent operation and maintenance platform is demonstrated. The actual operation results show that: The application of intelligent operation and maintenance platform improves the operation and maintenance efficiency of the energy meter automatic verification system, which produces a good economic and social benefits.

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Pang, Yan Jun, Qing Hao Wang, Xiao Tong Tong, Kai Zhi Wang, Ying Ying Yang, Chang Xin Ge, Ren Liu, Ning Zhang, Qiu Ling Zhang, and Bo Zhu. "The Modification of Electric Metering Seal Label with Barcode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 4456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.4456.

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In recent years, with the improvement of the watt-hour meters calibration work and the demand of modern management, mechanical seal labels have many problems exposed in the process of use. Through the actual work summary of experience for many years, it is concluded that there must be a new type of seal to replace the original one, which is using the advanced computer management method to manage seal. This article in detail introduces the structure, characteristics and application of the electric energy metering seal and its development prospect. The paper expounds the bar code application technology in the role of watt-hour meter calibration work and points out the necessity to adopt modern management on seal work by using computer management

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Karabekova, D. Zh. "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEAT FLOW METER." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 2 (40) (June 15, 2022): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no2/71-74.

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The problems and prospects of application of non-destructive testing methods for technical diagnostics of the thermal networks state and various technological objects are discussed. The recording of the temperature state of thermal processes by using a flow meter is due to its sensitivity to the change of thermophysical characteristics and the ability to control without the use of an external energy source, etc. The description of the developed device to measuring of the heat flow using of a thermoelectric heat flow converter of a special design is shown. A distinctive feature of the device is the heating element that installed on an insulating layer serving as a support surface. Calibration of the device is proposed to be carried out by replacing the heat flow from the investigated object with the heat flow released in the heating element when an electric current passes through it. The developed device can register the changes in the heat flux density in the range of (25-100) W/m2, which allows it possible to detect the smallest thermal insulation defects.

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Proctor, D. "The Design of a Meter to Measure the Mass Flow-Specific Heat Product of a Heat Transfer Fluid." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268077.

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This paper describes the design and calibration of a device for measuring the mass flow-specific heat (m˙Cp) product of a heat transfer fluid in situ in a closed loop system. Accuracy of the meter is ±0.07 percent to ±0.12 percent over its operating range of 18 to kW K−1, depending on the calibration procedure which has to be adopted.

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Sanchez-Sutil, Cano-Ortega, Hernandez, and Rus-Casas. "Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers." Electronics 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080878.

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Smart meter roll-out in photovoltaic (PV) household-prosumers provides easy access to granular meter measurements, which enables advanced energy services. The design of these services is based on the training and validation of models. However, this requires temporal high-resolution data for generation/load profiles collected in real-world household facilities. For this purpose, this research developed and successfully calibrated a new prototype for an accurate low-cost On-time Single-Phase Power Smart Meter (OSPPSM), which corresponded to these profiles. This OSPPSM is based on the Arduino open-source electronic platform. Not only can it locally store information, but can also wirelessly send these data to cloud storage in real-time. This paper describes the hardware and software design and its implementation. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The OSPPSM demonstrated that it was capable of in situ real-time processing. Moreover, the OSPPSM was able to meet all of the calibration standard tests in terms of accuracy class 1 (measurement error ≤1%) included in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for smart meters. In addition, the evaluation of the uncertainty of electrical variables is provided within the context of the law of propagation of uncertainty. The approximate cost of the prototype was 60 € from eBay stores.

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Zhang, Hong. "The Design of Intelligent Watt-Hour Meter Based STM32 System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.185.

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In view of limitations function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It supports multi rate, step rate and power factor influence factor of electricity metering method, and can realize the real-time clock, timing backup data, monitoring the temperature and humidity of the environment and other functions, has the ability to forecast the next period of time energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of electrical appliances. Combined with the PC software, the backup data of smart meters to report, detailed list, and the data curve method is presented to the user, and facilitate to analysis of user. The whole embedded in smart meters and the host computer system provides a good human-computer interface, can realize the user personalized service configuration and software calibration function.

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Amani, Konan Lambert, Raguilignaba Sam, and François Zougmoré. "Competitiveness Level of Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): Study Based on the Domestic Electric Meters Calibration." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9698070.

