Relevant bibliographies by topics / Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)

Academic literature on the topic 'Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 3 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Zoller, Florian, Jan Luxa, Thomas Bein, Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing, Daniel Bouša, and Zdeněk Sofer. "Flexible freestanding MoS2-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (July 24, 2019): 1488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.147.

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The construction of flexible electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation is of utmost importance in modern society. In this article, we report on the synthesis of flexible MoS2-based composite paper by high-energy shear force milling and simple vacuum filtration. This composite material combines high flexibility, mechanical strength and good chemical stability. Chronopotentiometric charge–discharge measurements were used to determine the capacitance of our paper material. The highest capacitance achieved was 33 mF·cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm−2, demonstrating potential application in supercapacitors. We further used the material as a cathode for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset potential of approximately −0.2 V vs RHE. The onset potential was even lower (approximately −0.1 V vs RHE) after treatment with n-butyllithium, suggesting the introduction of new active sites. Finally, a potential use in lithium ion batteries (LIB) was examined. Our material can be used directly without any binder, additive carbon or copper current collector and delivers specific capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1. After 40 cycles at this current density the material still reached a capacity retention of 91%. Our findings show that this composite material could find application in electrochemical energy storage and generation devices where high flexibility and mechanical strength are desired.
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Bari, Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul, Jae-Ho Jeong, and Hasi Rani Barai. "Conductive Gels for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Generation: Materials Design Strategies, Properties, and Applications." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102268.

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Gel-based materials have garnered significant interest in recent years, primarily due to their remarkable structural flexibility, ease of modulation, and cost-effective synthesis methodologies. Specifically, polymer-based conductive gels, characterized by their unique conjugated structures incorporating both localized sigma and pi bonds, have emerged as materials of choice for a wide range of applications. These gels demonstrate an exceptional integration of solid and liquid phases within a three-dimensional matrix, further enhanced by the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. This unique composition endows them with a versatility that finds application across a diverse array of fields, including wearable energy devices, health monitoring systems, robotics, and devices designed for interactive human-body integration. The multifunctional nature of gel materials is evidenced by their inherent stretchability, self-healing capabilities, and conductivity (both ionic and electrical), alongside their multidimensional properties. However, the integration of these multidimensional properties into a single gel material, tailored to meet specific mechanical and chemical requirements across various applications, presents a significant challenge. This review aims to shed light on the current advancements in gel materials, with a particular focus on their application in various devices. Additionally, it critically assesses the limitations inherent in current material design strategies and proposes potential avenues for future research, particularly in the realm of conductive gels for energy applications.
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Meena, Shanker Lal. "Study of Photoactive Materials Used in Photo Electrochemical Cell for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage." Journal of Applied Science and Education (JASE) 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54060/jase.v3i1.40.

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Photoelectrochemical Cell is a device that absorbs light with a high-absorption electrolyte solution and provides energy for photo chemical reactions. Ponceau-S was used as a photosensitizer and EDTA served as a reducing agent in the study of photoelectronchemical cells. The photocurrent and photo potential were 1047.0 mV and 390.0 µA respectively. The highest power of the cell was 84.0 µW, with a conversion efficiency of 1.61%. The fill factor of the cell was 0.20. The photoelectric cell can function at this power level for 240.0 minutes in storage (performance). The effects of various parameters on the cell's electrical output were observed. In this study, a mechanism for photocurrent generation in Photoelectrochemical cells is proposed.
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Wongsurakul, Peerawat, Mutsee Termtanun, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Jun Wei Lim, Kunlanan Kiatkittipong, Prasert Pavasant, Izumi Kumakiri, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat. "Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15092986.

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Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
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Shahparasti, Mahdi, Amirhossein Rajaei, Andres Tarraso, Jose David Vidal Leon Romay, and Alvaro Luna. "Control and Validation of a Reinforced Power Conversion System for Upcoming Bioelectrochemical Power to Gas Stations." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121470.

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This paper presents a proposal for potential bioelectrochemical power to gas stations. It consists of a two-level voltage source converter interfacing the electrical grid on the AC side and an electromethanogenesis based bioelectrochemical system (EMG-BES) working as a stacked module on the DC side. The proposed system converts CO2 and electrical energy into methane, using wastewater as the additional chemical energy input. This energy storage system can contribute to dampening the variability of renewables in the electrical network, provide even flexibility and grid services by controlling the active and reactive power exchanged and is an interesting alternative technology in the market of energy storage for big energy applications. The big challenge for controlling this system lays in the fact that the DC bus voltage of the converter has to be changed in order to regulate the exchanged active power with the grid. This paper presents a cascade approach to control such a system by means of combining external control loops with fast inner loops. The outer power loop, with a proportional-integral (PI) controller with special limitation values and anti-windup capability, is used to generate DC bus voltage reference. An intermediate loop is used for DC bus voltage regulation and current reference generation. A new proportional resonant controller is used to track the current reference. The proposed scheme has been validated through real-time simulation in OPAL OP4510.
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Chen, Xiangping, Wenping Cao, and Lei Xing. "GA Optimization Method for a Multi-Vector Energy System Incorporating Wind, Hydrogen, and Fuel Cells for Rural Village Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173554.

