Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy curvature'

Space curves have a variety of uses within mathematics, and much attention has been paid to calculating quantities related to such objects. The quantities of curvature and energy are of particular interest to us. While the notion of curvature is well-known, the Mobius energy is a much newer concept, having been first defined by Jun O'Hara in the early 1990s. Foundational work on this energy was completed by Freedman, He, and Wang in 1994, with their most important result being the proof of the energy's conformal invariance. While a variety of results have built those of Freedman, He, and Wang, two topics remain largely unexplored: the interaction of curvature and Mobius energy and the generalization of the Mobius energy to curves with a varying thickness. In this thesis, we investigate both of these subjects. We show two fundamental results related to curvature and energy. First, we show that any simple, closed, twice-differentiable curve can be transformed in an energy-preserving and length-preserving way that allows us to make the pointwise curvature arbitrarily large at a point. Next, we prove that the total absolute curvature of a twice-differentiable curve is uniformly bounded with respect to conformal transformations. This is accomplished mainly via an analytic investigation of the effect of inversions on total absolute curvature. In the second half of the thesis, we define a generalization of the Mobius energy for simple curves of varying thickness that we call the "nonuniform energy." We call such curves "weighted knots," and they are defined as the pairing of a curve parametrization and positive, continuous weight function on the same domain. We then calculate the first variation formulas for several different variations of the nonuniform energy. Variations preserving the curve shape and total weight are shown to have no minimizers. Variations that "slide" the weight along the curve are shown to preserve energy is special cases.

The near-Fermi-energy energy band structure of carbon nanotubes is given by cross-sections of the graphene Dirac cones near the K and K' points. Using second-order perturbation theory and a nearest-neighbor approximated tight-binding model, curvature-induced corrections to the graphene-based effective model are derived. In addition to the already known Dirac-point shift, the curvature is shown to cause not only a warping of the Dirac cone, tantamount to a slight compression and a correction to the overall Fermi velocity, but also a tilting of the Dirac cone and the associated nanotube energy bands. This tilting results in a velocity asymmetry for left- and right-going waves and two different kinds of excitations, allowing for varying degeneracy in the same sample. Previous experiments have shown irregularities in the level degeneracy and should be reconsidered in this context.
Energibandstrukturen för kolnanorör ges av tvärsnitt av grafens Dirac-koner nära K- och K'-punkterna. Medelst andra ordningens störningsteori och en tight-binding-modell med närmaste-granne-approximationen härleds de kurvaturinducerade korrektionerna till den grafenbaserade effektiva modellen. Utöver det redan kända Dirac-punkt-skiftet så visas kurvaturen orsaka inte bara en förvrängning av Dirac-konen, liktydigt med en mild kompression och en korrektion till den övergripande fermihastigheten, utan också en lutning av Dirac-konen och de associerade nanorörsenergibanden. Denna lutning resulterar i en hastighetsasymmetri för vänster- och högergående vågor och två olika sorters excitationer, vilket tillåter för varierande degeneration i samma prov. Tidigare experiment har visat oregelbundenheter i nivådegenerationen och bör omprövas i denna kontext.

The standard Kaluza-Klein theory is reviewed and its basic equations are rewritten in an anholonomic basis. A five dimensional Yang-Mills type quadratic and cubic curvature gravity model is introduced. By employing the Palatini variational principle, the field equations and the stress-energy tensors of these models are presented. Unification of gravity with electromagnetism is achieved through the Kaluza-Klein reduction mechanism. Reduced curvature invariants,field equations and stress-energy tensors in four dimensional space-time are obtained. The structure of interactions among the gravitational, electromagnetic and massless scalar fields are demonstrated in detail. It is shown that in addition to a set of generalized Maxwell and Yang-Mills type gravity equations the Lorentz force also emerges from this theory. Solutions of the standard Kaluza-Klein theory are explicitly demonstrated to be intrinsically contained in the quadratic model.

We explore the "Roulette Inflation" model, a variety of two-field Kahler moduli inflation scenario with a nonstandard kinetic term derived from Type IIB string theory in the large-volume compactification. We provide an overview of the model and the cosmological tools used to compute observables. Our calculations show that entropy perturbations can account for up to 90% of Ps(k) at COBE scales. We further show that the effective single-field result over-estimates the scalar spectral index; a full calculation predicts a slightly red-shifted spectrum 0.92 < ns < 0.98. Calculation of nongaussianity from the superhorizon evolution of adiabatic modes shows that for most trajectories examined, Roulette inflation predicts small, positive fNL, which would be unmeasurable by the upcoming 9-year WMAP data and the Planck mission. Should they be detectable, momentum-dependent bispectra would provide a good discriminator between models and inflationary trajectories within models.
Nous etudions le modele d'inflation de type "Roulette", un modele base sur la relaxation de modules de Kahler sur une variete Calabi-Yau, ayant un terme cinetique non-trivial et provenant de la theorie des cordes de Type IIB, dans le contexte de la compactification a grand volume. Nous demontrons que l'influence des perturbations d'entropie peuvent compter pour jusqu'a 90% de Ps(k) a l'echelle de COBE. Nous demontrons que le resultat effectif provenant de la theorie a un seul champ surestime ns; un calcul complet predit un spectre decale vers le rouge 0.92 < ns < 0.98. Nous calculons finalement la non-gaussianite des perturbations adiabatiques resultant de leur evolution a l'exterieur du rayon de Hubble, et arrivons a des predictions de fNL ≪ 1, ce qui ne serait pas mesurable par les observations des prochaines annees. Toutefois, s'il s'avere possible de detecter un bispectre dependant du nombre d'onde k, ceci servirait d'excellent moyen de diff´erentier divers modeles d'inflation.

