Dissertations / Theses: 'Energy Management Strategy (EMS)'

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Fletcher, Thomas P. "Optimal energy management strategy for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25567.

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The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) has a huge effect on the performance of any hybrid vehicle because it determines the operating point of almost every component associated with the powertrain. This means that its optimisation is an incredibly complex task which must consider a number of objectives including the fuel consumption, drive-ability, component degradation and straight-line performance. The EMS is of particular importance for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs), not only to minimise the fuel consumption, but also to reduce the electrical stress on the fuel cell and maximise its useful lifetime. This is because the durability and cost of the fuel cell stack is one of the major obstacles preventing FCHEVs from being competitive with conventional vehicles. In this work, a novel EMS is developed, specifcally for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs), which considers not only the fuel consumption, but also the degradation of the fuel cell in order to optimise the overall running cost of the vehicle. This work is believed to be the first of its kind to quantify effect of decisions made by the EMS on the fuel cell degradation, inclusive of multiple causes of voltage degradation. The performance of this new strategy is compared in simulation to a recent strategy from the literature designed solely to optimise the fuel consumption. It is found that the inclusion of the degradation metrics results in a 20% increase in fuel cell lifetime for only a 3.7% increase in the fuel consumption, meaning that the overall running cost is reduced by 9%. In addition to direct implementation on board a vehicle, this technique for optimising the degradation alongside the fuel consumption also allows alternative vehicle designs to be compared in an unbiased way. In order to demonstrate this, the novel optimisation technique is subsequently used to compare alternative system designs in order to identify the optimal economic sizing of the fuel cell and battery pack. It is found that the overall running cost can be minimised by using the smallest possible fuel cell stack that will satisfy the average power requirement of the duty cycle, and by using an oversized battery pack to maximise the fuel cell effciency and minimise the transient loading on the stack. This research was undertaken at Loughborough University as part of the Doctoral Training Centre (DTC) in Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Their Applications in collaboration with the University of Birmingham and Nottingham University and with sponsorship from HORIBA-MIRA (Nuneaton, UK). A Microcab H4 test vehicle has been made available for use in testing for this research which was previously used for approximately 2 years at the University of Birmingham. The Microcab H4 is a small campus based vehicle designed for passenger transport and mail delivery at low speeds as seen on a university campus. It has a top speed of approximately 30mph, and is fitted with a 1.2kW fuel cell and a 2kWh battery pack.

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Caramia, Gabriele. "Development of an innovative non rule-based energy management strategy for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle, structured for predictive driving controls based on external information knowledge." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11755/.

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Recently, the interest of the automotive market for hybrid vehicles has increased due to the more restrictive pollutants emissions legislation and to the necessity of decreasing the fossil fuel consumption, since such solution allows a consistent improvement of the vehicle global efficiency. The term hybridization regards the energy flow in the powertrain of a vehicle: a standard vehicle has, usually, only one energy source and one energy tank; instead, a hybrid vehicle has at least two energy sources. In most cases, the prime mover is an internal combustion engine (ICE) while the auxiliary energy source can be mechanical, electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic. It is expected from the control unit of a hybrid vehicle the use of the ICE in high efficiency working zones and to shut it down when it is more convenient, while using the EMG at partial loads and as a fast torque response during transients. However, the battery state of charge may represent a limitation for such a strategy. That’s the reason why, in most cases, energy management strategies are based on the State Of Charge, or SOC, control. Several studies have been conducted on this topic and many different approaches have been illustrated. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop an online (usable on-board) control strategy in which the operating modes are defined using an instantaneous optimization method that minimizes the equivalent fuel consumption of a hybrid electric vehicle. The equivalent fuel consumption is calculated by taking into account the total energy used by the hybrid powertrain during the propulsion phases. The first section presents the hybrid vehicles characteristics. The second chapter describes the global model, with a particular focus on the energy management strategies usable for the supervisory control of such a powertrain. The third chapter shows the performance of the implemented controller on a NEDC cycle compared with the one obtained with the original control strategy.

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Hägglund, Andreas, and Moa Källgren. "Impact of Engine Dynamics on Optimal Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148890.

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In recent years, rules and regulations regarding fuel consumption of vehicles and the amount of emissions produced by them are becoming stricter. This has led the automotive industry to develop more advanced solutions to propel vehicles to meet the legal requirements. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle is one of the solutions that is becoming more popular in the automotive industry. It consists of an electrical driveline combined with a conventional powertrain, propelled by either a diesel or petrol engine. Two power sources create the possibility to choose when and how to use the power sources to propel the vehicle. The strategy that decides how this is done is referred to as an energy management strategy. Today most energy management strategies only try to reduce fuel consumption using models that describe the steady state behaviour of the engine. In other words, no reduction of emissions is achieved and all transient behaviour is considered negligible. In this thesis, an energy management strategy incorporating engine dynamics to reduce fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions have been designed. First, the models that describe how fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions behave during transient engine operation are developed. Then, an energy management strategy is developed consisting of a model predictive controller that combines the equivalent consumption minimization strategy and convex optimization. Results indicate that by considering engine dynamics in the energy management strategy, both fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced. Furthermore, it is also shown that the major reduction in fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide emissions is achieved for short prediction horizons.

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Almgren, Johan, and Gustav Elingsbo. "Route Based Optimal Control Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138713.

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More restrictive emission legislations, rising fuel prices and the realisation that oil is a limited resource have lead to the emergence of the hybrid electric vehicles.To fully utilise the potential of the hybrid electric vehicles, energy management strategies are needed. The main objective of the strategy is to ensure that the limited electric energy is utilised in an efficient manner.This thesis develops and evaluates an optimisation based energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The optimisation methods used are based on a dynamic programming and ECMS approach. The strategy is validated against Vsim, Volvo Cars' performance and fuel consumption analysis tool as well as against strategies where parts of the optimisation is replaced by logic. The results show that the developed strategy consumes less fuel both compared to the corresponding Vsim strategy and the logic strategies.

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Wollaeger, James P. "ITS in Energy Management Systems of PHEV's." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330704818.

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Pahkasalo, Carolina, and André Sollander. "Adaptive Energy Management Strategies for Series Hybrid Electric Wheel Loaders." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166284.

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An emerging technology is the hybridization of wheel loaders. Since wheel loaders commonly operate in repetitive cycles it should be possible to use this information to develop an efficient energy management strategy that decreases fuel consumption. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate if and how this can be done in a real-time online application. The strategy that is developed is based on pattern recognition and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which together is called Adaptive ECMS (A-ECMS). Pattern recognition uses information about the repetitive cycles and predicts the operating cycle, which can be done with Neural Network or Rule-Based methods. The prediction is then used in ECMS to compute the optimal power distribution of fuel and battery power. For a robust system it is important with stability implementations in ECMS to protect the machine, which can be done by adjusting the cost function that is minimized. The result from these implementations in a quasistatic simulation environment is an improvement in fuel consumption by 7.59 % compared to not utilizing the battery at all.

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Reichenwallner, Christopher, and Daniel Wasborg. "Control of a Hydraulic Hybrid System for Wheel Loaders." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158902.

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In recent years many companies have investigated the use of hybrid technology due to the potential of increasing the driveline’s efficiency and thus reducing fuel consumption. Previous studies show that hydraulic hybrid technology can be favourable to use in construction machinery such as wheel loaders, which often operate in repetitive drive cycles and have high transient power demands. Parallel as well as Series hybrid configurations are both found suitable for wheel loader applications as the hybrid configurations can decrease the dependency on the torque converter. This project has investigated a novel hydraulic hybrid concept which utilizes the wheel loaders auxiliary pump as a supplement to enable both Series and Parallel hybrid operation. Impact of accumulator sizes has also been investigated, for which smaller accumulator sizes resembles a hydrostatic transmission. The hybrid concept has been evaluated by developing a wheel loader simulation model and a control system based on a rule-based energy management strategy. Simulation results indicate improved energy efficiency of up to 18.80 % for the Combined hybrid. Moreover, the accumulator sizes prove to have less impact on the energy efficiency. A hybrid system with decreased accumulator sizes shows improved energy efficiency of up to 16.40 %.

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Bragagni, Cristiano. "Progettazione di uno strumento di analisi dati per sistemi SCADA-ENERGY Management System." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7927/.

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L’obiettivo di questa tesi è approfondire le competenze sulle funzionalità sviluppate nei sistemi SCADA/EMS presenti sul mercato, così da conoscerne le potenzialità offerte: tutte le conoscenze acquisite servono a progettare uno strumento di analisi dati flessibile e interattivo, con il quale è possibile svolgere analisi non proponibili con le altre soluzioni analizzate. La progettazione dello strumento di analisi dei dati è orientata a definire un modello multidimensionale per la rappresentazione delle informazioni: il percorso di progettazione richiede di individuare le informazioni d’interesse per l’utente, così da poterle reintrodurre in fase di progettazione della nuova base dati. L’infrastruttura finale di questa nuova funzionalità si concretizza in un data warehouse: tutte le informazioni di analisi sono memorizzare su una base dati diversa da quella di On.Energy, evitando di correlare le prestazione dei due diversi sottosistemi. L’utilizzo di un data warehouse pone le basi per realizzare analisi su lunghi periodi temporali: tutte le tipologie di interrogazione dati comprendono un enorme quantità d’informazioni, esattamente in linea con le caratteristiche delle interrogazioni OLAP

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Shafique, Hamza. "On Development and Optimization of Energy Management System (EMS) for Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) : Providing Ancillary Services." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289630.

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The battery energy storage systems (BESS) installed standalone and with solar photovoltaic installations can be used beyond just storing excess generated electricity from the solar panels. The BESS can be intelligently managed by an Energy Management System (EMS) that uses the BESS resource for multiple ancillary services. The hypothesis in this study is that by optimizing the distribution of BESS resource between peak shaving of local load and providing frequency regulation service through the reserve market additional value can be generated from the already present resource. The EMS designed during the course of this thesis consists of two main parts, first the Prognosis Module that forecasts and makes recommendation for the delivery of hourly service from the BESS with quantified uncertainty and, second the Realtime Operation Module that takes the recommendations from the Prognosis Module and dispatches the necessary service meanwhile correcting for the uncertainty from the Prognosis Module. The Prognosis Module of the EMS is tested through the Öckero Ice Rink case study. In the case study local peak shaving saves 9.5% of the monthly power tariff by reducing its demand component through shaving the peak power of the test day by 21%. The EMS also allows for profit generation by frequency regulation through reserving capacity for three hourly slots within the test day on the reserve market.
Ett batterilager installerat separat eller tillsammans med en solelanläggning kan användas för mer än att öka egenanvändning av solel. Smart styrning med ett Energy Management System (EMS) möjliggör leverans av systemtjänster från batterilagret till elnätet. Hypotesen i denna studie innefattar att optimering av distributionen av ett energilagers kapacitet mellan kapning av effekttoppar och leverans av systemtjänsten frekvensreglering innebär en ökning av resursens värde. EMS som designats under detta projekt består av två delar; dels en prognosmodul som prognostiserar energianvändning för att ge rekommendationer för distribuering av kapacitet, dels en modul som i realtid styr batteriet baserat på prognosmodulens rekommendationer och uppmätt data. Prognosmodulen har testats i en fallstudie av Öckerö Ishall. Fallstudiens resultat visar att EMS som konstruerats reducerar nätavgiften med 9,5% genom att minska dagens högsta effekttopp med 21%. Resultatet visar även att frekvensreglering kunde levereras under tre timmar samma dag, vilket skulle generera ytterligare intäkter.

