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1
Gupta, Shubham, and R. S. Mishra. "Estimation of Electrical Energy Generation from Waste to Energy using Incineration Technology." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 4 (2015): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.341516.
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This paper mainly deals with viability of Waste to energy Incineration technology in Roorkee City, Uttarakhand by estimating the total municipal solid waste generated and evaluating the energy potential by using the incineration technology. Day to day increase in waste generation demands Renewable technology for solid waste management for an effective economic and social growth of the people. This paper focuses on technical feasibility only.
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Kerdsuwan, Somrat, Krongkaew Laohalidanond, and Palita Chiyawong. "A Novel Hybrid Design of Incineration-Gasification for Energy Saving." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.95.
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Nowadays, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) becomes a crucial problem worldwide where it is created the impact to environment, social as well as health. The non-sanitary landfill is widespread used for waste disposal in the rural area because of its low investment and operation cost. However, it has negative effect on human health and environment. Thermal treatment of MSW by incineration is considered as an option for effective treatment technique due to the fast reduction in mass and volume of MSW. However, with high moisture content in MSW, it is necessary to use auxiliary fuel in order to maintain the high temperature of combustion process and led to the high operating cost, especially for the small scale incinerator without energy recovery. A novel hybrid incineration-gasification can be used in order to overcome this drawback by using a downdraft gasifier with Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as feedstock to generate the syngas which can be substituted the auxiliary fuel. Hence, this study emphasizes on the development of a novel hybrid incineration-gasification as a cleaner technology to get rid of MSW generated with a destruction capacity of 30 ton per day (TPD). The novel system comprises of a controlled-air incinerator with two combustion chambers, automatic feeding machine and wet scrubber. A 100 kg/hr downdraft gasifier has aim to use RDF from dry fraction of MSW as feedstock to produce syngas to substitute the auxiliary fuel used in the secondary burner of the incinerator in order to maintain the desire its temperature. This cleaner and novel hybrid technology can implement to get rid of MSW properly for energy saving and sustainable development.
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Kang, Seongmin, Joonyoung Roh, and Eui-chan Jeon. "Major Elements to Consider in Developing Ammonia Emission Factor at Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerators." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042197.
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NH3 is one of the major substances contributing to the secondary generation of PM2.5; therefore, management is required. In Korea, the management of NH3 is insufficient, and the emission factor used by EPA is the same as the one used when calculating emissions. In particular, waste incineration facilities do not currently calculate NH3 emissions. In the case of combustion facilities, the main ammonia emission source is the De-NOx facility, and, in the case of a power plant with a De-NOx facility, NH3 emission is calculated. Therefore, in the case of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator with the same facility installed, it is necessary to calculate NH3 emissions. In this study, the necessity of developing NH3 emission factors for an MSW incinerator and calculating emission was analyzed. In addition, elements to be considered when developing emission factors were analyzed. The study found that the NH3 emission factors for each MSW incinerator technology were calculated as Stoker 0.010 NH3 kg/ton and Fluidized Beds 0.004 NH3 kg/ton, which was greater than the NH3 emission factor 0.003 NH3 kg/ton for the MSW incinerator presented in EMEP/EEA (2016). As a result, it was able to identify the need for the development of NH3 emission factors in MSW incinerators in Korea. In addition, the statistical analysis of the difference between the incineration technology of MSW and the NH3 emission factor by the De-NOx facility showed a difference in terms of both incineration technology and De-NOx facilities, indicating that they should be considered together when developing the emission factor. In addition to MSW, it is believed that it will be necessary to review the development of emission factors for waste at workplaces and incineration facilities of sewage sludge.
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Yakah, Noah, Mahrokh Samavati, Augustine Akuoko Kwarteng, Andrew Martin, and Anthony Simons. "Prospects of Waste Incineration for Improved Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Ghana—A Review." Clean Technologies 5, no. 3 (August 10, 2023): 997–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol5030050.
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The per capita municipal solid waste (MSW) generation per day in Ghana is estimated to be 0.47 kg/person/day, which translates to over 14,000 tonnes of solid waste generation daily. The disposal and management of this amount of solid waste has been challenging worldwide, and in Ghana, this is evident with the creation of unsanitary dumping sites scattered across most communities in the country, especially urban communities. The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in Ghana is known to cause flooding, the pollution of water bodies, and the spread of diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the prospects of waste incineration with energy recovery as a waste-to-energy (WtE) technology which has contributed immensely to the disposal and management of MSW in nations worldwide (especially developed ones). The review indicates that waste incineration with energy recovery is a matured waste-to-energy technology in developed nations, and there are currently about 492 waste incineration plants in operation in the EU, over 77 in operation in about 25 states in the USA, and about 1900 in operation in Japan. Waste incineration with energy recovery is also gradually gaining prominence in developing nations like China, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Pakistan. The adoption of waste incineration with energy technology can reduce Ghana’s overdependence on fossil fuels as primary sources of energy. It is, however, recommended that a techno-economic assessment of proposed waste incineration facilities is performed considering the MSW generated in Ghana. Additionally, it is also recommended that the possibility of incorporating the use of artificial intelligence technology into the management of MSW in Ghana be investigated.
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Gelfand, Lewis E., and Jorge B. Wong. "Waste-to-Energy Incineration." Energy Engineering 98, no. 1 (January 2001): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998590109509300.
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Gelfand, Lewis E., and Jorge B. Wong. "Waste-to-Energy Incineration." Energy Engineering 98, no. 1 (December 1, 2000): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1092/e2cl-xd17-3bmc-6ufr.
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Soda, S., Y. Iwai, K. Sei, Y. Shimod, and M. Ike. "Model analysis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of sewage sludge treatment systems with different processes and scales." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.827.
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An energy consumption model was developed for evaluating sewage sludge treatment plants (SSTPs) incorporating various treatment processes such as thickening, anaerobic digestion, dewatering, incineration, and melting. Based on data analyses from SSTPs in Osaka, Japan, electricity consumption intensities for thickening, anaerobic digestion, dewatering, incineration, and melting and heat consumption intensities for anaerobic digestion, incineration, and melting were expressed as functions of sludge-loading on each unit process. The model was applied for predicting the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of SSTPs using various treatment processes and power and heat generation processes using digestion gas. Results showed that SSTPs lacking incineration and melting processes but having power generation processes showed excess energy production at the high sludge-loading rate. Energy consumption of the SSTPs without incineration and melting processes were low, but their GHG emissions were high because of CH4 and N2O emissions from sludge cake at the landfill site. Incineration and melting processes consume much energy, but have lower CH4 and N2O emissions.
