Journal articles on the topic 'Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)'
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1
Zoller, Florian, Jan Luxa, Thomas Bein, Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Daniel Bouša, and Zdeněk Sofer. "Flexible freestanding MoS2-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 24, 2019): 1488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.147.
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The construction of flexible electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation is of utmost importance in modern society. In this article, we report on the synthesis of flexible MoS2-based composite paper by high-energy shear force milling and simple vacuum filtration. This composite material combines high flexibility, mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Chronopotentiometric charge–discharge measurements were used to determine the capacitance of our paper material. The highest capacitance achieved was 33 mF·cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm−2, demonstrating potential application in supercapacitors. We further used the material as a cathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset potential of approximately −0.2 V vs RHE. The onset potential was even lower (approximately −0.1 V vs RHE) after treatment with n-butyllithium, suggesting the introduction of new active sites. Finally, a potential use in lithium ion batteries (LIB) was examined. Our material can be used directly without any binder, additive carbon or copper current collector and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation devices where high flexibility and mechanical strength are desired.
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Bari, Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul, Jae-Ho Jeong, and Hasi Rani Barai. "Conductive Gels for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Generation: Materials Design Strategies, Properties, and Applications." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102268.
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Gel-based materials have garnered significant interest in recent years, primarily due to their remarkable structural flexibility, ease of modulation, and cost-effective synthesis methodologies. Specifically, polymer-based conductive gels, characterized by their unique conjugated structures incorporating both localized sigma and pi bonds, have emerged as materials of choice for a wide range of applications. These gels demonstrate an exceptional integration of solid and liquid phases within a three-dimensional matrix, further enhanced by the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. This unique composition endows them with a versatility that finds application across a diverse array of fields, including wearable energy devices, health monitoring systems, robotics, and devices designed for interactive human-body integration. The multifunctional nature of gel materials is evidenced by their inherent stretchability, self-healing capabilities, and conductivity (both ionic and electrical), alongside their multidimensional properties. However, the integration of these multidimensional properties into a single gel material, tailored to meet specific mechanical and chemical requirements across various applications, presents a significant challenge. This review aims to shed light on the current advancements in gel materials, with a particular focus on their application in various devices. Additionally, it critically assesses the limitations inherent in current material design strategies and proposes potential avenues for future research, particularly in the realm of conductive gels for energy applications.
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Meena, Shanker Lal. "Study of Photoactive Materials Used in Photo Electrochemical Cell for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage." Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASE) 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jase.v3i1.40.
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Photoelectrochemical Cell is a device that absorbs light with a high-absorption electrolyte solution and provides energy for photo chemical reactions. Ponceau-S was used as a photosensitizer and EDTA served as a reducing agent in the study of photoelectronchemical cells. The photocurrent and photo potential were 1047.0 mV and 390.0 µA respectively. The highest power of the cell was 84.0 µW, with a conversion efficiency of 1.61%. The fill factor of the cell was 0.20. The photoelectric cell can function at this power level for 240.0 minutes in storage (performance). The effects of various parameters on the cell's electrical output were observed. In this study, a mechanism for photocurrent generation in Photoelectrochemical cells is proposed.
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Wongsurakul, Peerawat, Mutsee Termtanun, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Prasert Pavasant, Izumi Kumakiri, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092986.
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Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
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Shahparasti, Mahdi, Amirhossein Rajaei, Andres Tarraso, Jose David Vidal Leon Romay, and Alvaro Luna. "Control and Validation of a Reinforced Power Conversion System for Upcoming Bioelectrochemical Power to Gas Stations." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121470.
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This paper presents a proposal for potential bioelectrochemical power to gas stations. It consists of a two-level voltage source converter interfacing the electrical grid on the AC side and an electromethanogenesis based bioelectrochemical system (EMG-BES) working as a stacked module on the DC side. The proposed system converts CO2 and electrical energy into methane, using wastewater as the additional chemical energy input. This energy storage system can contribute to dampening the variability of renewables in the electrical network, provide even flexibility and grid services by controlling the active and reactive power exchanged and is an interesting alternative technology in the market of energy storage for big energy applications. The big challenge for controlling this system lays in the fact that the DC bus voltage of the converter has to be changed in order to regulate the exchanged active power with the grid. This paper presents a cascade approach to control such a system by means of combining external control loops with fast inner loops. The outer power loop, with a proportional-integral (PI) controller with special limitation values and anti-windup capability, is used to generate DC bus voltage reference. An intermediate loop is used for DC bus voltage regulation and current reference generation. A new proportional resonant controller is used to track the current reference. The proposed scheme has been validated through real-time simulation in OPAL OP4510.
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Chen, Xiangping, Wenping Cao, and Lei Xing. "GA Optimization Method for a Multi-Vector Energy System Incorporating Wind, Hydrogen, and Fuel Cells for Rural Village Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173554.
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Utilization of renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, bio-energy) is high on international and governmental agendas. In order to address energy poverty and increase energy efficiency for rural villages, a hybrid distribution generation (DG) system including wind, hydrogen and fuel cells is proposed to supplement to the main grid. Wind energy is first converted into electrical energy while part of the generated electricity is used for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen for energy storage. Hydrogen is used by fuel cells to convert back to electricity when electrical energy demand peaks. An analytical model has been developed to coordinate the operation of the system involving energy conversion between mechanical, electrical and chemical forms. The proposed system is primarily designed to meet the electrical demand of a rural village in the UK where the energy storage system can balance out the discrepancy between intermittent renewable energy supplies and fluctuating energy demands so as to improve the system efficiency. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization strategy to determine the operational scheme for the multi-vector energy system. In the work, four case studies are carried out based on real-world measurement data. The novelty of this study lies in the GA-based optimization and operational methods for maximized wind energy utilization. This provides an alternative to battery energy storage and can be widely applied to wind-rich rural areas.
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Deng, Laicong, Zhuxian Yang, Rong Li, Binling Chen, Quanli Jia, Yanqiu Zhu, and Yongde Xia. "Graphene-reinforced metal-organic frameworks derived cobalt sulfide/carbon nanocomposites as efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2085-3.
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AbstractDeveloping cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is vital in energy conversion and storage applications. Herein, we report a simple method for the synthesis of graphene-reinforced CoS/C nanocomposites and the evaluation of their electrocatalytic performance for typical electrocatalytic reactions. Nanocomposites of CoS embedded in N, S co-doped porous carbon and graphene (CoS@C/Graphene) were generated via simultaneous sulfurization and carbonization of one-pot synthesized graphite oxide-ZIF-67 precursors. The obtained CoS@C/Graphene nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gas sorption. It is found that CoS nanoparticles homogenously dispersed in the in situ formed N, S co-doped porous carbon/graphene matrix. The CoS@C/10Graphene composite not only shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward ORR with high onset potential of 0.89 V, four-electron pathway and superior durability of maintaining 98% of current after continuously running for around 5 h, but also exhibits good performance for OER and HER, due to the improved electrical conductivity, increased catalytic active sites and connectivity between the electrocatalytic active CoS and the carbon matrix. This work offers a new approach for the development of novel multifunctional nanocomposites for the next generation of energy conversion and storage applications.
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Iglesias Gonzalez, Maria, and Georg Schaub. "Gaseous Hydrocarbon Synfuels from Renewable Electricity via H2/CO2-Flexibility of Fixed-Bed Catalytic Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 1089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0135.
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Abstract The increased generation of renewable electricity (wind, solar), due to its fluctuating characteristic, leads to an increasing storage demand. A potential storage technology is the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy (e.g. in form of gaseous hydrocarbons), which can be easily stored and distributed in an existing natural gas grid. CO2 is the C-source of choice, from biogas plants or industrial processes, making possible the production and use of C-based fuels without increasing the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The combination of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and CO2 shift reaction, using iron-based catalyst, offers the possibility to produce substitute natural gas (SNG) components from CO2. Due to the fluctuating nature of hydrogen production from renewable electrical energy, advantages can be identified if the chemical reactor is operated under variable load conditions. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flexibility of a catalytic synthesis reactor as a potential component in a future energy system with a high contribution of renewable energy. The hydrogenation of CO2 to gaseous components is studied in a fixed-bed lab-scale reactor to determine kinetic parameters and hydrocarbon product distribution. Results from the experimental work are implemented in the mathematical model and are the basis for the conceptual design of the catalytic fixed-bed reactor able to operate under variable load conditions.
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Березіна, Наталія, and Клавдія Мудрак. "ПАЛИВНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ – АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЕ ДЖЕРЕЛО ЕНЕРГІЇ." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 112 (November 30, 2022): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-112-204-210.
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Electricity production by stations operating on coal, natural gas, gasoline, or other energy carriers is carried out according to the scheme: chemical energy of fuel - thermal energy - energy of motion - electricity. Chemical energy in fuel cells is converted into electrical energy, avoiding intermediate stages. At the same time, a significant gain is obtained both in materials and in energy. These devices are long-term chemical current sources. They are environmentally friendly. Their use in the automotive industry also significantly reduces harmful emissions into the environment. There are two areas of PE application: autonomous and large power generation. In particular, FSs can solve today's pressing problem of energy storage: daily and weekly load fluctuations of power systems significantly reduce their efficiency and require so-called maneuvering capacities. One of the options for electrochemical energy storage is a fuel cell in combination with electrolyzers and gas holders (storage for large quantities of gas). The use of PE in a car promises the greatest benefits. Here, like nowhere else, the compactness of PE is indicated. Among all types of FS, FS with a polymer proton exchange membrane as an electrolyte (PEMFC) has currently found the greatest use. They are used in transport (almost 100% of all cars running on hydrogen). The segment of fuel cells with phosphoric acid as an electrolyte (PAFC) is considered the most "mature" among all fuel cell technologies. Advantages: - low requirements for fuel purity; a large resource of work. The main emphasis in their application is large stationary sources of thermal and electrical energy. FSs based on molten carbonate (MCFC) are characterized by high fuel conversion efficiency - electrical efficiency reaches 60%.