2008/2009
For an X-ray free electron laser (FEL), a high-quality electron bunch with low emittance, high peak current and energy is needed. During the phases of acceleration, bunch compression and transportation, the electron beam is subject to radio frequency curvature and to wakefields effects. Thus, the energy profile of the electron beam can present a parabolic profile, which has important electromagnetic effects on the FEL process. The quality of the electron beam is also degraded by the interaction with the low-gap undulator vacuum chamber. In our work we first analyze this interaction, deriving a formula to evaluate the longitudinal and the transversal wakefields for an elliptical cross section vacuum chamber, obtaining accurate results in the short range. Subsequently within the Vlasov-Maxwell one-dimensional model, we derive the Green functions necessary to evaluate the radiation envelope, having as initial conditions both an energy chirp and curvature on the electrons and eventually an initial bunching, which is useful to treat the harmonic generation FEL cascade configuration. This allows to study the impact of the elecron beam energy profile on the FEL performance. Using the derived Green functions we discuss FEL radiation properties such as bandwidth, frequency shift, frequency chirp and velocity of propagation. Finally, we propose a method to achieve ultra-short FEL pulses using a frequency chirp on the seed laser and a suitable electron energy profile.
XXII Ciclo
1980

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Neste trabalho, consideramos funcionais paramÃtricos elÃpticos como generalizaÃÃes naturais para o clÃssico funcional Ãrea. Calculamos a primeira variaÃÃo de tais funcionais e, a partir da equaÃÃo de Euler-Lagrange, definimos a curvatura mÃdia anisotrÃpica de uma hipersuperfÃcie imersa em uma variedade Riemanniana como generalizaÃÃo natural da curvatura mÃdia usual. Em seguida, estabelecemos a fÃrmula da segunda variaÃÃo e classificamos as hipersuperfÃcies rotacionalmente simÃtricas que possuem curvatura mÃdia anisotrÃpica constante. A fim de compreender a estabilidade dos exemplo rotacionais,deduzimos a primeira e a segunda fÃrmulas de Minkowski. AlÃm disso, no contexto anisotrÃpico, apresentamos as equaÃÃes fundamentais de Weingarten, Codazzi e Gauss e, por fim, estudamos a harmonicidade da aplicaÃÃo de Gauss.
It is stated that critical points of a parametric elliptic functional in a Riemannian manifold are hypersurfaces with prescrebed anisotropic mean curvature. We prove that the anisotropic Gauss map of surfaces immersed in Euclidean space with constant anisotropic mean curvature is a harmonic map. In the case of rotatioally invariat functionals in some homogeneous three-dimensional ambients, we present a abridged version of a existence result for constant anisotropic mean curvature surfaces as cylinders, spheres, tori and annuli corresponding to the anisotropic analogs of onduloids and nodoids. In the Euclidean case M = R3, examples of stable critical points are provided by the Wulff shapes associated to functional F. Paralleling the case of constant curvature mean spheres, a characterization of Wulff shapes is provided, which answers affirmatively a question posed by M. Koiso and B. Parmer in [13].

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Esta tese està dividida em quatro partes. Na primeira delas estudaremos pontos crÃticos do funcional curvatura escalar total restrito ao espaÃo das mÃtricas de curvatura escalar constante e volume unitÃrio. Provaremos que sob certas condiÃÃes integrais convenientes os pontos crÃticos de tal funcional sÃo variedades de Einstein provando assim a conjectura dos pontos crÃticos neste caso. Na segunda parte, veremos duas estimativas para o primeiro autovalor do Laplaciano de uma variedade compacta com curvatura de Ricci limitada por baixo por uma constante. As estimativas que obtemos melhoram a estimativa correspondente provada por Li e Yau (1980). Na terceira parte, estamos interessados em estimar o diÃmetro de hipersuperfÃcies mÃnimas da esfera. A estimativa que encontramos depende apenas do primeiro autovalor do Laplaciano da hipersuperfÃcie considerada. Para superfÃcies imersas na esfera de dimensÃo trÃs, obtemos uma estimativa ligeiramente melhor do que a obtida no caso de dimensÃo alta. Na Ãltima parte, introduzimos o conceito de variedade de energia constante e provamos que a esfera e o toro sÃo as Ãnicas superfÃcies que tÃm energia constante. Em dimensÃo mais alta a situaÃÃo à bem diferente uma vez que o produto de uma esfera por qualquer variedade compacta tem energia constante. Entretanto, se impusermos uma condiÃÃo sobre a curvatura de Ricci, à possÃvel caracterizar a esfera tambÃm neste caso. Em seguida, aplicamos as informa-ÃÃes obtidas ao estudo de hipersuperfÃcies da esfera provando alguns resultados de rigidez desde que a hipersuperfÃcie tenha energia constante.
This thesis is divided into four parts. In the first one we study the critical points of the total scalar curvature functional restricted to the space of metrics with constant scalar curvature and volume one. We shall prove that under certain suitable integral conditions the critical points of such functional are Einstein manifolds proving this way the critical point equation conjecture in this case. In the second part, we will provide an estimate for the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian of a compact manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below by a constant. The estimate we obtain improves the corresponding estimate proved by Li and Yau (1980). In the third part, we are interested in to estimate the diameter of minimal hypersurfaces of the sphere. The estimate we get depends only on the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian of the considered hypersurface. For immersed surfaces on the three dimensional sphere, we obtain an estimate slightly better than the one obtained in the case of higher dimension. In the last part, we introduce the concept of manifolds with constant energy and prove that the sphere and the torus are the only compact surfaces that have constant energy. For higher dimension, the situation is very different sine the product of the sphere with any compact manifold has constant energy. Nevertheless, if we impose a condition over the Ricci curvature it is possible to characterize the sphere also in this case. After that, we apply the informations obtained to the study of hypersurfaces of the sphere proving some rigidity results provided that the hypersurfaces has constant energy.

