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Гонтарь, Павло Анатолійович. "Удосконалення технології механічного руйнування гірських порід використанням кумулятивного вибухового ядра." Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2017. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/18700.
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Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробці нового енергоефективного вибухо-механічного способу руйнування гірських порід з використанням кумулятивного вибухового ядра. Розроблено математичну модель енергоємності руйнування гірських порід, що враховує параметри вибухо-механічного навантаження вибою і сукупність дії природної та внесеної технологічної тріщинуватостей. Створено повнорозмірний експериментальний пристрій для реалізації комбінованого вибухо-механічного руйнування гірських порід. Пристрій дозволив експериментально встановити зниження питомої енергоємності вибухо-механічного руйнування гірських порід від частоти навантажень кумулятивним вибуховим ядром (на 9…16 %) та температури вибуху (на 4…7 %). При цьому забезпечено зростання коефіцієнта корисної дії з 77 % до 80 % та продуктивності руйнування гірських порід на 9…14 %. Результати досліджень апробовано в технологічному процесі ПП «Давидівський гранкар’єр». Досягнуто зниження питомої енергоємності руйнування граніту з 201 до 188 кВт·год/м³ вибухо-механічним способом за рахунок доповнення природних тріщин внесеними технологічними кумулятивним вибуховим ядром.
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Mandryka, V. "Energy efficiency in energy consumption systems." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40670.
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There has been used four times more energy in the world compared to 1950 year. The main share falls primarily on households and the growing industry. The economic downturn in Ukraine and the countries of former USSR does not influence the consumption of energy – it remains high.
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Wilke, Claas, Sebastian Richly, Christian Piechnick, Sebastian Götz, Georg Püschel, and Uwe Aßmann. "Comparing Mobile Applications' Energy Consumption." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-101525.
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As mobile devices are nowadays used regularly and everywhere, their energy consumption has become a central concern for their users. However, mobile applications often do not consider energy requirements and users have to install and try them to reveal information on their energy behavior. In this paper, we compare mobile applications from two domains and show that applications reveal different energy consumption while providing similar services. We define microbenchmarks for emailing and web browsing and evaluate applications from these domains. We show that non-functional features such as web page caching can but not have to have a positive influence on applications' energy consumption.
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Hopeman, Lisa Maria. "Energy consumption of building 39." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40430.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 32).
The MIT community has embarked on an initiative to the reduce energy consumption and in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. This thesis seeks to further expand our understanding of how the MIT campus consumes energy and with that knowledge be able to recommend methods of reducing energy consumption by minimizing and even eliminating careless energy use. The largest energy consuming building per square foot, Building 39, was selected and analyzed in detail. This thesis proves the unnecessarily high airflows and irresponsible fan use are the source of Building 39's wasteful consumption of energy. Research revealed that the recirculating fans drew the most energy and were continuously running on full power. If the fans were turned down during off peak times the consumption of electricity could be decreased by as much as approximately 26% and save the Institute $250,000 a year in electrical costs.
by Lisa Maria Hopeman.
S.B.
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Wilke, Claas, Sebastian Richly, Christian Piechnick, Sebastian Götz, Georg Püschel, and Uwe Aßmann. "Comparing Mobile Applications' Energy Consumption." Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26364.
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As mobile devices are nowadays used regularly and everywhere, their energy consumption has become a central concern for their users. However, mobile applications often do not consider energy requirements and users have to install and try them to reveal information on their energy behavior. In this paper, we compare mobile applications from two domains and show that applications reveal different energy consumption while providing similar services. We define microbenchmarks for emailing and web browsing and evaluate applications from these domains. We show that non-functional features such as web page caching can but not have to have a positive influence on applications' energy consumption.
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Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, and Denys Olehovych Smolennikov. "The problem of energy consumption." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8299.
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Nowadays the problem of energy consumption becomes extremely urgent in the whole world. As most of energy resources are nonrenewable. And energy consumption worldwide increases every year.
Economic growth is one the most important factors to be considered in projecting changes in the world’s future energy consumption. Over the 2004 to 2030 period, world economic growth (real GDP) is projected to average 4.1 percent annually. Economic activity, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to expand by 5.1 percent per year in developed countries, as compared with 2.5 percent per year in the mature market economies and 4.4 percent per year in the transitional economies of EE/FSU.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8299
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Kelly, Solange. "Energy systems improvement based on endogenous and exogenous exergy destruction." Düsseldorf VDI-Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989105776/04.