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Pheakdey, Dek Vimean, Nguyen Van Quan, and Tran Dang Xuan. "Economic and Environmental Benefits of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste in Phnom Penh Municipality, Cambodia." Energies 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073234.
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This study assessed the energy potential, economic feasibility, and environmental performance of landfill gas (LFG) recovery, incineration, and anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies for Phnom Penh municipality in Cambodia, from 2023 to 2042. The economic analysis utilized the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), payback period (PBP), and net present value (NPV) to evaluate the feasibility of each technology. Additionally, environmental performance was assessed following the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The results indicate that incineration produced the highest energy output, ranging from 793.13 to 1625.81 GWh/year, while the LFG and AD technologies yielded equivalent amounts of 115.44–271.81 GWh/year and 162.59–333.29 GWh/year, respectively. The economic analysis revealed an average LCOE of 0.070 USD/kWh for LFG, 0.053 USD/kWh for incineration, and 0.093 USD/kWh for AD. Incineration and LFG recovery were found to be economically feasible, with positive NPVs and a potential for profit within 8.36 years for incineration and 7.13 years for LFG. In contrast, AD technology had a negative NPV and required over 20 years to generate a return on investment. However, AD was the most promising technology regarding environmental performance, saving approximately 133,784 tCO2-eq/year. This study provides valuable technical information for policymakers, development partners, and potential investors to use in order to optimize waste-to-energy investment in Cambodia.
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Muri, Harald Ian D. I., and Dag Roar Hjelme. "Sensor Technology Options for Municipal Solid Waste Characterization for Optimal Operation of Waste-to-Energy Plants." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031105.
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Reuse, refurbishing, and recycling are the most sustainable options for handling waste materials. However, for municipal solid waste (MSW) that is highly heterogenic, crude, contaminated, and decrepit, thermal conversion in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants is an option. In such plants, the fuel quality of MSW is difficult to predict and the substantial changes expected are challenging for incineration stability. Development of new online sensor technologies for monitoring waste properties prior to incineration is therefore needed. Sensors may contribute to increase WtE process stability, as well as reducing the probability of incineration stops or emissions exceeding legal limits. In this work, the operating principles of potential sensor systems for waste monitoring are categorized and assessed to be implemented for providing parameters for process control or indicators for process alarms in the waste incineration process. For transmissive settings, the use of inductance and hard X-ray sensors are most promising, whereas for reflective settings, utilization of photonic, inductive, soft and hard X-ray, as well as low-frequency radiowave sensors, are most promising. The analytic capacity of single-point measurements with inductance, radiowave, photonic, or X-ray sensors are limited to providing indicators for process alarms, whereas spectral imaging with X-ray or photonic techniques are feasible for providing parameters for both process control and indicators for process alarms. The results obtained in this sensor assessment will be important as a first step in guiding the evolution of monitoring waste properties in the WtE industry to increase repeatability, performance of energy production, and manual labor safety in controlling the waste incineration.
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Guibelin, E. "Sustainability of thermal oxidation processes: strengths for the new millennium." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0348.
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Incineration of sludge is occasionally accused of pollution. This paper shows that if it is correctly designed and implemented, it can be environmentally friendly. For this purpose, sludge incineration is compared to agricultural spreading of limed sludge with respect to toxicity criteria, greenhouse effect gases (GEG) release, energy wasting and other environmental parameters. Landfilling is also considered but as a standby route. Since present regulations on agricultural use and gas emission release from incinerators are stringent, incineration cannot be suspected to release more noxious substances in the environment than agriculture. A distinction is made between biogenic CO2 and fossil CO2. Nevertheless case studies show that incineration produces more GEG and wastes more energy than agricultural spreading if no energy is recovered from hot flue gas. In the case of thermal power or electrical power generation, the environmental balance becomes dramatically more favorable for incineration.
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Sakai, S., M. Hiraoka, N. Takeda, and I. Ohhama. "System Design and Full-Scale Plant Study on a Drying-Incineration System for Sewage Sludge." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0342.
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The system design of a drying-incineration process for sewage sludge is discussed using an energy-balance model of the system. In particular, the profitability of this system is considered from the energy and cost points of view. An energy-balance model including drying, incineration, waste heat recovery, and exhaust gas treatment processes was formulated. This showed that autothermic conditions could be established at a lower dewatered cake calorific value, i.e., 350 to 400 kcal/kg wet solids (WS), in the drying-incineration system, in contrast to the higher dewatered cake calorific value of 700 to 750 kcal/kg WS necessary to produce autothermic conditions in direct incineration systems. The drying-incineration system had reduced energy costs but involved an increase in investment costs due to construction of the dryer. The authors designed a full-scale plant at the East Area Sludge Center in Kobe City, Japan. The capacity of one line in this plant is 200 tons of cake per day. From the results of full-scale operation, fuel oil consumption was 23 l/t cake (at a cake moisture content of 81.2% and a low calorific value of 180 kcal/kg), which is a lower value compared to conventional incineration systems.
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Wendt, Jost O. L. "Combustion science for incineration technology." Symposium (International) on Combustion 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80654-5.
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Sun, Ri Liang, Gui Hua Deng, Dong Yang, Han Cui Chen, and Zai Qiang Lou. "The Utilization of Industrial Residue Incineration-Power Generation and its Application in the Engineering Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1762.
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The traditional treatment methods of industrial residue are mainly landfill, compost and so on, but there are significant technical limitations. At present, with the continuous development of waste incineration technology, industrial residue incineration-power generation has become the new trend of international and domestic processing industrial residue, and achieved considerable benefits. This paper mainly introduces the current situation of waste incineration-power generation, as well as the superiority in the technology of environment and economy, and taking Shandong Chenmingxinli Thermoelectric Company Limited industrial residue reuse incineration-power generation project as an example, this paper elaborates the environmental, social and economic benefits achieved by the project. Therefore, enterprises should attach importance to the industrial waste recovery and recycling, easing the pressure on the environment, and the energy-saving reconstruct of production technology.
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Park, Sang-Woo. "Energy Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste: High-Efficiency Incineration Technology." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 31, no. 2 (March 30, 2014): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2014.31.2.125.
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Minami, Shigeki, Hidekazu Nagasawa, Yoshinori Saito, Motoharu Yamagishi, Masakatsu Hiraoka, Nobuo Takeda, and Shigenobu Okajima. "Statistical Analysis of Operation Data and Automatic Control on Fluidized Bed Incineration Plant with Dryer." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1993): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0674.