This thesis is devoted to the optical properties of low-dimensional structures based on such two-dimensional materials as graphene, silicene and phosphorene. We investigate optical properties of a variety of quasi-one dimensional and quasi-zero-dimensional structures, which are promising for future optoelectronics. Primarily we focus on their low-energy optical properties and how these properties are influenced by the structures’ geometry, external fields, intrinsic strain and edge disorder. As a consequence of this endeavor, we find several interesting effects such as correlation between the optical properties of tubes and ribbons whose periodic and ‘hard wall’ boundary conditions are matched and a universal value of matrix element in narrow-gap tubes and ribbons characterizing probability of transitions across the band gap opened up by intrinsic strain originating from the tube’s surface curvature or ribbon’s edge relaxation. The analytical study of the gapped 2D Dirac materials such as silicene and germanene, which have some similarity to the aforementioned quasi-one-dimensional systems in terms of physical description, reveals a valley- and polarization-dependent selection rules. It was also found that absorption coefficient should change in gapped materials with increasing frequency and become a half of its value for gap edge transitions when the spectrum is linear. Our analysis of the electronic properties of flat clusters of silicene and phosphorene relates the emergence and the number of the peculiar edge states localized at zero energy, so-called zero-energy states, which are know to be of topological origin, to the cluster’s structural characteristics such as shape and size. This allows to predict the presence and the number of such states avoiding complicated topological arguments and provides a recipes for design of metallic and dielectric clusters. We show that zero-energy states are optically active and can be efficiently manipulated by external electric field. However, the edge disorder is important to take into account. We present a new fractal-based methodology to study the effects of the edge disorder which can be applied also to modeling of composite materials. These finding should be useful in design of optoelectronic devices such as tunable emitters and detectors in a wide region of electromagnetic spectrum ranging form the mid-infrared and THz to the optical frequencies.

Depuis la découverte de l'accélération de l'expansion de l'univers à la fin des années 90, le modèle LambdaCDM décrivant les propriétés de l'univers avec seulement six paramètres, demeure encore à ce jour en accord avec les observations actuelles. La découverte de l'accélération de l'expansion de l'univers révéla l'existence d'une nouvelle composante noire de l'univers: l'énergie noire qui constitue 70% de la densité totale de l'univers. Durant ces dernières années, de nombreuses expériences furent proposées dans le but d'étudier l'accélération cosmique, et cela grâce à diverses sondes cosmologiques, par exemple le groupement de galaxies, les supernovae, les lentillages gravitationnels faible et fort, le fond diffus cosmologique ou les amas de galaxies. Afin de quantifier les performances des sondes cosmologiques, la Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) a défini une métrique du facteur de mérite comme inversement proportionnelle à la surface du contour donnée par les paramètres d'énergie noire omega 0 , et omega a issus de la paramétrisation Chevallier-Polarski-Linder. Nous entrons actuellement dans une ère de haute précision avec les grands relevés cosmologiques de génération IV: Euclid, DESI, LSST, et W-FIRST. La prédiction des contraintes et du facteur de mérite qu'apportera une future expérience (forecasts) est aujourd'hui devenue l'une des principales préoccupations des scientifiques, car en plus de prédire les performances des futurs relevés, les forecasts aident à leur conception. Ce travail a pour but de donner des estimations quantitatives sur le pouvoir contraignant de quelques principaux relevés de génération IV (Euclid, DESI, et LSST) dans le cadre du modèle LambdaCDM, mais aussi pour ses extensions (modèles relâchant les paramètres de l'énergie noire, et modèles de gravité modifiée). Ce travail se concentre également sur l'aspect numérique des approches statistiques utilisées dans les forecasts et présente des méthodes assurant la robustesse des résultats via des analyses de stabilité, de convergence, et grâce aux comparaisons entre différentes approches possibles (formalisme de Fisher, et Monte-Carlo Markov-Chain). Dans cette thèse, nous montrons qu'effectuer des corrélations croisées entre différentes sondes cosmologiques améliore considérablement le facteur de mérite, en particulier pour Euclid, le gain étant moins important pour LSST. La comparaison des relevés montre toutefois que LSST sera potentiellement le relevé de génération IV qui fournira le plus grand facteur de mérite, contrairement à DESI qui sera le relevé le moins performant. Nous mettons également en avant que l'analyse multi-traceurs effectuée sur les différentes populations qu'observera DESI ne permet pas un gain considérable sur les contraintes et le facteur de mérite par rapport à une simple analyse mono-traceur
Since the discovery of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe at the end of the 90s, the LambdaCDM model describing the properties of the universe with only six parameters, remains to this day in agreement with current observations. The discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe revealed the existence of a new dark component of the universe: dark energy which constitutes 70% of the total density of the universe. In recent years, many experiments have been proposed with the aim of studying cosmic acceleration, and this thanks to various cosmological probes. For example the grouping of galaxies, supernovae, weak and strong gravitational lensing, the cosmic microwave background or clusters of galaxies. In order to quantify the performance of cosmological probes, the Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) defined a figure of merit metric as inversely proportional to the contour area given by the dark energy parameters omega 0, and omega a derived from the Chevallier-Polarski-Linder parametrization. We are currently entering an era of high precision with large Generation IV cosmological surveys: Euclid, DESI, LSST, and W-FIRST. Predicting the constraints and the factor of merit that a future experiment will bring (forecasts) has now become one of the main concerns of scientists, because in addition to predicting the performance of future surveys, forecasts help in their design. This work aims to provide quantitative estimates of the binding power of some main Generation IV statements (Euclid, DESI, and LSST) within the framework of the LambdaCDM model, but also for its extensions (models relaxing the dark energy parameters, and modified gravity models). This work also focuses on the numerical aspect of the statistical approaches used in the forecasts and presents methods ensuring the robustness of the results via analyzes of stability, convergence, and thanks to the comparisons between different possible approaches (Fisher formalism, and Monte-Carlo Markov-Chain). In this thesis, we show that performing cross-correlations between different cosmological probes considerably improves the figure of merit, in particular for Euclid, the gain being less important for LSST. However, the comparison of the readings shows that LSST will potentially be the Generation IV survey that will provide the greatest figure of merit, unlike DESI, which will be the least efficient survey. We also highlight that the multi-tracer analysis carried out on the different populations that DESI will observe does not allow a considerable gain on the constraints and the figure of merit if we compare to a simple single-tracer analysis