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Afzalan, Milad. "Building Energy Profile Clustering Based on Energy Consumption Patterns." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99317.
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With the widespread adoption of smart meters in buildings, an unprecedented amount of high- resolution energy data is released, which provides opportunities to understand building consumption patterns. Accordingly, research efforts have employed data analytics and machine learning methods for the segmentation of consumers based on their load profiles, which help utilities and energy providers for customized/personalized targeting for energy programs. However, building energy segmentation methodologies may present oversimplified representations of load shapes, which do not properly capture the realistic energy consumption patterns, in terms of temporal shapes and magnitude. In this thesis, we introduce a clustering technique that is capable of preserving both temporal patterns and total consumption of load shapes from customers’ energy data. The proposed approach first overpopulates clusters as the initial stage to preserve the accuracy and merges the similar ones to reduce redundancy in the second stage by integrating time-series similarity techniques. For such a purpose, different time-series similarity measures based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) are employed. Furthermore, evaluations of different unsupervised clustering methods such as k-means, hierarchical clustering, fuzzy c-means, and self-organizing map were presented on building load shape portfolios, and their performance were quantitatively and qualitatively compared. The evaluation was carried out on real energy data of ~250 households. The comparative assessment (both qualitatively and quantitatively) demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approach compared to benchmark techniques for power time-series clustering of household load shapes. The contribution of this thesis is to: (1) present a comparative assessment of clustering techniques on household electricity load shapes and highlighting the inadequacy of conventional validation indices for choosing the cluster number and (2) propose a two-stage clustering approach to improve the representation of temporal patterns and magnitude of household load shapes.M.S.
With the unprecedented amount of data collected by smart meters, we have opportunities to systematically analyze the energy consumption patterns of households. Specifically, through using data analytics methods, one could cluster a large number of energy patterns (collected on a daily basis) into a number of representative groups, which could reveal actionable patterns for electric utilities for energy planning. However, commonly used clustering approaches may not properly show the variation of energy patterns or energy volume of customers at a neighborhood scale. Therefore, in this thesis, we introduced a clustering approach to improve the cluster representation by preserving the temporal shapes and energy volume of daily profiles (i.e., the energy data of a household collected during 1 day). In the first part of the study, we evaluated several well-known clustering techniques and validation indices in the literature and showed that they do not necessarily work well for this domain-specific problem. As a result, in the second part, we introduced a two-stage clustering technique to extract the typical energy consumption patterns of households. Different visualization and quantified metrics are shown for the comparison and applicability of the methods. A case-study on several datasets comprising more than 250 households was considered for evaluation. The findings show that datasets with more than thousands of observations can be clustered into 10-50 groups through the introduced two-stage approach, while reasonably maintaining the energy patterns and energy volume of individual profiles.
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Sjökvist, Kristoffer. "Visualizing energy consumption in industrial environments." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93528.
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Based on the impressions given by information gathered within the frames of this project, there most definitely exists a need and interest for a product that increases the employees’ awareness of their company’s energy usage. Interactive Institute should consider the prerequisites satisfactory and follow through with their project in creating a product that fulfills this need. The chance to create a powerful, yet economically defendable, product is great considering that the product would include features not previously available to the market at an attractive price level. With limited manpower within the company together with a wish of turning this project into a marketable product, cooperating with Exido/eZE Systems would be the most fruitful solution. Using their Input/Output device and already ‐built communications system gives Interactive Institute the possibility to focus mainly on the Graphical User Interface/Web portal and the technical involvement would only need to cover signal handling from existing meters to the I/O box as well as integrating the Exido software system with the new customer web portal. This cooperation would also grant Interactive Institute an important head start compared to other manufacturers possibly in the beginning of launching similar projects. Thereby the chances of hitting the market with a unique product, before any competition exists, increase significantly. If involving an external part is not an option due to internal reasons, developing the meter from earlier projects further and replacing the previously used WLAN module with a LAN module (or possibly simply adding LAN capability) would be the second most efficient solution in terms of manpower efficiency and not making the product more expensive than necessary.
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Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna, and Stefan Humer. "Projecting Long-Term Primary Energy Consumption." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3874/1/wp152.pdf.