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Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh, Adefunke Fabuyide, Kenneth Ifeanyi Ibekwe, Sedat Sonko, and Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya. "ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF DESIGN AND INTEGRATION CHALLENGES." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i1.746.
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As the global pursuit of sustainable energy intensifies, the integration of renewable energy sources into existing power systems has become a critical focal point for electrical engineers. This review explores the challenges and advancements in the field of Electrical Engineering concerning the design and integration of renewable energy systems. The transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate engineering aspects involved. The first section of the review delves into the design challenges faced by electrical engineers when developing efficient and reliable renewable energy systems. This encompasses the optimization of power generation from intermittent sources, the enhancement of energy conversion technologies, and the development of energy storage solutions to mitigate the inherent variability of renewables. Cutting-edge design methodologies and innovative materials are discussed to highlight the ongoing efforts to improve the performance and reliability of renewable energy systems. The second section focuses on the integration challenges encountered during the incorporation of renewable energy into existing power grids. Grid stability, power quality, and the management of decentralized energy sources pose significant hurdles. Electrical engineers are addressing these challenges through the implementation of advanced control systems, smart grid technologies, and energy management strategies. The review also explores the role of energy storage systems and the potential of emerging technologies like microgrids in facilitating seamless integration. Furthermore, the review examines the interdisciplinary nature of electrical engineering in the context of renewable energy, emphasizing the collaboration between electrical engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers. The synergy between these disciplines is crucial for developing holistic solutions that address not only technical challenges but also environmental and regulatory considerations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design and integration challenges faced by electrical engineers in the realm of renewable energy systems. By understanding and overcoming these challenges, the global community can accelerate the transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Energy Integration, Challenges, Electrical, Engineering, Review.
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Nivetha, Ravi, Sushant Sharma, Jayasmita Jana, Jin Suk Chung, Won Mook Choi, and Seung Hyun Hur. "Recent Advances and New Challenges: Two-Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework and Their Composites/Derivatives for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 13, 2023): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8711034.
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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new generation of intrinsically porous extended crystalline materials formed by coordination bonding between the organic ligands and metal ions or clusters, have attracted considerable interest in many applications owing to their high porosity, diverse structures, and controllable chemical structure. Recently, 2D transition-metal- (TM-) based MOFs have become a hot topic in this field because of their high aspect ratio derived from their large lateral size and small thickness, as well as the advantages of MOFs. Moreover, 2D TM-based MOFs can act as good precursors to construct heterostructures with high electrical conductivity and abundant active sites for a range of applications. This review comprehensively introduces the widely adopted synthesis strategies of 2D TM-based MOFs and their composites/derivatives. In addition, this paper summarizes and highlights the recent advances in energy conversion and storage, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, CO2 reduction reaction, urea oxidation reaction, batteries, and supercapacitors. Finally, the challenges in developing these intriguing 2D layered materials and their composites/derivatives are examined, and the possible proposals for future directions to enhance the energy conversion and storage performance are reviewed.
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Biswas, Saheli, Shambhu Singh Rathore, Aniruddha Pramod Kulkarni, Sarbjit Giddey, and Sankar Bhattacharya. "A Theoretical Study on Reversible Solid Oxide Cells as Key Enablers of Cyclic Conversion between Electrical Energy and Fuel." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 4517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154517.
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Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) enable the efficient cyclic conversion between electrical and chemical energy in the form of fuels and chemicals, thereby providing a pathway for long-term and high-capacity energy storage. Amongst the different fuels under investigation, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia have gained immense attention as carbon-neutral energy vectors. Here we have compared the energy efficiency and the energy demand of rSOC based on these three fuels. In the fuel cell mode of operation (energy generation), two different routes have been considered for both methane and ammonia; Routes 1 and 2 involve internal reforming (in the case of methane) or cracking (in the case of ammonia) and external reforming or cracking, respectively. The use of hydrogen as fuel provides the highest round-trip efficiency (62.1%) followed by methane by Route 1 (43.4%), ammonia by Route 2 (41.1%), methane by Route 2 (40.4%), and ammonia by Route 1 (39.2%). The lower efficiency of internal ammonia cracking as opposed to its external counterpart can be attributed to the insufficient catalytic activity and stability of the state-of-the-art fuel electrode materials, which is a major hindrance to the scale-up of this technology. A preliminary cost estimate showed that the price of hydrogen, methane and ammonia produced in SOEC mode would be ~1.91, 3.63, and 0.48 $/kg, respectively. In SOFC mode, the cost of electricity generation using hydrogen, internally reformed methane, and internally cracked ammonia would be ~52.34, 46.30, and 47.11 $/MWh, respectively.
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Afanasev, Pavel, Evgeny Popov, Alexey Cheremisin, Roman Berenblyum, Evgeny Mikitin, Eduard Sorokin, Alexey Borisenko, Viktor Darishchev, Konstantin Shchekoldin, and Olga Slavkina. "An Experimental Study of the Possibility of In Situ Hydrogen Generation within Gas Reservoirs." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165121.
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Hydrogen can be generated in situ within reservoirs containing hydrocarbons through chemical reactions. This technology could be a possible solution for low-emission hydrogen production due to of simultaneous CO2 storage. In gas fields, it is possible to carry out the catalytic methane conversion (CMC) if sufficient amounts of steam, catalyst, and heat are ensured in the reservoir. There is no confirmation of the CMC’s feasibility at relatively low temperatures in the presence of core (reservoir rock) material. This study introduces the experimental results of the first part of the research on in situ hydrogen generation in the Promyslovskoye gas field. A set of static experiments in the autoclave reactor were performed to study the possibility of hydrogen generation under reservoir conditions. It was shown that CMC can be realized in the presence of core and ex situ prepared Ni-based catalyst, under high pressure up to 207 atm, but at temperatures not lower than 450 °C. It can be concluded that the crushed core model improves the catalytic effect but releases carbon dioxide and light hydrocarbons, which interfere with the hydrogen generation. The maximum methane conversion rate to hydrogen achieved at 450 °C is 5.8%.
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Guignard, Nathan, Christian Cristofari, Vincent Debusschere, Lauric Garbuio, and Tina Le Mao. "Micro Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: Sketching a Sustainable Hybrid Solution for Colombian Off-Grid Communities." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 16734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416734.
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Currently, electricity generation in off-grid communities is done through polluting and often inefficient diesel generators. When renewable energies are implemented, they are often coupled with chemical batteries, whose specificities do not fit well with remote and harsh environments. As a more sustainable alternative, this paper looks at micro pumped hydro energy storage coupled with solar photovoltaic production. Rural electrification in Colombia is selected as the best potential context for such a solution. Several electrical machines are considered for energy conversion (associated with one pump also utilized as turbine for robustness and cost reasons) and rated over-dedicated criteria: reactive power, efficiency, price, flexibility of power intake, complexity, and robustness. This sketching phase highlights two machines, induction and permanent magnet synchronous machines, both coupled with a variable frequency drive. Two microgrid configurations are also selected that best suit this storage technology to the needs of Colombian non-interconnected zones. A pursuit of low-tech, robust solutions is carried in this paper for reasons of costs, maintenance, and local appropriation.
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Jin, Qianwen, Yajing Yan, Chenchen Hu, Yongguang Zhang, Xi Wang, and Chunyong Liang. "Carbon Nanotube-Modified Nickel Hydroxide as Cathode Materials for High-Performance Li-S Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050886.
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The advantages of high energy density and low cost make lithium–sulfur batteries one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems. However, the electrical insulativity of sulfur and the serious shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) still impedes its further development. In this regard, a uniform hollow mesoporous Ni(OH)2@CNT microsphere was developed to address these issues. The SEM images show the Ni(OH)2 delivers an average size of about 5 μm, which is composed of nanosheets. The designed Ni(OH)2@CNT contains transition metal cations and interlayer anions, featuring the unique 3D spheroidal flower structure, decent porosity, and large surface area, which is highly conducive to conversion systems and electrochemical energy storage. As a result, the as-fabricated Li-S battery delivers the reversible capacity of 652 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles, demonstrating excellent capacity retention with a low average capacity loss of only 0.081% per cycle at 1 C. This work has shown that the Ni(OH)2@CNT sulfur host prepared by hydrothermal embraces delivers strong physical absorption as well as chemical affinity.
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Nunna, Guru Prakash, Rosaiah Pitcheri, Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Baseem Khan, and Ko Tae Jo. "Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets/Vanadium Nitride@Carbon Composite Electrodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (October 31, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8091900.
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Lithium-ion batteries have delivered outstanding charge storage performance due to their high energy density and low cost and also more specialized energy conversion device for next-generation electrical appliances. Herein, we offered the ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene (titanium carbide) nanosheets/vanadium nitride (VN)@carbon (C) nanocomposites for lithium-ion storage application as a high-capacity anode material. The proposed anode material is Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite as synthesized via chemical precipitation. The real-time half-cell of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite shows the excellent initial discharge specific capacity of 1237 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 with a reverse rate capacity of 685 mAh g-1. The high specific capacity of 645 mAh g-1 has been attained even after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g-1. This type of rich reverse rate capacity and stability of the anode electrode is responsible due to the high conductivities and surface areas of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets/VN@C composite, which is provided easy accessibility of Li+ ions.
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Buonomenna, Maria Giovanna. "Proton-Conducting Ceramic Membranes for the Production of Hydrogen via Decarbonized Heat: Overview and Prospects." Hydrogen 4, no. 4 (October 13, 2023): 807–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4040050.
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Proton-conducting ceramic membranes show high hydrogen ion conductivity in the temperature range of 300–700 °C. They are attracting significant attention due to their relevant characteristics compared to both higher-temperature oxygen ion-conducting ceramic membranes and lower-temperature proton-conducting polymers. The aim of this review is to integrate the fundamentals of proton-conducting ceramic membranes with two of their relevant applications, i.e., membrane reactors (PCMRs) for methane steam reforming (SMR) and electrolysis (PCEC). Both applications facilitate the production of pure H2 in the logic of process intensification via decarbonized heat. Firstly, an overview of various types of hydrogen production is given. The fundamentals of proton-conducting ceramic membranes and their applications in PCMRs for SMR and reversible PCEC (RePCEC), respectively, are given. In particular, RePCECs are of particular interest when renewable power generation exceeds demand because the excess electrical energy is converted to chemical energy in the electrolysis cell mode, therefore representing an appealing solution for energy conversion and grid-scale storage.