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The mean cost price of electricity in Burkina Faso at the end of the last quarter of 2012 was 158 FCFA/kWh for a country where more than 46% of the population lives below the national poverty threshold. To look for solution to that problem, the resort to photovoltaic solar energy is justified for that country. The purpose of this study is to promote the integration of both technical and economical surveys in solar energy preliminary projects in Ouagadougou. To reach that, investigations were carried out in some households and attention was paid from the calibration of the domestic electric meters. Energy demands collected within each household allow us to design a corresponding solar kit through optimization rules. An estimate was edited and financial viability study for each household was also carried out thereafter. In this study, only households using the national electricity network calibration meter on their disadvantage favorably answered to all financial indicators and appear as the only one that could profit from such project. This work is helpful to note that photovoltaic solar energy still stays at a primitive level of competitiveness compared to conventional energy resources for small systems in Ouagadougou.

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Ting, V. C., and J. J. S. Shen. "Field Calibration of Orifice Meters for Natural Gas Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231397.

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This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6, 4, 2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron’s Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27°C (650 psig and 80°F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibrate the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. The uncertainty of the calibration system was analyzed according to The American National Standard (ANSI/ASME MFC-2M-A1983). The 10.16 and 5.08-cm (4 and 2-in.) orifice discharge coefficients agreed with the ANSI and ISO standards within the estimated uncertainty level. However, the 15.24-cm (6-in.) meter deviated up to − 2 percent at a beta ratio of 0.74. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron’s high Reynolds number test data taken at a larger test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrated that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.

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Liverani, S., S. Vichi, F. Zagni, S. Riga, G. M. Lima, P. Castellucci, T. Wendler, M. Olmeda, M. Marengo, and D. Mostacci. "Determination of the activity meter calibration factor for Rhenium-188." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 173, no. 9-10 (October 3, 2018): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420150.2018.1528601.

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Li, Jianmin, Yuxiang Yang, Zhaosheng Teng, Fu Zhang, Haowen Zhong, and Chengbin Liang. "A Simple Calibration Method for Ratio Error and Phase Error of Electronic Energy Meter." Electric Power Systems Research 186 (September 2020): 106416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106416.

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Zivanovic, Milos, Nikola Krzanovic, Djordje Lazarevic, Argiro Boziari, and Panagiota Konstantinou. "The impact of field size and radiation quality on KAP-meter and CT-chamber response." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 1 (2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1801087z.

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Kerma-area product and kerma-length product are important practical dosimetric quantities used in diagnostic radiology. These quantities are measured by special types of dosimeters which are calibrated in standard radiation qualities established in calibration laboratories. However, in clinical practice the dosimeters are used in different conditions, including the radiation quality and field size. In this paper, energy and field size dependence are studied for both types of dosimeters. One dosimeter of each type is tested. The KAP-meter has shown significant dependence on both radiation quality and field size, while the dependence of the CT-chamber is much less pronounced. Two different approaches can be used to correct for the difference between conditions during calibration and in clinical practice. When the clinical beam is well characterized and energy and field size dependence of the dosimeter are well known, the optimum solution is to apply the adequate correction factor to the measurements, keeping measurement uncertainty as low as possible. If this is not the case, the above limitations must be taken under consideration in the calculation of the expanded uncertainty budget.

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Adalberto, Guerra-Cabrera, Barbano Giulia, Tardioli Giovanni, and Mallya Udupi Girish. "Computer Vision-based Reader for analogue Energy/Water Meters in low-cost embedded System: a Case Study in an Office Building in Scotland." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 25006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017225006.

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Implementation of cost-effective energy conservation measures (ECMs) is expected to generate up to 18% of carbon emissions reductions in office buildings. In order to determine adequate ECMs for a specific building, operational data is required. However, buildings generally lack operational data in the form of time series that can limit a breath of analysis required for determining adequate ECMs. Energy time-series data is commonly lacking in the UK due to uneven availability of smart meters (heat, gas, water), security restrictions in Energy Information Systems (EIS) and building management systems (BMS), restrictions and costs associated for automated reporting from utility companies, etc. This work presents a non-intrusive computer vision-based reader to generate energy readings at 10-minute resolution using a Raspberry-Pi, a traditional webcam and an LED light. OpenCV, an open source computer vision library, is used to detect and interpret numeric values from a heat meter, which are in turn uploaded to a cloud-based energy platform to create a complete operational data set enabling detailed analytics, fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) and model calibration. A case study of an office building in Scotland is presented. The building has a heat meter with no remote access capabilities. The accuracy of the method, i.e. the ability of the script to accurately derive the rate of change between readings, resulted on a 92% percent during a test done for 100 samples. Recommendations for accuracy improvements are included in the conclusions.

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Velichko, M. A., Yu P. Gladkikh, and O. N. Satler. "CALIBRATION OF ULTRASONIC FLOWMETER FOR WI-FI NETWORK WITH THE HELP OF WEB BROWSER." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 45, no. 3 (May 12, 2019): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2018-45-3-94-102.