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Continuous operation data were obtained on a fluidized bed incineration plant with dryers, and two autoregressive models were then prepared through statistical analysis of the data. Based on the results, an automatic plant control system using fuzzy theory was designed. An incinerator system of this type is characterized by energy efficiency, for which optimum and stable moisture control of the dried sludge is important. The large difference in time constants between incinerator and dryers makes energy saving difficult. Based on these analyses and design, control operations at a commercial plant with a capacity of 150 wet-tons/day were studied. It was confirmed that reduction of auxiliary fuel consumption and reduction of CO and NOx in the exhaust gas were optimized, while the moisture content of dried sludge and the furnace temperature were kept stable.
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Salah, Wael A., Manar Atatri, Aya Zaid, Rama Abuhafeza, Mai Abuhelwa, Mohammed J. K. Bashir, and Basem Abu Zneid. "Analysis of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste and Its Environmental and Economic Impact in Tulkarm, Palestine." Energies 16, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155590.
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Municipal solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most useful applications of renewable energy, supporting the market for renewable energy and assisting in environmental protection by reducing emissions. Sustainability is one of the key issues with solid waste management systems in developing countries, including Palestine. Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is one of the greatest strategies for effectively managing solid waste. This study focuses mostly on waste management in Palestine’s Tulkarm area. We conducted an evaluation of the potential of energy recovery from municipal solid waste through a number of approaches, such as incineration, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. Additionally, the implications on the environment, human health, and economics were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic digestion recovered around 5156.15 kWh per day; whereas, incineration and gasification recovered about 40,986.60 and 14,663.88 kWh per day, respectively. The least recovered energy amount was roughly 3563.87 kWh per day, which was generated by landfilling technology. Additionally, the environmental analysis showed that anaerobic digestion could save around 48,362 tons of CO2 annually; meanwhile, incineration and gasification could save about 384,424 and 137,538 tons of CO2, respectively. The lowest quantity of emissions could be saved by landfilling, with about 33,427 tons saved yearly. The energy cost savings associated with each technology were also estimated. The results of the energy savings estimation showed that incineration had the highest saving of USD 4918.12; gasification and anaerobic digestion saved USD 1759.67 and USD 618.74, respectively. Whereas, landfilling had the lowest saving of about USD 427.66. A careful analysis of all aspects related to each technology, in comparison to the available waste treatment techniques, was carried out to propose a solution to cover the energy deficit in Tulkarm as a primary goal. Anaerobic digestion was found to be more environmentally advantageous and economically feasible and thus can be recommended to decision-makers and investors.
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Kerdsuwan, Somrat, and Krongkaew Laohalidanond. "Simulation of Green and Clean Electrical Power Generation of a 500 Ton per Day Waste Incineration Plant with High Moisture Content and Low Heating Value." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1244.
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With the increasing amount of waste together with the high development of the country, the high amount of waste needed to be treated properly in order to lower the impact to the environment. Waste to Energy through incineration is considered as the appropriated technology to convert green and clean energy from discard matters, especially for the waste that has the mixing composition and has not segregate its composition in the developing country. Therefore, it is essential to simulate its combustion process to see how much of electrical power that can be generated and purpose the appropriated technic in order to improve its efficiency. This research deals with the process simulation of using incineration technology with high moisture content and low heating value in developing country. The simulation of 500 ton per day incineration technology was conducted by the unit operation in Aspen Plus® program in order to forecast the capacity of electricity production and the contaminants in flue gas emission. It was found that, even high moisture content and low heating value of waste, incineration can be one of the solutions to dispose waste properly and can recover green and clean energy in the form of electricity ranging from 3.78-6.29 MWe depending on waste’s quality. This green and clean energy recovery from waste could be used to reduce the using of fossil fuel in order to mitigate the emission of the greenhouse gas to atmosphere.
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Ito, K., R. Yokoyama, and M. Shimoda. "Optimal Planning of a Super Waste Incineration Cogeneration Plant." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817072.
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This paper is concerned with the evaluation of economic and energy-saving characteristics of a super waste incineration cogeneration plant, which is equipped with gas turbines as topping cycle to overcome the drawback of low power generating efficiency of conventional waste incineration cogeneration plants only with steam turbines. Economic and energy-saving characteristics are evaluated using an optimal planning method, which determines capacities and operational strategies of constituent equipment from their many alternatives so as to minimize the annual total cost. Through a case study, advantages of a super waste incineration cogeneration plant are shown in comparison with a conventional one. A parametric study is also carried out with respect to the amounts of waste collected and energy distributed.
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Bhati, Harsh Vardhan. "Waste-to-Energy Projects (Part II): Comparing Approaches." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200210.
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Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have led to a huge increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) across the globe. The world’s cities generate about 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year and this is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tons by 2025. The most common method of waste management adopted by cities is to dispose of MSW in open dumps and oversaturated landfills. The improper management of MSW has become a threat to public and environmental health. However, this waste can also be perceived as an opportunity and a source of energy through Waste to Energy (WtE) technology. WtE technologies are used to produce various by-products like electricity, heat, biofuels and compost. In developed nations, it is primarily the non-organic elements of MSW that are used in WtE incineration. Developing nations are also investing heavily in WtE incineration, irrespective of the fact that their MSW consists primarily of biodegradables. The existing WtE incineration plants in India and China are not only causing heavy pollution but also posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. In this article, the author focuses on the current status and challenges of different WtE technologies used in Europe, US, China, Japan and India. Furthermore, the author recommends that waste incineration should not be treated as a source of renewable energy and suggests anaerobic digestion methods (biomethanation) as a solution for countries with more biodegradable waste.
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Saha, Rupankar, and Binay Kumar Singh. "Energy from Waste." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001008.
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The objective of this paper is to discuss the various technology and methods for producing energy from waste & its advantages. These technologies are incineration, gasification, plasma arc gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion. These technologies reduce volume of waste, environmental influence threat to public health and the dependency of the fossil fuel for generating power. The efficiency of this technology is up to 20-40%. As per rough idea, a typical 100000 tonnes per annum waste to energy plant will produce around 7MW of electricity, which is sufficient to power approximately 10,000 homes and cost of the energy is around 0.03$ -0.05$ per Kilo-watt Hours depend upon the technologies.
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Mininni, G., C. M. Braguglia, R. Ramadori, and M. C. Tomei. "An innovative sludge management system based on separation of primary and secondary sludge treatment." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 9 (November 1, 2004): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0557.