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In this paper we use the long-term empirical relationship among primary energy consumption,
real income, physical capital, population and technology, obtained by averaged
panel error correction models, to project the long-term primary energy consumption of 56
countries up to 2100. In forecasting long-term primary energy consumption, we work with four
different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Scenarios (SSPs) developed for the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework, assuming different challenges to adaptation and
mitigation. We find that in all scenarios, China, the United States and India will be the largest
energy consumers, while highly growing countries will also significantly contribute to energy
use. We observe for most scenarios a sharp increase in global energy consumption, followed
by a levelling-out and a decrease towards the second half of the century. The reasons behind
this pattern are not only slower population growth, but also infrastructure saturation and
increased total factor productivity. This means, as countries move towards more knowledge
based societies, and higher energy efficiency, their primary energy usage is likely to decrease as
a result. Global primary energy consumption is expected however to increase significantly in
the coming decades, thus increasing the pressure on policy makers to cope with the questions
of energy security and greenhouse gas mitigation at the same time. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Arokiasamy, David Balachandar. "Energy Consumption Evaluation of LoRa Technology." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Lora is a wireless technology that has been developed to enable low data rate communications to be made over long distances especially for IoT applications. With growing Internet of things, Lora technology addresses the increasing demands on end devices for long range connectivity with low power battery consumption and also with low infrastructure cost to deploy. Lora utilizes a spread spectrum modulation and protocol in Sub-Ghz RF band to enable long range greater than 10 km with low power and high network capacity.
In this thesis, I would like to give some comprehensive introduction about Lora specifications. As we know that Lora consumes low power to transmit the data packets given to the physical layer and the query is to know in which range of low power lies. This will be the outcome of my thesis with energy measurements for transmitting a data packet. This also includes different configurations of the devices.
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Down, S. A. A. "Household energy consumption in West Sumatra." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355017.
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Schmidt, Justin David. "Energy consumption metrics of MIT buildings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62749.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 30).
With world energy demand on the rise and greenhouse gas levels breaking new records each year, lowering energy consumption and improving energy efficiency has become vital. MIT, in a mission to help improve the global energy system, launched the MIT Energy Initiative in 2006, and is aggressively trying to improve campus-wide energy consumption. MIT has also teamed up with the NSTAR utility company and pledged to reduce electricity generation by 15% by 2013 to serve as a model for others to follow. This thesis presents a measurement of the current performance of the most recent energy practices and seeks to provide a direction for future improvements. Following energy consumption over the course of the past decade, energy performance for the MIT campus and its buildings could be observed. It was determined that the majority of efforts to improve energy efficiency have been successful. Improvements to the campus' largest consuming laboratory buildings have significantly reduced consumption, and new energy projects have provided millions of dollars in yearly savings. Behavioral projects have not yet shown widespread success across campus but have had a drastic reduction effect in student residences where energy consumption has decreased 23% since 2006. Many buildings, which are not the largest energy consumers on campus, are continuing to increase consumption and need to radically improve for MIT to decrease overall consumption.
by Justin David Schmidt.
S.B.
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Hayashi, Waichiro. "Energy consumption by automobiles in Japan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74772.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 104-107.
by Waichiro Hayashi.
M.C.P.
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Tran, Martina. "Energy Consumption Optimizations for 5G networks." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och System, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395146.
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The importance of energy efficiency has grown alongside awareness of climate change due to the rapid increase of greenhouse gases. With the increasing trend regarding mobile subscribers, it is necessary to prevent an expansion of energy consumption via mobile networks. In this thesis, the energy optimization of the new radio access technology called 5G NR utilizing different sleep states to put base stations to sleep when they are not transmitting data is discussed. Energy savings and file latency with heterogeneous and super dense urban scenarios was evaluated through simulations with different network deployments. An updated power model has been proposed and the sensitivity of the new power model was analyzed by adjusting wake-up time and sleep factors. This showed that careful implementation is necessary when adjusting these parameter settings, although in most cases it did not change the end results by much. Since 5G NR has more potential in energy optimization compared to the previous generation mobile network 4G LTE, up to 4 sleep states was implemented on the NR base stations and one idle mode on LTE base stations. To mitigate unnecessary sleep, deactivation timers are used which decides when to put base stations to sleep. Without deactivation timers, the delay could increase significantly, while with deactivation timers the delay increase would only be a few percent. Up to 42.5% energy could be saved with LTE-NR non-standalone deployment and 72.7% energy with NR standalone deployment compared to LTE standalone deployment, while minimally impacting the delay on file by 1%.