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Objectives. The purpose of the work was to change the method of signal transmission containing metrological information from industrial time-pulse ultrasonic gas flow meter to a compu-ting device (CD). It was planned to expand the range of devices serving as gas flow calculators. A hardware-software complex (HSC) for automatic calibration / verification of ultrasonic flowmeters was to be developed. This HSC should work equally well on different operating systems. The information exchange between the CD and the flowmeter was to be carried out wirelessly.Method. The Wi-Fi Pro-tocol was used as a wireless Protocol. The energy-efficient ESP8266 controller was chosen as micro-controller to provide the functionality of Wi-Fi. The ESP8266 board acted as a Wi-Fi access point on the network to which CD was connected for data exchange. The ESP8266 microcontroller also served as a HTTP server. Exchange of metrological and other information was carried out by GET-requests. Given the need for continuous flow measurements and simultaneous communication between the user and the flow meter, requests to the server were transmitted using AJAX technology. The software part of the APK consisted of 3 programs: a program that measured the flow and transmitted the information further to the ESP8266 microcontroller, a server program recorded in ESP8266, providing a response to the requests of CD users, and the client program installed on the CD. The article discusses the key points of the HSC.Result. As a result of this work, the HSC was processed for calibration/verification of ultrasonic gas flow meters. For the first time this process for industrial flow meters was implemented using the ESP8266Wi-Fi controller as an access point. As a WU, it became possible to use any desktop or laptop computer or mobile device with a modern browser.Conclusion. The method proposed in the paper significantly simplified the data exchange between the VU and the flowmeter, reduced the cost of software development due to the common approach for different operating systems.

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Wei, Ji Feng, Xiao Yang Hu, Li Qun Sun, Kai Zhang, and Yan Chang. "Technology for radiation efficiency measurement of high-power halogen tungsten lamp used in calibration of high-energy laser energy meter." Applied Optics 54, no. 9 (March 13, 2015): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.002289.

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Bruhaug, G., H. G. Rinderknecht, Y. E, M. S. Wei, R. B. Brannon, D. Guy, R. G. Peck, et al. "Development of a hardened THz energy meter for use on the kilojoule-scale, short-pulse OMEGA EP laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 123502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099328.

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A highly adaptable and robust terahertz (THz) energy meter is designed and implemented to detect energetic THz pulses from high-intensity (>1018 W/cm2) laser–plasma interactions on the OMEGA EP. THz radiation from the laser driven target is detected by a shielded pyrometer. A second identical pyrometer is used for background subtraction. The detector can be configured to detect THz pulses in the 1 mm to 30 μm (0.3- to 10-THz) range and pulse energies from joules to microjoules via changes in filtration, aperture size, and position. Additional polarization selective filtration can also be used to determine the THz pulse polarization. The design incorporates significant radiation and electromagnetic pulse shielding to survive and operate within the OMEGA EP radiation environment. We describe the design, operational principle, calibration, and testing of the THz energy meter. The pyrometers were calibrated using a benchtop laser and show linear sensitivity to up to 1000 nJ of absorbed energy. The initial results from four OMEGA EP THz experiments detected up to [Formula: see text] at the detector, which can correspond to hundreds of mJ depending on THz emission and reflection models.

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Rusinowski, Z., and N. Golnik. "Performance tests of the IAE dose equivalent meter in radiation field of high energy calibration facility at SPS-CERN." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 408, no. 2-3 (May 1998): 600–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00274-5.

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HO, PAUL T. P., PABLO ALTIMIRANO, MARK BIRKINSHAW, SU-WEI CHANG, CHA-HAO CHANG, KE-JUN CHEN, MINGTANG CHEN, et al. "THE YUAN TSEH LEE AMiBA PROJECT." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 17n20 (June 28, 2008): 1243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802762x.

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The Array for Microwave Background Anisotropy is a 7-element interferometer sited on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The seven 60cm telescopes are mounted on a 6-meter platform, and operates at 3mm wavelength. In October 2006, the telescope was officially dedicated and renamed as the Y. T. Lee AMiBA. During 2007, scientific operations have begun, after a long process of calibration and testing. At the time of this meeting, six clusters of galaxies have been detected and mapped via the inverse Compton scattering of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, also known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect.

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Conti, Giuseppe, David Jimenez, Alberto del Rio, Sandra Castano-Solis, Javier Serrano, and Jesus Fraile-Ardanuy. "A Multi-Port Hardware Energy Meter System for Data Centers and Server Farms Monitoring." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010119.