The amount of total and relative sway of a framed or a composite (frame-shear wall) building is of utmost importance in assessing the seismic resistance of the building. Therefore, the design engineer must calculate the sway profile of the building several times during the design process. However, it is not a simple task to calculate the sway of a three-dimensional structure. Of course, computer programs can do the job, but developing the three-dimensional model becomes necessary, which is obviously tedious and time consuming. An easy to apply analytical method is developed, which enables the determination of sway profiles of framed and composite buildings subject to seismic loading. Various framed and composite three-dimensional buildings subject to lateral seismic loads are solved by SAP2000 and the proposed analytical method. The sway profiles are compared and found to be in very good agreement. In most cases, the amount of error involved is less than 5 %. The analytical method is applied to determine sway magnitudes at any desired elevation of the building, the relative sway between two consecutive floors, the slope at any desired point along the height and the curvature distribution of the building from foundation to roof level. After sway and sway-related properties are known, the requirements of the Turkish Earthquake Code can be evaluated and / or checked. By using the analytical method, the amount of shear walls necessary to satisfy Turkish Earthquake Code requirements are determined. Thus, a vital design question has been answered, which up till present time, could only be met by rough empirical guidelines. A mathematical derivation is presented to satisfy the strength requirement of a three-dimensional composite building subject to seismic loading. Thus, the occurrence of shear failure before moment failure in the building is securely avoided. A design procedure is developed to satisfy the stiffness requirement of composite buildings subject to lateral seismic loading. Some useful tools, such as executable user-friendly programs written by using &ldquo
Borland Delphi&rdquo
, have been developed to make the analysis and design easy for the engineer. A method is also developed to satisfy the ductility requirement of composite buildings subject to lateral seismic loading based on a plastic analysis. The commonly accepted sway ductility of &
#956
&
#916
=5 has been used and successful seismic energy dissipation is thus obtained.

In this dissertation we study free boundary problems that model the evolution of interfaces in the presence of elasticity, such as thin film profiles and material void boundaries. These problems are characterized by the competition between the elastic bulk energy and the anisotropic surface energy. First, we consider the evolution equation with curvature regularization that models the motion of a two-dimensional thin film by evaporation-condensation on a rigid substrate. The film is strained due to the mismatch between the crystalline lattices of the two materials and anisotropy is taken into account. We present the results contained in [62] where the author establishes short time existence, uniqueness and regularity of the solution using De Giorgi’s minimizing movements to exploit the L2 -gradient flow structure of the equation. This seems to be the first analytical result for the evaporation-condensation case in the presence of elasticity. Second, we consider the relaxed energy introduced in [20] that depends on admissible pairs (E, u) of sets E and functions u defined only outside of E. For dimension three this energy appears in the study of the material voids in solids, where the pairs (E, u) are interpreted as the admissible configurations that consist of void regions E in the space and of displacements u of the atoms of the crystal. We provide the precise mathematical framework that guarantees the existence of minimal energy pairs (E, u). Then, we establish that for every minimal configuration (E, u), the function u is C 1,γ loc -regular outside an essentially closed subset of E. No hypothesis of starshapedness is assumed on the voids and all the results that are contained in [18] hold true for every dimension d ≥ 2.

This doctoral thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay I investigate the presence of productivity convergence in eight regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada over the period of 1971-2005. Expectation of productivity convergence in the pulp and paper industries of Canadian provinces and of the states of its southern neighbour is high since they are trading partners with fairly high level of exchanges in both pulp and paper products. Moreover, they share a common production technology that changed very little over the last century. I supplement the North-American regional data with national data for two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden, which provides a scope to compare the productivity performances of four leading players in global pulp and paper industry. I find evidence in favour of the catch-up hypothesis among the regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada in my sample. The growth performance is at the advantage of Canadian provinces relative to their U.S. counterparts. However, it is not good enough to surpass the growth rates of this industry in the two Nordic countries. It is well-known that econometric productivity estimation using flexible functional forms often encounter violations of curvature conditions. However, the productivity literature does not provide any guidance on the selection of appropriate functional forms once they satisfy the theoretical regularity conditions. The second chapter of my thesis provides an empirical evidence that imposing local curvature conditions on the flexible functional forms affect total factor productivity (TFP) estimates in addition to the elasticity estimates. Moreover, I use this as a criterion for evaluating the performances of three widely used locally flexible cost functional forms - the translog (TL), the Generalized Leontief (GL), and the Normalized Quadratic (NQ) - in providing TFP estimates. Results suggest that the NQ model performs better than the other two functional forms in providing TFP estimates. The third essay capitalizes on newly available high frequency energy consumption data from commercial buildings in the District of Columbia (DC) to provide novel insights on the realized energy use impacts of energy efficiency standards in commercial buildings. Combining these data with hourly weather data and information on tenancy contract structure I evaluate the impacts of energy standards, contractual structure of utility bill payments, and energy star labeling on account level electricity consumption. Using this unique panel dataset, the analysis takes advantage of detailed building-level characteristics and the heterogeneity in the building age distribution, resulting in buildings constructed before and after mandatory energy standards came into effect. Estimation results suggest that in commercial buildings constructed under a code, electricity consumption is lower by about 0.48 kWh per cooling degree hour. When tenants pay for their own utilities, consumption is lower by 0.82 kWh per cooling degree hour. The Energy Star effect is a 0.31 kWh reduction per cooling degree hour. Finally, peak savings for all three variables of interest occur at 2pm in the summer months, whereas peak summer marginal prices at DC's local electric utility occur at 5pm.