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An innovative sludge management system based on separation of treatment and disposal of primary and secondary sludge is discussed with reference to a sewage treatment plant of 500,000 equivalent person capacity. Secondary sludge, if treated separately from primary sludge, can be recovered in agriculture considering its relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus and negligible presence of pathogens and micropollutants. One typical outlet for primary sludge is still incineration which can be optimised by rendering the process auto thermal and significantly reducing the size of the incineration plant units (dryer, fluidised bed furnace, boiler and units for exhaust gas treatment) in comparison with those required for mixed sludge incineration. Biogas produced in anaerobic digestion is totally available for energy conversion when sludge treatment separation is performed, while in the other case a large proportion may be used as fuel in incineration, thus reducing the net electric energy conversion from 0.85-0.9 to 0.35-0.4 MW for the plant considered.
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Wagner, David, Georg Neugebauer, Florian Kretschmer, and Gernot Stoeglehner. "Integrating Life-Cycle Perspectives and Spatial Dimensions of Sewage Sludge Mono-Incineration." Water 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051267.
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The mono-incineration of sewage sludge offers new opportunities to develop wastewater infrastructure as regional energy cells and resource recovery sites. At the moment, the most important products of this technology are electric energy and heat from combined heat and power plants, as well as ash for the recovery of phosphorus. With spatial analysis, scenarios of the decentralized and centralized spatial organization of mono-incineration are assessed with regard to the energy balances of the incineration process, transport demands, and the possibility to accommodate excess heat in the surrounding spatial fabric, and these are evaluated by applying a multi-criteria analysis. The study is based on the Austrian case and shows that the utilization, not only of phosphorus and excess energy but also of other potential resources should be aimed for. The transport of sludge and the potential to use excess heat in the surrounding spatial fabric decide if centralized or decentralized scenarios are environmentally more feasible, whereas an “economy of scale” clearly gives leeway to the centralized options. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that introducing mono-incineration should not only focus on the process engineering itself but should also consider spatial planning provisions to reduce transport demands and to deliver excess energy to the surrounding spatial fabric.
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Kang, Seongmin, Sung Hum Cho, Changsang Cho, and Eui-Chan Jeon. "Fossil carbon fraction of industrial waste incineration and optimal cycle for measurement." Energy & Environment 31, no. 7 (October 24, 2019): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882397.
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This study aimed to measure the fossil carbon fraction in industrial waste incineration facilities to determine its characteristics and the optimal time cycle for measurement. The analysis of the fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities in Korea showed that the fraction in industrial waste incineration facility A was in the range of 51.58–68.18%, while the fraction in industrial waste incineration facility B was in the range of 40.00–64.66%. In this study, it was shown that a non-parametric method of statistical analysis was most suitable for the data of fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities. The Kruskal–Wallis test indicated the same distribution of the mean for the monthly, quarterly, semiannual, and annual data from both industrial waste incineration facilities, suggesting that the optimal cycle for measuring fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities is the annual cycle, corresponding to the longest cycle for measurement. This study provided fundamental data of fossil carbon fraction in industrial waste incineration facilities that can be used as a reference for emission estimation. Additionally, the significance of the study includes suggesting a statistical method for determining the optimal cycle for the measurement of fossil carbon fraction and having determined the optimal cycle.
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Almanaseer, Naser, Bassim Abbassi, Connor Dunlop, Kyle Friesen, and Elliot Nestico-Semianiw. "Multi-Criteria Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Technologies in Developed and Developing Countries." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.1.25254.
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The main objective of this paper is to utilize a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) to evaluate Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies and identify constraints when examining the placement of a WTE facility. From this, the focus is best summarized by determining the optimal WTE technology in developed countries and how the process would change if implemented in developing nations. In this study, incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis technologies were reviewed and evaluated. The MCA evaluated the different WTE technologies based on a variety of criteria considering environmental, financial, social, technical, and waste quality and quantity. Different weighted factors were used for the two MCAs and different alternative weighted factor scenarios were produced to perform a sensitivity analysis on the results. Overall, pyrolysis was found to be the preferred option for the developed and the developing nation in all scenarios. For developed countries, the highest difference in the overall index score (7 %) was found in incineration between the baseline and scenario 4. In developing countries, the highest differences in the overall index scores were found in scenario 3 for incineration (9 %) and pyrolysis (10 %). Although pyrolysis had the highest overall capital cost due to it being the newest technology, the environmental, social, associated risk, and waste benefits were seen to be more significant on the findings.
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De Lucia, M., and C. Lanfranchi. "Experimental Testing and Thermoeconomic Analysis of an Incineration Plant Postcombustor With Oxycombustion." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 116, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906012.
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Experimental testing was performed on a prototype postcombustor fueled by pure oxygen and designed to treat exhaust gases from industrial waste incineration. The tests validated the technical feasibility of the small-size oxycombustion incinerator, which not only proved to be more flexible and compact than conventional systems of the same rating, but also faster in reaching operating conditions. The thermoeconomic analysis which followed was based on an exergy balance developed from the system’s operating conditions measured in the previous experimental phase. A subsequent comparison with conventional air-fueled solutions has shown that oxycombustion offers considerable energy savings and, as a result, economic benefits.
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Nikolaeva, Arina V., Vitaly А. Kozhevnikov, Vera A. Chernykh, Oleg V. Naydenov, Rustam R. Davletyarov, and Alexander V. Salnikov. "Применение отработанных нефтепродуктов как топлива для термического обезвреживания отходов." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2021-11-3-310-319.
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All processes of turnover of oil and petroleum products are accompanied by the formation of various oilcontaining wastes, some of which are used petroleum products that have energy value. In addition, in the national economy, waste masses of other origin are formed, which also require disposal and/or incineration. During the reconstruction of the incinerator complex of Transneft - Port Primorsk, LLC, an energy - and resource-saving technology for thermal solid waste incineration was implemented. The KTO-100 unit was developed and put into operation, which burns used oil products and diesel as fuel. The heat obtained in the process of thermal incineration of waste enters the heat network of the site of treatment facilities for the company’s self-needs. The results of tests and control of the composition of industrial emissions of KTO-100 during the trial operation confirmed the stable indicators of the minimum (significantly lower than the current norms) concentrations of pollutants. The KTO-100 installation, implemented on the basis of Transneft - Primorsk Port, LLC, meets the criteria of the best available technology regulated at the federal level. During the reconstruction of the incinerator complex in Transneft - Port Primorsk, LLC, innovative materials were used and technical solutions were implemented in a combination that has no analogues in Russia today. Все процессы оборота нефти и нефтепродуктов сопровождаются образованием различных нефтесодержащих отходов, часть которых составляют отработанные нефтепродукты, имеющие энергетическую ценность. Кроме того, в народном хозяйстве образуются массивы отходов иного происхождения, которые также требуют утилизации и/или обезвреживания. В процессе реконструкции инсинераторного комплекса ООО «Транснефть - Порт Приморск» реализована энерго- и ресурсосберегающая технология термического обезвреживания твердых отходов. Разработана и внедрена в эксплуатацию установка КТО-100, сжигающая в качестве топлива отработанные нефтепродукты и дизельное топливо. Теплота, полученная в процессе термического обезвреживания отходов, поступает в тепловую сеть участка очистных сооружений на собственные нужды предприятия. Результаты испытаний и контроля состава промышленных выбросов КТО-100 за время опытной эксплуатации подтвердили устойчивые показатели минимальных (существенно ниже действующих нормативов) концентраций загрязнителей. Установка КТО-100, реализованная на базе ООО «Транснефть - Порт Приморск», соответствует регламентированным на федеральном уровне критериям наилучшей доступной технологии. При реконструкции инсинераторного комплекса в ООО «Транснефть - Порт Приморск» применены инновационные материалы и реализованы технические решения в совокупности, которой на сегодня нет аналогов в России.