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Sandu, Vlad-Cristian, Ana-Maria Cormos, and Calin-Cristian Cormos. "Fuel Reactor CFD Multiscale Modelling in Syngas-Based Chemical Looping Combustion with Ilmenite." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 6059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196059.
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As global power generation is currently relying on fossil fuel-based power plants, more anthropogenic CO2 is being released into the atmosphere. During the transition period to alternative energy sources, carbon capture and storage seems to be a promising solution. Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is an energy conversion technology designed for combustion of fossil fuel with advantageous carbon capture capabilities. In this work, a 1D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) multiscale model was developed to study the reduction step in a syngas-based CLC system and was validated using literature data (R=0.99). In order to investigate mass transfer effects, flow rate and particle dimension studies were carried out. Sharper mass transfer rates were seen at lower flow rates and smaller granule sizes due to suppression of diffusion limitations. In addition, a 3D CFD particle model was developed to investigate in depth the reduction within an ilmenite particle, with focus on heat transfer effects. Minor differences of 1 K were seen when comparing temperature changes predicted by the two models during the slightly exothermic reduction reaction with syngas.
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Xiao, Gang, Zhide Wang, Dong Ni, and Peiwang Zhu. "Kinetics and Structural Optimization of Cobalt-Oxide Honeycomb Structures Based on Thermochemical Heat Storage." Energies 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2023): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073237.
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Thermochemical heat storage is an important solar-heat-storage technology with a high temperature and high energy density, which has attracted increasing attention and research in recent years. The mono-metallic redox pair Co3O4/CoO realizes heat storage and exothermic process through a reversible redox reaction. Its basic principle is to store energy by heat absorption through a reduction reaction during high-irradiation hours (high temperature) and then release heat through an exothermic-oxidation reaction during low-irradiation hours (low temperature). This paper presents the design of a cobalt-oxide honeycomb structure, which is extruded from pure Co3O4, a porous media with a high heat-storage density and a high conversion rate. Based on the experimental data, a three-dimensional axisymmetric multi-physics numerical model was developed to simulate the flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, and chemical reaction in the thermochemical heat-storage reactor. Unlike the previous treatment approach of equating chemical reactions with surface reactions, the model in this paper considers the consumption and generation of solids and the diffusion and transfer of oxygen in the porous medium during the reaction process, which brings the simulation results closer to the real values. Finally, the influence of the physical parameters of the honeycomb-structured body on the storage and exothermic process is explored in a wide range. The simulation results show that the physical-parameter settings and structural design of the cobalt-oxide honeycomb structure used in this paper are reasonable, and are conducive to improving its charging/discharging performance.
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Shi, Yan, and Si Qin Chang. "Research on Design and Testing of a Novel Power Source for Hybrid Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 2285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.2285.
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In auto industry extensive use of traditional IC engines and fossil fuel as power source has lead to serious environmental problems and social issues. Development of hybrid vehicles is a hopeful technology to solve above problems. As a vital part of IC engine-electric hybrid vehicles, power source should generate electricity efficiently. Supported by National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) a novel Internal Combustion Linear-Generator Integrated Power System (ICLG) is researched in this paper. ICLG mainly consists of four-stroke free-piston engine, linear motor, reversible electrical energy storage device, and control unit and has the potential to convert the chemical energy of fuel to electrical energy efficiently. Achievements for improving efficiency, such as minimizing the energy transmission and conversion link, movement control of piston by adjusting electromagnetic force, optimization of thermodynamic cycle, and sub-cylinder or sub-cylinders mode, are analyzed and validated by testing. Testing results show that the generating efficiency is about 32%, which can be improved by further study. ICLG is hopeful to be the new generation power source of hybrid vehicles which has the character of power saving and environmental protecting.
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Chen, Fanglin (Frank) (Frank). "(Invited) Design of Ceramic Fuel Electrode for Solid Oxide Cells for Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbon Fuels and for Direct CO2 Electrolysis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491910mtgabs.
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Large scale consumption of fossil fuels has led to the rapid increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration, resulting in very adverse environmental concerns and frequent natural disasters. There is a grand challenge to improve conversion efficiency of fossil fuels and mitigate CO2 emmissions for terrestial applications. To enable long-term manned space exploration, there are critical needs in recycling CO2 to oxygen for life support and in situ generation of propellants using CO2 feedstock for ascent vehicles. Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have a great promise for energy conversion and storage for both terrestrial applications and space explorations. In the fuel cell mode, SOCs can convert chemical energy to electrical energy with high efficiency and fuel flexibility. In the electrolysis mode, SOCs can efficiently utilize CO2 as feedstock for chemical synthesis. The conventional Ni-based fuel electrode is vulnerable to deactivation by carbon build-up (coking) from direct oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels or for direct electrolysis of CO2, and suffers volume instability on redox cycling. This talk will report novel heterogeneous functional materials as SOC fuel electrodes that possess a combined property of good coking resistance and redox cyclability, enabling SOCs to be operated on hydrocarbon fuels for electricity generation in the fuel cell mode and for direct CO2 electrolysis for fuel synthesis in the electrolysis mode. The general philosophy to design novel SOC fuel electrodes is to develop ceramic materials that are redox-stable, possess mixed ionic and electronic mixed conductivity, and have catalytic activities for fuel oxidation and CO2 splitting reaction. Different types of ceramic fuel electrode materials have been explored and characterized as SOC fuel electrodes. The phase formation, redox-stability, electrical conductivity, electrochemical performance, and tolerance to coking and redox-cycling have been systematically evaluated. By judicious design of ceramic-based heterogeneous functional materials, high performance redox-flexible ceramic fuel electrodes can be achieved for direct oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels and for direct CO2 electrolysis. Acknowledgements Financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-EE0009427), National Science Foundation (DMR–1832809) and NASA EPSCoR (Grant # 80NSSC20M0233) is greatly appreciated.
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Anderson, Grace C., Siddharth Rajupet, John G. Petrovick, Douglas I. Kushner, Alexis T. Bell, and Adam Z. Weber. "Exploring Proton Activity at the Membrane/Electrode Interface with Microelectrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 39 (December 22, 2023): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02391931mtgabs.
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Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) technology is a key component in low-temperature, high efficiency fuel cells and electrolyzers. Hydrogen fuel cells convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electrical energy, while water electrolyzers do the opposite, using electrical energy to generate hydrogen and oxygen from water. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are attractive technologies for clean and efficient energy conversion, with wide-ranging applications, including transportation, stationary power generation, and energy storage. These technologies have significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels, making them a crucial component of the transition towards a low-carbon economy. The most commonly used PEMs are perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes, and they have been extensively studied. However, the proton activity at the membrane-electrode interface under solid-state operating conditions is very challenging to measure and remains unclear. The interfacial proton activity plays a critical role in the kinetic performance, therefore understanding how different polymer properties and operating conditions impact the proton activity will give new insights to improve performance. The proton activity is calculated for equilibrium and reaction conditions through ocv measurements and kinetic fitting to HOR/HER measurements in a three-electrode microelectrode system. Additionally, investigating the impacts of water activity, proton concentration, and equivalent weight offers new insights into the properties and behavior of the local environment.
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Suryaprabha, Thirumalaisamy, and Seungkyung Park. "Fabrication of multifunctional cotton textile with battery waste- derived graphene oxide for enhanced joule heating and electromagnetic interference shielding." Journal of Industrial Textiles 53 (January 2023): 152808372311789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837231178945.
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Nowadays, the research on wearable electronics have received tremendous attraction because of their potential applications in personalized health monitoring and treatment, energy conversion and storage, and human-machine interface system. Herein, we report a facile route for the fabrication of electrically conductive cotton fabric with excellent joule heating and high electromagnetic shielding performances using graphene oxide (GO) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The GO used in this study is exclusively synthesized from spent batteries in order to minimize the environmental pollution. The surface morphology, elemental analysis, electrical conductivity, thermo-heating behavior and electromagnetic shielding performance have been studied systematically. Due to the high electrical conductivity, the GO-Ag coated cotton with 5 wt% of GO reached high surface temperature of 117.8°C within 35 s, and also it exhibits high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency value of 79.08 dB. The high flexibility, excellent conductivity, electromagnetic shielding efficiency and joule heating performance of GO-Ag coated cotton fabric suggesting that the GO synthesized from spent batteries will be a potential and valuable resource for the new generation of wearable electronics.
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Liu, Xingbo, Hanchen Tian, and Wenyuan Li. "(Invited) Proton‐Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells for Hydrogen Production - Materials Design and Catalyst Surface Engineering." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491907mtgabs.
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Solid oxide steam electrolysis cell, a promising electrical-chemical conversion device for the next generation efficient hydrogen production and energy storage, has been actively studied because of their high energy conversion efficiencies and prospective applications as electrochemical reactors. After decades of research on protonic ceramic materials, remarkable advances have been made in the protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) air electrode and electrolyte. However, the existing air electrodes are far from satisfying the requirements of practical applications, a series of issues, including the lack of active and durable electrodes, greatly limit the commercialization. To date, the systematic development of triple conducting catalysts remains abstruse because of the challenges of characterizing protonic behavior. A quantitative properties assessment and prediction on protonic properties of perovskite are still not available. Starting with a computational fluid dynamic modeling on the protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) air electrode, we focused on the materials design of air electrode materials by employing model guidance, operating durability optimization by electrode structure engineering, as well as the air electrode surface tailoring to overcome the most rate-limiting step. Thus, the electrochemical performance and durability of PCEC care comprehensively improved. The fabrication methods, characterization techniques with electrochemical performance are presented. Further work plans and implications are proposed regarding optimizing the structure of materials, preparation technology, and better understanding the role of these triple conductors. This research is expected to provide an in-depth understanding and offer avenues in the rational design of PCEC with long operational life and high energy/power density in the near future.