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Nowadays the rationalization of electrical energy consumption is a serious concern worldwide. Energy consumption reduction and energy efficiency appear to be the two paths to addressing this target. To achieve this goal, many different techniques are promoted, among them, the integration of (artificial) intelligence in the energy workflow is gaining importance. All these approaches have a common need: data. Data that should be collected and provided in a reliable, accurate, secure, and efficient way. For this purpose, sensing technologies that enable ubiquitous data acquisition and the new communication infrastructure that ensure low latency and high density are the key. This article presents a sensing solution devoted to the precise gathering of energy parameters such as voltage, current, active power, and power factor for server farms and datacenters, computing infrastructures that are growing meaningfully to meet the demand for network applications. The designed system enables disaggregated acquisition of energy data from a large number of devices and characterization of their consumption behavior, both in real time. In this work, the creation of a complete multiport power meter system is detailed. The study reports all the steps needed to create the prototype, from the analysis of electronic components, the selection of sensors, the design of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), the configuration and calibration of the hardware and embedded system, and the implementation of the software layer. The power meter application is geared toward data centers and server farms and has been tested by connecting it to a laboratory server rack, although its designs can be easily adapted to other scenarios where gathering the energy consumption information was needed. The novelty of the system is based on high scalability built upon two factors. Firstly, the one-on-one approach followed to acquire the data from each power source, even if they belong to the same physical equipment, so the system can correlate extremely well the execution of processes with the energy data. Thus, the potential of data to develop tailored solutions rises. Second, the use of temporal multiplexing to keep the real-time data delivery even for a very high number of sources. All these ensure compatibility with standard IoT networks and applications, as the data markup language is used (enabling database storage and computing system processing) and the interconnection is done by well-known protocols.

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Sitompul, Erwin, and Khoerrudin Syirli. "Prepaid RFID-based Electricity Payment System for Rooming Houses." Jurnal ELTIKOM 4, no. 2 (October 22, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/eltikom.v4i2.205.

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A prepaid RFID-based electricity payment system is proposed in this paper. The system is intended for rooming houses where residents’ electricity overconsumption and outstanding payment are to be avoided by the house owner. An RFID-card is used as the payment instrument. The system consists of two units, the card balance top-up unit (CTU) and the energy credit top-up unit (ETU). The balance of the RFID-card is topped up by using the CTU. With the balance stored in it, the RFID-card is to be used to top-up the energy credit at the ETU. Each of the CTU and the ETU is equipped with a microcontroller, an RFID reader/writer and a user interface in the form of keypad and liquid crystal display (LCD). Furthermore, the ETU utilizes a relay to control the flow of electricity. If the energy credit of a room is exhausted, then the supply of electricity to the room is cut off by the relay. The electricity consumption is calculated based on the number of pulses of the calibration LED of a standardized electronic energy meter. The pulse is transmitted to the microcontroller by using an optocoupler. The RFID-card records the current card balance, the card’s top-up history, and the card’s usage history. The energy credit is stored in the EEPROM of the ETU’s microcontroller. The energy meter is tested to measure the energy consumption of two loads based on the pulses of its calibration LED. The actual power of the two loads are 87.25 % and 94.23 % of the corresponding power rating. The card balance top-up process at the CTU and the energy credit top-up process at the ETU are successfully checked. After every balance top-up and credit top-up, the current card balance is calculated and stored correctly. During the electricity usage, the LCD of the ETU shows the remaining energy credit in IDR and kWh. These are accumulatively reduced every time the pulse count reaches a certain reset number, which corresponds to the electrical energy’s unit price applied. The proposed electricity payment system can be a solution for owners of rooming houses to secure electricity payments from the residents. The installation cost of the system is low and without the need to change the existing electricity purchase method of the house. The house owner also can individually adjust the maximum power limit for each room.

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de, Smet, Isabelle Gerardy, Frederic Stichelbaut, and Silvia Tolo. "MCNPX simulations of the response of the extended-range rem meter WENDI-2." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 29, suppl. (2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp140ss25s.

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Proton therapy uses proton beams with energies typically between 50 and 230 MeV to treat cancerous tumors very efficiently, while protecting as much as possible surrounding healthy tissues from radiation damage. Protons interacting with matter inevitably induce secondary radiation from which all people inside the proton therapy center have to be protected. The ambient dose equivalent H*(10) in such a facility is mainly due to neutrons, which can have energies up to 230 MeV. Although various dose monitoring systems sensitive to high energy neutrons have already been developed, the response function of these detectors is often insufficiently characterized, and so are the calibration factors appropriate for the specific neutron spectra encountered inside a proton therapy facility. In this work, the Monte Carlo code MCNPX 2.5.0 has been used to study the response function of the extended-range rem-meter WENDI-2 from thermal energies up to 5 GeV. A good match has been obtained with equivalent simulation results found in literature. As a first step towards the characterization of the WENDI-2 response in continuous neutron fields, MCNPX simulations have also been carried out for the case-study of a bunker around an 18 MeV H-cyclotron, which involves neutron fields from thermal energies up to 18 MeV.