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Santos, Santa Margarida, Catarina Nobre, Paulo Brito, and Margarida Gonçalves. "Brief Overview of Refuse-Derived Fuel Production and Energetic Valorization: Applied Technology and Main Challenges." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310342.
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A large part of municipal solid waste (MSW) still goes to landfills, representing an environmental concern. A circular economy approach can enable safe management of MSW while mitigating the increasing energy needs when waste is used as a feedstock in energy production processes (waste to energy). Currently, MSW can be converted into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) through mechanical and biological treatment processes. This study analyzes the status of MSW and RDF production, as well as its main destinations in Portugal and Europe. The legislation applied, possible energy-recovery routes, and challenges associated with energy recovery are discussed throughout this paper. This research finds that the production of RDF in Portugal has been neglected, mostly because of RDF composition being quite heterogeneous and its poor fuel properties. Therefore, the need to improve and upgrade the characteristics and properties of RDF for waste-to-energy processes was detected. RDF can be pretreated to be further applied to waste-to-energy and waste-to-gas processes, such as incineration and gasification. The technology readiness level data, costs, and SWOT analysis allowedto assess that although incineration is the most mature and widely used technology, gasification becomes more attractive, having lower costs and gaseous emissions, proving to be more efficient and sustainable for MSW and RDF conversion.
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Xin-gang, Zhao, Jiang Gui-wu, Li Ang, and Li Yun. "Technology, cost, a performance of waste-to-energy incineration industry in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (March 2016): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.137.
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Yakah, Noah, Imtisal-e. Noor, Andrew Martin, Anthony Simons, and Mahrokh Samavati. "Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Wastewater Treatment Using Membrane Distillation." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249439.
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The use of waste incineration with energy recovery is a matured waste-to-energy (WtE) technology. Waste incineration can reduce the volume and mass of municipal solid waste significantly. However, the generation of high volumes of polluting flue gases is one of the major drawbacks of this technology. Acidic gases are constituents in the flue gas stream which are deemed detrimental to the environment. The wet flue gas desulphurization (FGD) method is widely employed to clean acidic gases from flue gas streams, due to its high efficiency. A major setback of the wet FGD technology is the production of wastewater, which must be treated before reuse or release into the environment. Treating the wastewater from the wet FGD presents challenges owing to the high level of contamination of heavy metals and other constituents. Membrane distillation (MD) offers several advantages in this regard, owing to the capture of low-grade heat to drive the process. In this study the wet FGD method is adopted for use in a proposed waste incineration plant located in Ghana. Through a mass and energy flow analysis it was found that MD was well matched to treat the 20 m3/h of wastewater generated during operation. Thermal performance of the MD system was assessed together with two parametric studies. The thermal efficiency, gained output ratio, and specific energy consumption for the optimized MD system simulated was found to be 64.9%, 2.34 and 966 kWh/m3, respectively, with a total thermal energy demand of 978.6 kW.
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Escamilla-García, Pablo Emilio, Ana Lilia Coria-Páez, Francisco Pérez-Soto, Francisco Gutiérrez-Galicia, Carolina Caire, and Blanca L. Martínez-Vargas. "Financial and Technical Evaluation of Energy Production by Biological and Thermal Treatments of MSW in Mexico City." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093625.
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This research aims to compare, from a technical and financial perspective, the application of biological (methane-capture) and thermal (incineration) treatments of waste in Mexico City in order to generate clean energy. For each alternative, pessimist (50%), realistic (80%), and optimistic (100%) scenarios were considered in terms of the efficiency collection rates of methane and the efficiency of the capacity conversion factor for incineration. For the methane project, the LandGEM model was used to evaluate the potential generation of methane. In order to calculate the electricity output that could be generated through incineration, we relied on two key factors: the total amount of heat that could be generated by burning the waste and the average level of moisture in the waste material. The evaluation resulted in an annual energy generation of 206.09 GWh for methane and 4183.39 GWh for incineration, both in the realistic scenario. Both projects reported positive financial indicators with a discount rate of 12%. Incineration resulted in a net present value of USD 706,377,303 and an internal rate of return of 23% versus USD 4,975,369 and 24% for the methane project. However, the incineration project only became feasible by omitting financing. Incineration resulted in a payback period that was lower by a ratio of 2:1 compared to methane, but the levelized cost of energy resulted in higher figures (USD 216.92). The aim of these findings is to support the decision-making process for the creation and implementation of sustainable energy strategies based on circular economy principles in Mexico and other similar regions across the globe.
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Thierbach, R. D., and H. Hanssen. "Utilisation of energy from digester gas and sludge incineration at Hamburg's Köhlbrandhöft WWTP." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0635.
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At Hamburg's Köhlbrandhöft WWTP the demand for external energy supply is minimised by state of the art sludge treatment. The sludge is subjected to thickening, anaerobic digestion, dewatering, drying and incineration. The digester gas is used in a combined gas and steam turbine process. The sludge incineration also produces steam, which is also used in the steam turbine that follows the gas turbine. The turbines produce electricity, partially expanded steam is used for the sludge drying process. Heat from the condensation of vapours from sludge drying is used to heat the anaerobic digesters. The overall process requires no external heat or fuel and produces 60% of the WWTP's electricity demand.
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Abedin, Mohammad Zoynal, and A. S. M. Luthful Karim. "Waste to Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 7, no. 3 (July 20, 2022): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.03.2022.02.