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Indhu, A. R., L. Keerthana, and Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam. "Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (March 27, 2023): 380–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.33.
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The application of plasmonic nanoparticles is motivated by the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance. Owing to the tunability of optothermal properties and enhanced stability, these nanostructures show a wide range of applications in optical sensors, steam generation, water desalination, thermal energy storage, and biomedical applications such as photothermal (PT) therapy. The PT effect, that is, the conversion of absorbed light to heat by these particles, has led to thriving research regarding the utilization of plasmonic nanoparticles for a myriad of applications. The design of conventional nanomaterials for PT conversion has focussed predominantly on the manipulation of photon absorption through bandgap engineering, doping, incorporation, and modification of suitable matrix materials. Plasmonic nanomaterials offer an alternative and attractive approach in this regard, through the flexibility in the excitation of surface plasmons. Specific advantages are the considerable improved bandwidth of the absorption, a higher efficiency of photon absorption, facile tuning, as well as flexibility in the synthesis of plasmonic nanomaterials. This review of plasmonic PT (PPT) research begins with a theoretical discussion on the plasmonic properties of nanoparticles by means of the quasi-static approximation, Mie theory, Gans theory, generic simulations on common plasmonic material morphologies, and the evaluation processes of PT performance. Further, a variety of nanomaterials and material classes that have potential for PPT conversion are elucidated, such as plasmonic metals, bimetals, and metal–metal oxide nanocomposites. A detailed investigation of the essential, but often ignored, concept of thermal, chemical, and aggregation stability of nanoparticles is another part of this review. The challenges that remain, as well as prospective directions and chemistries, regarding nanomaterials for PT conversion are pondered on in the final section of the article, taking into account the specific requirements from different applications.
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Chen, Yuzhu, and Meng Lin. "(Digital Presentation) Photo-Thermo-Electrochemical Cells for on-Demand Solar Power and Hydrogen Generation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 36 (July 7, 2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361560mtgabs.
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Converting solar energy into power and hydrogen provides a promising pathway to fulfilling instantaneous electricity demand (power generation) as well as continuous demand via storing energy in chemical bonds (hydrogen generation). Co-generation of power and hydrogen is of great interest due to its potential to overcome expensive electricity storage in conventional PV plus battery systems. Both solar thermochemistry processes and photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) are extensively explored technologies to produce solar hydrogen. The key challenges for solar thermochemistry processes are extremely high operating temperature (~ 1500 oC) and low demonstrated efficiency (< 1% for hydrogen generation). For PECs, the limited solar absorption together with sluggish electrochemical reactions, especially for OER, leads to limited theoretical solar fuel generation. Operating PECs at high temperature will lead to decreased photovoltage and interface stability. Inspired by the thermally regenerative batteries, we propose a photo-thermo-electrochemical (PTEC) device that uses the solid oxide-based moderate high temperature cell (~1000 ℃) as the photo-absorber for simultaneously converting concentrated solar radiation into heat and generating fuel or power electrochemically driven by the discharging power from the low temperature cell (~700 ℃). PTEC device enables full solar spectrum utilization, highly favorable thermodynamics and kinetics, and cost-effectiveness. A continuous PTEC device has two working modes, which are voltage differential (VD) mode and current differential (CD) mode. The current-voltage characteristics of a PTEC device are shown in Figure 1. It mainly consists of five parts. A high temperature cell (HTC) serves as a solar absorber and a low temperature cell (LTC) serves as heat recovery. Besides, the opposite electrochemical reactions take place in two cells meaning that HTC and LTC can also function as a hydrogen production as well as an electricity generator component, respectively. Heat exchanger(s) is placed between the HTC and LTC and hot fluids pass through a heat exchanger before entering LTC to reduce heat losses to environment as well as reducing input solar energy. The VD mode and CD mode can be realized in PTECs via controlling of DC-DC converter. In order to identify the main parameters, we develop a multi-physics model based on finite element method, including mass, heat and charge transfer, and electrochemical reactions. In addition, heat exchange is modeled by solving energy balance equation, DC-DC convertor is assumed by constant efficiency, and a lumped parameter model is used to describe solar receiver including energy losses of conduction and reradiation. This framework also allows us to provide design guidelines for PTEC devices with high solar-to-electricity (STE) efficiency and solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. The maximum STE and STH efficiency under reference conditions of PTEC device was found to be 4 % and 2 %. A further improved performance in terms of STE and STH efficiency are about 19 % and 16 %, respectively, via optimizing temperature configuration between HTC and LTC and material properties. It is also interesting to note that STH can reach higher than 80 % of STE at a large temperature difference, which shows a promising energy storage device by storing excessive electrical power in form of hydrogen. The main results show that the temperature of HTC and efficiency of heat exchange are key parameters to optimize PTEC efficiency. The performance of DC-DC convertor dominates STH efficiency. Besides, ionic conductivity of electrolyte can contribute to significantly expanding the operating current density range. The PTEC is a promising technology for solar energy conversion and storage as it is able to produce electricity and hydrogen in a single device. The solar conversion efficiency predicted with our numerical model supports that by optimizing the design and operational conditions, this technology can compete with existing solar fuel pathways. Figure 1
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Anastasiadis, Anestis G., Alexios Lekidis, Ioannis Pierros, Apostolos Polyzakis, Georgios A. Vokas, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Energy Cost Optimization for Incorporating Energy Hubs into a Smart Microgrid with RESs, CHP, and EVs." Energies 17, no. 12 (June 8, 2024): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17122827.
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The energy carrier infrastructure, including both electricity and natural gas sources, has evolved and begun functioning independently over recent years. Nevertheless, recent studies are pivoting toward the exploration of a unified architecture for energy systems that combines Multiple-Energy Carriers into a single network, hence moving away from treating these carriers separately. As an outcome, a new methodology has emerged, integrating electrical, chemical, and heating carriers and centered around the concept of Energy Hubs (EHs). EHs are complex systems that handle the input and output of different energy types, including their conversion and storage. Furthermore, EHs include Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, which offer greater efficiency and are more environmentally benign than traditional thermal units. Additionally, CHP units provide greater flexibility in the use of natural gas and electricity, thereby offering significant advantages over traditional methods of energy supply. This article introduces a new approach for exploring the steady-state model of EHs and addresses all related optimization issues. These issues encompass the optimal dispatch across multiple carriers, the optimal hub interconnection, and the ideal hub configuration within an energy system. Consequently, this article targets the reduction in the overall system energy costs, while maintaining compliance with all the necessary system constraints. The method is applied in an existing Smart Microgrid (SM) of a typical Greek 17-bus low-voltage distribution network into which EHs are introduced along with Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs). The SM experiments focus on the optimization of the operational cost using different operational scenarios with distributed generation (DG) and CHP units as well as EVs. A sensitivity analysis is also performed under variations in electricity costs to identify the optimal scenario for handling increased demand.
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Neuville, Stephane. "Selective Carbon Material Engineering for Improved MEMS and NEMS." Micromachines 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10080539.
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The development of micro and nano electromechanical systems and achievement of higher performances with increased quality and life time is confronted to searching and mastering of material with superior properties and quality. Those can affect many aspects of the MEMS, NEMS and MOMS design including geometric tolerances and reproducibility of many specific solid-state structures and properties. Among those: Mechanical, adhesion, thermal and chemical stability, electrical and heat conductance, optical, optoelectronic and semiconducting properties, porosity, bulk and surface properties. They can be affected by different kinds of phase transformations and degrading, which greatly depends on the conditions of use and the way the materials have been selected, elaborated, modified and assembled. Distribution of these properties cover several orders of magnitude and depend on the design, actually achieved structure, type and number of defects. It is then essential to be well aware about all these, and to distinguish and characterize all features that are able to affect the results. For this achievement, we point out and discuss the necessity to take into account several recently revisited fundamentals on carbon atomic rearrangement and revised carbon Raman spectroscopy characterizing in addition to several other aspects we will briefly describe. Correctly selected and implemented, these carbon materials can then open new routes for many new and more performing microsystems including improved energy generation, storage and conversion, 2D superconductivity, light switches, light pipes and quantum devices and with new improved sensor and mechanical functions and biomedical applications.
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Yi, Caspar, Evan Lee, Yash Milind Joshi, Vesa Ibrahimi, Michael Williams, Tyler Komorowski, Matthew Moellering, et al. "Galvanically Displaced Noble Metal Nanoparticles Onto Electrosprayed Graphene-CNT Electrodes for Lithium-Ion and Fuel Cell Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 9 (July 7, 2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-019763mtgabs.
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Advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and Fuel Cells demonstrate promise as the next generation energy storage and conversion (ESC) technology especially as it pertains to wearable technology and electric vehicles. Although LIB dominate the battery market (>90%) due its reliability, long cycle life, and market maturity, different and more innovative ways to improve the chemistry of the electrode structure must be discovered in order to reduce the cost of materials, dendritic issues at the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, and improve upon the limited anode capacity (graphite theoretical capacity 372 mAh g-1). Fuel cells are also promising renewable energy sources due to their high energy densities and scalability. However, both LIB and Fuel Cells are limited by the 3D materials that enable their enhanced electrochemical and catalytic performance. We propose a platform methodology for the synthesis of 3D electrodes with carbon nanomaterials and noble metals. The enhanced electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer an ideal platform for electrode design for energy storage applications. Here we utilize spontaneous galvanic displacement driven by reduction potential difference to produce three-dimensional (3D) graphene-CNT-noble metal nanoparticle 3D electrode without the use of any harsh chemical reducing agents. A graphene-CNT slurry with a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) binder is air-controlled electrosprayed onto copper foil to create 3D composite thin film electrodes. Although noble metals are expensive materials to be used in LIB, we propose a new approach for synthesizing conductive electrochemically stable electrodes. We demonstrate a spontaneous technique to reduce the noble metal salts by galvanically displacement with the copper substrate to deposit noble metal nanoparticles onto the graphene-CNT electrode. The noble metal salt solutions (HAuCl4, K2PtCl4, and Na2PdCl4) are drop casted onto the resulting copper supported graphene-CNT electrodes to enable electroless noble metal nanoparticle deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirms that the carbon nanomaterials are integrated with noble metal nanoparticles forming an overall 3D electrode structure. Raman spectroscopy verifies the characteristic D-band, G-band, and 2D-band peaks from the graphitic structure within the 3D carbon and noble metal nanostructure. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to characterize the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. We demonstrate that the use of an energy-free and spontaneous process based on the difference in thermodynamic reduction potentials as the driving force for producing carbon nanomaterial/noble metal nanostructured electrodes for batteries and fuel cells. This process is a more simple, scalable, and cost-efficient alternative to current methods for developing lightweight and catalytic electrodes for energy storage applications, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, and fuel cells. Raman Spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence defects on the oxidized carbon nanotube and graphene oxide surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology of the 3D carbon-noble metal structure and the surface elemental composition. Electrochemical characterization techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), performance testing for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and potentiostatic measurements are used to characterize the areal specific resistance (ASR), areal capacitance, electrochemical surface area, initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), rate capability and cycling performance, and electrochemical stability, respectively.