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Utilization of renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar, bio-energy) is high on international and governmental agendas. In order to address energy poverty and increase energy efficiency for rural villages, a hybrid distribution generation (DG) system including wind, hydrogen and fuel cells is proposed to supplement to the main grid. Wind energy is first converted into electrical energy while part of the generated electricity is used for water electrolysis to generate hydrogen for energy storage. Hydrogen is used by fuel cells to convert back to electricity when electrical energy demand peaks. An analytical model has been developed to coordinate the operation of the system involving energy conversion between mechanical, electrical and chemical forms. The proposed system is primarily designed to meet the electrical demand of a rural village in the UK where the energy storage system can balance out the discrepancy between intermittent renewable energy supplies and fluctuating energy demands so as to improve the system efficiency. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used as an optimization strategy to determine the operational scheme for the multi-vector energy system. In the work, four case studies are carried out based on real-world measurement data. The novelty of this study lies in the GA-based optimization and operational methods for maximized wind energy utilization. This provides an alternative to battery energy storage and can be widely applied to wind-rich rural areas.
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Deng, Laicong, Zhuxian Yang, Rong Li, Binling Chen, Quanli Jia, Yanqiu Zhu, and Yongde Xia. "Graphene-reinforced metal-organic frameworks derived cobalt sulfide/carbon nanocomposites as efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-021-2085-3.

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AbstractDeveloping cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is vital in energy conversion and storage applications. Herein, we report a simple method for the synthesis of graphene-reinforced CoS/C nanocomposites and the evaluation of their electrocatalytic performance for typical electrocatalytic reactions. Nanocomposites of CoS embedded in N, S co-doped porous carbon and graphene (CoS@C/Graphene) were generated via simultaneous sulfurization and carbonization of one-pot synthesized graphite oxide-ZIF-67 precursors. The obtained CoS@C/Graphene nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis-mass spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and gas sorption. It is found that CoS nanoparticles homogenously dispersed in the in situ formed N, S co-doped porous carbon/graphene matrix. The CoS@C/10Graphene composite not only shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward ORR with high onset potential of 0.89 V, four-electron pathway and superior durability of maintaining 98% of current after continuously running for around 5 h, but also exhibits good performance for OER and HER, due to the improved electrical conductivity, increased catalytic active sites and connectivity between the electrocatalytic active CoS and the carbon matrix. This work offers a new approach for the development of novel multifunctional nanocomposites for the next generation of energy conversion and storage applications.
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Iglesias Gonzalez, Maria, and Georg Schaub. "Gaseous Hydrocarbon Synfuels from Renewable Electricity via H2/CO2-Flexibility of Fixed-Bed Catalytic Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 1089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0135.

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Abstract The increased generation of renewable electricity (wind, solar), due to its fluctuating characteristic, leads to an increasing storage demand. A potential storage technology is the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy (e.g. in form of gaseous hydrocarbons), which can be easily stored and distributed in an existing natural gas grid. CO2 is the C-source of choice, from biogas plants or industrial processes, making possible the production and use of C-based fuels without increasing the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The combination of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and CO2 shift reaction, using iron-based catalyst, offers the possibility to produce substitute natural gas (SNG) components from CO2. Due to the fluctuating nature of hydrogen production from renewable electrical energy, advantages can be identified if the chemical reactor is operated under variable load conditions. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the flexibility of a catalytic synthesis reactor as a potential component in a future energy system with a high contribution of renewable energy. The hydrogenation of CO2 to gaseous components is studied in a fixed-bed lab-scale reactor to determine kinetic parameters and hydrocarbon product distribution. Results from the experimental work are implemented in the mathematical model and are the basis for the conceptual design of the catalytic fixed-bed reactor able to operate under variable load conditions.
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Березіна, Наталія, and Клавдія Мудрак. "ПАЛИВНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ – АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНЕ ДЖЕРЕЛО ЕНЕРГІЇ." Automobile Roads and Road Construction, no. 112 (November 30, 2022): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-112-204-210.