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Ikra Rahman, Tasnim, Anika Fariha Rashid, and Md Habibur Rahman. "Design and development of Bi directional power meter using microcontroller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1594-1600.

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<p>The significance of power or energy measurement has been very acute in recent times with the increase of Grid-Tied Solar PV system that needs Net-Metering. Power can be flown in both directions, from grid to load or from load (PV- Panel) to grid line. If power flow from both side is not calculated and surplus power which is not being used at the time instant is not stored, accurate billing is not possible. That is why a bidirectional power meter is required which can measure both the positive and negative power at any instant. The aim of this paper is to develop a bidirectional power meter using microcontroller. The work of this paper constitutes a microcontroller, a current sensor, bulbs as load and a display. The rms values of voltage and current is determined and showed in the display. Then the calibration is done inside the developed program. After that the power is calculated and showed in the display. Then the direction of the power is determined depending on the direction (whether positive or negative) of the power which is also dependent on the phase difference between the voltage and current. If there is no phase difference between the voltage and current, then the power is positive and leaving from the grid. If there is 180 degree phase difference between the voltage and current, then the power is negative and entering to the grid. The direction of the power flow is very important for efficiently of the proposed meter. For some defined load the accuracy of the developed meter is calculated as 94%.</p>

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Walck, Scott D. "Poor Man's Faraday Cup." Microscopy Today 3, no. 8 (October 1995): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062908.

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Frequently, the need arises for the measurement of the beam current in an electron microscope. For good quantitative analysis with either energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive spectrometers, the beam current is essential. The value of the beam current is used in quantitative microanalysis programs to equilibrate the production of X-ray generation between an unknown sample and a known calibration sample, i.e., a standard. Measurement of the beam current over time can also be quite helpful in determining problems with instrument stability. The following is a description of two very inexpensive methods for making a Faraday cup for measuring beam current in an SEM. It assumes that the microscope has a specimen current meter.

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Rossi, Federico, Mirko Filipponi, Beatrice Castellani, Stefania Bonafoni, and Chaouki Ghenai. "A Novel Measurement-Based Method for Assessing Global Warming Mitigation via High-Albedo Solutions." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 5695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155695.

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Global warming mitigation via terrestrial albedo increase has been widely investigated in literature; the proposed methodologies relate CO2 compensation to albedo increase generally via the concept of Radiative Forcing (RF). However, literature methods calculate RF by averaged input data, without considering RF variation due to many local and temporal phenomena. For instance, an average value of compensated effect of albedo change (Δα = 0.01) is 3 kg CO2eq/m2, which has been introduced no matter the position and climatic condition of the site. In our study, we propose a novel procedure to measure RF continuous time history by means of ground measurements, astronomical equations, and satellite calibration. The procedure is called RF-meter. In this way, a more accurate assessment of compensated CO2 may be achieved. A test facility is also designed and proposed to double check the procedure, and preliminary results are reported in order to show and test the calibration procedure. It is expected that albedo-increased surfaces as well as cool roofs and/or other technical solutions will be eligible to obtain Emission Credits (EC). The proposed procedure will aid in the assignment of EC to High-Albedo Solutions (HAS), as it could represent an objective and accurate method to relate the albedo increase to a corresponding CO2 offset.

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Kanso, Tala, Marie-Christine Gromaire, David Ramier, Philippe Dubois, and Ghassan Chebbo. "An Investigation of the Accuracy of EC5 and 5TE Capacitance Sensors for Soil Moisture Monitoring in Urban Soils-Laboratory and Field Calibration." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 6510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226510.