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Bangladesh has an impressive track record of development and has been among the fastest growing economies in the world over the past decade, supported by a demographic dividend, strong ready-made garment (RMG) exports, remittance, and stable macroeconomic conditions. With the growth of populace and the living standards, the goods and energy consumption in Bangladesh are seen to be increased which rises the waste generation. Thus, municipal waste management (MSW) and energy supply are becoming the great challenges for Bangladesh. Waste to energy (WTE) conversion technologies would be a very timely solution to an ever-growing problem. These technologies are environment-friendly and cost effective; however, these are not popular within the developing country Bangladesh. This paper discusses current waste status, significant progresses and future prospect of solid waste management process as well as evaluates the best possible WTE technology suitable for Bangladesh. It is found that Bangladesh produces approximately 13,332 tons of MSW per day in which almost 26% and 12% of total wastes are generated by its capital city, Dhaka and Chattogram, respectively. The incineration process for electricity production is seen to be the most effective WTE technology for Chattogram city. For instance, for one ton of MSW, the incineration process can provide 0.585 MWh electricity and 1.742 MWh heat with an emission factor of 0.28 ton of CO2. With an average plant capacity cost of 2.1 USD which is lower than other WTE technologies. Therefore, the incineration can be utilized as the most effective WTE technology for major cities in Bangladesh.
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Rajcoomar, Avinash, and Toolseeram Ramjeawon. "Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management scenarios on the small island of Mauritius." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 3 (December 8, 2016): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16679883.
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The aim of this study was to use the life cycle assessment tool to assess, from an environmental point of view, the different possible municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios for the island of Mauritius. The scenarios include landfilling with energy recovery (S1), incineration with energy recovery (S2), composting, incineration and landfilling (S3) and finally composting, recycling, incineration and landfilling (S4). The MSW generated in 2010 was selected as the functional unit. Foreground data were collected through surveys and literature. Background data were obtained from ecoinvent data in SimaPro 8 libraries. The scenarios were compared both through the CML-IA baseline–midpoint method and the ReCiPe end-point method. From the midpoint method, the results obtained indicates that landfilling (S1) has the greatest impact in all the analyzed impact categories except ozone layer depletion and human toxicity, while incineration (S2) has the least impact on almost all the analyzed damage categories except in global warming potential and human toxicity. The collection and transportation of waste has a significant impact on the environment. From the end-point method, S4 reduces the damage impact categories on Human Health, Ecosystems and Resources due to the recycling process. S3 is not favorable due to the impact caused by the composting process. However, it is also very important to emphasize that for incineration, the best available technology with energy recovery shall be considered. It is recommended that S2 and S4 are considered for strategic planning.
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Wang, Tao, Fei Wang, and Yangqing Hu. "Environmental impact analysis of food waste anaerobic digestion and products utilization process." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 04025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804025.
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Anaerobic digestion technology is a widely used technology for food waste treatment. It can produce clean fuel gas and realize harmless treatment of waste. Different ways of utilizing the digestion products vary depending on the market demand and production technology. In this paper, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to analyse the environmental impacts of different processes in food waste anaerobic digestion treatment and compare different utilization strategies of digestion products especially the digestate. The results of this study indicated that the incineration of digestate had advantages in most environmental impacts except global warming potential (GWP), compared with composting as fertilizers. Besides that, incineration had the lower energy efficiency due to drying heat demand. The high energy conversion efficiency of internal combustion engine contributed much to reducing environmental impacts. It’s worth mentioning that the sufficient combustion performance of micro-turbine resulted in smaller global warming potential (GWP) and eutrophication potential (EP).
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Altan, Hasan Suphi, Derin Orhon, and Seval Sozen. "Energy Recovery Potential of Livestock Waste with Thermal and Biological Technologies: Analysis on Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Chicken Manure." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (March 20, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12733.
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This study aims to establish the scientific link between the livestock wastes and energy recovery processes to implement the most appropriate technology at the highest economic benefit. The evaluation was based on the recovery of the potential energy of the mixture of four livestock wastes (cattle, sheep, goat, egg chicken) by four different energy recovery processes. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis at 550°C and 750°C were applied as thermal processes together with the anaerobic digestion as biochemical process. The recovery performance of each process was evaluated within a defined design algorithm considering all significant parameters in seven geographical regions and in Turkey as a whole. Incineration seems to be the most efficient energy recovery process with 0.43 MWe/t for Turkey. Gasification took the second place in the energy recovery ranking with 0.34 MWe/t, 21% less than incineration. Pyrolysis expressed an energy recovery rate of 0.15 MWe/t at 550°C and a twice higher rate at 750°C, at a level close to gasification. Anaerobic digestion exerted a recovery potential of 0.21 MWe/t for the livestock waste considered. Energy recovery from livestock waste not only contributes to energy production, but also provides compliance with the concept of reducing emissions and sustainable environment.
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Qiao, Wei, Zhibiao Yin, Wei Wang, Jing Wang, and Zhongzhi Zhang. "Pilot-scale experiment on thermally hydrolyzed sludge liquor anaerobic digestion using a mesophilic expanded granular sludge bed reactor." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 948–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.333.
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A pilot process of thermal hydrolysis combined with an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB) was carried out to evaluate pretreated sludge liquor into biogas conversion, process stability, and energy input/output balance. Approximately 25% of suspended solids of sludge were liquefied into aqueous phase during thermal hydrolysis pretreatment, which resulted in chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 20.0 to 35.0 g/L. A mesophilic EGSB reactor was operated for 206 days treating pretreated liquor. Under an organic loading rate of 11.0 kg COD/(m3·d) and hydraulic retention time of 60 h, COD conversion efficiency was maintained at 63%. The energy from biogas provided 80% of that demand for heating pretreatment. Dewatered sludge after thermal hydrolysis could be incinerated with municipal solid waste in an industrial-scale incinerator. Total energy production from combined biogas anaerobic digestion and sludge incineration, treating 1.0 kg raw sludge with moisture content of 82%, was 2419 kJ. The energy demand of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment was 340 kJ.
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Agbejule, Adebayo, Ahm Shamsuzzoha, Kodjovi Lotchi, and Kendall Rutledge. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process to Select Waste-to-Energy Technology in Developing Countries: The Case of Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 12863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212863.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Accra region of Ghana has created the need for innovative ways to deal with waste management crises facing the city. The goal of this study is to use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to select an appropriate waste-to-energy (WtE) technology for Accra. The AHP methodology is used to assess four WtE technologies, namely landfill biogas, incineration, anaerobic digestion, and aerobic composting. Three main criteria and nine sub-criteria are identified for pair-wise comparison and assessed by 10 experts. The results show that incineration is the most preferred technology, followed by anaerobic digestion and aerobic digestion, with landfilled gas being the least preferred technology. Stakeholders in waste management development in Ghana can utilize the findings of the study to develop implementation strategies for capacity and institutional capabilities for both thermochemical and biochemical processes in the country.