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Zhang, Hang, and Qing Wang. "A Redox-Mediated Zinc-Air Fuel Cell." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 38 (August 28, 2023): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01382275mtgabs.
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As one of the most promising power sources in converting and storing chemical energy, aqueous zinc-air batteries (ZABs) stand out because of their high theoretical energy density, low cost, high safety of aqueous electrolyte, and environmental friendliness. Three main types of ZABs including primary ZABs, mechanically rechargeable ZABs, and electrically rechargeable ZABs have been developed up to now.[1] Primary ZABs for single use are usually discarded after the Zn anode is consumed or passivated although other parts of battery remain intact, leading to enormous waste. To address it, the depleted anode and failure electrolyte can be physically replaced to recover the capacity in mechanically rechargeable ZABs. But the cumbersome disassembly/reassembly process and the performance deterioration after every recharge process limit its practical application. In addition, it is not feasible to replace zinc in some integrated systems, such as the large-scale ZAB stack. Electrically rechargeable ZABs with bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts could be returned to the original state by electrochemical charging process, but also face some formidable challenges, such as dendritic zinc deposition, electrode deformation, and hydrogen evolution, limiting the long-term cycling performance. Besides, sluggish kinetics of ORR/OER and Zn passivation result in low energy efficiency, limited depth of discharge and power density. Especially in the resource-constrained and off-grid region, there isn’t external electricity source to charge the electrically rechargeable ZABs which limits their applications. Moreover, the reactions inherently take place on the surface of Zn anode and air cathode, in which the storage and conversion capability of the cell would be essentially constrained by the surface area of electrode and the volume of electrode compartment. The concept of redox targeting (RT) of battery materials offers a feasible solution to address these issues by employing redox mediators (RMs). To tackle the above challenges, here we demonstrate a redox-mediated Zn-air fuel cell (RM-ZAFC) based on the RT reactions of cobalt triisopropanolamine complex (CoTiPA) with O2 and 7,8-dihydroxy-2-phenazinesulfonic acid (DHPS) with Zn metal in the catholyte and anolyte, respectively. Both the 4-electron (4 e-) ORR and Zn oxidation reactions are liberated from the electrode surface and occur inside separate reactor tanks resorting to the RT processes. Upon operation, Co(III)TiPA in the catholyte is electrochemically reduced to Co(II)TiPA on the cathode and chemically oxidized back through ORR in the gas diffusion tank (GDT) into which O2 is fed. In conventional ZABs, ORR takes place on the triple-phase reaction interface of the heterogeneous electrocatalyst, and the catalytic performance is closely related to the density of exposed active site, electrical conductivity and reaction energy barrier. As compared, the redox-mediated ORR in GDT occurs homogeneously in the catholyte in which the dissolved RM could provide a large quantity of rection sites with tunable reaction energy barrier. For the negative side, DHPS-2H is firstly oxidized to DHPS on the anode and circulated into anodic tank, where it is regenerated by oxidizing Zn to ZnO. The discharge product ZnO is formed and deposited on the Zn granules loaded in the tank. After fully discharged, the cell can be feasibly refueled by replacing the Zn granules in the tank instead of disassembling and reassembling the whole cell. In this RM-ZAFC, the energy storage unit is decoupled from the power generation unit, thus offering greater operation flexibility and system scalability with modular design than the conventional ZABs. Compared with the commercial hydrogen tank used in hydrogen fuel cells, Zn granules loaded in the anodic tank present much higher volumetric capacity, greater safety and ease for storage and transportation. Therefore, as an energy conversion and storage device, RM-ZAFC would have great promise for automotive, backup, and stationary power applications.[2] In addition, we also propose an efficient and zinc regeneration method by RT reaction between RM and the product ZnO in RM-ZAFC to avoid the waste of ZnO and reduce the cost. References [1] Y. Li, H. Dai, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5257. [2] H. Zhang, S. Huang, M. Salla, J. Zhuang, M. Gao, D. G. Lek, H. Ye, Q. Wang, ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 2565.
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Makgopa, Katlego, and Mpho Sofnee Ratsoma. "Structural Elucidation of Nitrogen-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Hausmannite Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02171mtgabs.
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The increasing consumption of fossils fuel accompanied by related carbon emissions and complex set of issues associated with the generation and use of electricity has raised an urgent need for reliable, renewable and sustainable energy alternatives [1]. Nanotechnology and the production of nanostructured materials has driven the rapid growth in the research of carbon nanomaterials as energy storage materials for supercapacitor (SCs) applications. Among several carbon nanomaterials explored for SCs, graphene has shown to be the leading carbon nanomaterial, due to its intriguing properties such as highly tunable surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, good chemical stability and excellent mechanical behavior [2]. Due to challenges in the bulk synthesis of graphene, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been opted as the preferred choice for the development of SC devices. Transition metal oxides also gained much interest in various research industries as materials for SCs applications. Among transition metal oxides, manganese oxide, MnxOy, appeared to be the promising electrode material due to its interesting properties such as cost effectiveness, high theoretical specific capacitance, high theoretical surface area (≥ 1370 m2 g-1), and excellent electrochemical reversibility. However, the poor conductivity of manganese oxide restricts its progress in SC applications [2, 3]. Therefore, great attention has been devoted to the improvement of the electronic properties of manganese oxides-based electrode materials by decorating them on highly conductive carbon-based nanomaterials. Although intensive study has been done on carbon nanomaterials integrated with MnxOy for pseudocapacitors, there is still less literature on the use of Mn3O4 nanoparticles decorated on carbon materials for application in SCs This work presents a hydrothermal synthesis of the nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide/hausmannite manganese oxide (N-rGO/Mn3O4) nanohybrid which showed a great electrochemical performance such as high specific capacitance of 345 F g-1 and a maximum of specific energy of 12.0 Wh kg-1 (current density: 0.1 A g−1), and a maximum specific power of 22.5 kW kg-1 (current density: 10.0 A g−1) in a symmetric configuration. The nanohybrid further showed excellent supercapacitor performance in an asymmetric configuration, with the maximum specific energy and power reaching 34.6 Wh kg−1 (0.1 A g−1) and 14.01 kW kg−1 (10.0 A g−1) respectively. The results obtained affirm the use of N-rGO/Mn3O4 as a potential electrode material for high energy and power supercapacitor devices that can be commercially competitive to that of rechargeable batteries. References [1] P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors., Nat. Mater. 7 (2008) 845 [2] K. Xie, B. Wei, Nanomaterials for stretchable energy storage and conversion devices, Nanosci. Technol. (2016) 159 [3] K. Makgopa, K. Raju, P.M. Ejikeme, K.I. Ozoemena, High-performance Mn3O4/onion-like carbon (OLC) nanohybrid pseudocapacitor: Unravelling the intrinsic properties of OLC against other carbon supports, Carbon 117 (2017) 20
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Yan, Caihong, and Shun Lu. "(Digital Presentation) Mo Doped Nickel Sulfide with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity for Hybrid Supercapacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 3 (August 28, 2023): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-013809mtgabs.
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Global energy depletion has become an irreversible fact. Researchers have vigorously pursued the development of renewable energy sources. It is well known that once renewable energy is produced, energy storage devices are needed to store the energy. Supercapacitor (SC) is considered to be a very promising energy storage device because of its long cycle life, high performance, and cost-effectiveness. As emerging SC devices, a battery-type electrode and a double-layer capacitor-type electrode as the anode and the cathode assembles a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) well [1, 2]. Using anode materials to provide high capacitance, the purpose of the high energy density of HSC devices is achieved [3]. Nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) has tremendous potential for energy storage and conversion due to its impressive theoretical capacitance and high redox rate. Previous studies have demonstrated that optimizing the electronic structure can enhance the electrical conductivity of transition metal sulfides [4]. Aggrandizing surface defects and introducing impurities are effective strategies to modulate the electronic structure. Interestingly, the generation of sulfur vacancies on metal sulfides can modulate their electronic structure and elevate electrical conductivity. On the other hand, introducing foreign metals into Ni3S2 materials is another promising strategy to modulate the electronic structure [5]. The doping of molybdenum ions can optimize the electronic structure configuration. Mo doping works in concert with the vacancies to achieve a dual regulation of the electronic structure. However, few reports have been devoted to modulating the electronic structure by combining the two effective strategies mentioned above. To our knowledge, studies on the optimal amount of Mo doping to achieve the best electrochemical properties in the synthesis of Ni3S2 have not been adequately considered so far [6]. [Figure insert] Figure. 1 (a) Crystal structures of NS and MNS, (b) ESR spectra of 0.75-MNS, (c) Comparative plots of the split peaks of the Ni 2p curves of 0.5-MNS, 0.75-MNS and 1.0-MNS, (d) High resolution XPS spectra of Mo 3d, (e) CV curves at 2 mV s−1, (f) GCD curves at 1 A g− 1, and (g) Ragone plot. Here, we propose that prepared Mo-doped Ni3S2 (denoted as MNS) by a one-pot hydrothermal method, which achieves the simultaneous two strategies of introducing impurities and increasing surface defects and attains a double optimization of the electronic structure of Ni3S2 materials (Fig. 1). To further shorten the charge transfer distance, the MNS is grown on nickel foam while avoiding the need for large amounts of conductive additives and adhesives. The prepared MNS microscopic features exhibit coral-like nanoclusters with a specific capacitance of 1531.2 C g−1 at 1 A g−1 when the Mo salt is added at 0.75 mmol. Furthermore, an HSC device was fabricated by utilizing the activated carbon (AC) electrode and MNS electrode, showing satisfying energy density (32.85 Wh kg−1 at 800 W kg−1). This work demonstrates the potential of MNS electrodes as anodes for HSC. References [1] Y. Ma, L. Zhang, Z. Yan, B. Cheng, J. Yu, T. Liu, Advanced Energy Materials (2022) 2103820. [2] He, W., Chen, K., Pathak, R., Hummel, M., Reza, K. M., Ghimire, N., Pokharel. J., Lu. S., Gu. Z., Qiao, Q., Zhou, Y. Chemical Engineering Journal (2021) 414, 128638.. [3] L. Xu, W. Zhou, S. Chao, Y. Liang, X. Zhao, C. Liu, J. Xu, Advanced Energy Materials (2022) 2200101. [4] Adhamash, E., Pathak, R., Chen, K., Rahman, M. T., El-Magrous, A., Gu, Z., Lu, S., Qiao, Q., Zhou, Y. Electrochimica Acta (2020) 362, 137148 [5] X. Luo, P. Ji, P. Wang, R. Cheng, D. Chen, C. Lin, J. Zhang, J. He, Z. Shi, N. Li, S. Xiao, S. Mu, Advanced Energy Materials (2020) 1903891. [6] Yan, C., Yang, X., Lu, S., Han, E., Chen, G., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., He, Y. Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2022) 928, 167189. Figure 1
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An, Wonyoung, Sung Ryul Choi, and Jun-Young Park. "Transition Metal Doped-Chalcogenide Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642370mtgabs.