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Electricity production by stations operating on coal, natural gas, gasoline, or other energy carriers is carried out according to the scheme: chemical energy of fuel - thermal energy - energy of motion - electricity. Chemical energy in fuel cells is converted into electrical energy, avoiding intermediate stages. At the same time, a significant gain is obtained both in materials and in energy. These devices are long-term chemical current sources. They are environmentally friendly. Their use in the automotive industry also significantly reduces harmful emissions into the environment. There are two areas of PE application: autonomous and large power generation. In particular, FSs can solve today's pressing problem of energy storage: daily and weekly load fluctuations of power systems significantly reduce their efficiency and require so-called maneuvering capacities. One of the options for electrochemical energy storage is a fuel cell in combination with electrolyzers and gas holders (storage for large quantities of gas). The use of PE in a car promises the greatest benefits. Here, like nowhere else, the compactness of PE is indicated. Among all types of FS, FS with a polymer proton exchange membrane as an electrolyte (PEMFC) has currently found the greatest use. They are used in transport (almost 100% of all cars running on hydrogen). The segment of fuel cells with phosphoric acid as an electrolyte (PAFC) is considered the most "mature" among all fuel cell technologies. Advantages: - low requirements for fuel purity; a large resource of work. The main emphasis in their application is large stationary sources of thermal and electrical energy. FSs based on molten carbonate (MCFC) are characterized by high fuel conversion efficiency - electrical efficiency reaches 60%.
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Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh, Adefunke Fabuyide, Kenneth Ifeanyi Ibekwe, Sedat Sonko, and Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya. "ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF DESIGN AND INTEGRATION CHALLENGES." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i1.746.

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As the global pursuit of sustainable energy intensifies, the integration of renewable energy sources into existing power systems has become a critical focal point for electrical engineers. This review explores the challenges and advancements in the field of Electrical Engineering concerning the design and integration of renewable energy systems. The transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the intricate engineering aspects involved. The first section of the review delves into the design challenges faced by electrical engineers when developing efficient and reliable renewable energy systems. This encompasses the optimization of power generation from intermittent sources, the enhancement of energy conversion technologies, and the development of energy storage solutions to mitigate the inherent variability of renewables. Cutting-edge design methodologies and innovative materials are discussed to highlight the ongoing efforts to improve the performance and reliability of renewable energy systems. The second section focuses on the integration challenges encountered during the incorporation of renewable energy into existing power grids. Grid stability, power quality, and the management of decentralized energy sources pose significant hurdles. Electrical engineers are addressing these challenges through the implementation of advanced control systems, smart grid technologies, and energy management strategies. The review also explores the role of energy storage systems and the potential of emerging technologies like microgrids in facilitating seamless integration. Furthermore, the review examines the interdisciplinary nature of electrical engineering in the context of renewable energy, emphasizing the collaboration between electrical engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers. The synergy between these disciplines is crucial for developing holistic solutions that address not only technical challenges but also environmental and regulatory considerations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design and integration challenges faced by electrical engineers in the realm of renewable energy systems. By understanding and overcoming these challenges, the global community can accelerate the transition towards a sustainable and resilient energy future. Keywords: Renewable energy, Energy Integration, Challenges, Electrical, Engineering, Review.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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(9838805), Stacey Tabert. "Assessing energy behaviours in Queensland schools: A study of the Queensland Solar Schools initiative (2001-2008)." Thesis, 2010. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessing_energy_behaviours_in_Queensland_schools_A_study_of_the_Queensland_Solar_Schools_initiative_2001-2008_/13460987.

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"A strategy adopted by the Australian and Queensland Governments to reduce the carbon footprint of schools involved installing solar energy systems on selected schools. The objective of the Queensland Solar Schools initiative (2001-2008) was to provide schools with an educational resource that would raise awareness about renewable energy technology while reducing school electricity usage costs...The central aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the Queensland Social Schools initiative by investigating whether schools with solar PV installations came to view and use energy differently from schools without renewable energy technology"--Abstract.
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(9780230), Sharmina Begum. "Assessment of alternative waste technologies for energy recovery from solid waste in Australia." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessment_of_alternative_waste_technologies_for_energy_recovery_from_solid_waste_in_Australia/13436876.