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Remy, C., B. Lesjean, and J. Waschnewski. "Identifying energy and carbon footprint optimization potentials of a sludge treatment line with Life Cycle Assessment." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.529.
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This study exemplifies the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a tool to quantify the environmental impacts of processes for wastewater treatment. In a case study, the sludge treatment line of a large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is analysed in terms of cumulative energy demand and the emission of greenhouse gases (carbon footprint). Sludge treatment consists of anaerobic digestion, dewatering, drying, and disposal of stabilized sludge in mono- or co-incineration in power plants or cement kilns. All relevant forms of energy demand (electricity, heat, chemicals, fossil fuels, transport) and greenhouse gas emissions (fossil CO2, CH4, N2O) are accounted in the assessment, including the treatment of return liquor from dewatering in the WWTP. Results show that the existing process is positive in energy balance (–162 MJ/PECOD * a) and carbon footprint (–11.6 kg CO2-eq/PECOD * a) by supplying secondary products such as electricity from biogas production or mono-incineration and substituting fossil fuels in co-incineration. However, disposal routes for stabilized sludge differ considerably in their energy and greenhouse gas profiles. In total, LCA proves to be a suitable tool to support future investment decisions with information of environmental relevance on the impact of wastewater treatment, but also urban water systems in general.
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GOH, Y. R., Y. B. YANG, R. ZAKARIA, R. G. SIDDALL, V. NASSERZADEH, and J. SWITHENBANK. "Development of an Incinerator Bed Model for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration." Combustion Science and Technology 162, no. 1 (January 2001): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200108952136.
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Alam, Samina, Kazi Sajedur Rahman, Md Rokonuzzaman, P. Abdul Salam, Md Sazal Miah, Narottam Das, Shahariar Chowdhury, Sittiporn Channumsin, Suwat Sreesawet, and Manun Channumsin. "Selection of Waste to Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management—Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911913.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) play an essential role, emphasizing responsible resource use, production, and consumption, including waste management. In addition, SDG 3, 7, 11, 12, and 13 are directly/indirectly related to waste management. This study aims to determine a suitable waste-to-energy (WtE) technology in Chittagong City, Bangladesh, focusing on cleaner technology. Anaerobic digestion, gasification, incineration, and landfill gas (LFG) recovery were considered as possible alternatives. Technical, economic, environmental, and social issues have been considered as necessary criteria for evaluation. An analytical hierarchy process was applied to rank these technologies based on stakeholders’ perceptions. The study found that anaerobic digestion (AD) ranked first, receiving 38% of overall weight. The second preferred technology is LFG (27%). Gasification and incineration stood at third and fourth, respectively (21% and 14%). According to a sensitivity study, the decision is only sensitive to the economy. LFG will become the most favoured solution for WtE conversion if the economy prioritizes more than 38%. Subsequently, this study’s findings will help achieve Bangladesh’s SDG agenda.
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Kumar, M., S. Kumar, and S. K. Singh. "PLASMA TECHNOLOGY AS WASTE TO ENERGY: A REVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12171.
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The age of urbanization has brought exponential growth in population and development along with the huge amount of waste generation. The waste generated is a mix type of waste which is difficult to manage using conventional methods and is ever increasing and changing in nature, blocking essential space that has become an expensive commodity in todays world. Conventional techniques such as combustion, land filling incineration, gasification have been the conventionally preferred method of waste management. The paper proposes a critical assessment of traditional waste to energy (WtE) procedure, starting from basic aspects of the process, performance, environmental assessment parameters to plasma gasification, a alternate WtE. This will assess the socio-aspect of plasma gasification , a more sustainable waste management system with producing a synthetic gas as by-product and slag. Although plasma has high installation and maintance costs, revenue generation form product can make it financially viable. This paper discusses the current limitations of this technology and highlights a few studies that are being conducted around the world that may soon take this concept from technical feasibility to practical reality.
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Bisinella, V., J. Nedenskov, Christian Riber, Tore Hulgaard, and Thomas H. Christensen. "Environmental assessment of amending the Amager Bakke incineration plant in Copenhagen with carbon capture and storage." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 40, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211048125.
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Amending municipal solid waste incineration with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a new approach that can reduce the climate change impacts of waste incineration. This study provides a detailed analysis of the consequences of amending the new Amager Bakke incinerator in Copenhagen (capacity: 600,000 tonnes waste per year) with CCS as a post-combustion technology. Emphasis is on the changes in the energy flows and outputs as well as the environmental performance of the plant; the latter is assessed by life cycle assessment. Amending Amager Bakke with CCS of the chosen configuration reduces the electricity output by 50% due to steam use by the capture unit, but introducing post-capture flue gas condensation increases the heat output utilized in the Copenhagen district heating system by 20%. Thus, the overall net energy efficiency is not affected. The CCS amendment reduces the fossil CO2 emissions to 40 kg CO2 per tonne of incinerated waste and stores 530 kg biogenic CO2 per tonne of incinerated waste. Potential developments in the composition of the residual waste incinerated or in the energy systems that Amager Bakke interacts with, do not question the benefits of the CCS amendment. In terms of climate change impacts, considering different waste composition and energy system scenarios, introducing CCS reduces in average the impact of Amager Bakke by 850 kg CO2-equivalents per tonne of incinerated waste. CCS increases the environmental impacts in other categories, but not in the same order of magnitude as the savings introduced within climate change.
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Son, Jun-Ik, Seung-Jae Lee, Se-In Park, Eun-Hye Kwon, Hueon Namkung, Jun-Gu Kang, and Wonseok Lee. "Emission Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) in Commercial Bio-SRF and SRF Incineration Plants." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082787.
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Incineration plants using solid refused fuel (SRF) should control their air pollution materials to minimize environmental impact. This study evaluated the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) congener patterns in seven commercial incineration plants in Korea using SRF and biomass SRF (bio-SRF). We examined the reduction rate differences of PCDD/DFs, depending on the air pollutant control device. All seven incineration plants sufficiently managed their dioxin emissions. However, both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants showed active chlorination reactions and resulted in a large amount of highly chlorinated dioxins. The average dioxin concentration was 0.02 ng international toxic equivalency quantity (I-TEQ)/Sm3. Ratios of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF were high in the waste heat boilers of both SRF and bio-SRF incineration plants. The octachlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) ratio was only high in the SRF incineration plants. Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and OCDF exhibited high dioxin ratios. SRF incineration plants had a low ratio of OCDF to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. In addition, the reduction rate of PCDD/DFs was substantially high after treatment with the air pollutant control device.