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Borzi, Eleonora, and Djiar Salim. "Energy Consumption and Security in Blockchain." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285901.
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Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology that was popularized after the release of Bitcoin in 2009 as it was the first popular blockchain application. It is a technology for maintaining a digital and public ledger that is decentralized, which means that no single authority controls nor owns the public ledger. The ledger is formed by a chain of data structures, called blocks, that contain information. This ledger is shared publicly in a computer network where each node is called a peer. The problem that arises is how to make sure that every peer has the same ledger. This is solved with consensus mechanisms which are a set of rules that every peer must follow. Consensus mechanisms secure the ledger by ensuring that the majority of peers can reach agreement on the same ledger and that the malicious minority of peers cannot influence the majority agreement. There are many different consensus mechanisms. A problem with consensus mechanisms is that they have to make a trade-off between low energy consumption and high security. The purpose of this report is to explore and investigate the relationship between energy consumption and security in consensus mechanisms. The goal is to perform a comparative study of consensus mechanisms from an energy consumption and security perspective. The consensus mechanisms that are compared are Proof of Work, Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake. The methodology used is literature study and comparative study by using existing work and data from applications based on those consensus mechanisms. The results conclude that Proof of Work balances the trade-off by having high energy-consumption and high security, meanwhile Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake balance it by having low energy consumption but lower security level. In the analysis, a new factor arose, decentralization. The new insight in consensus mechanisms is that decentralization and security is threatened by an inevitable centralization where the ledger is controlled by few peers.Blockchain är en så kallad distribuerad huvudbok teknologi som fick ett stort genombrott med den populära blockchain applikationen Bitcoin i 2009. Teknologin möjliggör upprätthållandet av en digital och offentlig huvudbok som är decentraliserad, vilket betyder att ingen ensam person eller organisation äger och kontrollerar den offentliga huvudboken. Huvudboken i blockchain är uppbyggt som en kedja av block, dessa block är datastrukturer som innehåller information. Huvudboken distribueras i ett nätverk av datorer som kallas för noder, dessa noder ägs av en eller flera personer. Problemet är att alla noderna i nätverket måste ha identiska huvudbok. Detta problem löses med en uppsättning av regler som noderna måste följa, denna uppsättning kallas för konsensus mekanism. Konsensus mekanismer säkrar huvudboken genom att möjliggöra en överenskommelse bland majoriteten av noderna om huvudbokens innehåll, och ser till att oärliga noder inte kan påverka majoritetens överenskommelse. Det finns flera olika konsensus mekanismer. Ett problem med konsensus mekanismer är att de är tvungna att göra en avvägning mellan låg energianvändning och hög säkerhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och utreda relationen mellan energianvändning och säkerhet i konsensus mekanismer. Målet är att utföra en komparativ analys av konsensus mekanismer utifrån energianvändning och säkerhet. Konsensus mekanismerna som jämförs är Proof of Work, Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake. Metodologin som används är litteraturstudier och komparativ analys med hjälp av existerande metoder och data från applikationer som använder konsensus mekanismerna. Resultatet visar att Proof of Work väljer hög säkerhet på bekostnad av hög energianvändning, medan Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake väljer låg energianvändning men på bekostnad av lägre säkerhet. Analysen ger en ny inblick som visar att centralisering är en oundviklig faktor som hotar säkerheten.
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Uppalapati, Navya. "Optimizing Energy Consumption Using Live Migration." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för kommunikationssystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-13588.