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Solid waste can be considered either as a burden or as a valuable resource for energy generation. Therefore, identifying an environmentally sound and technoeconomically feasible solid waste treatment is a global and local challenge. This study focuses on identifying an Alternative Waste Technology (AWT) for meeting this global and local demand. AWT recovers more resources from the waste flow and reduces the impact on the environment. There are three main pathways for converting solid waste into energy: thermo-chemical, biochemical and physicochemical. This study deals with thermochemical conversion processes. Mainly four thermo-chemical conversion processes of AWTs are commonly used in Australia: anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification and incineration. The main aim of this study is to identify and test the most suitable AWT for use in Australia. A decision-making tool, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), was used to identify the most suitable AWT. MCA of the available AWTs was performed using five criteria, that is, capital cost, complexity, public acceptability, diversion from landfill and energy produced, from which Gasification technology has been identified as the most suitable AWT for energy recovery from solid waste. This study then mainly focused on assessing the performance of gasification technology for converting solid waste into energy both experimentally and numerically. Experimental investigation of solid waste gasification was performed using a pilotscale gasification plant of Corky’s Carbon and Combustion P/L plant in Mayfield, Australia. In this experiment, wood chips were used as feedstock (solid waste) under specified gasifier operating conditions. Syngas composition was measured at different stages of gasification, such as raw, scrubbed and dewatered syngas. Mass and energy balance was analysed using the experimental measured data. It was found that 65 per cent of the original energy of solid waste was converted to syngas, 23 per cent converted to char and 6 per cent converted to hot oil. The remaining 6 per cent was lost to the atmosphere. Firstly, a numerical investigation was performed by developing a computational process model using Advanced System for Process ENgineering (ASPEN) Plus software. Computational models were developed for both fixed bed gasification and fluidised bed gasification processes. A simplified, small scale fixed bed gasification model was initially developed in order to observe the performance of the solid waste gasification process. The model is validated with experimental data of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and food waste from the literature. Using this validated model, the effects of gasifier operating conditions, such as gasifier temperature, air-fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio were examined and performance analyses were conducted for four different feedstocks, namely wood, coffee bean husks, green wastes and MSWs. Secondly, a computational model was developed for the fluidised bed gasification process. The model was validated with experimental data for wood chips (solid waste) measured at Corky’s Carbon and Combustion plant. A very good agreement was found between simulation and experimental results, with a maximum variation of 3 per cent. The validated model was used to analyse the effects of gasifier operating conditions. Using the fluidised bed gasification model, a detailed analysis was done for both energy and exergy in order to achieve a complete picture of the system outcome. Energy efficiency of 78 per cent and exergetic efficiency of 23 per cent were achieved for the system. The developed fixed bed and fluidised bed gasification models were useful to predict the various operating parameters of a solid waste gasification plant, such as temperature, pressure, air-fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio. This research outcome contributes to a better understanding by stakeholders and policy makers at national and international levels who are responsible for developing different waste management technologies. In future, this research can be extended for other feedstocks, such as green waste, sugarcane bagasse and mixed MSW.

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(9820127), Shadia Moazzem. "Reduction of CO² emissions in coal-fired power plants for achieving a sustainable environment." Thesis, 2012. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Reduction_of_CO_emissions_in_coal-fired_power_plants_for_achieving_a_sustainable_environment/13460243.

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(9780926), Muhammad Bhuiya. "An experimental study of 2nd generation biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine." Thesis, 2017. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/An_experimental_study_of_2nd_generation_biodiesel_as_an_alternative_fuel_for_diesel_engine/13449476.

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This study investigated the prospects of using 2nd generation biodiesel as an alternative fuel particularly the biodiesel produced from the Australian Beauty Leaf (BL) (Calophyllum inophyllum L.). Firstly, the study developed an optimised oil extraction method from BL kernel based on the kernel size and treatment conditions (for example, seed preparation and cracking, drying, whole kernel, grated kernel and moisture content). Mechanical method of using a screw press expeller and chemical method of using n-hexane were used for oil extraction. The results indicated that the grated kernels that were dried to 14.4% moisture content produced the highest oil yield from both methods. The highest oil recovery of 54% was obtained in n-hexane method from the grated kernel followed by 45% in screw press method. A comparison of fossil energy ratio (FER) (the ratio of energy produced from the biodiesel to the energy required for processing of the feedstocks) was made between n-hexane and screw press methods and the results revealed that the FER in-hexane method was 4.1 compared to 3.7 in screw press method, indicating that the n-hexane method is more efficient than the screw press technique. It should also be noted that the oil content of BL kernel was about 60% on dry weight basis.
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(9778397), Md Abul Kalam Azad. "Experimental investigation of CI engine performance, emissions and combustion using advanced biofuels." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Experimental_investigation_of_CI_engine_performance_emissions_and_combustion_using_advanced_biofuels/16556727.

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There is an ongoing interest in developing new alternative fuels (such as biofuel) for both aviation and road transport sectors to meet increasing energy demand and assist in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The major contribution of this work is to develop an aviation biofuel from a new feedstock and create the best possible biodiesel-diesel blends for the transport sector. This study focuses on improving engine performance and reducing emissions by enhancing combustion efficiency using these newly developed fuels without any modification of the modern engine. The combustion and emissions were closely monitored to evaluate the pollutants formation in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Better performing fuels were identified and their tribological behaviour was also studied to assess their impact on engine life.

A wide range of biofuel feedstocks (over 150 species) was initially investigated to identify the most prospective feedstocks for producing biodiesels. The study eventually identified six prospective feedstocks namely Mandarin peel waste, Crambe, Tamanu, Borage, Waste Avocado flesh and Bush nut for biofuel production. The biofuels were produced in the laboratory from these selected feedstocks. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) composition and physio–chemical properties of these newly produced biofuels were evaluated using ASTM and EN standards.