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Recently, emphasis has been placed on finding a reliable estimation of soil water content. In this study, two capacitance sensors EC5 and 5TE (METER Group) were utilized. These sensors provide many benefits relative to other sensors in that they are cost-effective and very economical regarding energy use, operate at a high measurement frequency of 70 MHz, and are dedicated to measuring at a small volume because of their small size. This makes them suitable for the context of use in this research, which consists of multiple sustainable drainage systems SuDS. Several studies have evaluated these two types of sensor but not for urban soils with specific characteristics. In addition, results from the literature are divergent and the published calibration data are limited. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of their accuracy is assessed in this paper. At first, the literature’s existing procedures and methods were examined. The sensor-to-sensor variability, as well as repeatability, were tested in soil and solutions. Additionally, a field calibration method was conducted to estimate the effects of soil texture on sensors readings. Two laboratory calibration methods having different principles were also applied, compared to each other and to the field calibration as well. Results revealed weak sensor-to-sensor variability (coefficient of variation up to 15% in soil) and also good repeatability (0.1%), for both sensors. A soil-specific calibration equation has improved the estimation of the volumetric water content. In case of soil having high field bulk density, the undisturbed soil calibration method described and proposed in this paper gives promising results. The latter method yields a volumetric water content (VWC) prediction accuracy of 0.025 m3∙m−3 on a sandy loam soil. This paper presents a large knowledge of capacitance sensors measurement technique as well as their calibration procedures and methods. Limitations of existing procedures have been identified and key elements for selecting the appropriate one are suggested. Derived calibration equations have also been provided for three urban soils with different particle size distribution, ranging from sandy loam to silt loam. Accurate monitoring of soil moisture content in urban soils is thus achievable.

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ORUMBAYEV, Rakhimzhan K., Andrey A. KIBARIN, Balzhan T. BAKHTIYAR, Arman S. KASSIMOV, and Maxim S. KOROBKOV. "RESEARCH OF COMBUSTION MODES DURING LAYER-BURNING OF SHUBARKUL COAL ON THE FIRE GRATE WITH THE HAND FURNACE OF THE KSVR-0.43 HOT WATER BOILER." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 856–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.871_periodico36_pgs_856_870.pdf.

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Experience shows that the trend towards using solid fuels in the energy sector of Kazakhstan will be implemented for a rather long time. At the same time, the global trend is currently tightening environmental requirements. They set the task to continue improving coal combustion efficiency and minimize emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This article aims to conduct complex thermal engineering tests of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler. For this, the following measurement and control tools were used: the standard boiler room secondary devices, an industrial gas analyzer Testo-350, a control (reading) module Testo-454 with temperature probes and a Pitot tube, a soot number meter Testo-308, a temperature meter 2TPM1, a portable liquid flow meter Vzlet-PRC and a stopwatch. All they had valid verification and calibration certificates. An analysis of the gas composition and technical parameters of the KCVr-0.43 hot water boiler in the investigated operation mode with Shubarkul coal during a long-term test showed that it seems possible to operate boilers of this series under low load conditions without boosting air and fuel. They can reduce emissions of toxic NOx and greenhouse gases CO2 into the atmosphere. In this case, burning Shubarkul coal without forcing through the air is characterized by significant carbon monoxide CO emissions. The formed nitrogen oxides NOx decompose in reactions with CO with the formation of molecular nitrogen and oxygen. Burning, coke residue in the layer, coal-burning stages, emissions of harmful substances.

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Iwamoto, Akifumi, Minoru Nobutoki, Takuya Kumaki, Haruhiro Higaki, Shinji Hamaguchi, Kazuya Takahata, Shinsaku Imagawa, Toshiyuki Mito, Suguru Takada, and Kouji Nadehara. "In-situ calibration method of orifice flow meter equipped in 600 W helium refrigerator/liquefier with variable temperature supplies." Fusion Engineering and Design 123 (November 2017): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.05.045.

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Yule, I., R. Pullanagari, M. Irwin, P. Mcveagh, G. Kereszturi, M. White, and M. Manning. "Mapping nutrient concentration in pasture using hyperspectral imaging." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.482.

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Hyperspectral sensing using ground-based equipment has been demonstrated to be successful in determining pasture nutrient content (N, P, K, S) and parameters such as dry matter content and metabolisable energy. This technology needed to be up-scaled so that large areas could be rapidly covered with adequate spatial resolution. This paper describes work which demonstrates a progression from hyperspectral sensing to hyperspectral imaging which utilises the visible, near infrared and short wave infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Large scale calibration and validation field trials were conducted at the same time as hyperspectral imaging was completed. These trials demonstrate the feasibility of producing information, in detailed map form, on pasture nutrient concentration and other parameters to inform fertiliser placement decisions as well as other farm management tasks. The technique effectively produces a forage analysis for every square meter of any farm. Keywords: hyperspectral imaging, precision agriculture.

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Krbal, Michal, Ludek Pelikan, Jaroslav Stepanek, Jaroslava Orsagova, and Iraida Kolcunova. "A Physical Calibrator for Partial Discharge Meters." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112057.