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Marstorp, Jonathan, and Sten Trolle. "Optimering av solcellssystem och implementering av ett Energy Management System : Möjligheter för ett framtida bostadsområde." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-258130.

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Riksbyggen, one of Sweden’s largest real estate companies, are planning to build a new residential area outside Uppsala, Sweden. Adjacent to the houses in the area, Riksbyggen are considering installing a 137 kWp photovoltaic (PV) system to supply the residents with renewable energy. In the first part of this study, the proposed PV system is analyzed based on benefits and profitability for the residents, using the software HOMER. Possibilities for including 3 kWp roof-mounted PV systems with varying azimuth as a complement to the larger system are evaluated. In the second part, options for implementing an Energy Management System (EMS) with battery storage or load shifting in the distribution grid using MATLAB. The system uses forecasting of PV generation, electricity prices and electricity demand to optimize the system control strategies. The results from the study indicate that installation of the 137 kWp PV system could lead to reduced average electricity costs of 21,1 % for the residents. If the system is completed with roof-mounted PV modules of varying azimuth for 12 % of the households in the area, the average electricity cost is reduced by 29,4 %in total. Implementing an EMS with energy storage in the distribution grid was not found to be an economically viable option, mainly due to high energy storage costs. The system control strategies can be improved by using forecasting. The economic benefits of load shifting for a single household were found to be too low to give incentive for system investment.

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Hrubý, Martin. "ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390247.

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Energy Management strategy for sustainable regional development has been selected as the topic of my research due to the fact that energy demand alongside with energy dependency have been continuously growing from a long term perspective. Sustainable development is defined by three imperatives – energy efficiency, ecology and security. Review of the current state and analysis of historical trends in Energetics at global and regional level are covered in this research. Results of the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis introduce a set of implications and recommendations for Energy Management strategy in the Czech Republic.

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Leite, Jônatas Boás [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de energia (EMS - Energy Management System) para a rede elétrica inteligente (Smart Grid)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124543.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de energia avançado para operar a smart grid, que é constituída pela interseção do sistema elétrico com as tecnologias de comunicação e informação. Atualmente existem diversos estudos relacionados à smart grid e isso pode gerar dúvidas sobre o conceito de projeto da smart grid. Para evitar eventuais dúvidas, na primeira parte deste trabalho, é apresentada uma introdução contendo as novas tecnologias usadas na smart grid bem como uma descrição da padronização desse novo conceito de projeto. A partir do padrão de projeto, foi possível destacar e desenvolver cada componente do sistema de gerenciamento de energia avançado. Os componentes lógicos, que exigem recursos da tecnologia de informação, foram elaborados e implantados em um sistema computacional, já os equipamentos físicos de comunicação e do sistema elétrico foram meticulosamente emulados. A simulação dos equipamentos elétricos foi fundamentada no algoritmo de fluxo de potência probabilístico que permitiu tanto a flutuação de carga quanto a atuação do mercado de energia. As condições de falta também foram consideradas no simulador de equipamentos elétricos fornecendo dados de medições elétricas para outros componentes do sistema de gerenciamento de energia. Um desses componentes é o algoritmo de estimação de estados que produz o estado da rede de distribuição usando os dados de medição. Estes estados produzidos pelo estimador de estados são entradas das funções avançadas do sistema de gerenciamento de energia como as ferramentas de coloração dinâmica e localização de perdas não técnicas. Todas as metodologias propostas neste trabalho foram avaliadas e os resultados numéricos demonstram sua eficiência
This work aims the development of an advanced energy management system to operate the smart grid that comprises the intersection of electrical power system with communication and information technologies. There are, currently, many studies related to the smart grid, which can produce doubts about the smart grid design concept. These doubts are clarified in the first part of this work where novel technologies of smart grid are presented besides the description of the standardization of smart grid design concepts. The use of the smart grid design standard allows identifying and developing all components of the advanced energy management system. The logical components, which require resources of information technology, were developed and implemented in a computational environment, while the physical devices of communication and power systems were meticulously emulated. The electrical devices emulation is based on the probabilistic power flow algorithm that permits both the load fluctuation and the energy market influence. The electrical devices simulator also supports contingency conditions as well as provides electric measurement data to other components of the energy management system. One of these components is the state estimation algorithm that produces the distribution network state using the measurement data. Network states produced by the state estimator are employed in advanced functions of the energy management system like the dynamic coloring, location of non-technical losses and self-healing applications. All proposed methodologies, in this work, were assessed and numerical results demonstrated their efficiencies

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Leite, Jônatas Boás. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de energia (EMS - Energy Management System) para a rede elétrica inteligente (Smart Grid) /." Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124543.

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Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani
Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin
Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro
Banca: Rogério Andrade Flauzino
Banca: Carlos Alberto Castro Junior
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema de gerenciamento de energia avançado para operar a smart grid, que é constituída pela interseção do sistema elétrico com as tecnologias de comunicação e informação. Atualmente existem diversos estudos relacionados à smart grid e isso pode gerar dúvidas sobre o conceito de projeto da smart grid. Para evitar eventuais dúvidas, na primeira parte deste trabalho, é apresentada uma introdução contendo as novas tecnologias usadas na smart grid bem como uma descrição da padronização desse novo conceito de projeto. A partir do padrão de projeto, foi possível destacar e desenvolver cada componente do sistema de gerenciamento de energia avançado. Os componentes lógicos, que exigem recursos da tecnologia de informação, foram elaborados e implantados em um sistema computacional, já os equipamentos físicos de comunicação e do sistema elétrico foram meticulosamente emulados. A simulação dos equipamentos elétricos foi fundamentada no algoritmo de fluxo de potência probabilístico que permitiu tanto a flutuação de carga quanto a atuação do mercado de energia. As condições de falta também foram consideradas no simulador de equipamentos elétricos fornecendo dados de medições elétricas para outros componentes do sistema de gerenciamento de energia. Um desses componentes é o algoritmo de estimação de estados que produz o estado da rede de distribuição usando os dados de medição. Estes estados produzidos pelo estimador de estados são entradas das funções avançadas do sistema de gerenciamento de energia como as ferramentas de coloração dinâmica e localização de perdas não técnicas. Todas as metodologias propostas neste trabalho foram avaliadas e os resultados numéricos demonstram sua eficiência
Abstract: This work aims the development of an advanced energy management system to operate the smart grid that comprises the intersection of electrical power system with communication and information technologies. There are, currently, many studies related to the smart grid, which can produce doubts about the smart grid design concept. These doubts are clarified in the first part of this work where novel technologies of smart grid are presented besides the description of the standardization of smart grid design concepts. The use of the smart grid design standard allows identifying and developing all components of the advanced energy management system. The logical components, which require resources of information technology, were developed and implemented in a computational environment, while the physical devices of communication and power systems were meticulously emulated. The electrical devices emulation is based on the probabilistic power flow algorithm that permits both the load fluctuation and the energy market influence. The electrical devices simulator also supports contingency conditions as well as provides electric measurement data to other components of the energy management system. One of these components is the state estimation algorithm that produces the distribution network state using the measurement data. Network states produced by the state estimator are employed in advanced functions of the energy management system like the dynamic coloring, location of non-technical losses and self-healing applications. All proposed methodologies, in this work, were assessed and numerical results demonstrated their efficiencies
Doutor

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Bader, Benjamin. "An energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134358.

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This dissertation formulates a proposal for a real time implementable energy management strategy (EMS) for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The EMS is developed to minimize vehicle fuel consumption through the utilisation of stored electric energy and high-efficiency operation of powertrain components. This objective is achieved through the development of a predictive EMS, which, in addition to fuel efficiency, is optimized in terms of computational cost and drivability. The requirement for an EMS in hybrid powertrain vehicles stems from the integration of two energy stores and converters in the powertrain; in the case of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) usually a combustion engine and one or more electric machines powered by a battery. During operation of the vehicle the EMS controls power distribution between engine and electric traction motor. Power distribution is optimized according to the operating point dependent efficiencies of the components, energy level of the battery and trip foreknowledge. Drivability considerations, e.g. frequency of engine starts, can also be considered. Due to high oil prices and legislative requirements caused by the environmental impact of greenhouse emissions, fuel economy has gained importance in recent years. In addition to increased fuel economy, powertrain hybridization permits the substituton of fuel for electrical energy by implementing an external recharging option for the battery. This vehicle class, incorporating a battery rechargeable via the electrical grid, is known as a plug-in HEV (PHEV). PHEV share characteristics of both HEVs and all-electric vehicles combining several advantages of both technologies. The rechargeable battery feature of the PHEVs makes their EMS development espe-cially challenging. For minimal fuel consumption, the battery is discharged optimally over the whole trip length, prioritising electrical energy when driving conditions are such that its use maximises the fuel saving that can be achieved. Therefore, an EMS for a PHEV depends heavily on the availability of a priori knowledge about the trip, i.e. the knowledge about future vehicle speed and road grade. This requires the driver to indi-cate the route before trip start. The route knowledge in combination with GPS or Galileo based next generation navigation systems using information from a geographic in-formation system (GIS) about terrain height profile, road type (e.g. motorway or country road), and legal speed limits can be evaluated by a speed prediction algorithm including information about the driver's behaviour for a detailed prediction of the trip. These navigation systems and algorithms in combination with expected future advances and the deployment of technologies such as intelligent transport systems (ITS) and vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V), will make more exact traffic information available to further improve prediction. Despite expected advances in prediction quality, inaccuracy of prediction data has to be considered and is therefore regarded in this work. The EMS proposed in this dissertation combines different approaches which are exe-cuted step by step. A first approximation of the energy distribution during the trip is based on a mixed integer linear program (MILP), which gives the optimal energy state of the battery during the trip. This is especially important for trips with long uphill, downhill or urban phases, i.e. sections with a particularly high or lower power requirement. The results from MILP are then used by a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm to calculate optimal torque and gear using a receding prediction horizon. Using a receding prediction horizon, an important reduction of computational cost is achieved. Lastly, from the DP results a rule-based strategy is extracted using a support vector machine (SVM). This last step is necessary to ensure the drivability of the vehicle also for inaccurate prediction data.