The fuel properties of these biodiesels revealed that the properties of the Mandarin biofuel closely fit with the properties of commercial jet fuel with a calorific value of 44.66 MJ/kg (4.3% higher than commercial jet fuel) and a higher flash point of 52 °C. This biofuel has a lower viscosity (about 2.13 mm2/s at minus 20 degree C.) which is desirable and is self–oxygenated and sulphur free. Therefore, it is seen as a prospective new source of aviation biofuel production which is a new finding. This has not been studied earlier.

As an aviation engine was not available, Mandarin aviation biofuel was tested in a lean diesel engine and showed excellent performance and a large reduction in engine emissions. It can achieve reductions of up to 30.0% CO, about 33.5% HC and around 19.2% PM (particulate matter) at full load with variable speed and 33.0% CO, 32.8% HC, 28.5% PM emission reduction at variable load as compared to ultra – low – sulphur diesel (ULSD) by blending 20% with fossil fuel.

Other biodiesel (Crambe, Tamanu, Borage, Avocado, Bush nut) blends (B5 to B20) were also tested in a four stroke diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emission parameters at different operating and load conditions. The results revealed that Avocado biodiesel shows overall better performance (about 0.50% less BP, 0.83% more BSFC, and 0.18% less BTE as compared to ULSD at full load and rated speed) compared to other fuels. However, Crambe, Borage, and Bush nut also show close performance with Avocado biodiesel. Blending up to 20% of this biodiesel can reduce emissions by up to about 50% CO, 27% HC and 36% PM, however it increases NOx emission by about 26% compared to ULSD at full load and rated speed. On the other hand, Tamanu biodiesel blends show poor engine performance though emission reduction is comparable with other biodiesels at the same operating conditions.

For further improvement in engine performance and emission reduction this study developed four mixture blends by combining two biodiesels (totalling 5% at different proportions) and paraffin as an additive at 4% with the remaining 91% being ULSD. The mixture blends are described as ManCr_Pa (Mandarin-Crambe_Paraffin), TaMan_Pa (Tamanu-Mandarin_Paraffin), BoMan_Pa (Borage-Mandarin_Paraffin) and AvBn_Pa (Avocado-Bush nut_Paraffin). The mixture blends show improved performance compared to each B5 blend and significantly reduce emissions like B20 blends due to their improved fuel properties. Among these mixture blends, the Avocado-Bush nut and paraffin (AvBn_Pa) ternary mixture demonstrates comparable performance with ULSD. It reduces about 48.0% CO, 30.0% HC, 40.0% PM emissions compared to ULSD. This equates to about 16.0% CO, 8.7% HC and 28.0% PM more reduction of emissions compared to an Avocado B5 blend. This mixture blend produces about 9% less NOx compared to the B5 blend of Avocado biodiesel. On the other hand, the ManCr_Pa mixture blend reduces about 62% HC emission compared to ULSD with about 12% lower NOx emission.

The advanced combustion analysis was done on the better performing blends (i.e. for ManCr_Pa and AvBn_Pa mixture blends) to evaluate pollutant formation mechanisms during combustion. The results revealed shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration for AvBn_Pa. This blend also exhibits higher cylinder pressure and higher heat release rate with a longer duration of the diffusion combustion phase. Additionally, a knocking characteristic was identified for ManCr_Pa mixture blend. The tribological characteristics such as friction, wear, lubrication stability and metal surface morphology were also evaluated using high-resolution SEM/EDX microscopy to assess energy savings, engine reliability, and impacts on engine life.

This study revealed an excellent tribological performance of AvBn_Pa blend compared to ULSD with about 21% less friction coefficient at steady state condition, around 19% less wear scar diameter, higher lubrication film stability, as well as less wear debris and metal corrosion. The study concluded that AvBn_Pa blend is the best mixture blend in all aspects of performance considered, namely emission reduction, improved combustion and tribological behaviour for a sustainable environment as well as sustainable engine health for the transport sector.

The study will provide useful information and guidelines to biofuel stakeholders, the transport sector, engine designers, the aviation industry and policy makers involved with newly developed aviation biofuels and other biodiesel usage in a full-scale diesel engine. It will provide new opportunities to future researchers to develop Mandarin aviation biofuel as a commercial aviation fuel. This research will help engine designers to develop more efficient and sustainable engines and to customise newly developed biodiesels for application in the transport sector.
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(9798401), Yazeed Ghadi. "Advanced fuzzy logic based control systems for an institutional building in subtropical climate." Thesis, 2018. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Advanced_fuzzy_logic_based_control_systems_for_an_institutional_building_in_subtropical_climate/13446071.