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Context: Cloud Computing has evolved and advanced over the recent years due to its concept of sharing computing resources rather than having local servers to handle applications. The growth of Cloud Computing has resulted in large number of datacenters around the world containing thousands of nodes. The nodes are used to process various forms of workloads. Generally, the datacenters efficiency is calculated solely based how fast workload can be processed. Recently, energy consumption has been adopted as additional efficiency metric. The main reasons for this development is increased environmental awareness and escalating costs related to supplying power to large number units and to datacenter cooling. Cloud providers has developed the concept of virtualization, where multiple operating system and applications run on the same server at the same time. A key feature enabled by virtualization is migrating a virtual machine from one physical host to another. In particular, the capability of Virtual Machine (VM) migration brings multiple benefits such elastic resource sharing and energy aware consolidation. Live Virtual Machine migration in datacenters has great potential to decrease energy consumption up to certain level of usage. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to perform cold and/or live migration to relocate Virtual Machines among hosts in a datacenter thereby reducing the energy consumption. PowerAPI is used to estimate the energy consumption of each VM. A heuristic algorithm is developed and evaluated in order to optimize energy consumption. The overall CPU utilization is calculated during the live migration when the energy consumed is optimized. Method: With the obtained knowledge about the VM migration and the factors that influence the migration process, a heuristic algorithm is designed for limiting energy consumption in datacenter. The algorithm takes the energy distribution over a set of VMs and corresponding hosts as input. The output of this algorithm will be the redistribution of VMs to the hosts such that the overall energy consumption is lowered. The proposed model is implemented and evaluated in an Openstack environment. Results: The results of the experiment study give the energy consumption of each node and then sumup to give the total energy consumption of the datacenter. The results are taken with the default OpenStack VM placement algorithm as well as with the heuristic algorithm developed in this work. The comparison of results indicate that the total energy consumption of the datacenter is reduced when the heuristic is used. The overall CPU utilization of each node is evaluated and the values are almost similar when compared with heuristic. Conclusion: The analysis of results concludes that the overall energy consumption of the datacenter is optimized by relocating the virtual machines among hosts according to the algorithm using virtual machine live migration. This also results that CPU Utilization is not varied much when live migration is used to optimize the energy consumption.
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Ferdeen, Mats. "Reducing Energy Consumption Through Image Compression." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134335.
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The energy consumption to make the off-chip memory writing and readings are aknown problem. In the image processing field structure from motion simpler compressiontechniques could be used to save energy. A balance between the detected features suchas corners, edges, etc., and the degree of compression becomes a big issue to investigate.In this thesis a deeper study of this balance are performed. A number of more advancedcompression algorithms for processing of still images such as JPEG is used for comparisonwith a selected number of simpler compression algorithms. The simpler algorithms canbe divided into two categories: individual block-wise compression of each image andcompression with respect to all pixels in each image. In this study the image sequences arein grayscale and provided from an earlier study about rolling shutters. Synthetic data setsfrom a further study about optical flow is also included to see how reliable the other datasets are.Energikonsumtionen för att skriva och läsa till off-chip minne är ett känt problem. Inombildbehandlingsområdet struktur från rörelse kan enklare kompressionstekniker användasför att spara energi. En avvägning mellan detekterade features såsom hörn, kanter, etc.och grad av kompression blir då en fråga att utreda. I detta examensarbete har en djuparestudie av denna avvägning utförts. Ett antal mer avancerade kompressionsalgoritmer förbearbetning av stillbilder som tex. JPEG används för jämförelse med ett antal utvaldaenklare kompressionsalgoritmer. De enklare algoritmerna kan delas in i två kategorier:individuell blockvis kompression av vardera bilden och kompression med hänsyn tillsamtliga pixlar i vardera bilden. I studien är bildsekvenserna i gråskala och tillhandahållnafrån en tidigare studie om rullande slutare. Syntetiska data set från ytterligare en studie om’optical flow’ ingår även för att se hur pass tillförlitliga de andra dataseten är.
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Sun, Zhifeng. "Energy Consumption Optimization of Electric Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302774.
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This master thesis report has studied several methods to improve the energy consumption of an electric vehicle equipped with two permanent magnet synchronous motors. Two driving torque distribution maps are developed based on efficiency map and load transfer, respectively. The drive torque distribution map based on the efficiency map shows up to 8.94% energy saving. Two regenerative braking strategies are designed and compared. Both strategies have pure regenerative brake at low decelerations and it is controlled by a modified acceleration pedal map. Strategy 1 does not add more regenerative braking when the brake pedal is pressed thus it is simpler while strategy 2 can blend in more motor torque. Rear axle steering is also studied in terms of contribution to energy consumption and an LQR controller is developed to control the vehicle with rear axle steering.Denna rapport avhandlar ett examensarbete där flera metoder har studerats för att förbättra energikonsumptionen för ett elektriskt fordon med två permanentmagnetsynkrona motorer. Två fördelningskartor för drivande moment är framtagna baserat på effektivitetskartor och lastöverföring. Fördelningskartorna för drivande moment som är baserat på effektivitet visar upp till 8,94% energiminskning. Två olika regenerativa bromsstrategier är framtagna och jämförda. Båda strategierna har ren regeneration vid låga decelerationer och är reglerat genom modifierat gaspedalsmappning. Strategi 1 ger inte mer regeneration när bromspedalen trycks ned och är då enklare medans strategi 2 kan blanda in mer vridmoment från elmotorn. Bakaxelstyrning är också studerat i termer av dess bidrag till energikonsumption samt en LQR regulator är utvecklad för reglering av fordonets bakaxelstyrning.