L'une des tâches les plus difficiles de l'enseignement en chirurgie, consiste à expliquer aux étudiants quelles sont les amplitudes des forces et des couples à appliquer pour guider les instruments au cours d'une opération. Ce problème devient plus important dans le domaine de la chirurgie mini-invasive (MIS) où la perception de profondeur est perdue et le champ visuel est réduit. Pour cette raison, l'évaluation de l'habileté chirurgicale associée est devenue un point capital dans le processus d'apprentissage en médecine. Des problèmes évidents de subjectivité apparaissent dans la formation des médecins, selon l'instructeur. De nombreuses études et rapports de recherches concernent le développement de techniques automatisées d'évaluation du geste. La première partie du travail présenté dans cette thèse introduit une nouvelle méthode de classification de gestes médicaux 3D reposant sur des modèles cinématiques et biomécaniques. Celle-ci analyse de manière qualitative mais aussi quantitative les mouvements associés aux tâches effectuées. La classification du geste est réalisée en utilisant un paramétrage reposant sur la longueur d'arc pour calculer la courbure pour chaque trajectoire. Les avantages de cette approche sont l'indépendance du temps, un système de repérage absolu et la réduction du nombre de données. L'étude inclue l'analyse expérimentale de plusieurs gestes, obtenus avec plusieurs types de capteurs et réalisés par différents sujets. La deuxième partie de ce travail se concentre sur la classification reposant sur les données cinématiques et dynamiques. En premier lieu, une expression empirique, entre la géométrie du mouvement et les données cinématiques, sert à calculer une nouvelle variable appelée vitesse affine. Les expériences conduites dans ce travail de thèse montrent la nature constante de cette grandeur lorsque les gestes médicaux sont simples et identiques. Une dernière technique de classification a été implémentée en utilisant un calcul de l'énergie utilisée au cours de chaque segment du geste. Cette méthode a été validée expérimentalement en utilisant six caméras et un laparoscope instrumenté. La position 3-D de l'extrémité de l'effecteur a été enregistrée, pour plusieurs participants, en utilisant le logiciel OptiTrack Motive et des marqueurs réfléchissants montés sur le laparoscope. Les mesures de force et de couple, d'autre part, ont été acquises à l'aide des capteurs fixés sur l'outil et situés entre la pointe et la poignée de l'outil afin de capturer l'interaction entre le participant et le matériau manipulé. Les résultats expérimentaux présentent une bonne corrélation entre les valeurs de l'énergie et les compétences chirurgicales des participants impliqués dans ces expériences
One of the most difficult tasks in surgical education is to teach students what is the optimal magnitude of forces and torques to guide the instrument during operation. This problem becomes even more relevant in the field of Mini Invasive Surgery (MIS), where the depth perception is lost and visual field is reduced. In this way, the evaluation of surgical skills involved in this field becomes in a critical point in the learning process. Nowadays, this assessment is performed by expert surgeons observation in different operating rooms, making evident subjectivity issues in the results depending on the trainer in charge of the task. Research works around the world have focused on the development of the automated evaluation techniques, that provide an objective feedback during the learning process. Therefore, first part of this thesis describe a new method of classification of 3D medical gestures based on biomechanical models (kinematics). This new approach analyses medical gestures based on the smoothness and quality of movements related to the tasks performed during the medical training. Thus, gesture classification is accomplished using an arc length parametrization to compute the curvature for each trajectory. The advantages of this approach are mainly oriented towards time and location independence and problem simplification. The study included several gestures that were performed repeatedly by different subjects; these data sets were acquired, also, with three different devices. Second part of this work is focused in a classification technique based on kinematic and dynamic data. In first place, an empirical expression between movement geometry and kinematic data is used to compute a different variable called the affine velocity. Experiments carried out in this work show the constant nature of this feature in basic medical gestures. In the same way, results proved an adequate classification based on this computation. Parameters found in previous experiments were taken into account to study movements more complex. Likewise, affine velocity was used to perform a segmentation of pick and release tasks, and the classification stage was completed using an energy computation, based on dynamic data, for each segment. Final experiments were performed using six video cameras and an instrumented laparoscope. The 3-D position of the end effector was recorded, for each participant, using the OptiTrack Motive Software and reflective markers mounted on the laparoscope. Force and torque measurements, on the other hand, were acquired using force and torque sensors attached to the instrument and located between the tool tip and the handle of the tool in order to capture the interaction between participant and the manipulated material. Results associated to these experiments present a correlation between the energy values and the surgical skills of the participants involved in these experiments