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Building management systems (BMS) have the ability to monitor and control buildings mechanical and electrical systems, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems, for providing indoor thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption. However, most HVAC systems are controlled using conventional controller the functions of which are based on ON/OFFs controller and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers. These controllers are not efficient at saving energy because of the operations of HVAC systems are nonlinear. Thus, the implementation of fuzzy-logic-based control systems within smart buildings are necessary as they are more efficient and will consequently reduce building energy consumption as well as negative impacts on environment. The main aim of this study was to design and develop an advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for HVAC and indoor lighting systems for an institutional building in subtropical Central Queensland (Australia) to assess its energy and environmental performances, and compare these with the performances of conventional ON/OFF and PID controllers. The fuzzy-logic-based model and control strategies were designed and developed to control indoor temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, daylight integration, thermal comfort and energy balance. In addition, the model for indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm were developed. The performances of both ON/OFF and PID control system, and proposed fuzzy-logic-based control systems were simulated using MATLAB software. DAYSIM software was used to simulate the illuminance of lighting system. DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus software were used to develop case study building layout and thermal performance modelling. The simulation was done for indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity control, indoor air quality, and illuminance control. The simulated results were analysed on the basis of real-life events such as the usage of ambient air when its temperature and humidity matches indoor thermal comfort set-point, the usage of existing daylighting rather than the usage of electric lighting, and the consideration of the building’s occupancy level taking into account the controllers’ execution performance panel containing response speed, overshot and robustness adaptability. It was found that an energy savings of about 10% can be achieved if fuzzy-logic-based controllers are introduced compared to conventional PID controllers at full occupancy level for the case study building’s HVAC and lighting systems. The simulation was also done for 50% occupancy and 25% occupancy levels which indicated an energy savings of about 14% at 50% occupancy level, and 24% at 25% occupancy level compared to full occupancy at a given time. In addition, life cycle costs savings of about 20.5% can be achieved using the proposed fuzzy-logic controller. The systems payback period is expected to be nine years, and the system is able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of 25.5 tonnes of CO2 per annum from the case study building. The thesis has contributed to the process development and design of advanced fuzzy logic controllers for smart buildings in subtropical climate of Australia which is a successful alternative to conventional control systems especially where indoor air quality and mould growth issue is a big concern, e.g. in hospitals, libraries and museums. The novelty of this work is the development of an energy efficient and environment friendly control of HVAC and lighting systems using real life and time events such as ambient air, day-light and actual occupancy levels which have not been addressed previously within an Australian institutional building, specifically under the subtropical climate conditions. Thus, the outcomes of the study will provide designers, developers and decision makers with the essential information and knowledge of applications of advanced fuzzy logic control system for smart buildings.
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(9838253), Roshani Subedi. "Assessing the viability of growing Agave Tequilana for biofuel production in Australia." Thesis, 2013. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Assessing_the_viability_of_growing_Agave_Tequilana_for_biofuel_production_in_Australia/20459547.

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Governments around the world have been introducing policies to support the use of biofuels since the 1990s due to its positive influence in climate change mitigation,  air quality, fuel supply security and poverty reduction through rural and regional iindustry growth. In Australia, liquid fuel is in high demand and this demand is increasing every year. To meet the current fuel demand and to address climate change impacts, it is important for Australia to  invest in green and clean energy. Biofuels are one of the options for clean and green energy that could help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels. Not only developed countries but also developing countries are interested in reducing dependence on imported fossil fuel and  promoting economic development, poverty reductions and improving access to commercial energy through biofuel policies. However, the major challenge for the biofuel industry is to find the right feedstock that does not compete with human feedstock and can grow in marginal land. One of such feedstock that is studied in this research is Agave tequilana. 

Overcoming many of the constraints to establish Agave tequilana as a potential feedstock in Australia requires an understanding of the complex technical, economical and systemic challenges associated with farming, processing and extracting ethanol. The aim of this research is to study the viability of growing Agave tequilana as a potential biofuel feedstock in Australia. The study also explores and highlights the economics of growing this crop, with the idea of comparing the costs and benefits of growing Agave tequilana with that of sugarcane. Agave tequilana has been selected for this study because of the existence of a trial site at Ayr, Queensland and because of a similar climate and rainfall pattern to that of the western central highlands of Mexico where Agave is traditionally grown for the production of tequila. In this study, the viability of growing Agave tequilana for producing ethanol in Ayr, Queensland has been assessed using a case study approach and financial cost and Green House Gas (GHG) saving have been estimated using life cycle cost analysis. Likewise, Agave tequilana and sugarcane agronomic practices have been compared and ibofuel policies have been highlighted using secondary sources to support the establishment of non-food crops such as Agave tequilana in Australia and elsewhere. 