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This article offers an alternative method of calibrating partial discharge meters for research and teaching purposes. Most current modern calibrators are implemented as precise voltage pulse sources with a coupling capacitor. However, our calibrator is based on the physical principles of dielectric materials distributed in a plane or space. Calibrator design is unique and there is an attempt to get closer to the behavior of the measured real objects. The calibration impulses are created by energy from a high voltage power supply at the specific or nominal value of the applied voltage. At the same time, it is possible to simulate the value and quantity of the discharges and their position in the object relative to the input electrodes. The calibrator creates conditions as a real measured object with adjustable parameters. This paper describes a design of this type of calibrator, its implementation, numerical simulation of discharge values and laboratory measurements with functional verification using the Tettex 9520 calibrator and galvanic measured system DDX 7000/8003 and DDX 9121b. All measurements are carried out using the CVVOZEPowerLab Research Infrastructure equipment.

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Mari, Jean-Luc, Frederick Delay, Gilles Porel, and Pierre Gaudiani. "Characterizing flow in the first hundred-meter depth of a fractured aquifer using hybrid seismic methods, acoustic logging, and flow-log measurements." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2021048.

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Understanding subsurface flow, especially in fractured rocks only housing water through a few preferential pathways, is still challenging. The point is mainly associated with the poor accessibility of the subsurface and the lack of accurate representations for both heterogeneity and spatial distribution of water bearing bodies. This notwithstanding, highly-resolved geophysical investigations bring new images of the subsurface. This is exemplified over a fractured limestone aquifer at the site scale (for example, that of the radius of influence of an extraction well). On an experimental site, situated in the Cher region (France), two boreholes have been drilled for field experiments. Full Waveform Acoustic Logging (FWAL) and seismic experiments were conducted. Hybrid seismic imaging, which consists in combining refraction and reflection seismic results, has been carried out. Based on a four-step procedure, the processing of refracted and reflected waves provided two sections. After assemblage, these sections produced in a first step an extended time reflectivity section starting from the surface and, in a second step, a section over depth after calibration with Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and acoustic data. However, even the Very High Resolution (VHR) seismic methods do not have a sufficient vertical resolution to describe accurately the geological formation. The acoustic sections were processed to separate the different wave fields, to extract the criss-cross events and to build a criss-cross index log. A log of fracturation index, based on both criss-cross index and P-wave velocity measurements, was computed to detect the presence of fractures. After calibration, and under the assumption that the slower the P-wave velocity, the higher the permeability – porosity, a 3D seismic block of reflection can inform on preferential areas where flow should occur. At the scale of an open wellbore, acoustic loggings that measure wave velocities over a short distance within the well also inform on open features crosscut by the well. Finally, flow log measurements confirm the occurrence of flowing horizons that were previously marked by both seismic and acoustic data. Seismic and acoustic data are therefore suited to image contrasted hydraulic properties over fractured subsurface systems usually poorly documented.

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Woro Fittrin Selo Nur Giyatno, Dhanis, Tommy Richard Orlando, and Nining Supriatin. "Analog tachometer as an indicator motorcycle machine wearing based on moving coil." E3S Web of Conferences 43 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184301004.

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As an increasing highly mobility and high traffic, the necessary of motorcycle is highly increasing. The condition makes user ride motorcycle with highly speed in highly frequency. Then, these conditions make motorcycle machine reliability is highly decreasing. Finally, it made machine is run to damage and maintenance cost to be high. Analog tachometer is an electronic instrumentation that proposed to solve these problems. Actually, instrumentation system of tachometer is an electromechanical system. A wire in a control unit is embedded into shaft of crank. Then, magnet in control unit will convert rotary machine energy into electrical energy with d’Arsonval meter. Current sensor and small variable resistor are the kind of sensor that are used in tachometer. Small variable resistor is used for tuning and recalibration. Utilization small variable resistor in tachometer circuit is make calibration and recalibration current sensing of electrical current that rectified by diode. Tachometer for counting rotation per minute (RPM) motorcycle machine is built up. The tachometer has capability to count RPM motorcycle machine 1,000 – 13.000 RPM. The range is reliable as an indicator for user to minimize motorcycle machine wearing.

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Fořt, Ivan, Petr Ettler, František Kolín, Juris Vanags, and Maris A. Rikmanis. "Study of Spatial Distribution of Kinetic Energy of Turbulence in a Cylindrical System with Turbine Impellers and Radial Baffles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 5 (1992): 1053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921053.