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Aka, Eloise Francesca. "Identifying the effects of energy efficient houses on energy consumption." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025054.
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Strout, Alan Mayne. "Estimating energy consumption from cross-country relationships." MIT Energy Lab, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27272.
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Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna, and Stefan Humer. "Modelling Primary Energy Consumption under Model Uncertainty." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3706/1/wp147.pdf.
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This paper examines the long-term relationship between primary energy consumption and other key macroeconomic variables, including real GDP, labour force, capital stock and technology, using a panel dataset for 64 countries over the period 1965-2009. Deploying panel error correction models, we find that there is a positive relationship running from physical capital, GDP, and population to primary energy consumption. We observe however a negative relationship between total factor productivity and primary energy usage. Significant differences arise in the magnitude of the cointegration coefficients, when we allow for differences in geopolitics and wealth levels. We also argue that inference on the basis of a single model without taking model uncertainty into account can lead to biased conclusions. Consequently, we address this problem by applying simple model averaging techniques to the estimated panel cointegration models. We find that tackling the uncertainty associated with selecting a single model with model averaging techniques leads to a more accurate representation of the link between energy consumption and the other macroeconomic variables, and to a significantly increased out-of-sample forecast performance. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Osqui, Mitra M. 1980. "Evaluation of software energy consumption on microprocessors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8344.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-75).
In the area of wireless communications, energy consumption is the key design consideration. Significant effort has been placed in optimizing hardware for energy efficiency, while relatively less emphasis has been placed on software energy reduction. For overall energy efficiency reduction of system energy consumption in both hardware and software must be addressed. One goal of this research is to evaluate the factors that affect software energy efficiency and identify techniques that can be employed to produce energy optimal software. In order to present a strong argument, two state-of-the-art low power processors were used for evaluation: the Intel StrongARM SA-1100 and the next generation Intel Xscale processor. A key step in analyzing the performance of software is to perform a comprehensive tabulation of the energy consumption per instruction, while taking into account the different modes of operation. This leads into a comprehensive energy profiling for the instruction set of the processors of interest. With information on the energy consumption per instruction, we can evaluate the feasibility of energy efficient programming and use the results to gain greater insight into the power consumption of the two processors under consideration. Benchmark programs will be tested on both processors to illustrate the effectiveness of the energy profiling results. The next goal is to look at the leakage current and current consumed during idle modes of the processors and how that impacts the overall picture of energy consumption. Thus energy consumption will be explored for the two processors from both a dynamic and static energy consumption perspective.
by Mitra M. Osqui.
S.M.
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Deng, Shuo. "Reducing 3G energy consumption on mobile devices." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71496.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
The 3G wireless interface is a significant contributor to battery drain on mobile devices. This paper describes the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of methods to reduce the energy consumption of the 3G radio interface. The idea is to put the radio in its "Low-power idle" state when no application is likely to need the network for some duration of time in the future. We present two techniques, one to determine when to change the radio's state from "Active" to "Low-power idle", and the other to change the radio's state from "Low-power idle" to "Active". The technique for switching to Low-power idle mode is well-suited for the emerging "fast dormancy" [3, 4] primitive that will soon be common on smartphones. We demonstrate using an implementation and a trace-driven evaluation based on the measurement and trace collected from HTC GI and Samsung Nexus S phones over various combinations of seven different background applications that our methods reduce the energy consumption of the 3G interface by 36% on average compared to the currently deployed scheme on the T-mobile network. In addition, if applications are able to tolerate a delay of a few seconds when they initiate a session, our methods reduce energy consumption by 52% on average, with a mean increase in delay of 6.46 seconds.
by Shuo Deng.
S.M.
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Ford, Rebecca. "Reducing domestic energy consumption through behaviour modification." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac11b371-82e3-4091-930c-ff0b28b9704e.