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Wong, Yuk-sum. "System design and energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B3955885X.

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黃毓琛 and Yuk-sum Wong. "System design and energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3955885X.

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Cross, Patrick Wilson. "System Modeling and Energy Management Strategy Development for Series Hybrid Vehicles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24785.

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A series hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle that is powered by both an engine and a battery pack. An electric motor provides all of the mechanical motive power to the transmission. Engine power is decoupled from the transmission by converting engine power into electricity which powers the electric motor. The mechanical decoupling of the engine from the transmission allows the engine to be run at any operating point (including off) during vehicle operation while the battery back supplies or consumes the remaining power. Therefore, the engine can be operated at its most efficient operating point or in a high-efficiency operating region. The first objective of this research is to develop a dynamic model of a series hybrid diesel-electric powertrain for implementation in Simulink. The vehicle of interest is a John Deere M-Gator utility vehicle. This model serves primarily to test energy management strategies, but it can also be used for component sizing given known load profiles for a vehicle. The second objective of this research is to develop and implement multiple energy management strategies of varying complexity from simple thermostat control to an optimal control law derived using dynamic programming. These energy management strategies are then tested and compared over the criteria of overall fuel efficiency, power availability, battery life, and complexity of implementation. Complexity of implementation is a critical metric for control designers and project managers. The results show that simple point-based control logic can improve upon thermostat control if engine efficiency maps are known. All control method results depend on the load profile being used for a specific application.

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Graves, Samantha A. "Energy efficient group context aware sensor management strategy for tactical operations." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37633.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Shared situational awareness (SSA) is essential to success and safety in tactical environments, whether fighting wars or providing relief during disasters and humanitarian catastrophes. The increased availability of sensors in mobile devices offers groundbreaking opportunities for continuous context-aware applications that are capable of responding to the operating conditions of users and their environment. However, continuous context-aware applications involve high-energy consumption. A key challenge in tactical environments is to make the most effective use of scarce resources. There are numerous approaches for reducing energy consumption of continuous context-aware applications. This thesis examines two methods: Sensor Substitution and Triggering (SENST) and Acquisitional Context Engine (ACE). The goal of this thesis is to explore the capabilities and limitations of SENST and ACE for group context-awareness and provide a group energy-efficient sensor management strategy that enhances the dissemination of SSA in tactical environments.

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Aloughani, Muhammad. "Renewable energies management strategy challenges in the Arabian Gulf countries." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11533.

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The main source of energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) remains fossil fuels (oil and gas). The massive and accelerated used of such sources of energy not only depletes the traditional energy sources in those states and thus undermines exports and long-term prosperity; it also causes devastating damages to the environment and to human health. The nature of the Arabian Peninsula is very suitable for renewable energy sources (RES), thus many GCC states have started to consider those resources for their future energy plans. Like any technology, renewable energy technologies (RET) face many challenges such as economic, technical, social and environmental. This research analyses renewable energy (RE) possibilities and barriers in the GCC states in depth, using Kuwait as a case study. Questionnaires were distributed to three different groups to measure their attitudes and knowledge with regard to RE. Moreover, this research investigates the economic and environmental implications of RES adoption for Kuwait. A cost analysis between the traditional energy generated by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) using oil and gas, and RE energy generated by Al- Shagaya project has been carried out. It was found that most participants were environmentally aware of fuel issues and supported RE; they were prepared to forego subsidies on traditional energy to promote RE, but they doubted the government’s ability to implement RE successfully. Although Al-Shagaya Project was targeted to contribute up to 15% of Kuwait’s total power production by 2030, the cost analysis presented in this thesis revealed that the energy generated from the Al-Shagaya Project accounts for only 2% the energy needs projected at 2030, therefore current plans would only reduce CO2 emissions by 2% by 2030, but a program was proposed whereby larger investment would cause a 92% reduction in costs and reduce CO2 emissions to zero within the same timeframe.

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Berntsson, Simon, and Mattias Andreasson. "Efficient Route-based Optimal Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148565.

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The requirements on fuel consumption and emissions for passenger cars are getting stricter every year. This has forced the vehicle industry to look for ways to improve the performance of the driveline. With the increasing focus on electrification, a common method is to combine an electrical driveline with a conventional driveline that uses a petrol or diesel engine, thus creating a hybrid electric vehicle. To fully be able to utilise the potential of the driveline in such a vehicle, an efficient energy management strategy is needed. This thesis describes the development of an efficient route-based energy management strategy. Three different optimisation strategies are combined, deterministic dynamic programming, equivalent consumption minimisation strategy and convex optimisation, together with segmentation of the input data. The developed strategy shows a decrease in computational time with up to more than one hundred times compared to a benchmark algorithm. When implemented in Volvo's simulation tool, VSim, substantial fuel savings of up to ten percent is shown compared to a charge-depleting charge-sustain strategy.

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Aminata, Jaka. "The Impact of Risk Management and CSR on Energy Efficiency within Supply Chain : Institutional Organization Management." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD071/document.

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La gestion des risques et la responsabilité sociale des entreprises ont pris les rôles dans la gestion de la stratégie mondiale d'efficacité énergétique de la chaîne d'approvisionnement et de la logistique internationale. Tout est basé sur des faits simulations, causes et impacts dans le transport, la production et la gestion de l'entrepôt. En termes de transport dans les ensembles de la chaîne d'approvisionnement globale, le système de suivi du rendement devrait être appliqué selon les normes standard appropriées. Particulièrement pour les produits dangereux. Ainsi, le niveau de pollution peut être anticipé et calculé au niveau exact. Le plus important est aussi le niveau externe, soi-disant facteur de leadership. Ce facteur reflétera la performance de la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise.Le type de système de production qui relie le système de chaîne d'approvisionnement global est le plus difficile. Pourquoi avons-nous des difficultés sur celui-ci ? Parce que certaines entreprises ou pays ne pouvaient dans une certaine mesure faire un meilleur choix en termes de pénurie pour certains types de ressources énergétiques. Pour la section de l'entrepôt, l'auteur a trouvé le résultat que le secteur de l'électricité avec une base de données en temps réel donnait une manière réaliste de l'efficacité énergétique de la chaîne d'approvisionnement mondiale. L'efficacité énergétique dans la chaîne d'approvisionnement mondiale est une perspective que l'efficacité de l'énergie au niveau mondial pourrait être réalisée par n'importe quel type de produit, principalement sur la matière énergétique. En se concentrant sur la façon de les transporter, le système de production et la façon de construire un système d'entrepôt pour maintenir la source d'énergie plus efficace pour servir les utilisateurs finaux
Risk management and corporate social responsibility took roles play how to manage global supply chain energy efficiency strategy and international logistics. All is based on facts-simulations, causes & impacts in transportation, production, and warehouse management”. In term of transportation in global supply chain shows for tracking performance systems hould be applied on appropriate standardized. Particularly for hazardous products. So that, the pollution level can be anticipated and calculated in exact level. The most important one is also the external level, so called leadership factor. This factor will reflect the corporate social responsibility performance.The type of production system which connected to global supply chain system is the most difficult one. Why do we have difficulties on this one? Because, some enterprises or countries for some extent could not make a better choice in term of scarcity for certain type of energy resources. For the warehouse section, the author found the result that electricity sector with real time data base has been giving realistic the way of energy efficiency of global supply chain.The energy efficiency in global supply chain is a perspective that efficiency energy in global level could be perform by any type of product, mainly on energy matter. By focusing on how to transport them, the way of production system, and how to build up warehouse system to keep source of energy become more efficient to serve end users

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Dharmaraj, Ram Manohar Ravi Shankar. "Journey predictive energy management strategy for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11775.

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The adoption of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) is widely seen as an interim solution for the decarbonisation of the transport sector. Within a PHEV, determining the required energy storage capacity of the battery remains one of the primary concerns for vehicle manufacturers and system integrators. This fact is particularly pertinent since the battery constitutes the largest contributor to vehicle mass. Furthermore, the financial cost associated with the procurement, design and integration of battery systems is often cited as one of the main barriers to vehicle commercialisation. The ability to integrate the optimization of the energy management control system with the sizing of key PHEV powertrain components presents a significant area of research. Further, recent studies suggest the use of \intelligent transport" infrastructure to include a predictive element to the energy management strategy to achieve reductions in emissions. The thesis addresses the problem of determining the links between component-sizing, real-world usage and energy management strategies for a PHEV. The objective is to develop an integrated framework in which the advantages of predictive energy management can be realised by component downsizing for a PHEV. The study is spilt into three sections. The first part presents the framework by which the predictive element can be included into the PHEV's energy management strategy. Second part describes the development of the PHEV component models and the various energy management strategies which control the split in energy used between the engine and the battery. In this section a new control strategy is presented which integrates the predictive element proposed in the first part. Finally, in the third section an optimisation framework is presented by which the size of the components within the PHEV are reduced due to the lower energy demands of the new proposed energy management strategy. The first part of the study presents a framework by which the energy consumption of a vehicle may be predicted over a route. The proposed energy prediction framework employs a neural network and was used o_-line for estimating the real-world energy consumption of the vehicle so that it can be later integrated within the vehicles energy management control system. Experimental results show an accuracy within 20%-30% when comparing predicted and measured energy consumptions for over 800 different real-world EV journeys … [cont.].

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Liu, Tong. "Energy Management Strategy of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Shell Eco-marathon." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225875.