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Hydrogen, which possesses high gravimetric energy density, has recently received great attentions to respond to the seriousness of global climate change [1, 2]. In particular, the alkaline water electrolysis cells (AECs) that can produce hydrogen through electrochemical reactions without greenhouse gas emissions are substantially promising as renewable next-generation energy storage and conversion devices. In AECs, oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) occur at the anode, while hydrogen evolution reactions take place at the cathode [3, 4]. However, the sluggish kinetics of the multi-electron transfer process is a paramount challenge for efficient OER activity. Furthermore, precious metal catalysts such as iridium and ruthenium are still mainly used as an OER catalyst, and their low economic efficiency and durability are acting as major problems in the commercialization stage. Therefore, the reduction of reaction overpotential is crucial to boost catalytic efficiency for OER in AECs. In this study, the OER catalyst study is performed on sulfide-based chalcogenide materials. It has been reported that the sulfide-based chalcogenide materials have shown the excellent catalytic activity because the covalent characteristics between transition metal and chalcogenide is stronger than that of oxide-based catalysts [5]. In particular, among various sulfide-based chalcogenide materials, nickel sulfide-based catalysts have actively studied because they can simply synthesize using a hydrothermal method. Additionally, nickel sulfides have a structurally Ni-Ni metal bond that makes it easy to transfer charge species for OERs. Herein, various transition metals are doped into the nickel sulfide to improve the catalytic activity and electrical conductivity via generation of extra defects in the crystal structure. The crystal structure and catalytic activity of chalcogenide catalysts are analyzed through various physicochemical and electrochemical analysis methods. References [1] Hainan Sun, Xiaomin Xu, Zhiwei Hu, Liu Hao Tjeng, Jie Zhao, Qin Zhang, Hong-Ji Lin, Chien-Te Chen, Ting-Shan Chan, Wei Zhou, Zongping Shao, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7 (2019) 9924. [2] Thomas E. Mallouk, Nature Chemistry 5 (2013) 362–363. [3] Muhammad Saqib, In-Gyu Choi, Hohan Bae, Kwangho Park, Ji-sup Shin, You-Dong Kim, John-In Lee, Minkyeong Jo, Yeong-Cehol Kim, Kug-Seung Lee, Sun-Ku Song, Eric D. Wachsman and Jun-Young Park, Energy & Environmental Science 14 (2021) 2472–2484. [4] Sung Ryul Choi, John-In Lee, Hyunyoung Park, Sung Won Lee, Dong Yeong Kim, Won Young An, Jung Hyun Kim, Jongsoon Kim, Hyun-seok Cho, Jun-Young Park, Chemical Engineering Journal 409 (2021) 128226. [5] Hatem M. A. Amin, UIf-Peter Apfel, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020 (2020) 2679–2690. Keywords: Oxygen evolution reaction, Alkaline electrolysis cell, Water splitting, Transition metal, Post-transition metal, Chalcogenide. * Corresponding author: jyoung@sejong.ac.kr (J. Y. Park)
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Salas Ventura, Santiago, Matthias Metten, Marius Tomberg, Dirk Ullmer, Cem Ünlübayir, Marc P. Heddrich, and S. Asif Ansar. "Transient Solid Oxide Cell Reactor Model Used in rSOC Mode-Switching Analysis and Power Split Control of an SOFC-Battery Hybrid." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 54 (August 28, 2023): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0154278mtgabs.
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Defossilization of the global energy system requires a transition towards intermittent renewable energy sources and approaches that enable efficient conversion of primary energy sources into electrical energy. Due to their high efficiency in converting chemical into electrical energy and vice versa, solid oxide cell (SOC) systems provide solutions for both of these aspects. Within this contribution, two researched cases utilizing SOC's are presented, based on simulation studies and experiments. Characteristically, SOC reactors produce hydrogen from steam in solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) mode, or electricity from reformates in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) mode. An application of both modes as reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) is to balance a renewable power supply with storage and power production, leading to high utilization of the same equipment. An application in SOFC mode is the maritime transportation powertrain. In both cases, transient operation is needed whenever mode transitions occur. In particular, switching between rSOC modes implies transitioning exothermal SOFC, endothermal, thermoneutral and exothermal SOE operation. Similarly, supplying the power demand of a maritime drivetrain in SOFC mode leads to various exothermic levels, as pertinent to part or full load operation. Operating strategies are needed to suppress potentially damaging thermal stresses during these transitions in the electrochemical SOC reactors. In order to identify such operating strategies, experiments have been carried out and a transient model has been developed for the analysis of rSOC mode-switching and SOFC drivetrain power supply, which are presented in this study. The 1D+1D SOC dynamic multi-reactor model includes the individual SOC reactors, piping and insulation, and is implemented in the in-house developed transient energy process system simulation framework TEMPEST [1,2]. The model couples the transient balances of mass and energy with electrochemistry, internal reforming kinetics, heat transfer, and flow distribution. As a result, temperature and voltage characteristics at cell, stack, and module levels are obtained to analyze for e.g. unwanted thermal stress. In the EU project SWITCH [3], experiments were performed at DLR with a Large Stack Module (LSM) from SolydEra (formerly SOLIDpower) to validate the model in transient 75 kW electrolysis mode, 25 kW fuel cell mode and mode-switching operation between electrolysis and polygeneration mode. The so called polygeneration mode refers to simultaneous generation of hydrogen and electricity at partial fuel utilization with natural gas, biogas or e-methane. Simulative studies of mode-switching procedures from SOE to SOFC-mode polygeneration show that drawing fuel cell current soon after reaching open circuit voltage and sufficiently in advance of the methane ramp completion leads to a reduced temperature decrease at the inlet of the cell without reaching oxygen to carbon ratios low enough to favor carbon deposition. In the EU project NAUTILUS [4], the mismatch between the transient response possibilities of SOFC systems and the power demand of a ship is addressed by connecting Li-ion batteries to the powertrain. Batteries respond to highly transient ship load demand changes, while the SOFC’s provide base part load to full load, according to a power split control strategy. A battery model developed and parametrized by the Chair for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems of RWTH Aachen University [5] was added to TEMPEST and validated using DLR experiments with a 40 kWh Li-ion battery. Simulation results of the SOFC-battery hybrid in Figure 1 show that a rule-based power split control strategy [6] ensures that the power demand of the ship is met at all times while the battery state of charge (SoC) remains within specified range, and the SOFC power is drawn at one of three fixed power levels for reduced thermal stress. An experimental campaign to test this and other control strategies with a 32 kW LSM from SolydEra and the 40 kWh battery is in progress at DLR. Acknowledgements Project SWITCH has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under Grant Agreement No 875148. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. Project NAUTILUS has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 861647. References [1] S. Srikanth et al., Applied Energy 232 (2018) 473–488. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.186 [2] M. Tomberg et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2022, 169, 054530. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac7009 [3] SWITCH [Online, 16.12.2022] https://switch-fch.eu/ [4] NAUTILUS [Online, 16.12.2022] https://nautilus-project.eu/ [5] ISEA Framework [Online, 16.12.2022] https://git.rwth-aachen.de/isea/framework [6] Peng, H. et al. (2020). eTransportation, 4, 100057. DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2020.100057 Figure 1. Transient simulation using an SOFC-battery power split algorithm and battery State of Charge (SoC). Figure 1
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Liu, Shupei, Yunlei Zhou, Jian Zhou, Hao Tang, Fei Gao, Decheng Zhao, Jinghui Ren, et al. "Ti3C2T x MXenes-based flexible materials for electrochemical energy storage and solar energy conversion." Nanophotonics, June 9, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0228.
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Abstract Over the past decade, two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2T x MXenes demonstrated attractive characteristics such as high electrical conductivity, tunable layered structure, controllable interfacial chemical composition, high optical transparency, and excellent electromagnetic wave absorption, enabling Ti3C2T x MXenes as promising electrode materials in energy storage devices. Among these devices, flexible energy storage devices have attracted wide attention and developed rapidly due to the synchronously excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties. This review summarizes the recent progress of Ti3C2T x MXenes pertaining to novel material preparation and promising applications in energy storage and conversion including batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and solar steam generation. This work aims to provide an in-depth and reasonable understanding of the relationship between the unique nanostructure/chemical composition of Ti3C2T x MXenes and competitive electrochemical properties, which will facilitate the development of 2D Ti3C2T x MXenes for practical energy storage and solar energy conversion devices.