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The paper deals with the description and results of experimental investigation of spatial distribution of kinetic energy of turbulence in a cylindrical system with one or two standard turbine impellers on the same shaft and with radial bafflers at the vessel wall. The time-averaged specific kinetic energy of turbulence of agitated liquid is measured with a stirring-intensity-meter (SIM) consisting of mechanical-piezoelectric sensor and an auxiliary electronic device for processing the scanned fluctuation signal (the SIM calibration was carried out by means of a lasser-doppler anemometer). The measurements were performed in a model vessel of diameter D = 350 mm, in the range of values of Reynolds number for mixing ReM ∈ <1.2.103, 1.06.105> and relative size of impeller and vessel d/D = 0.286 in the single-phase and two-phase system (air was blown into the system through a sparger ring under the lower impeller). It follows from the measured and processed results that the spatial distribution of mean specific kinetic energy of turbulence in systems wit turbine impellers is considerably influenced by the amount of blown air: the mean specific kinetic energy of turbulence decreases with growing volumetric flow rate of air in the stream streaking from blades of rotating impeller, and, in the region outside this stream, it significantly increases.

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Que, William, Nelson Videla, and Deanna Langer. "Ultrasound guided I–125 permanent prostate implants: seed calibration and radiation exposure levels." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 1, no. 3 (November 1999): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396999000230.

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Purpose: (1) To present data on I–125 seed calibration in a clinical setting so that reasonable tolerance levels can be set for the discrepancy in seed strength between manufacturer specified value and institution measured value; (2) To present data on measured exposure rates and estimate radiation exposure levels associated with I–125 prostate implants.Methods and Materials: Ten percent of each batch for 50 batches of I–125 seeds were calibrated using an HDR 1000 PLUS well chamber with a single source holder. Exposure rates due to I–125 were measured by survey meters with a scintillation probe designed for low energy photon counting, as well as a survey meter of the ionization chamber type. Exposure rates of an unshielded I–125 seed, a needle loaded with three seeds, and 54 prostate implant patients immediately after the implant were obtained.Results: Compared to the manufacturer stated midrange seed strength for a batch of seeds, the average seed strength of sampled seeds had maximum deviations of ±8%, however for 45 out of 50 batches the deviation was less than ±5%. Measured single seed strength deviated up to ±12% from the manufacturer stated midrange value, and between −11% to 7% from the mean of the sampled batch. The exposure rate of a 1.39×107 Bq (0.375 mCi) unshielded I–125 seed was about 1.548×10−8C/kgh (0.06 mR/h) at 1 m, and 1.29×10−6C/kgh (5 mR/h) at 10 cm. For a needle loaded with three seeds, the exposure rate was 1.29×10−8C/kgh (0.05 mR/h) at the handle, and 1.29×10−7C/kgh (0.5 mR/h) along the shaft. For patients implanted with I–125 seeds in the prostate, the average exposure rate was 3.61×10−8C/kgh (0.14 mR/h) at 1m, and 4.13×10−7C/kgh (1.6 mR/h) at the pelvis surface.Conclusions: For the mean seed strength a first action level should be set at a deviation of at least 5% deviation from the manufacturer stated midrange value. For individual seeds, a first action level set at 10% deviation from the manufacturer stated midrange value seems reasonable. A person performing I–125 seed calibration or seed loading could receive up to 0.5 mSv (50 mR) per case to the hands. In the first year following an I–125 prostate implant, the spouse of the patient could receive slightly over 1mSv from the I–125 in the patient. A co-worker should not receive more than 0.5 mSv from the patient.

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Ariffin, Mohd Ruzaimi, Suhaidi Shafie, Wan Zuha Wan Hasan, Norhafiz Azis, Mohammad Effendy Yaacob, and Eris Elianddy Supeni. "Development of Stand-Alone DC Energy Datalogger for Off- Grid PV System Application Based on Microcontroller." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.10.

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This article presents a microcontroller-based direct current (DC) energy data logger developed by adapting low-cost ATmega328 by measuring the PV system DC and voltage characteristics while simultaneously recording the measured value over time to compute the energy production Watt-hour (Wh). The prototype logger has been tested on a live 1 kW standalone PV system where the voltage sensor detects PV series array output voltage ranging between 0–50 VDC by a voltage divider sensing circuit. For accurate sensing of the current output measurement from the PV array, 50A ACS756 hall effect IC was integrated as the current sensor. The data was measured and saved in text format with comma-separated values (CSV) in an SD card, read using Microsoft Excel software. The liquid crystal display (LCD) showed the actual value of the recording process’s current, voltage, power, and duration in minutes. The recorded data has been compared to the standard laboratory digital multimeter for calibration manually to justify the measurement value. The error is minimized to 0.6% average by varying the constant float value in the programming code. The advantage of developing this logger is that the development cost is much cheaper than the standard commercial PV energy meter, can be reproduced for other DC application energy measurements, and easily modify the voltage and current range to suit the application. Apart from that, this logger also provides high accuracy performance, and its independent characteristic is practical for off-grid or off-site PV system use.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy meter calibration'

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