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Senaste åren har elhybridfordon visat enorm potential gällande energibesparning och reducering av utsläpp. Genom lämplig energistyrningsstrategi kan en märkbar förbättring uppnås avseende energieffektiviteten med bevarad autonomi. KTH Eco Cars utveckling och forskningsgrupp har under senaste åren forskat på elhybrid prototypen Elba, utvecklad för Shell Eco-marathon (SEM). Dock har frånvaron av en energistyrningsstrategi varit en flaskhals för att kunna uppnå hög energieffektivet och topp placering i SEM. Målet med Examensarbetets är att lösa detta problem genom utveckling av en modellbaserad och optimerad regleringshieraki, möjlig att implementera i Elba. Viss Förarbete har utförts såsom simplifierade modeller av Elba och ingående komponenter i drivlinan och tabell baserad på dynamisk programmering. Omfattningen av detta projekt är att utveckla en komplett energistyrnings hieraki med reglering i tre nivåer. Utvecklingsprocessen går från nedersta till översta nivåen. Arbetet börjar med att förfina de tidigare matematiska modellerna med hjälp av tekniska datablad och uppdaterande resultat från testning av komponenter. Med hjälp av detta utvecklades regulatorer på komponentnivå. Modell-baserad framkoppling tillsammans med återkoppling för störningsrejektion användes för att ersätta den gamla PID-regleringen. För styrning av den mellersta nivåen, den viktigaste delen i detta projekt, används ekvivalent förbruknings reducerings strategi för att uppnå momentan momentöverföringsfördelning på tre drivande komponenter. I denna process tas hänsyn till optimerad bränsleförbrukning och realtids övervakning av batteriets laddning. För att bevara Elbas körbarhet har olämpliga arbetslägen identifieras och förkastas för att förhindra frekvent på och avstängning av motorer och minde energieffektiv återhämtning. För att förbättra den dynamisk programmerade tabellens funktionalitet har en bestämmande funktion lagts till. Den nya modifierade tabellen kan ge accelerationsreferens som fungerar som den översta nivåen. Projektet avslutas med simulering i MATLAB/Simulink miljön. Resultaten från simuleringarna visar en signifikant förbättrring gällande energieffektiviteten och bevarande av batteriets laddning jämfört med den tidigare regleringsstrategin. Dock baseras dessa resultat på vissa idealiseringar och simplifierade modeller. Utvecklandet av en optimerad regleringsstrategi har givit viktiga erfarenheter och åstadkommanden under detta examensarbete. Resultaten kommer att verifieras genom fälttester och bidra till Elbas utveckling i framtiden.
In contemporary world, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have shown enormous potential in energy-saving and emission-reducing. By appropriate energy management strategy (EMS), an obvious improvement concerning energy efficiency could be achieved meanwhile self-sustainability is well reserved. Based on a specific HEV prototype Elba developed for Shell Eco-marathon (SEM), relevant research has been carried out by KTH Eco Cars research and development (R&D) teams during recent years. However, because of lack of a proper EMS, Elba meets a bottleneck on improving its energy efficiency and obtaining excellent grade in SEM. To solve this problem, this project is launched to develop a model-based optimization control hierarchy which can be implemented in Elba. Prior to this, some preliminary works have been done, including a set of simplified models of Elba and its powertrain components, and a dynamic programming (DP) based look-up table. Thus, the scope of this project is defined as establishing a complete energy management control hierarchy including three-layer controls. The developing process runs from bottom to top layer. The work starts from refining the original mathematical models according to the newly updated results of components testing and related technical datasheets. Then component-level controllers are developed. Model-based feedforward control together with feedback control for disturbance rejection is employed to replace previous PID control. In the middle layer control, the most significant part in this project, equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is employed to realize a properly instantaneous torque split scheme on three propelling components. In this process, optimized fuel consumption among with real-time battery state of charge (SOC) are taken into account. To preserve Elba’s drivability, an improper working mode is identified and rejected to avoid frequent engine switching on/off as well as less efficient energy recuperation. In terms of the infeasibility of the existing DP based look-up table, a reasonable adjudgment function is introduced to complement its functionality. Thus, the modified look-up table is able to provide rational acceleration reference acting as top layer control. The whole work is finished in MATLAB/Simulink platform. The simulation results indicate that, compared with the previous control strategy, the new one significantly improves energy efficiency and better preserves battery SOC. Indeed, these decent results are on basis of some ideal assumption and simplified models. As an attempt on research and development of optimization control strategy, some precious experience and achievements have been, after all, obtained during the thesis work. All these will be verified by field tests and will promote Elba’s further upgrading in the future.

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Le, Roux Andries. "The value of an energy efficiency strategy : the case for Pioneer Foods." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80648.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study explored energy efficiency and the possible implications for a South African company, the Pioneer Foods Group (Pioneer Foods). “What value could Pioneer Foods derive from an energy efficiency strategy?” is the research question posed in this study. The case study analysis revealed that Pioneer Foods recently listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and therefore needed to implement an environmental management strategy as part of their carbon footprint reporting. Energy efficiency turned out to be one aspect that could have a significant impact on their carbon footprint. The most important barrier to energy efficiency identified at Pioneer Foods was found to be the lack of real-time electrical consumption information as this could result in a lack of ownership taken by mill management. Further barriers included the use of wrong information for benchmarking purposes as well as a possible misunderstanding of the different electricity tariffs shown on the electrical utility bill. Possible ways to overcome the barriers to energy efficiency at Pioneer Foods included installation of energy meters for real-time monitoring of the energy consumption, empowerment of people to ensure buy-in, as well as key performance indicators for mill managers linked to energy efficiency. It was suggested that the energy efficiency strategy be implemented in stages covering short-term, medium-term and long-term objectives. This way the implementation process would seem less intrusive to people and also give the energy efficiency team the opportunity to learn more and perhaps adjust the strategy throughout the implementation process. This research project should act as a starting point for Pioneer Foods to grow from being unconsciously incompetent to becoming consciously competent in the field of energy efficiency. The observations made throughout this study, should convince companies that energy efficiency should not just matter to high energy users. All companies should explore their own drivers for implementing energy efficiency and act on it.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie het die effektiewe gebruik van energie, en die moontlike implikasies vir ‘n Suid Afrikaanse maatskappy, die Pioneer Voedsel Groep (Pioneer Voedsel) ondersoek. “Watter waarde sou Pioneer Voedsel kon put uit ‘n energie-effektiwiteit-strategie?” is die navorsingsvraag wat in hierdie studie gestel is. Uit die analise blyk dat Pioneer Voedsel onlangs op die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs genoteer is. Daar word dus van hulle verwag om ‘n omgewingsbestuur-strategie in plek te stel as deel van hul koolstofvoetspoor-verslaggewing. Dit blyk dat energie-effektiwiteit een aspek is wat ‘n groot impak op hulle koolstofvoetspoor kan hê. Die grootste struikelblok tot energie-effektiwiteit by Pioneer Voedsel geïdentifiseer, was die tekort aan intydse elektriese verbruiksinligting. Dit kan veroorsaak dat die bestuur nie eienaarskap neem van energie-effektiwiteit nie. Verdere struikelblokke sluit in die gebruik van foutiewe inligting vir metingsdoeleindes asook ‘n moontlike gebrek aan begrip van die verskillende elektrisiteitstariewe uiteengesit op die elektrisiteitsrekening. Moontlike maniere om die struikelblokke by Pioneer Voedsel te oorkom sluit in die installasie van energiemeters vir intydse monitering van energieverbruik, bemagtiging van mense om inkoop te verseker, en sleutelprestasie-aanwysers vir bestuurders gekoppel aan energie-effektiwiteit. Dit word voorgestel dat die energie-effektiwiteit-strategie in fases geïmplementeer word om sodoende kort-, medium- en langtermyn-mikpunte te bereik. Sodoende sal die implementering van die proses minder indringend vir personeel wees. Dit gee ook die energie-effektiwiteit-span die kans om meer te leer asook die strategie aan te pas soos nodig tydens die implementeringsproses. Hierde navorsingsprojek moet dien as die vertrekpunt vir Pioneer Voedsel om te groei van onwetend onbekwaam tot wetend bekwaam in die veld van energie-effektiwiteit. Verder behoort dit maatskappye te oortuig dat energie-effektiwiteit nie net ‘n verskil maak vir hoë energie verbruikers nie, maar dat alle maatskappye hulle eie drywers vir die implementering van energie-effektiwiteit behoort te identifiseer en daarvolgens aksiestappe te neem.

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Manning, Peter Christopher. "Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management Strategy for Charge Sustaining PHEV Operation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49436.

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The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 2012-2014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors Corporation (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP) of designing, building, and refining an advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle, the selected powertrain is a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear axle) motors, a lithium-ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic transmission. Development of a charge sustaining control strategy for this vehicle involves coordination of controls for each of the main powertrain components through a distributed control strategy. This distributed control strategy includes component controllers for each individual component and a single supervisory controller responsible for interpreting driver demand and determining component commands to meet the driver demand safely and efficiently. For example, the algorithm accounts for a variety of system operating points and will penalize or reward certain operating points for other conditions. These conditions include but are not limited to rewards for discharging the battery when the state of charge (SOC) is above the target value or penalties for operating points with excessive emissions. Development of diagnostics and remedial actions is an important part of controlling the powertrain safely. In order to validate the control strategy prior to in-vehicle operation, simulations are run against a plant model of the vehicle systems. This plant model can be run in both controller Software- and controller Hardware-In-the-Loop (SIL and HIL) simulations. This paper details the development of the controls for diagnostics, major selection algorithms, and execution of commands and its integration into the Series-Parallel PHEV through the supervisory controller. This paper also covers the plant model development and testing of the control algorithms using controller SIL and HIL methods. This paper details reasons for any changes to the control system, and describes improvements or tradeoffs that had to be made to the control system architecture for the vehicle to run reliably and meet its target specifications. Test results illustrate how changes to the plant model and control code properly affect operation of the control system in the actual vehicle. The VT Malibu is operational and projected to perform well at the final competition.
Master of Science

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Tang, Li. "Optimal energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles with consideration of battery life." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492508261913757.

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Arnot, Michelle. "The energy and natural resources sector : an analysis of strategy disclosure for 2011." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95648.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
Traditionally organizations have reported largely on financial information. The Global Reporting Initiative and the King III Code of Corporate Governance have become important guidelines in assisting organizations on how to report and consequently integrated reporting is quickly gaining popularity. As the potential effects of climate change and other environmental and social impacts of businesses become more apparent, stakeholders are placing pressure on these organizations to be more transparent in how they are dealing with these impacts. Strategy cannot be separated from sustainability (SAICA, 2009: 7); therefore there is increasing pressure on organizations to disclose their strategies. Not all companies disclose information relating to strategy and sustainability to the same extent. There are a range of factors that influence strategy disclosure. This study updates the 2010 study (Meyer, 2011) evaluating the extent of strategy disclosure in the energy and natural resources sector of five companies (BP, Eskom, Mondi, Sappi and Sasol) using a three-point evaluation scale. In addition the following analyses were done:  A benchmarking exercise comparing the strategy disclosure and sustainability reporting of the five companies analysed against two industry leaders (Repsol and Enagas).  Development of the drivers of strategy disclosure from the literature which were compared to the results from the three-point evaluation scale.  The analysis was repeated using a six-point evaluation scale, as this more clearly determined the extent of strategy disclosure, which was then compared to the drivers of strategy disclosure. The results, obtained from the six-point evaluation scale, supported the drivers of strategy disclosure and concluded that product type, the competitive environment and risk are some of the main determinants of strategy disclosure in this study based on the companies evaluated. It was also concluded that, based on the three-point and the six-point evaluation scale, the average level of disclosure for the energy and natural resources sector is good, and had improved from 2010. Furthermore, it was also observed that strategy is not disclosed to the same extent as sustainability information. Baseline One had more of a focus on sustainability information, whereas Baselines Two and Three focussed more on strategy. The level of disclosure in Baseline One was more than that of Baselines Two and Three.