Ayr, Queensland is predominantly a sugarcane growing area where sugarcane farmers occupy 88% of the total agricultural land available. The remaining 12% has been set aside for other crops and cattle grazing or alternatively, some land may remain unused. In this study, farmers expressed that there is very limited land in Ayr available for Agave tequilana to be commercially viable until the sugarcane growing land or cattle grazing land is converted into Agave fields. However, it appears that both farmers and stakeholders are ready to accept Agave tequilana as a potential biofuel crop, if it is to be established on marginal lands in the sugarcane belt of Queensland, rather than in the Burdekin region which is predominately a sugarcane growing area. 

The study also found that only 33% respondents were acquainted with this crop, and that a smaller group were aware of the potential of the crop to produce biofuel. Farmers indicated they would wait until the first trial outcomes are finalised and more research and development is undertaken on this crop before deciding to invest. Since this crop takes at least five years to provide a financial return compared to existing crops in the region, most of the respondents expect higher returns of 20-25% at the end of harvesting time and would prefer interim payment. Farmers may also require initial assistance from the government such as subsidised farm machinery, subsidised fuel and interest free loans before deciding to invest. Life cycle stages of Agave tequilana have been derived taking sugarcane as a base crop. At the first trial site, more than 65% of the cost of farming Agave tequilana in Australia occurred in the first year of plantation, and allowed the conclusion that existing tools and machineries are able to be modified and used in farming Agave tequilana in Australia. The tequila

industry provides a model for biofuel production from Agave tequilana. In Australia, the cost of producing ethanol from Agave tequilana is estimated to be around A$0.52 per litre, excluding government subsidies. The total cost of constructing ethanol pl nt capacity of 90

ML/Year in Australia at present is estimated at A$113.5 million. 

The level of support provided to the biofuel industry by the Australian government is relatively less significant  compared to other advanced countries such as USA and EU. However, the support provided by both the federal and state level programs has provided significant amounts of support to the biofuel industry in Australia. In future, if Agave tequilana is to be selected as a potential non-food crop biofuel feedstock, the government and the private sector need to explore the financial opportunities in marginal and semi marginal regions of Australia for supplementing the viability of producing ethanol with new technology. It is also necessary to explore the business case to modify the existing sugar processing mills to produce ethanol from Agave tequilana from its juice and bagasse. 

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(5931020), Babak Bahrami Asl. "FUTURISTIC AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION BY USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Thesis, 2020.

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The compressed air system is widely used throughout the industry. Air compressors are one of the most costly systems to operate in industrial plants in therms of energy consumption. Therefore, it becomes one of the primary target when it comes to electrical energy and load management practices. Load forecasting is the first step in developing energy management systems both on the supply and user side. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted, and there was a need to study if predicting compressed air system’s load is a possibility.

System’s load profile will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for load management and look-ahead scheduling programs. Feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques have been used to perform 15 minutes ahead prediction. Three cases of different sizes and control methods have been studied. The results proved the possibility of the forecast. In this study two control methods have been developed by using the prediction. The first control method is designed for variable speed driven air compressors. The goal was to decrease the maximum electrical load for the air compressor by using the system's full operational capabilities and the air receiver tank. This goal has been achieved by optimizing the system operation and developing a practical control method. The results can be used to decrease the maximum electrical load consumed by the system as well as assuring the sufficient air for the users during the peak compressed air demand by users. This method can also prevent backup or secondary systems from running during the peak compressed air demand which can result in more energy and demand savings. Load management plays a pivotal role and developing maximum load reduction methods by users can result in more sustainability as well as the cost reduction for developing sustainable energy production sources. The last part of this research is concentrated on reducing the energy consumed by load/unload controlled air compressors. Two novel control methods have been introduced. One method uses the prediction as input, and the other one doesn't require prediction. Both of them resulted in energy consumption reduction by increasing the off period with the same compressed air output or in other words without sacrificing the required compressed air needed for production.

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Book chapters on the topic "Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Tariq, Maria, Tajamal Hussain, Adnan Mujahid, Mirza Nadeem Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Din, Azeem Intisar, and Muhammad Zahid. "Applications of Carbon Based Materials in Developing Advanced Energy Storage Devices." In Carbon Nanotubes - Redefining the World of Electronics. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97651.