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Tanigawa, Noboru. "Waste Incineration: The Threshould of Change. Development of New Waste-to-Energy Technology." Waste Management Research 9, no. 7 (1998): 470–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.9.470.
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Eduardo Piske, Bruno, Fernanda Lopes, Jonathan Utzig, and Vinicyus Rodolfo Wiggers. "Small-scale Waste Heat Recovery through incineration – a brief review." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 21, no. 1 (July 2023): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj21.255.
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This paper brings a brief discussion about small-scale waste to energy units, specifically using incineration. Solid waste treatment is an important issue around the world. Incineration has been applied successfully in developed countries. In the south hemisphere landfills and dumps are still predominant. This study aims to show that there is a lack of small-scale waste-to-energy (WtE) incineration plants and one of the reasons is associated with the high cost of the installations. The review performed showed that Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) has been applied in smallscale plants as a tentative to reduce costs related to infrastructure required for electrical energy production. The air pollution control process also has a huge impact on this kind of installation. The lack of data and information about the operation of these plants turn difficult the study. Public policies to encourage small-scale waste energy recovery are required to improve these techniques, especially in developing countries.
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Guibelin, E. "Sludge thermal oxidation processes: mineral recycling, energy impact, and greenhouse effect gases release." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0646.
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Different treatment routes have been studied for a mixed sludge: the conventional agricultural use is compared with the thermal oxidation processes, including incineration (in gaseous phase) and wet air oxidation (in liquid phase). The interest of a sludge digestion prior to the final treatment has been also considered according to the two major criteria, which are the fossil energy utilisation and the greenhouse effect gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) release. Thermal energy has to be recovered on thermal processes to make these processes environmentally friendly, otherwise their main interest is to extract or destroy micropollutants and pathogens from the carbon cycle. In case of continuous energy recovery, incineration can produce more energy than it consumes. Digestion is especially interesting for agriculture: according to these two schemes, the energy final balance can also be in excess. As to wet air oxidation, it is probably one of the best ways to minimize greenhouse effect gases emission.
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Sechoala, Tsepo, Olawale Popoola, and Temitope Ayodele. "Economic and environmental assessment of electricity generation using biogas and heat energy from municipal solid waste: A case study of Lesotho." AIMS Energy 11, no. 2 (2023): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2023018.
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<abstract> <p>This study examined the potential of electricity generation from biogas and heat energy arising from municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from the year 2021 to 2045 using anaerobic digestion (AD) and incineration (INC) technologies. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of implementing the aforementioned technologies in Lesotho. The environmental impact was assessed by using the life cycle assessment strategy based on global warming potential for three scenarios, while the economic assessment was carried out by using the net present value (NPV), levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and total life cycle cost. The key findings show that, over 25 years (2021–2045), MSW generation will range from 185.855 to 513.587 kilotons. The methane yield for the duration of the project for AD technology is 44.67–126.56 thousand cubic meters per year. Moreover, the electricity generation will range from 0.336–0.887 GWh for AD technology and 17.15–45.34 GWh for INC technology. Economically, the results demonstrated that the two waste-to-energy technologies are viable, as evidenced by their positive NPV. The NPV for AD was about USD 0.514 million, and that for INC technology was USD 339.65 million. AD and INC have LCOEs of 0.029 and 0.0023 USD/kWh, respectively. The findings demonstrate that AD can minimize the potential for global warming by 95%, signifying a huge environmental advantage. This paper serves to provide the government, as well as the investors, with current and trustworthy information on waste-to-energy technologies in terms of costs, execution and worldwide effect, which could aid optimal decision-making in waste-to-energy projects in Lesotho.</p> </abstract>
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Zhang, Ye Shui, Hua Lun Zhu, Dingding Yao, Paul T. Williams, Chunfei Wu, Dan Xu, Qiang Hu, et al. "Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes for CNT and hydrogen production: a review." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 17 (2021): 4173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00619c.
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Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes such as tyres, plastics, biomass and crude glycerol is a promising technology compared to traditional waste treatment options (e.g. incineration and landfill).
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Alamu, Samuel O., Ayodeji Wemida, Tiyobistiya Tsegaye, and Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein. "Sustainability Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste in Baltimore USA." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041915.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainability assessment of municipal solid waste management requires a holistic approach in evaluating the impacts of current technology and processes. In this study, the sustainability analysis of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration plant in Baltimore city was performed to determine its environmental, economic, and social impacts. The city’s major waste-to-energy generation plant has benefitted the city of Baltimore since inception till date in terms of waste processing, resulting in electricity and steam production for more than 40,000 homes and over 200 businesses. The life cycle impact of the incineration plant was analyzed using the Simapro life cycle assessment (LCA) software with the Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) database for correlation. The results obtained upon analysis show larger values of Global Warming Potential and eutrophication potential as 6.46 × 108 Gg of CO2 equivalence and 2.27 × 106 Gg N equivalence, respectively. These values resulted from the higher amount of fossil CO2 and NOx emitted from the plant. The acidification potential of 1.66 × 1017 H+ mmole eq resulted from the SO2 emitted by the incineration plant. The incineration plant exceeded the limitations set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on NOx (150 ppm), which is detrimental to the well-being of people as shown by this study. Installing an improved processing technology such as a Selected Catalytic Reactor (SCR) can drastically reduce the NOx emission to 45 ppm. Life Cycle Assessment was confirmed suitable in evaluating the environmental impacts of the MSW-to-energy treatment approach.
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Parés Viader, Raimon, Pernille Erland Jensen, Lisbeth M. Ottosen, Tobias P. Thomsen, Jesper Ahrenfeldt, and Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen. "Comparison of phosphorus recovery from incineration and gasification sewage sludge ash." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 5 (December 28, 2016): 1251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.620.
Full textAbstract:
Incineration of sewage sludge is a common practice in many western countries. Gasification is an attractive option because of its high energy efficiency and flexibility in the usage of the produced gas. However, they both unavoidably produce sewage sludge ashes, a material that is rich in phosphorus, but which is commonly landfilled or used in construction materials. With current uncertainty in phosphate rock supply, phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ashes has become interesting. In the present work, ashes from incineration and gasification of the same sewage sludge were compared in terms of phosphorus extractability using electrodialytic (ED) methods. The results show that comparable recovery rates of phosphorus were achieved with a single ED step for incineration ashes and a sequential combination of two ED steps for gasification ashes, which was due to a higher influence of iron and/or aluminium in phosphorus solubility for the latter. A product with lower level of metallic impurities and comparable to wet process phosphoric acid was eventually obtained from gasification ashes. Thus, gasification becomes an interesting alternative to incineration also in terms of phosphorus separation.