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Peirano, Fabio. "Development of Optimal Energy Management Strategies for a Hybrid Boat." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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The present work proposes different approaches to extend the mathematical methods of supervisory energy management used in terrestrial environments to the maritime sector, that diverges in constraints, variables and disturbances. The aim is to find the optimal real-time solution that includes the minimization of a defined track time, while maintaining the classical energetic approach. Starting from analyzing and modelling the powertrain and boat dynamics, the energy economy problem formulation is done, following the mathematical principles behind the optimal control theory. Then, an adaptation aimed in finding a winning strategy for the Monaco Energy Boat Challenge endurance trial is performed via ECMS and A-ECMS control strategies, which lead to a more accurate knowledge of energy sources and boat’s behaviour. The simulations show that the algorithm accomplishes fuel economy and time optimization targets, but the latter adds huge tuning and calculation complexity. In order to assess a practical implementation on real hardware, the knowledge of the previous approaches has been translated into a rule-based algorithm, that let it be run on an embedded CPU. Finally, the algorithm has been tuned and tested in a real-world race scenario, showing promising results.

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Falcone, Morena <1991&gt. "PCM-based battery thermal management systems, energy saving materials and LCA strategy for automotive." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10337/1/PCM-based%20battery%20thermal%20management%20systems%2C%20energy%20saving%20materials%20and%20LCA%20strategy%20for%20automotive.pdf.

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This PhD work arises from the necessity to give a contribution to the energy saving field, regarding automotive applications. The aim was to produce a multidisciplinary work to show how much important is to consider different aspects of an electric car realization: from innovative materials to cutting-edge battery thermal management systems (BTMSs), also dealing with the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the battery packs (BPs). Regarding the materials, it has been chosen to focus on carbon fiber composites as their use allows realizing light products with great mechanical properties. Processes and methods to produce carbon fiber goods have been analysed with a special attention on the university solar car Emilia 4. The work proceeds dealing with the common BTMSs on the market (air-cooled, cooling plates, heat pipes) and then it deepens some of the most innovative systems such as the PCM-based BTMSs after a previous experimental campaign to characterize the PCMs. After that, a complex experimental campaign regarding the PCM-based BTMSs has been carried on, considering both uninsulated and insulated systems. About the first category the tested systems have been pure PCM-based and copper-foam-loaded-PCM-based BTMSs; the insulated tested systems have been pure PCM-based and copper-foam-loaded-PCM-based BTMSs and both of these systems equipped with a liquid cooling circuit. The choice of lighter building materials and the optimization of the BTMS are strategies which helps in reducing the energy consumption, considering both the energy required by the car to move and the BP state of health (SOH). Focusing on this last factor, a clear explanation regarding the importance of taking care about the SOH is given by the analysis of a BP production energy consumption. This is why a final dissertation about the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a BP unit has been presented in this thesis.

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Du, Plessis Gideon Edgar. "A variable water flow strategy for energy savings in large cooling systems / Gideon Edgar du Plessis." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9509.

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Large cooling systems consume up to 25% of the total electricity used on deep level mines. These systems are integrated with the water reticulation system to provide chilled service water and cool ventilation air. Improving the energy efficiency of these large cooling systems is an important electrical demand-side management initiative. However, it is critical that the service delivery and system performance be maintained so as to not adversely affect productivity. A novel demand-side management strategy, based on variable water flow, was developed to improve the energy efficiency of large cooling systems like those found on deep mines. The strategy focuses on matching the cooling system supply to the demand through the use of modern energy efficient equipment, such as variable speed drives. The strategy involves the modulation of evaporator, condenser, bulk air cooler and pre-cooling water according to partial load conditions. A unique central energy management system was developed to integrate the proposed strategies on large cooling systems. The system features a generic platform and hierarchical network architecture. Real-time energy management is achieved through monitoring, optimally controlling and reporting on the developed strategy. The system is robust and versatile and can be applied to various large cooling systems. The feasibility of the strategy and energy management system was first investigated through the use of an adapted and verified simulation model and a techno-economic analysis. The strategy was then implemented on four large mine cooling systems and its in situ performance was assessed as experimental validation. The results of the Kusasalethu surface cooling system are discussed in detail as a primary case study while the results of the Kopanang, South Deep South Shaft and South Deep Twin Shaft cooling systems are summarised as secondary case studies. The potential to extend the variable water flow strategy to other industrial cooling systems is assessed through an investigation on the cooling system of the Saldanha Steel plant. Results indicate that, over a period of three months, average electrical load savings of 606-2 609 kW (29.3-35.4%) are realised on the four systems with payback periods of 5-17 months. The average electrical load saving between the sites is 33.3% at an average payback period of 10 months. The service delivery and performance of the cooling system and its critical subsystems are not adversely affected. The potential to extend the method to other large cooling systems is also shown. The developed variable water flow strategy is shown to improve the energy efficiency of large cooling systems, making a valuable contribution towards a more sustainable future. This thesis is presented as a detailed discussion of the entire research process. The key results have also been summarised in a series of five research articles attached as independent annexures. Three articles have been published in international scientific journals, one has been presented at and published in the proceedings of an international conference and one is still under review.
Thesis (PhD (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

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Clark, Steven James. "A market entry strategy of Metso for the biomass-based power generation solutions market in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80475.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
The global energy industry is actively moving toward renewable energy sources in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for energy in a sustainable manner. The South African government, however, has only recently begun creating an environment which is truly conducive to investment into the renewable energy industry. Metso, a Finnish multi-national corporation, has a strong global position in the field of biomass-based power generation for heat, power or combined heat and power applications. The corporation has developed a modular biomass-based power generation solution for power generation in the 3MW to 10MW range, which is highly automated and can essentially operate without the need for extensive human intervention and is known as the Metso Bio-energy Solution. Considering the current state of the South African energy environment, Metso management requested the researcher to investigate the opportunities that exist in the South African market for Metso’s Bio-energy Solution, and to propose a market entry strategy which Metso should follow in order to enter the South African market. In the findings, the researcher observed that South Africa has a clear potential for the development of a bio-energy industry for power generation, although the limited availability of biomass in certain regions and the various harvesting methods in industries such as the forestry and sugar industries do restrict the access to this resource. The municipal solid waste industry appears to be an area of interest as well, although very little information exists regarding the volumes of waste available and sorting practices, which may be required in order to access these resources. Interviews were held with experts in the field of energy, renewable energy and energy policy in order to obtain opinions on the market potential for Metso’s Bio-energy Solution. The general perception of all interviewees was that the technology has its place within the South African energy mix. The interviewees, however, did confirm that there currently appears to be a major focus on wind and solar energy in the country, although biomass technology may well be a better solution due to its baseload capabilities. It was found that the local policy environment, the lack of government initiative on renewable energy licensing and unclear tariff structures have all inhibited the proliferation of the renewable energy industry. In many cases, frustration with power outages and policy delays has caused companies to invest in biomass co-firing facilities for their own consumption. The factors for success for biomass-based technologies in the South African market would appear to be directly linked to job creation potential, access to reliable and sustainable biomass resources and access to investment capital, from both private equity and the state. It is the recommendation of the researcher that Metso enters into a joint venture with a large international environmental finance company, which would base their business model on the technology provided by Metso, whilst securing the political and financial support for projects of this nature in the country.

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Mahlati, Andile. "Evaluating current energy management strategy : case study of an automotive manufacturer in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017152.

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Historically, the most frequently used energy sources have been those nearest and easiest to consume. Unfortunately, society’s reliance on fossil fuel for power generation has occurred at the expense of the environment, coal being a major contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Carbon dioxide is classified as a greenhouse gas (GHG); it contributes to the phenomenon of climate change (Haw & Hughes, 2007, p.1). According to Worrell (2011), industry uses nearly 40 percent of worldwide energy on economic activities. Value chain activities alone contribute almost 37 percent to global GHG. Organisations are socially and ethically required to minimise the carbon footprint of their operations. Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it saves money, enhances corporate reputations and helps everyone participate the fight against climate change (Carbon Trust, 2011). Gielen, Newman, and Patel (2008) strongly believe the overall energy and emissions trends can be mitigated through additional energy efficiency measures. However, implementing EnMS will enable organisations to establish systematic approaches and the processes necessary to improve energy performance, including energy efficiency, use and consumption (SANS 50001, 2011). The objective of this paper was to evaluate the current energy management strategy adopted by selected automotive manufacture in Eastern Cape. The research was motivated by the fact that previous researchers have focused more on technological aspects and less of management functions. The research paradigm followed in this paper was qualitative because a case study is used to gain an insight and understanding about more and less successful energy management strategies. In this report, background about the global energy outlook and its significant to economic development, factors behind energy demands, the link to climate change and providing effective energy management principles are covered. The energy management principles covered key elements for delivering successful energy management. Literature highlighted that, senior management commitment is the foundation of good energy management, which is delivered through a formal energy policy and a supporting energy strategy with action plan. High level commitment will provide: Advocacy from senior managers; Visibility of the issues across your organization; Impetus for the organisation to implement energy management; Resources, both human and financial. It will also demonstrate that good energy management is part of your organisation’s mission and as relevant as other management aspects. The empirical study is focused on the characteristics of the current management system and organisational structure employed with its relevant functions. Based on these reference points the paper concludes with recommendations for the case study organisation.

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Kim, Sean Hay. "Development of robust building energy demand-side control strategy under uncertainty." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41115.

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The potential of carbon emission regulations applied to an individual building will encourage building owners to purchase utility-provided green power or to employ onsite renewable energy generation. As both cases are based on intermittent renewable energy sources, demand side control is a fundamental precondition for maximizing the effectiveness of using renewable energy sources. Such control leads to a reduction in peak demand and/or in energy demand variability, therefore, such reduction in the demand profile eventually enhances the efficiency of an erratic supply of renewable energy. The combined operation of active thermal energy storage and passive building thermal mass has shown substantial improvement in demand-side control performance when compared to current state-of-the-art demand-side control measures. Specifically, "model-based" optimal control for this operation has the potential to significantly increase performance and bring economic advantages. However, due to the uncertainty in certain operating conditions in the field its control effectiveness could be diminished and/or seriously damaged, which results in poor performance. This dissertation pursues improvements of current demand-side controls under uncertainty by proposing a robust supervisory demand-side control strategy that is designed to be immune from uncertainty and perform consistently under uncertain conditions. Uniqueness and superiority of the proposed robust demand-side controls are found as below: a. It is developed based on fundamental studies about uncertainty and a systematic approach to uncertainty analysis. b. It reduces variability of performance under varied conditions, and thus avoids the worst case scenario. c. It is reactive in cases of critical "discrepancies" observed caused by the unpredictable uncertainty that typically scenario uncertainty imposes, and thus it increases control efficiency. This is obtainable by means of i) multi-source composition of weather forecasts including both historical archive and online sources and ii) adaptive Multiple model-based controls (MMC) to mitigate detrimental impacts of varying scenario uncertainties. The proposed robust demand-side control strategy verifies its outstanding demand-side control performance in varied and non-indigenous conditions compared to the existing control strategies including deterministic optimal controls. This result reemphasizes importance of the demand-side control for a building in the global carbon economy. It also demonstrates a capability of risk management of the proposed robust demand-side controls in highly uncertain situations, which eventually attains the maximum benefit in both theoretical and practical perspectives.