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With the increasing pressure of population, the energy demand is growing explosively. By 2050, it is expected that the world population may reach to about 9 billion which may result in the increase of energy requirement to about 12.5 trillion watts. Due to increasing pressures of population, industries and technology, concerns to find possibilities to cope with increasing demand of energy resources, arise. Although the renewable energy resources including fossil fuels, wind, water and solar energy have been used for a long time to fulfill the energy requirements, but they need efficient conversions and storage techniques and are responsible for causing environmental pollution due to greenhouse gases as well. It is thus noteworthy to develop methods for the generation and storage of renewable energy devices that can replace the conventional energy resources to meet the requirement of energy consumption. Due to high energy demands, the sustainable energy storage devices have remained the subject of interest for scientists in the history, however, the traditional methods are not efficient enough to fulfill the energy requirements. In the present era, among other variety of advanced treatments, nano-sciences have attracted the attention of the scientists. While talking about nano-science, one cannot move on without admiring the extraordinary features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other carbon based materials. CNTs are on the cutting edge of nano science research and finding enormous applications in energy storage devices. Excellent adsorption capabilities, high surface area, better electrical conductivity, high mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, high aspect ratio and good chemical and physical properties of CNTs have grabbed tremendous attention worldwide. Their charge transfer properties make them favorable for energy conversion applications. The limitation to the laboratory research on CNTs for energy storage techniques due to low specific capacitance and limited electrochemical performance can be overcome by surface functionalization using surface functional groups that can enhance their electrical and dispersion properties. In this chapter, ways CNTs employed to boost the abilities of the existing material used to store and transfer of energy have been discussed critically. Moreover, how anisotropic properties of CNTs play important role in increasing the energy storage capabilities of functional materials. It will also be discussed how various kinds of materials can be combined along CNTs to get better results.
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Roiaz, Matteo, Paolo Scialla, Fabrizio Cadenaro, Marco Nardo, and Gabriele Sancin. "Classifying the Innovation: The Certification of New Designs for Power Generation, Conversion and Energy Storage Focusing on the Reduction of Ships Emissions." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220033.

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In recent times the ship building and yacht industries have seen a surge in the requests for the application to the power generation, conversion and energy storage of technologies which were previously reserved to land-based uses or to niche sectors such as space, military, and scientific research. Such requests are often driven by seeking cleaner exhaust emissions, more efficient fuel consumption and higher passenger and crew comfort. Among these novel technologies we can mention fuel cells and (large) batteries based on Li-ion chemistries. These solutions are not only unconventional per se, they also carry along the necessity for advanced electrical system integration (even more so if combined in a hybrid architecture) or, for fuel cells, the need for the storage of dedicated fuels, e.g., liquid, or compressed hydrogen or methanol, and fuel treatment, e.g., evaporators and chemical reformers. The lack of prescriptive regulations covering such innovative solutions, both in terms of equipment and fuel, adds in challenge to their acceptance and certification from Regulatory Bodies and Flag Administrations. Furthermore, although high-level guidelines are provided, they often need to be tailored on a case-by-case basis and integrated with risk assessment exercises. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive overview of the Classification tools available to date – be it prescriptive or risk-based – for the approval of novel designs and how do they relate to the existing statutory guidelines and to the established risk analysis instruments. The discussion will be corroborated by insights into some hands-on case studies in the yacht and cruise ship industry segments.
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Conference papers on the topic "Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)"

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Hotz, Nico, Heng Pan, Costas P. Grigoropoulos, and Seung H. Ko. "Exergetic Analysis of Solar-Powered Hybrid Energy Conversion and Storage Scenarios for Stationary Applications." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90255.

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The idea of this study is to investigate possibilities to use sunlight as the main energy source to generate and store electrical energy via different methods and technologies. Several systems consisting of photovoltaics, photoelectrolytic converters and solarthermal reformers in combination with fuel cells have been investigated in terms of efficiency and costs. A simple energetic approach would not account for these different kinds of energy and their differing availabilities (radiant, thermal, chemical, and electrical energy). To consider different forms of energy and compare them in a fair manner, exergy as the useful part of energy (the part that can theoretically be completely converted to work) provides a perfect instrument for dealing with complex energy conversion systems. In this study, four different scenarios have been investigated: Scenario A describes the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity by photovoltaics. The electric power is used in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer to split water to hydrogen which is stored in a pressure tank. A PEM fuel cell converts hydrogen to electricity on demand. Scenario B deals with a photoelectrolytic cell splitting water to hydrogen by solar irradiation combined with a storage tank and a fuel cell. In Scenario C, solar radiation is converted by photovoltaic cells to electricity which is stored in different types of batteries. Scenario D combines a methanol steam reformer heated by solar power with a PEM fuel cell to generate electricity. The reformate gas mixture can be stored at elevated pressure in a gas tank. In contrast to routes A–C, scenario D has two exergy inputs: Solar radiation and chemical exergy in form of methanol as fuel. All systems are analyzed for an average day in July and February in Central California, including a storage device sufficient to store the energy for one week. Scenario D reaches an overall exergetic efficiency of more than 25% in summer at the expense of an additional exergy input in the form of methanol. The exergetic efficiency of scenario C amounts to 10–17% in summer (4–6% in winter) depending on the battery type and scenarios A and B achieve less than 10% efficiency even in summer. The systems of scenarios A and C would cost around $20k–$45k per 1 kW average electricity generation during the day in July. Scenario D leads to significantly lower costs and scenario B is the most expensive design due to the current immaturity of photoelectrolytic devices.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Energy generation, conversion and storage (excl. chemical and electrical)' for particular source types:
Journal articles
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