Neste trabalho é mostrado que as constantes elásticas são conectadas através de uma relação obtida a partir do cálculo do escalar de curvatura, para um cristal líquido nemático com o campo diretor não homogêneo, e da relação entre o escalar e a Energia Livre de Frank. A relação calculada entre as constantes elásticas fornece um resultado teórico que possui um caráter constante e, a partir de dados experimentais para K11, K22 e K33 foi possível realizar um registro gráfico que permitiu um estudo da relação encontrada. Essa análise mostrou que a relação entre as constantes elásticas possui um comportamento próximo do valor teórico esperado quando próximo da transição de fase líquido-isotrópico. Entretanto, esse comportamento não ocorre durante toda a mesofase nemática, contudo, esse resultado ainda é expressivo, visto que foi encontrado uma relação que conecta as constantes elásticas obtidas a partir de parâmetros geométricos, o que exclui a necessidade de hipóteses adicionais a respeito das interações entre os constituintes da amostra.
In this work it is shown that the elastic constants are connected by a relation obtained from the calculation of the scalar curvature of a nematic liquid crystal with a not homogeneous director field, and the relationship between the scalar and the Free Energy of Frank. The relationship between the calculated elastic constants provides a theoretical result that has a constant feature, from experimental data for K11, K22 and K33 was possible to realize a graphic record allowing a study of the relationship found. This analysis showed that the relationship for the elastic constants have a close behavior to the theoretical value expected when near to the phase transition liquid-isotropic However, this behavior does not occur throughout the nematic mesophase, yet, this result is still expressive, seen that was found a relation that connects the elastic constants obtained from geometric parameters, which excludes the need of an additional hypothesis about the interactions between the constituents of the sample.

Ce travail, à l'interface entre les mathématiques appliquées et la physique, s'articule autour de la modélisation numérique des vésicules biologiques, un modéle pour les globules rouges du sang. Pour cela, le modéle de Canham et Helfrich est adopté pour décrire le comportement des vésicules. La modélisation numérique utilise la méthode des fonctions de niveau dans un cadre éléments finis. Un nouvel algorithme de résolution numérique combinant une technique de multiplicateurs de Lagrange avec une adaptation automatique de maillages garantit la conservation exacte des volumes et des surfaces. Cet algorithme permet donc de dépasser une limitation cruciale actuelle de la méthode des fonctions de niveau, à savoir les pertes de masse couramment observées dans ce type de problémes. De plus, les propriétés de convergence de la méthode des fonctions de niveau se trouvent ainsi grandement améliorées, comme l'indiquent de nombreux tests numériques. Ces tests comprennent notamment des problémes d'advection élémentaires, des mouvements par courbure moyenne ainsi que des mouvements par diffusion de surface. Concernant l'équilibre statique des vésicules, une condition générale d'équilibre d'Euler-Lagrange est obtenue à l'aide d'outils de dérivation de forme. En dynamique, le mouvement d'une vésicule sous l'action d'un écoulement de cisaillement est étudié dans le cadre des nombres de Reynolds élevés. L'effet du confinement est considéré, et les régimes classiques de chenille de char et de basculement sont retrouvés. Finalement, pour la premiére fois, l'effet des termes inertiels est étudié et on montre qu'au delà d'une valeur critique du nombre de Reynolds, la vésicule passe d'un mouvement de basculement à un mouvement de chenille de char.

Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez
Banca: Elcio Hiroyoshi Yano
Banca: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva
Resumo: A compactação do solo afeta o desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como pode interferir nos níveis de produtividade das culturas. Com o intuito de diminuir o grau de compactação do solo, operações de manejo, como a subsolagem, que visam o rompimento da camada subsuperficial compactada, são realizadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho operacional de um subsolador de hastes com curvatura lateral ("paraplow"), operando a diferentes velocidades de deslocamento do trator e profundidades de trabalho, bem como, avaliar o consumo energético demandado na operação. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu/UNESP, no ano de 2007. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, textura muito argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de três velocidades de deslocamento definidas em função do escalonamento de marchas do trator utilizado (A1, A2 e B1) e duas profundidades de trabalho do equipamento utilizado para a mobilização do solo (0,25 e 0,35 m). Foram avaliados os dados referentes à mobilização do solo, patinagem dos rodados, capacidade de campo, consumo de combustível, força e potência na barra de tração do trator. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Osresultados obtidos permitiram chegar às seguintes conclusões: a) Após a regulagem em condições estáticas, o subsolador manteve as profundidades da subsolagem durante a operação em condições de campo; b) a velocidade de deslocamento não apresentou efeito significativo sobre a área de solo mobilizado; c) a velocidade de deslocamento e a capacidade de campo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The soil compactness affects the development of the plants, as well as it can interferes in the levels of productivity of the crops. Some soil management operations, like the subsoiling, aims at the breakage of the soil compacted layer. Those operations are made with the purpose to reduce the soil compactness. This research had the objective of studying the operational performance of a subsoiler with a lateral bending (paraplow), operating to different displacement speeds and depths of work, as well as, valuing the demanded energetic consumption in the operation. The experiment carried out in the Experimental Farm Lageado, Agronomic Sciences College in the¨Julio de Mesquita Filho" University (UNESP) - Botucatu Campus /UNESP, in the year of 2007. The soil of experimental area was classified like "Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico", very clay texture. The experimental design was in 3x2 factorial scheme using randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were composed of the combination of three displacement speeds defined in function of the scheduling of marches of the tractor (A1, A2 and B1) and two work depths of the equipment used for the mobilization of the soil (0,25 and 0,35 m). The works depths were obtained by changing the height of the support of the wheel of the subsoiler, There were valued the data referring to the mobilization of the soil, tractor wheel slip, capacity of field, fuel consumption , strength and power at the bar of traction of the tractor. The results were subjected to variance analysis and the averages compared by Tukey test at 5 % of probability. The gotten results had allowed to arrive at the following conclusions: a) After adjustment in static conditions, the subsoiler maintained the depths of the subsoiling during the operation in field conditions; b) the speed of displacement did not present significant effect on the mobilized area;... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gamero_ac_me_botfca.pdf: 483268 bytes, checksum: 3659e817c39e10f899492793bab9e26c (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A compactação do solo afeta o desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como pode interferir nos níveis de produtividade das culturas. Com o intuito de diminuir o grau de compactação do solo, operações de manejo, como a subsolagem, que visam o rompimento da camada subsuperficial compactada, são realizadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho operacional de um subsolador de hastes com curvatura lateral (“paraplow”), operando a diferentes velocidades de deslocamento do trator e profundidades de trabalho, bem como, avaliar o consumo energético demandado na operação. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu/UNESP, no ano de 2007. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, textura muito argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de três velocidades de deslocamento definidas em função do escalonamento de marchas do trator utilizado (A1, A2 e B1) e duas profundidades de trabalho do equipamento utilizado para a mobilização do solo (0,25 e 0,35 m). Foram avaliados os dados referentes à mobilização do solo, patinagem dos rodados, capacidade de campo, consumo de combustível, força e potência na barra de tração do trator. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Osresultados obtidos permitiram chegar às seguintes conclusões: a) Após a regulagem em condições estáticas, o subsolador manteve as profundidades da subsolagem durante a operação em condições de campo; b) a velocidade de deslocamento não apresentou efeito significativo sobre a área de solo mobilizado; c) a velocidade de deslocamento e a capacidade de campo...
The soil compactness affects the development of the plants, as well as it can interferes in the levels of productivity of the crops. Some soil management operations, like the subsoiling, aims at the breakage of the soil compacted layer. Those operations are made with the purpose to reduce the soil compactness. This research had the objective of studying the operational performance of a subsoiler with a lateral bending (paraplow), operating to different displacement speeds and depths of work, as well as, valuing the demanded energetic consumption in the operation. The experiment carried out in the Experimental Farm Lageado, Agronomic Sciences College in the¨Julio de Mesquita Filho” University (UNESP) – Botucatu Campus /UNESP, in the year of 2007. The soil of experimental area was classified like “Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico”, very clay texture. The experimental design was in 3x2 factorial scheme using randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were composed of the combination of three displacement speeds defined in function of the scheduling of marches of the tractor (A1, A2 and B1) and two work depths of the equipment used for the mobilization of the soil (0,25 and 0,35 m). The works depths were obtained by changing the height of the support of the wheel of the subsoiler, There were valued the data referring to the mobilization of the soil, tractor wheel slip, capacity of field, fuel consumption , strength and power at the bar of traction of the tractor. The results were subjected to variance analysis and the averages compared by Tukey test at 5 % of probability. The gotten results had allowed to arrive at the following conclusions: a) After adjustment in static conditions, the subsoiler maintained the depths of the subsoiling during the operation in field conditions; b) the speed of displacement did not present significant effect on the mobilized area;... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

BENJAMIM FILHO, Francisco de Assis. A partial answer to the CPE conjecture, diameter estimates and manifolds with constant energy. 2015. 50 f. Tese (Doutorado em Matemática) – Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.
Submitted by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2015-07-30T16:00:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_fabenjamimfilho.pdf: 1331915 bytes, checksum: d86d3d6fbbc1ba72cb62c715c153573c (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales(rocilda@ufc.br) on 2015-07-30T16:01:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_fabenjamimfilho.pdf: 1331915 bytes, checksum: d86d3d6fbbc1ba72cb62c715c153573c (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T16:01:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_fabenjamimfilho.pdf: 1331915 bytes, checksum: d86d3d6fbbc1ba72cb62c715c153573c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
This thesis is divided into four parts. In the first one we study the critical points of the total scalar curvature functional restricted to the space of metrics with constant scalar curvature and volume one. We shall prove that under certain suitable integral conditions the critical points of such functional are Einstein manifolds proving this way the critical point equation conjecture in this case. In the second part, we will provide an estimate for the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian of a compact manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below by a constant. The estimate we obtain improves the corresponding estimate proved by Li and Yau (1980). In the third part, we are interested in to estimate the diameter of minimal hypersurfaces of the sphere. The estimate we get depends only on the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian of the considered hypersurface. For immersed surfaces on the three dimensional sphere, we obtain an estimate slightly better than the one obtained in the case of higher dimension. In the last part, we introduce the concept of manifolds with constant energy and prove that the sphere and the torus are the only compact surfaces that have constant energy. For higher dimension, the situation is very different sine the product of the sphere with any compact manifold has constant energy. Nevertheless, if we impose a condition over the Ricci curvature it is possible to characterize the sphere also in this case. After that, we apply the informations obtained to the study of hypersurfaces of the sphere proving some rigidity results provided that the hypersurfaces has constant energy.
Esta tese está dividida em quatro partes. Na primeira delas estudaremos pontos críticos do funcional curvatura escalar total restrito ao espaço das métricas de curvatura escalar constante e volume unitário. Provaremos que sob certas condições integrais convenientes os pontos críticos de tal funcional são variedades de Einstein provando assim a conjectura dos pontos críticos neste caso. Na segunda parte, veremos duas estimativas para o primeiro autovalor do Laplaciano de uma variedade compacta com curvatura de Ricci limitada por baixo por uma constante. As estimativas que obtemos melhoram a estimativa correspondente provada por Li e Yau (1980). Na terceira parte, estamos interessados em estimar o diâmetro de hipersuperfícies mínimas da esfera. A estimativa que encontramos depende apenas do primeiro autovalor do Laplaciano da hipersuperfície considerada. Para superfícies imersas na esfera de dimensão três, obtemos uma estimativa ligeiramente melhor do que a obtida no caso de dimensão alta. Na última parte, introduzimos o conceito de variedade de energia constante e provamos que a esfera e o toro são as únicas superfícies que têm energia constante. Em dimensão mais alta a situação é bem diferente uma vez que o produto de uma esfera por qualquer variedade compacta tem energia constante. Entretanto, se impusermos uma condição sobre a curvatura de Ricci, é possível caracterizar a esfera também neste caso. Em seguida, aplicamos as informações obtidas ao estudo de hipersuperfícies da esfera provando alguns resultados de rigidez desde que a hipersuperfície tenha energia constante.