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Nair, Nirmal-Kumar. "Incorporating voltage security into the planning, operation and monitoring of restructured electric energy markets." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3199.

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As open access market principles are applied to power systems, significant changes are happening in their planning, operation and control. In the emerging marketplace, systems are operating under higher loading conditions as markets focus greater attention to operating costs than stability and security margins. Since operating stability is a basic requirement for any power system, there is need for newer tools to ensure stability and security margins being strictly enforced in the competitive marketplace. This dissertation investigates issues associated with incorporating voltage security into the unbundled operating environment of electricity markets. It includes addressing voltage security in the monitoring, operational and planning horizons of restructured power system. This dissertation presents a new decomposition procedure to estimate voltage security usage by transactions. The procedure follows physical law and uses an index that can be monitored knowing the state of the system. The expression derived is based on composite market coordination models that have both PoolCo and OpCo transactions, in a shared stressed transmission grid. Our procedure is able to equitably distinguish the impacts of individual transactions on voltage stability, at load buses, in a simple and fast manner. This dissertation formulates a new voltage stability constrained optimal power flow (VSCOPF) using a simple voltage security index. In modern planning, composite power system reliability analysis that encompasses both adequacy and security issues is being developed. We have illustrated the applicability of our VSCOPF into composite reliability analysis. This dissertation also delves into the various applications of voltage security index. Increasingly, FACT devices are being used in restructured markets to mitigate a variety of operational problems. Their control effects on voltage security would be demonstrated using our VSCOPF procedure. Further, this dissertation investigates the application of steady state voltage stability index to detect potential dynamic voltage collapse. Finally, this dissertation examines developments in representation, standardization, communication and exchange of power system data. Power system data is the key input to all analytical engines for system operation, monitoring and control. Data exchange and dissemination could impact voltage security evaluation and therefore needs to be critically examined.

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Rutagengwa, John. "The Role of Renewable Energies in Energy Supply and Management for Sustainable Development. "case of Rwanda"." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15475.

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Final Master Thesis report EGI 2010-2013 Thesis Title: The Role of Renewable Energies in Energy supply Planning and Management for Sustainable Development “Case of Rwanda”. ABSTRACT This report provides an overview of the main results from the scenarios analysed in the Rwanda energy policy strategy, planning and prospective energy initiatives and alternatives (Hydropower, Biomass, Solar, Methane, Peat, etc.) as well as other Government Development Frameworks meant for poverty reduction strategies and economic development. Under this context, the report attempts to assess the role of renewable energies particularly micro hydropower in solving Rwanda energy supply and management issues for sustainable development. The main conclusion is that renewable energies (micro hydropower) substantially contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving diversification of the energy production and supply into the national grid as well as independent off-grid systems particularly in rural based areas that are far from the grid. This becomes even more significant and relevant when considering that electricity access in the country stands at about 14% leaving about 86% of the population especially in rural areas without power supply. Although other technologies are still used to meet urgent and pressing power demand, Renewable energy sources are well placed in offering medium and long term solution in a sustainable manner. To this effect therefore, the report has tried to outline the impacts, costs and benefits of ambitious renewable energy targets for Rwanda in the medium and long term perspectives.

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Ektas, Tevfik. "Energy consumption at KTH : Foundation for constant improvement." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191264.

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Som ett universitet som har erhållit bottenbetyg bland statliga myndigheter 2009 har KTH idag en vision om att bli ett av Europas ledande universitet inom miljö och hållbar utveckling. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka KTH:s energianvändning utifrån ett systemperspektiv med delsyftet att resultatet ska kunna användas som ett underlag med konkreta förbättringsförslag. För att uppnå detta har en energikartläggning av KTH:s skolor och nulägesbeskrivning utförts. Vidare har en intervjustudie genomförts för att erhålla en fördjupning i det energiarbete KTH och Akademiska Hus bedriver i dagsläget. Kartläggningen har påvisat minskning i energianvändningen i samtliga skolor, där ABE-skolan under 2015 visar en förbrukning på 3988 MWh vilket innebär en minskning på ca 30 % mot 2011 (5690 MWh). ICT-skolan uppvisar lägst minskning med ca 8 %. KTH:s skolors totala energianvändning kommandes från fastigheter uppgår till ca 188 GWh. Resultatet av examensarbetet visar på att KTH:s miljöarbete tidigare inte har legat på en tillfredsställande nivå samt att den befintliga hyresmodellen mellan KTH och Akademiska Hus inte skapar incitament för förbättringar i energifrågan från KTH:s sida. Vidare framkommer det att Akademiska Hus och KTH har haft olika ambitionsnivåer i energifrågan, samt att energirapporteringsverktyget som KTH har till sitt förfogande har tydliga förbättringspotentialer, där avskiljning av fastighets - och verksamhetsel är ett av dem. Detta skulle tillåta tydligare uppföljningar av uppsatta energimål inom KTH vilket idag inte är fallet. Några av de förbättringsförslag som slutsatsen landar i kan sammanfattas som: Tillskapa en motpart på KTH till energistrategrollen på AH, vilket skulle förenkla kommunikationen mellan parterna och lyfta fram energifrågan inom KTH. Starta en diskussion kring hyresmodellen och förbättra den så att incitament kan skapas främst för KTH. Utveckla ett förbättrat energirapporteringsverktyg.
As a University that has been low rated amongst government agencies 2009, today KTH has a vision to become one of Europe’s leading universities in sustainable development. The aim with this paper is to investigate the energy consumption at KTH from a systems perspective. Another purpose is that the result could be used as a guideline for future work. The paper involves mapping of the energy consumption in the schools of KTH and a description of the current state regarding the energy work. Further, an interview survey has been performed in order to achieve a better understanding of how Akademiska Hus and KTH relates to the energy topic. The mapping shows that all schools shows a reduction in their energy consumptions, where ABE by the year 2015 has an energy consumption of 3988 MWh which is a decrease by 30 % compared to 2011 (5690 MWh). The lowest reduction is shown by ICT which counts to 8 %. The total energy consumption coming from facilities at KTH is counted to approx. 188 GWh. The result of this paper shows that the environmental work of KTH have not been on a satisfying level and that the current rental model between KTH and Akademiska Hus does not encourage progress in the energy topic at KTH. Further, it is proven that Akademiska Hus and KTH have different levels of ambition in the energy matter, and that the energy reporting tool that is provided to KTH has clear improvement potentials, where a distinction between property – and operation electric is one of them. This would allow clearer follow-ups of the energy goals in KTH, which is not the case today. A summary of improvement suggestions from the conclusions of the study are:  Create a counterpart at KTH to the energy strategist at AH that could facilitate the communication between the parties and highlight the energy issues at KTH.  Start a discussion concerning the rental model and improve it, to create incentives for energy savings mainly at the KTH side.  Develop and introduced an improved energy reporting tool.

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Nath, Vivin. "Understanding technology diffusion and market adoption through modeling : implications on strategy for demand-side energy firms." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76506.

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Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-119).
Deregulation shaping the Electricity industry across the world is a systems challenge cutting across interdisciplinary fields of technology, economics, public policy, environment and sociology. Decision makers that shape tomorrow's policy and investors that invest in financial and technological developments in this industry need to rely on multiple decision models to make informed decisions. This thesis serves to provide one such decision model among many that could be used to understand the key dynamics shaping a highly complex industry. We employ "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches to build system dynamics model in an attempt to distinguish between adoption and diffusion phenomenon, as a result benefiting from hybrid modeling techniques that combine structures from both models. The models are evaluated with wide range of scenarios to arrive at policy guidance and business model recommendations. The dynamic hypothesis arising from our system dynamics model points to declining marginal profits in a saturating market coupled with proliferation of competitors, over-estimation of demand and diminishing margins for Curtailment Service Providers (CSPs) in the long run. We propose recommendations to surmount these challenges. To tap the smaller commercial and residential markets, CSPs must extend its reach by partnering with composite channel partners, who in the long run could also play a vital role in demand generation. In the face of commoditization and disruptive innovations, CSPs would not be able to sustain their margins just by aggregating demand response (DR) capacity, they would need to reinvent themselves to become energy management firms providing integrated, automated turnkey energy services including energy efficiency services, risk management, planning, sourcing along with providing DR services. Taking a systems approach in evaluating demand-side technology, we further investigate environmental implications of DR by characterizing the carbon savings from DR. Our analyses revealed that the carbon savings from DR triggered load curtailment when calculated using system wide carbon intensities differ substantially from those calculated with locational carbon intensities. Locational carbon intensity captures the location and time-specific dynamics of electricity demand. We, therefore, recommend it is a better metric for evaluating total carbon savings from load curtailment, which could be used to devise carbon abatement policies and structure the electricity market design rules. Furthermore, adding a carbon price to the marginal cost equation could change the dispatch order of plants and thus align carbon abatement policies with load reduction schemes.
by Vivin Nath.
S.M.in Engineering and Management

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Sandlin, Darrell R. "A proactive design strategy for facility managers of laboratory environments." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04022004-145554/unrestricted/sandlin%5Fdarrell%5Fr%5F200405%5Fms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Building Construction, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004.
Richard W. Trent, Committee Member; Felix T. Uhlik, Committee Member; Linda M. Thomas-Mobley, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81).

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Legg, Thomas David. "Development of a Parallel Hybrid Energy Management Strategy with Consideration of Drive Quality and State of Charge Dynamics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103422.