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Kumar, Raj, Daeho Lee, Ümit Ağbulut, Sushil Kumar, Sashank Thapa, Abhishek Thakur, R. D. Jilte, C. Ahamed Saleel, and Saboor Shaik. "Different energy storage techniques: recent advancements, applications, limitations, and efficient utilization of sustainable energy." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, January 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12831-9.
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AbstractIn order to fulfill consumer demand, energy storage may provide flexible electricity generation and delivery. By 2030, the amount of energy storage needed will quadruple what it is today, necessitating the use of very specialized equipment and systems. Energy storage is a technology that stores energy for use in power generation, heating, and cooling applications at a later time using various methods and storage mediums. Through the storage of excess energy and subsequent usage when needed, energy storage technologies can assist in maintaining a balance between generation and demand. Energy storage technologies are anticipated to play a significant role in electricity generation in future grids, working in conjunction with distributed generation resources. The use of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, marine, geothermal, and biomass, is expanding quickly across the globe. The primary methods of storing energy include hydro, mechanical, electrochemical, and magnetic systems. Thermal energy storage, electric energy storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, biological energy storage, compressed air system, super electrical magnetic energy storage, and photonic energy conversion systems are the main topics of this study, which also examines various energy storage materials and their methodologies. In the present work, the concepts of various energy storage techniques and the computation of storage capacities are discussed. Energy storage materials are essential for the utilization of renewable energy sources and play a major part in the economical, clean, and adaptable usage of energy. As a result, a broad variety of materials are used in energy storage, and they have been the focus of intense research and development as well as industrialization. This review article discusses the recent developments in energy storage techniques such as thermal, mechanical, electrical, biological, and chemical energy storage in terms of their utilization. The focus of the study has an emphasis on the solar-energy storage system, which is future of the energy technology. It has been found that with the current storage technology, the efficiency of the various solar collectors was found to be increased by 37% compared with conventional solar thermal collectors. This work will guide the researchers in making their decisions while considering the qualities, benefits, restrictions, costs, and environmental factors. As a result, the findings of this review study may be very beneficial to many different energy sector stakeholders.
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Kanega, Ryoichi, Erika Ishida, Takaaki Sakai, Naoya Onishi, Akira Yamamoto, Hiroki Yasumura, Hisao Yoshida, et al. "An Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Using CO2 as an Active Material with a Homogeneous Ir Catalyst." Angewandte Chemie, August 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202310976.
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For the application of CO2 as an energy storage material, a H2 storage system has been proposed based on the interconversion of CO2 and formic acid (or formate). However, energy losses are inevitable in the conversion of electrical energy to H2 as chemical energy (~70% electrical efficiency) and H2 to electrical energy (~40% electrical efficiency). To overcome these significant energy losses, we developed a system based on the interconversion of CO2 and formate for the direct storage and generation of electricity. In this paper, we report an aqueous redox flow battery system using homogeneous Ir catalysts with CO2–formate redox pair. The system exhibited a maximum discharge capacity of 10.5 mAh (1.5 Ah L‐1), capacity decay of 0.2% per cycle, and total turnover number of 2550 after 50 cycles. During charging–discharging, in situ fluorescence X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy based on an online setup indicated that the active species was in a high valence state of Ir4+.
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Kanega, Ryoichi, Erika Ishida, Takaaki Sakai, Naoya Onishi, Akira Yamamoto, Hiroki Yasumura, Hisao Yoshida, et al. "An Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Using CO2 as an Active Material with a Homogeneous Ir Catalyst." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, August 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202310976.
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For the application of CO2 as an energy storage material, a H2 storage system has been proposed based on the interconversion of CO2 and formic acid (or formate). However, energy losses are inevitable in the conversion of electrical energy to H2 as chemical energy (~70% electrical efficiency) and H2 to electrical energy (~40% electrical efficiency). To overcome these significant energy losses, we developed a system based on the interconversion of CO2 and formate for the direct storage and generation of electricity. In this paper, we report an aqueous redox flow battery system using homogeneous Ir catalysts with CO2–formate redox pair. The system exhibited a maximum discharge capacity of 10.5 mAh (1.5 Ah L‐1), capacity decay of 0.2% per cycle, and total turnover number of 2550 after 50 cycles. During charging–discharging, in situ fluorescence X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy based on an online setup indicated that the active species was in a high valence state of Ir4+.
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Zhang, Yan, Yang Hu, Huimin Wang, Jinlei Tian, and Zhiqiang Niu. "An H2O2 Self‐Charging Zinc Battery with Ultrafast Power Generation and Storage." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, April 10, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202405166.
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Self‐charging power systems are considered as promising alternatives for off‐grid energy devices to provide sustained electricity supply. However, the conventional self‐charging systems are severely restricted by the energy availability and time‐consuming charging process as well as insufficient capacity. Herein, we developed an ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging aqueous Zn/NaFeFe(CN)6 battery, which simultaneously integrates the H2O2 power generation and energy storage into a battery configuration. In such battery, the chemical energy conversion of H2O2 can generate electrical energy to self‐charge the battery to 1.7 V through the redox reaction between H2O2 and NaFeFe(CN)6 cathode. The thermodynamically and kinetically favorable redox reaction contributes to the ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging rate and the extremely short self‐charging time within 60 seconds. Moreover, the rapid H2O2 power generation can promptly compensate the energy consumption of battery to provide continuous electricity supply. Impressively, this self‐charging battery shows excellent scalability of device architecture and can be designed to a H2O2 single‐flow battery of 7.06 Ah to extend the long‐term energy supply. This work not only provides a route to design self‐charging batteries with fast charging rate and high capacity, but also pushes forward the development of self‐charging power systems for advanced large‐scale energy storage applications.
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Zhang, Yan, Yang Hu, Huimin Wang, Jinlei Tian, and Zhiqiang Niu. "An H2O2 Self‐Charging Zinc Battery with Ultrafast Power Generation and Storage." Angewandte Chemie, April 10, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202405166.
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Self‐charging power systems are considered as promising alternatives for off‐grid energy devices to provide sustained electricity supply. However, the conventional self‐charging systems are severely restricted by the energy availability and time‐consuming charging process as well as insufficient capacity. Herein, we developed an ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging aqueous Zn/NaFeFe(CN)6 battery, which simultaneously integrates the H2O2 power generation and energy storage into a battery configuration. In such battery, the chemical energy conversion of H2O2 can generate electrical energy to self‐charge the battery to 1.7 V through the redox reaction between H2O2 and NaFeFe(CN)6 cathode. The thermodynamically and kinetically favorable redox reaction contributes to the ultrafast H2O2 self‐charging rate and the extremely short self‐charging time within 60 seconds. Moreover, the rapid H2O2 power generation can promptly compensate the energy consumption of battery to provide continuous electricity supply. Impressively, this self‐charging battery shows excellent scalability of device architecture and can be designed to a H2O2 single‐flow battery of 7.06 Ah to extend the long‐term energy supply. This work not only provides a route to design self‐charging batteries with fast charging rate and high capacity, but also pushes forward the development of self‐charging power systems for advanced large‐scale energy storage applications.
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Liu, Shuling, Ao Wang, Yanyan Liu, Wenshu Zhou, Hao Wen, Huanhuan Zhang, Kang Sun, et al. "Catalytically Active Carbon for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Energy Conversion: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives." Advanced Science, April 5, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202308040.
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AbstractThe shortage and unevenness of fossil energy sources are affecting the development and progress of human civilization. The technology of efficiently converting material resources into energy for utilization and storage is attracting the attention of researchers. Environmentally friendly biomass materials are a treasure to drive the development of new‐generation energy sources. Electrochemical theory is used to efficiently convert the chemical energy of chemical substances into electrical energy. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of green and economical electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Although many reviews have been reported around the application of biomass‐derived catalytically active carbon (CAC) catalysts in ORR, these reviews have only selected a single/partial topic (including synthesis and preparation of catalysts from different sources, structural optimization, or performance enhancement methods based on CAC catalysts, and application of biomass‐derived CACs) for discussion. There is no review that systematically addresses the latest progress in the synthesis, performance enhancement, and applications related to biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts synchronously. This review fills the gap by providing a timely and comprehensive review and summary from the following sections: the exposition of the basic catalytic principles of ORR, the summary of the chemical composition and structural properties of various types of biomass, the analysis of traditional and the latest popular biomass‐derived CAC synthesis methods and optimization strategies, and the summary of the practical applications of biomass‐derived CAC‐based oxidative reduction electrocatalysts. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advances to provide research directions and design ideas for the development of catalyst synthesis/optimization and contributes to the industrialization of biomass‐derived CAC electrocatalysis and electric energy storage.
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Mao, Hongtao, Dong Nie, Xi Chen, Yanan Cai, Jie Zhao, Xuzheng Zhang, Haoyu Yu, Wanli Ma, Zepeng Lv, and Jun Zhou. "Innovative technology for large-scale photovoltaic consumption using reversible solid oxide cells." Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (January 24, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1033066.
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It is inevitable that renewable energy consumption will increase as installed capacity continues to increase, primarily wind and photovoltaic power generation. Power to Gas (P2G) technology can store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy on a large scale. Reversible solid oxide cell (RSOC) has a very high conversion efficiency in both electrolytic gas production and fuel cell power generation compared with traditional electricity-to-gas devices. For the future integrated energy system, Reversible solid oxide cells are expected to play a significant role in integrating power generation and energy storage. This work proposes a new integrated energy system based on Reversible solid oxide cell for photovoltaic (PV) consumption. The Integrated Electricity-Gas System (IEGS) considers the two modes of electrolysis and power generation of Reversible solid oxide cell in the model. The model takes the minimum running cost as the objective function to linearize part of the model to generate a mixed integer linearization problem and solve it in GAMS. The case study shows that wind power is maximized, and the gas mixture can be transported in natural gas pipelines, improving the economics and stability of Integrated Electricity-Gas System. This work not only can reduce the operating cost of the system but also increase the high penetration of photovoltaic power generation. A quantitative assessment of the impact of hydrogen injection ratio and renewable energy penetration was also carried out.