La théorie des spins élevés est le domaine de la physique théorique au centre de cette thèse. Outre une introduction présentant le contexte général de la naissance de cette théo- rie, ce manuscrit de thèse regroupe trois études récentes dans ce domaine. Une attention particulière sera portée aux symétries, aux courants et à l'holographie. La première partie est axée sur les ingrédients permettant la construction de vertex cubiques entre un champ scalaire de matière et un champ de jauge de spin élevé dans un espace-temps à courbure constante. La méthode de Noether indique comment construire ces interactions à partir des courants conservés, dont on peut condenser l'écriture en utili- sant les fonctions génératrices. Le formalisme ambiant est le principal aspect de ce calcul puisqu'il le facilite et en permet la simplification. Dans un second temps, nous préparons les éléments pour un futur test de la correspon- dance holographique à l'ordre cubique voire quartique en la constante de couplage. Plus précisément, nous révisons en détail le calcul de certains propagateurs, ce qui nous mène à calculer les fonctions à trois points impliquant deux champs scalaires. La dernière partie, bien que concernant toujours l'holographie des spins élevés, traite de la physique non-relativiste. Les symétries et les courants d'un gaz parfait/unitaire de Fermi y sont étudiés. En particulier, nous prouvons que l'algèbre maximale de symétrie de l'équation de Schrödinger est l'algèbre de Weyl. Le lien entre physiques relativiste et non-relativiste est obtenu grâce à la réduction dimensionnelle de Bargmann. L'holographie des spins élevés non relativistes est également évoquée.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
94
The applications of solar energy have received a great attention because of the energy crisis and the respect to the environmental thinking. However, the photoelectric energy transform is high cost but low efficiency. To solve this problem, holographic optical elements (HOEs) are used with Petzval Curvature applied to enhance the efficiency of sunlight concentration in the solar cell energy transforming system. This research presents the sunlight concentration performance improvement by applying Petzval Curvature on HOEs used with solar cells. A flashlight is used on a convex lens to simulate the parallel sunlight source. With a 60 to 120 degrees angle, the CdS set, which is positioned by Petzval Curvature, is placed within an effective focal length behind the convex lens. This study measures the energy distribution by testing the placed CdS with software simulation analysis. The research shows the performance of sunlight concentration is improved about 9% if the solar cells can be positioned based on Petzval Curvature. The advantages of applying Petzval Curvature are simple and low cost, which shows its potential on more applications.

We consider the hypothesis that Dark Matter (or at least part of it) could be explained as an effect of conventions used on the choice of the spacetime foliation into hyperplanes (the 3-space ) and time and therefore on the convention used for clock synchronization. In recent works by L. Lusanna and D. Alba on ADM tetrad gravity and its post-Minkowskian and post-Newtonian expansion, it was found that the non local York time 3 K_(1) gives a 0.5 PN correction (i.e. at order O(1/c) to the particle equation of motion which can be interpreted as a correction to the particle mass depending on the foliation used (and therefore on the convention used on the clock synchronization). In the introduction we review the modern hypothesis on Dark Matter, ADM tetrad gravity and IAU conventions. In the following chapters we work out the effects of 3K(1) on Pulsar Timing Array (PTA), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and on redshift measurements. Exploiting some similarities between the PN form of ADM tetrad gravity metric and of f(R) theories, we make the ansatz that the spatial part of 3K(1) has a Yukawa form. Many different guesses can be made for the time-dependent part, we discuss three in particular: the time-free ansatz (in which there is no time dependece), the linear ansatz (in which the time dependence is assumed linear) and finally we consider the case in which the time dependece is left completely free. In order to have an idea of the order of magnitude of the parameters

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
模具工程系碩士班
95
In this study, the energy method is adopted to obtain the optimum blank design of a cylindrical cup deep drawing and predict the springback of a stamped part with double curvatures. A systematic design method of sheet metal forming process is finally developed. Both of the energy method and uniform deformation theory are adopted to create the bound of initial blank design, a fourth-order Bezier curve is created automatically to describe this blank profile. The Taguchi method has been applied to study the effect of the design parameters including the control points of Bezier curve and the anisotropy of material. The integration of FEM simulation and the Golden section method updates the control points of Bezier curve to obtain the final optimum blank profile. The springback of a double curvature stamped part is also studied via the proposed energy method considering the average normal anisotropy of material. The strain distributions are obtained via the minimization of energy consumption, the elastoplastic strain and stress analysis is followed to predict the springback of product. The effect of anisotropy on the springback is also discussed. The experiments of a cylindrical cup deep drawing and a double curvature part stamping are carried out. The strain and deformed geometry results of experiment and prediction are in good agreement. It shows the proposed method and the developed system are feasible and applicable. The developed image processing system is also capable of measuring product dimensions in an acceptable accuracy. The research results have demonstrated the proposed methods and the developed systems are capable of doing the integration of blank design, process analysis, and quality control of sheet metal forming.