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The development of a rule-based hybrid energy management strategy for a parallel P4 full hybrid without access to a functional prototype is presented. A simulation model is developed using component bench data and validated using EPA-reported fuel economy test data, including a proposal for complete criteria for valid test results using EPA speed error and SAE J2951 parameters. A combined Willans line model is proposed for the engine and transmission, with control modes based on efficiency-derived power thresholds. Algorithms are proposed for battery state of charge (SOC) management including engine loading and one pedal strategies. Vehicle drive quality with the hybrid control strategy is analyzed, with acceleration and jerk managed through axle torque rate limits and filters. The simulated control strategy for the hybrid vehicle has an energy consumption reduction of 20% for the Hot 505, 3.6% for the HWFET, and 12% for the US06 compared to the stock vehicle. For standard drive cycles, battery SOC is maintained within 20% to 80% safe limits, with charge balanced behavior achieved. Jerk contributions of the hybrid powertrain are generally kept below a 10 m/s3 tolerable limit, with peaks of 15 m/s3 tuned for vehicle launch drive quality. The complete energy management strategy proposed improves fuel economy compared to baseline data while maintaining vehicle drive quality and is considered well-rounded and ready for in-vehicle testing and implementation.
Master of Science
A hybrid electric vehicle with an engine on the front axle and an electric motor on the rear axle is analyzed. A control strategy is developed based on a set of rules with different modes depending on the vehicle speed and accelerator pedal position, switching between using only the electric motor, only the engine, and a combination of both. The control strategy increases fuel economy while maintaining the charge level of the hybrid battery pack and providing a smooth and enjoyable driving experience.

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Kok, Theodorus Antonius Hendrik. "Development of a strategy for the management and control of multiple energy sources within series hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2015. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/6580/.

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The battery in an EV is designed according to a power to energy ratio and is a trade-off in the design of the pack. It also suffers from effects such as rate capacity effect, ripple effects and inefficiency under charging. These effects result in losses through which the capacity and life span of the batteries are compromised affecting range and drivability. In this thesis a novel development path resulting in a novel Power and Energy Management Strategy (PEMS) is presented. The effects of (dis)charging a battery are researched and converted to an energy optimisation formula and result in reduced power demand for the converter which reduces weight. The resulting Power Management Strategy (PMS) aims to recover energy more efficiently into UC while responding fast to a change in demand. The effects of converters on the battery current ripple are researched and discussed, resulting in an optimal topology layout, improved battery life and reduced losses. Through the use of Markov Chain analysis and a newly derived Bias function a predictive Energy Management Strategy (EMS) is developed which is practical to use in EVs. This resulted in a PEMS which because of the fast PMS results in a fast response time. The use of Markov Chain results in predictive EMS and improves the efficiency of the energy sources and allows the design to be reduced in size. Through the design methodology used the parallel topology (the battery converter parallel to the UC Module) was rated preferred choice over battery only and battery with UC Module. The rating was based on capacity, ripple control, weight, 10 year cost, potential for motor controller efficiency improvement, range and efficiency. v The combination of method and PEMS resulted in an improved life expectancy of the pack to over 10 year (up from 7) while increasing range and without sacrificing drivability.

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Abdrakhmanov, Rustem. "Sub-optimal Energy Management Architecture for Intelligent Hybrid Electric Bus : Deterministic vs. Stochastic DP strategy in Urban Conditions." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC020/document.

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Cette thèse propose des stratégies de gestion de l'énergie conçues pour un bus urbain électrique hybride. Le système de commande hybride devrait créer une stratégie efficace de coordination du flux d’énergie entre le moteur thermique, la batterie, les moteurs électriques et hydrauliques. Tout d'abord, une approche basée sur la programmation dynamique déterministe (DDP) a été proposée : algorithme d'optimisation simultanée de la vitesse et de la puissance pour un trajet donné (limité par la distance parcourue et le temps de parcours). Cet algorithme s’avère être gourmand en temps de calcul, il n’a pas été donc possible de l’utiliser en temps réel. Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, une base de données de profils optimaux basée sur DP (OPD-DP) a été construite pour une application en temps réel. Ensuite, une technique de programmation dynamique stochastique (SDP) a été utilisée pour générer simultanément et d’une manière optimale un profil approprié de la vitesse du Bus ainsi que sa stratégie de partage de puissance correspondante. Cette approche prend en compte à la fois la nature stochastique du comportement de conduite et les conditions de circulations urbaines (soumises à de multiples aléas). Le problème d’optimisation énergétique formulé, en tant que problème intrinsèquement multi-objectif, a été transformé en plusieurs problèmes à objectif unique avec contraintes utilisant une méthode ε-constraint afin de déterminer un ensemble de solutions optimales (le front de Pareto).En milieu urbain, en raison des conditions de circulation, des feux de circulation, un bus rencontre fréquemment des situations Stop&Go. Cela se traduit par une consommation d'énergie accrue lors notamment des démarrages. En ce sens, une stratégie de régulation de vitesse adaptative adaptée avec Stop&Go (eACCwSG) apporte un avantage indéniable. L'algorithme lisse le profil de vitesse pendant les phases d'accélération et de freinage du Bus. Une autre caractéristique importante de cet algorithme est l’aspect sécurité, étant donné que l’ACCwSG permet de maintenir une distance de sécurité afin d’éviter les collisions et d’appliquer un freinage en douceur. Comme il a été mentionné précédemment, un freinage en douceur assure le confort des passagers
This PhD thesis proposes Energy Management Strategies conceived for a hybrid electrical urban bus. The hybrid control system should create an efficient strategy of coordinating the flow of energy between the heat engine, battery, electrical and hydraulic motors. Firstly, a Deterministic Dynamic Programming (DDP) based approach has been proposed: simultaneous speed and powersplit optimization algorithm for a given trip (constrained by the traveled distance and time limit). This algorithm turned out to be highly time consuming so it cannot be used in real-time. To overcome this drawback, an Optimal Profiles Database based on DP (OPD-DP) has been constructed for real-time application. Afterwards, a Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) technique is used to simultaneously generate an optimal speed profile and related powersplit strategy. This approach takes into account a stochastic nature of the driving behavior and urban conditions. The formulated energy optimization problem, being intrinsically multi-objective problem, has been transformed into several single-objective ones with constraints using an ε-constraint method to determine a set of optimal solutions (the Pareto Front).In urban environment, due to traffic conditions, traffic lights, a bus encounters frequent Stop&Go situations. This results in increased energy consumption during the starts. In this sense, a relevant Eco Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop&Go (eACCwSG) strategy brings the undeniable benefit. The algorithm smooths speed profile during acceleration and braking phases. One more important feature of this algorithm is the safety aspect, as eACCwSG permits to maintain a safety distance in order to avoid collision and apply a smooth braking. As it was mentioned before, smooth braking ensures passengers comfort

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Basma, Hussein. "Energy management strategies for battery electric bus fleet." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://thesesprivees.mines-paristech.fr/2020/2020UPSLM036_archivage.pdf.

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Les bus électriques à batterie (BEB) représentent une solution prometteuse pour remplacer les flottes de bus diesel actuelles consommant des énergies fossiles grâce à leur efficacité énergétique élevée et à leur potentiel de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et à l’absence d’émissions de polluants atmosphériques locaux. Cependant, cette technologie doit faire face à plusieurs défis, en particulier le coût total de possession (TCO) élevé et des contraintes opérationnelles comme l’autonomie des bus, le temps et le lieu de recharge. Cette thèse présente une méthodologie systématique qui vise à développer des solutions pour surmonter ces défis en fournissant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour les BEB. D'abord, un modèle énergétique multi-physique de bus est développé pour évaluer ses besoins énergétiques en prenant en considération ses différents systèmes énergétiques. Ensuite, la consommation d'énergie du bus est évaluée dans plusieurs conditions de fonctionnement afin de quantifier sa consommation d'énergie réelle. Un modèle techno-économique d'une ligne de bus est développé afin d'évaluer l'impact des différentes stratégies de dimensionnement et de recharge des batteries sur les coûts et le fonctionnement du BEB. Ensuite, un modèle TCO est introduit en tenant compte les coûts unitaires BEB, les coûts d'achat et de remplacement des batteries, les coûts d'électricité, les coûts d'infrastructure et de maintenance. L'analyse des résultats d’un cas d’étude à Paris souligne les compromis entre le TCO et les perturbations et les retards des horaires du BEB en fonction des différentes tailles de batterie et stratégies de recharge. Enfin, une méthodologie minimisant le TCO est proposée en déterminant un dimensionnement des batteries et une stratégie de recharge optimales pour la flotte de BEB tout en garantissant l'absence de perturbation des horaires ou des interruptions du service. Elle repose sur une optimisation en deux étapes qui utilise à la fois la programmation dynamique et un algorithme génétique. Les résultats montrent que la méthodologie proposée pourrait réduire le TCO du BEB entre 15-25% par rapport aux approches actuellement adoptées
Initiatives to decrease emissions from the transport sector are increasing worldwide by seeking alternative technologies to replace oil-based mobility. Battery Electric Buses (BEB) present a promising solution thanks to their high energy efficiency, low greenhouse gas emissions and the absence of local pollutant emissions. However, this technology still faces many challenges, especially its high total cost of ownership (TCO) and other operational factors such as the limited bus driving range, the high energy refueling time, and the required charging technologies and strategies. In this context, this thesis presents a systematic methodology that aims at developing solutions to help overcoming these challenges by providing optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB. First, a comprehensive multi-physical bus energy model is developed to evaluate its energy needs considering all the energy systems encountered within. The energy consumption of the bus is then evaluated at a variety of operating conditions. Then, a techno-economic model of an entire bus line is developed in order to assess the impact of different battery sizing and charging strategies on the costs and operation of BEB. A TCO model is introduced considering the BEB unit costs, battery purchase and replacement costs, energy and power costs, infrastructure, and maintenance costs. A case study in Paris city is presented and the analysis reveals the resulting tradeoff between the TCO and BEB schedule disruptions and delays as function of different battery sizes and charging strategies. A methodology to minimize the TCO of BEB deployment is presented providing the optimal battery sizing and charging strategy for BEB, while respecting the BEB operation constraints. The methodology is a 2-step optimization algorithm that utilizes both Dynamic programming and Genetic Algorithm optimization routines. The results show that the proposed methodology could reduce the BEB TCO between 15-25% compared to the currently adopted approaches to deploy BEB

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Sharma, Oruganti Prashanth. "A practical implementation of a near optimal energy management strategy based on the Pontryagin's minimum principle in a PHEV." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337626310.

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Albiol, Graullera Pablo. "Architecture Design and Interoperability Analysisof a SCADA System for the Power Network Control and Management." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217798.