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Tuller, Harry L., Johanna Engel, Scott J. Litzelman, and Sean R. Bishop. "Nano-Structured Materials for Next Generation Fuel Cells and Photoelectrochemical Devices." MRS Proceedings 1326 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.850.
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ABSTRACTProgress in achieving improved performance in the generation and utilization of hydrogen depends on our ability to identify materials with optimized electrical and (photo)- electrochemical performance. Given their high volume fraction of interfaces, high chemical stability and versatility (ionic, electronic, optical property control), nanocrystalline electroceramic materials are of growing interest for advanced energy conversion and storage technologies. As grain size decreases towards the Debye length and grain boundaries come in closer proximity, space charge properties begin to dominate, resulting in modified charge transport. Through systematic variation of grain boundary properties by heterogeneous indiffusion of cations, the electronic and ionic carrier profiles in the space charge region may be altered. The relationships between space charge potential and defect profiles in the space charge regions are quantitatively analyzed, and implications for nano-ionic materials in thin film solid oxide fuel cells are discussed. From the standpoint of photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation, optimizing the band gap, band alignments, and transport properties while retaining stability has remained a challenging objective. Novel nanocrystalline composite structures are discussed which exhibit features amenable to optimization of required properties and electrical measurements to determine key transport properties of titanium dioxide nanopowder, a photoanode material are introduced.
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Thormann, Janina, Peter Pfeifer, Ulrich Kunz, and Klaus Schubert. "Reforming of Diesel Fuel in a Micro Reactor." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1497.
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Reforming of diesel fuel is challenging but very attractive for hydrogen production. It can facilitate the market entrance of fuel cells due to the existing infrastructure for distribution of diesel fuel. Reforming in micro reactors enables good heat transfer and therefore small and compact fuel processing systems e.g. for electrical energy generation in auxiliary power units.Due to the complexity of diesel, reforming of different diesel components and conversion intermediates in a micro reactor is investigated systematically within this work. Methane and propane were applied as conversion intermediates and hexadecane as a diesel surrogate. All experiments were conducted over a rhodium catalyst on Al2O3 or CeO2.For evaporation of the higher boiling hydrocarbons a micro structured injection nozzle was fabricated to create a fine hydrocarbon spray which evaporates in water vapour. Furthermore a complex gas chromatographic method to analyse hydrocarbons up to C16 and the permanent gases in one analysis run was developed.Experimental results show that the turnover frequency of the fuel molecules in the feed decreases linearly for straight chain hydrocarbons with an increasing number of carbon atoms. Calculations show that the observed conversions and product gas compositions are close to the thermodynamic equilibrium. The catalyst system Rh/CeO2 offers better reforming performance and higher resistance to coking apparently due to less acidic sites compared to Al2O3 and the oxygen storage capacity of CeO2.The ongoing work will examine the reforming behaviour of more model diesel fuel components e.g. mixtures of hexadecane and methylnaphthalene or synthetic diesel fuel. Experiments will be conducted in an optimised micro reformer, which disposes the heating energy by burning e.g. fuel cell off-gases. This also offers the consideration of start up and load changing behaviour.
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Li, Yi, Huanhuan Wang, Xiaoxuan Yang, Thomas O'Carroll, and Gang Wu. "Designing and Engineering Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for CO2 to CO Conversion: From Single to Dual Metal Sites." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, December 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317884.
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The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach to achieving sustainable electrical‐to‐chemical energy conversion and storage while decarbonizing the emission‐heavy industry. The carbon‐supported, nitrogen‐coordinated, and atomically dispersed metal sites are effective catalysts for CO generation due to their high activity, selectivity, and earth abundance. Here, we discuss progress, challenges, and opportunities for designing and engineering atomic metal catalysts from single to dual metal sites. Engineering single metal sites using a nitrogen‐doped carbon model was highlighted to exclusively study the effect of carbon particle sizes, metal contents, and M‐N bond structures in the form of MN4 moieties on catalytic activity and selectivity. The structure‐property correlation was analyzed by combining experimental results with theoretical calculations to uncover the CO2 to CO conversion mechanisms. Furthermore, dual‐metal site catalysts, inheriting the merits of single‐metal sites, have emerged as a new frontier due to their potentially enhanced catalytic properties. Designing optimal dual metal site catalysts could offer additional sites to alter the surface adsorption to CO2 and various intermediates, thus breaking the scaling relationship limitation and activity‐stability trade‐off. The CO2RR electrolysis in flow reactors was discussed to provide insights into the electrolyzer design with improved CO2 utilization, reaction kinetics, and mass transport.
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Li, Yi, Huanhuan Wang, Xiaoxuan Yang, Thomas O'Carroll, and Gang Wu. "Designing and Engineering Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for CO2 to CO Conversion: From Single to Dual Metal Sites." Angewandte Chemie, January 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202317884.
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AbstractThe electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising approach to achieving sustainable electrical‐to‐chemical energy conversion and storage while decarbonizing the emission‐heavy industry. The carbon‐supported, nitrogen‐coordinated, and atomically dispersed metal sites are effective catalysts for CO generation due to their high activity, selectivity, and earth abundance. Here, we discuss progress, challenges, and opportunities for designing and engineering atomic metal catalysts from single to dual metal sites. Engineering single metal sites using a nitrogen‐doped carbon model was highlighted to exclusively study the effect of carbon particle sizes, metal contents, and M−N bond structures in the form of MN4 moieties on catalytic activity and selectivity. The structure‐property correlation was analyzed by combining experimental results with theoretical calculations to uncover the CO2 to CO conversion mechanisms. Furthermore, dual‐metal site catalysts, inheriting the merits of single‐metal sites, have emerged as a new frontier due to their potentially enhanced catalytic properties. Designing optimal dual metal site catalysts could offer additional sites to alter the surface adsorption to CO2 and various intermediates, thus breaking the scaling relationship limitation and activity‐stability trade‐off. The CO2RR electrolysis in flow reactors was discussed to provide insights into the electrolyzer design with improved CO2 utilization, reaction kinetics, and mass transport.
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López-Salas, Nieves, and Josep Albero. "CxNy: New Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysts." Frontiers in Materials 8 (December 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.772200.
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The search for metal-free and visible light-responsive materials for photocatalytic applications has attracted the interest of not only academics but also the industry in the last decades. Since graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was first reported as a metal-free photocatalyst, this has been widely investigated in different light-driven reactions. However, the high recombination rate, low electrical conductivity, and lack of photoresponse in most of the visible range have elicited the search for alternatives. In this regard, a broad family of carbon nitride (CxNy) materials was anticipated several decades ago. However, the attention of the researchers in these materials has just been awakened in the last years due to the recent success in the syntheses of some of these materials (i.e., C3N3, C2N, C3N, and C3N5, among others), together with theoretical simulations pointing at the excellent physico-chemical properties (i.e., crystalline structure and chemical morphology, electronic configuration and semiconducting nature, or high refractive index and hardness, among others) and optoelectronic applications of these materials. The performance of CxNy, beyond C3N4, has been barely evaluated in real applications, including energy conversion, storage, and adsorption technologies, and further work must be carried out, especially experimentally, in order to confirm the high expectations raised by simulations and theoretical calculations. Herein, we have summarized the scarce literature related to recent results reporting the synthetic routes, structures, and performance of these materials as photocatalysts. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives at the forefront of this field using CxNy materials are disclosed. We aim to stimulate the research of this new generation of CxNy-based photocatalysts, beyond C3N4, with improved photocatalytic efficiencies by harnessing the striking structural, electronic, and optical properties of this new family of materials.
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"Preface." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/011001.
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International Conference on Energy Utilization and Automation originates from 2022 and has attracted promising researchers who are developing new directions in the field of energy utilization and automation. The 2023 2nd International Conference on Energy Utilization and Automation (ICEUA 2023), held via virtual form in Sanya, China from February 10th to 12th, 2023, is meant to unite researchers, professional experts, professors and academic staff as well as a wide range of participants of professional community from China and other countries concerned. The development of energy engineering and automation technology conforms to the national policy requirements of energy conservation and emission reduction, as well as renewable energy and clean energy development, and accelerates the development of energy industry, especially the development of large-scale utilization of solar energy and wind energy, power generation technology, smart grid and energy-saving technology. Focusing on the research fields of “energy development and utilization, energy conversion, chemical material preparation, electric power, automation and electrical engineering, automation engineering”, ICEUA 2023 provided an international exchange opportunity for about 80 related practitioners worldwide to share their professional experience, discuss the new development of disciplines, and display their research achievements. Highly eventful program of the Conference, the list of well-established organizations-participants and devoted engagement of many colleagues throughout all the stages of Conference preparation instill confidence in practical importance of mutual initiative. The framework of the Conference comprises keynote speeches, oral presentations, and academic investigation, discussing open and significant problems facing energy utilization, proposing innovative ideas and approaches to solution of the problems, and considering the new possibilities of application and development of cutting-edge energy utilization and automation. The Conference has become one of the venues for demonstrating scientific achievements of international class by leading scientists and young scholars and would facilitate the strengthening of academic cooperation, meanwhile the Conference proceedings would be expressed in the form of international scientific publishing. Various topics of the papers, gone through a vigorous peer review process, are covered in the proceedings, including: Carbon Capture and Storage, High Voltage Circuits, Power Electronics, Automation Technology Applications, Automatic Control Application Theory, etc. On behalf of the Conference Organizing Committee, we would like to thank the referees for their efficient and thoughtful actions. We are grateful to the members of the Technical Program Committee for their efforts in making and shaping the program for ICEUA 2023. Particularly, we acknowledge the publishing support from the members of Journal of Physics: Conference Series. We hope that the future ICEUA will be as successful and stimulating, as indicated with the contributions presented in this volume. The Committee of ICEUA 2023 List of Committee Member are available in the pdf.