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SCADA-system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) har under de senaste decennierna använts i stor utsträckning, med utmärkta resultat för nätverksdrift och -förvaltning. Kunder ställer emellertid krav på att SCADA-system ska kunna integrera externa komponenter för att möjliggöra utveckling av befintliga och nya affärsprocesser. Det innebär att dessa system utvecklas från en monolitisk infrastruktur till en löst kopplad och flexibel arkitektur. Således har nya behov uppstått för att förbättra systemets interoperabilitet, minska komplexiteten och förbättra underhållet. Föreliggande masterprojekt presenterar ett ramverk för att förutsäga systems interoperabilitetet (IPF); ett ramverk som stöder arkitekturprocessen under de tidiga stadierna av produktutveckling. Vidare har arbetet undersökt några alternativa arkitekturer, vilka har modellerats och verifierats med hjälp av ovannämnda ramverk. En första konceptuell arkitektur har utvecklats för att förbättra interoperabiliteten hos interna system, för att reducera kopplingen mellan det grundläggande SCADA-systemet och Energy Management-systemet (EMS). Därefter genererades en andra arkitektur som möjliggör integration av externa komponenter för att främja den externa interoperabiliteten. Resultat visar att de föreslagna arkitekturerna är korrekta (enligt IPF) och systemets driftskompatibilitet förbättras. Vidare förefaller den slutligt föreslagna lösningen vara mindre komplex än den nuvarande arkitekturen på lång sikt, men det skulle behövas en större insats och väsentliga förändringar för att uppgradera systemarkitekturen.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems have been widely used during the last decades delivering excellent results for the power network operation and management. However, some current customer requirements are for SCADA systems to integrate external components in order to perform advanced power network studies and develop both existing and new business processes. This novel viewpoint will make these systems evolve from a monolithic infrastructure towards a loosely coupled and flexible architecture. Hence, new needs have arisen with the aim of improving the system interoperability, reducing the complexity and enhancing the maintainability. This master´s thesis project presents an Interoperability Prediction Framework (IPF), that supports the architecture design process during the early stages of product development. In addition, this work has also investigated some alternative architectures, which have been modelled and verified using the previously mentioned framework. A first conceptual architecture has been designed to improve the internal system interoperability, reducing the coupling between the basic SCADA and the Energy Management System (EMS). Later, a second architecture that allows the integration of external components has been introduced to promote the external interoperability. Results show that the proposed architectures are correct (according to the IPF) and the interoperability of the system is improved. Furthermore, initial conclusions suggest that the final proposed solution would be less complex than the current architecture in the long term, although a large effort and substantial changes would be needed to upgrade the system architecture.

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Arasu, Mukilan T. "Energy Optimal Routing of Vehicle Fleet with Heterogeneous Powertrains." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566150970771138.

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Brunelli, Lorenzo. "Design of a user-friendly Plug-in HEV simulation platform for energy management strategies and e-Horizon functions performance evaluation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17209/.

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Il lavoro di tesi si focalizza sull'analisi di funzioni predittive di gestione dell'energia a bordo implementate in veicoli ibridi plug-in. Le funzioni si basano sulla presenza a bordo di sensori ADAS e sulla conoscenza a priori del percorso. Creazione di una Graphic User Interface per semplificare l'inizializzazione di simulazioni compliant con le più recenti normative in termini di emissioni.

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Massana, i. Raurich Joaquim. "Data-driven models for building energy efficiency monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482148.

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Nowadays, energy is absolutely necessary all over the world. Taking into account the advantages that it presents in transport and the needs of homes and industry, energy is transformed into electricity. Bearing in mind the expansion of electricity, initiatives like Horizon 2020, pursue the objective of a more sustainable future: reducing the emissions of carbon and electricity consumption and increasing the use of renewable energies. As an answer to the shortcomings of the traditional electrical network, such as large distances to the point of consumption, low levels of flexibility, low sustainability, low quality of energy, the difficulties of storing electricity, etc., Smart Grids (SG), a natural evolution of the classical network, has appeared. One of the main components that will allow the SG to improve the traditional grid is the Energy Management System (EMS). The EMS is necessary to carry out the management of the power network system, and one of the main needs of the EMS is a prediction system: that is, to know in advance the electricity consumption. Besides, the utilities will also require predictions to manage the generation, maintenance and their investments. Therefore, it is necessary to dispose of the systems of prediction of the electrical consumption that, based on the available data, forecast the consumption of the next hours, days or months, in the most accurate way possible. It is in this field where the present research is placed since, due to the proliferation of sensor networks and more powerful computers, more precise prediction systems have been developed. Having said that, a complete study has been realized in the first work, taking into account the need to know, in depth, the state of the art, in relation to the load forecasting topic. On the basis of acquired knowledge, the installation of sensor networks, the collection of consumption data and modelling, using Autoregressive (AR) models, were performed in the second work. Once this model was defined, in the third work, another step was made, collecting new data, such as building occupancy, meteorology and indoor ambience, testing several paradigmatic models, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR), and establishing which exogenous data improves the prediction accuracy of the models. Reaching this point, and having corroborated that the use of occupancy data improves the prediction, there was the necessity of generating techniques and methodologies, in order to have the occupancy data in advance. Therefore, several attributes of artificial occupancy were designed, in order to perform long-term hourly consumption predictions, in the fourth work.
A dia d’avui l’energia és un bé completament necessari arreu del món. Degut als avantatges que presenta en el transport i a les necessitats de les llars i la indústria, l’energia és transformada en energia elèctrica. Tenint en compte la total expansió i domini de l’electricitat, iniciatives com Horitzó 2020, tenen per objectiu un futur més sostenible: reduint les emissions de carboni i el consum i incrementant l’ús de renovables. Partint dels defectes de la xarxa elèctrica clàssica, com són gran distància al punt de consum, poca flexibilitat, baixa sostenibilitat, baixa qualitat de l’energia, dificultats per a emmagatzemar energia, etc. apareixen les Smart Grid (SG), una evolució natural de la xarxa clàssica. Un dels principals elements que permetrà a les SG millorar les xarxes clàssiques és l’Energy Management System (EMS). Així doncs, per a que l’EMS pugui dur a terme la gestió dels diversos elements, una de les necessitats bàsiques dels EMS serà un sistema de predicció, o sigui, saber per endavant quin consum hi haurà en un entorn determinat. A més, les empreses subministradores d’electricitat també requeriran de prediccions per a gestionar la generació, el manteniment i fins i tot les inversions a llarg termini. Així doncs ens calen sistemes de predicció del consum elèctric que, partint de les dades disponibles, ens subministrin el consum que hi haurà d’aquí a unes hores, uns dies o uns mesos, de la manera més aproximada possible. És dins d’aquest camp on s’ubica la recerca que presentem. Degut a la proliferació de xarxes de sensors i computadors més potents, s’han pogut desenvolupar sistemes de predicció més precisos. A tall de resum, en el primer treball, i tenint en compte que s’havia de conèixer en profunditat l’estat de la qüestió en relació a la predicció del consum elèctric, es va fer una anàlisi completa de l’estat de l’art. Un cop fet això, i partint del coneixement adquirit, en el segon treball es va dur a terme la instal•lació de les xarxes de sensors, la recollida de dades de consum i el modelatge amb models lineals d’auto-regressió (AR). En el tercer treball, un cop fets els models es va anar un pas més enllà recollint dades d’ocupació, de meteorologia i ambient interior, provant diferents models paradigmàtics com Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) i Support Vector Regression (SVR) i establint quines dades exògenes milloren la predicció dels models. Arribat a aquest punt, i havent corroborat que l’ús de dades d’ocupació millora la predicció, es van generar tècniques per tal de disposar de les dades d’ocupació per endavant, o sigui a hores vista. D’aquesta manera es van dissenyar diferents atributs d’ocupació artificials, permetent-nos fer prediccions horàries de consum a llarg termini. Aquests conceptes s’expliquen en profunditat al quart treball.

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Yue, Meiling. "Contribution of developing a prognostics-based energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid system - application to a fuel cell/battery hybrid electric vehicle." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD029.

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Le système de propulsion hybride à pile à combustible (PàC) gagne du terrain sur le marché automobile actuel et offre une solution durable au changement climatique mondial dans le secteur des transports. Cependant, la durabilité et la fiabilité des sources d’énergie utilisées dans le système hybride sont les obstacles inévitables à sa commercialisation massive. Pour optimiser et maximiser la durée de vie du système hybride, une approche de pronostic et gestion de la santé (PHM) est mise en œuvre pour gérer et atténuer le comportement de dégradation des sources d'énergie et appliquée à un véhicule électrique hybride à pile à combustible.Dans ce contexte, deux contributions principales sont apportées. La première consiste à déployer une méthode de pronostic pouvant être utilisée dans le système hybride. Le filtrage de particules, en tant que méthode d'estimation d'état communément utilisée, est adapté aux fins de pronostic dans cette thèse. Il est utilisé pour traiter les données de dégradation imprécises et incertaines et pour estimer la durée de vie utile restante. La méthode est validée par les ensembles de données historiques de PàC et de batterie et les résultats sont évalués par les métriques de pronostic conçues.Ensuite, une deuxième étape sur l’aspect gestion de la santé du PHM est proposée. Comme la répartition de la puissance demandée dans un système hybride est gérée par une stratégie de gestion de l'énergie (EMS), l’orientation de cette étape est de développer une EMS conscient de sa santé dans le contexte du PHM. Une grande quantité de recherches sur les pronostics avec des données expérimentales finies ont été trouvées dans la littérature, alors que la manière d'utiliser les résultats de pronostics pour réaliser des actions de contrôle correctives est rarement discutée. Afin de pallier cette lacune dans les applications de système hybride, un processus de prise de décision basé sur le pronostic est conçu. Les performances sont évaluées en quantifiant la dégradation et la durée de vie du système dans un environnement simulé et une discussion sur l'occurrence des pronostics est lancée pour des investigations ultérieures sur la maintenance
Fuel cell hybrid propulsion system is gaining momentum in today's automotive market and offers a sustainable solution for the world climate change in the transport sector. However, the durability and reliability of the power sources used in the hybrid system are the inevitable obstacles for its massive commercialization. To optimize and maximize the lifespan of the hybrid system, a prognostics and health management (PHM) approach is deployed to manage and mitigate the power source degradation behaviour and applied to a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle.In this context, two main contributions are made. The first stage is to deploy a prognostics method that can be used in the hybrid system. Particle filtering, as a commonly used state estimation method, is adapted for prognostics purpose in this thesis. It is used to handle the imprecise and uncertain degradation data and estimate the remaining useful life. The method is validated by historical fuel cell and battery datasets and the results are evaluated by the designed prognostics metrics.Subsequently, a second stage on the health management aspect of PHM is proposed. As the split of demanded power in a hybrid system is managed by an energy management strategy (EMS), the orientation of this stage is to develop a health-conscious EMS in the context of PHM. A great quantity of researches on prognostics with finished experimental data have been found in the literature, while how to use the prognostics results to make corrective control actions is rarely discussed. To help against this vacancy in hybrid system applications, a prognostics-enabled decision-making process is designed. The performance is evaluated by quantifying the degradation and the lifetime of the system in a simulated environment and a discussion on prognostics occurrence is launched for further investigations on maintenance

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Waldman, Colin A. "Development and Implementation of an Adaptive PMP-based Control Strategy for a Conventional Vehicle Electrical System." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1403726405.

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Li, Xuchen Mr. "Driving Style Adaptive Electrified Powertrain Control." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524228128758252.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy Management Strategy (EMS)'

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