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This thesis presents the development of techniques which enable appliance recognition in an Advanced Electricity Meter (AEM) to aid individuals reduce their domestic electricity consumption. The key aspect is to provide immediate and disaggregated information, down to appliance level, from a single point of measurement. Three sets of features including the short term time domain, time dependent finite state machine behaviour and time of day are identified by monitoring step changes in the power consumption of the home. Associated with each feature set is a membership which depicts the amount to which that feature set is representative of a particular appliance. These memberships are combined in a novel framework to effectively identify individual appliance state changes and hence appliance energy consumption. An innovative mechanism is developed for generating short term time domain memberships. Hierarchical and nearest neighbour clustering is used to train the AEM by generating appliance prototypes which contain an indication of typical parameters. From these prototypes probabilistic fuzzy memberships and possibilistic fuzzy typicalities are calculated for new data points which correspond to appliance state changes. These values are combined in a weighted geometric mean to produce novel memberships which are determined to be appropriate for the domestic model. A voltage independent feature space in the short term time domain is developed based on a model of the appliance’s electrical interface. The components within that interface are calculated and these, along with an indication of the appropriate model, form a novel feature set which is used to represent appliances. The techniques developed are verified with real data and are 99.8% accurate in a laboratory based classification in the short term time domain. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the ability of the AEM to accurately track the energy consumption of individual appliances.
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Alshiekh, Ali. "OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEMS." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-41180.
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A large number of network devices in cloud data-centers consume huge amount of energy. This has emerged as a matter of concern for data center operators. Cloud computing finds its application in various elds such as telecommunication, multimedia, video gaming and etc. Most of these applications require a timing guarantee which are reffed to as real-time applications. Once cloud providers aim to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as deadlines, more hard-ware resources are required because of using a higher number of servers, switches, higher network bandwidth, more cooling and power distribution systems. As a consequence of the use of a higher number of devices and communication links, power consumption and operational cost. This thesis aims to optimize the network energy consumption, which in turn results in reduction of the energy consumption of a data-center while respecting the network constraints. The energy reduction of the network is achieved by turning off idle network devices and playing with the allocation of the workload among the servers to minimize the communication load. Thereby, it increases the number of idle devices. Our experimental results demonstrate a full performance by using Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. OSPF creates a routing table to nd the nest tasks paths and the address of the idle devices. It provides 22.75% reduction in energy consumption by applying Elastic Tree mechanism. The performance of the method is also examined in terms of the network load. The results reveal a trade-off between network energy consumption and the load of the network. The results show that although the Elastic Tree mechanism optimizes energy consumption of the network, it increases the network load.
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Gomes, César Emanuel Brandão. "Fine grained monitoring of electric energy consumption." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10937.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesHoje em dia assistimos a uma grande pressão e esforço no sentido de estimular a conservação de energia, seja devido a limitações económicas, preocupações ambientais, ou normas regulatórias. No topo do consumo de energia está a energia sob a forma de electricidade Para se conseguir incentivar a utilização eficiente da energia é necessário fornecer consciencialização energética. Se os consumidores de elecricidade tiverem acesso a informação detalhada sobre como, quando e que aparelhos estão a consumir energia, estes poderão tomar boas e bem suportadas decisões e anuir mudar os seus hábitos de modo a reduzir o consumo de energia, e por fim, gastar menos dinheiro. O projecto aqui apresentado desenvolve as bases para um aparelho que fornece informação detalhada sobre o consumo de energia eléctrica para uma casa. A informação a ser fornecida deverá ser separada individualmente para virtualmente cada aparelho singular presente. A técnica escolhida para desenvolver o aparelho foi Monitorização Não Intrusiva de Cargas de Aparelhos. A partir de um único ponto de medida o sistema deverá identificar as cargas individuais na casa, o que faz com que o hardware tenda a ser simples e minimal, recaindo a complexidade para o software. O sistema desenvolvido deverá ser de baixo custo e de fácil instalação. O sistema que foi desenvolvido foi capaz de identificar individualmente e com grande sucesso os aparelhos presentes num ambiente controlado. Ao contrário de outros sistemas deste tipo, o sistema apresentado nesta dissertação é capaz de distinguir cargas eletricamente idênticas, através do uso da técnica de Medição Indirecta de Potência implementada através de uma Rede de Sensores Sem Fios.
Nowadays we witness a great pressure and effort in order to stimulate energy conservation, either due to economic constraints, environmental concerns, or regulatory pressures. At the top of the energy consumption is the consumption of energy in the form of electricity. The first step to improve energy utilization efficiency is energy awareness. So if there is some manner to provide the average person information about how he is consuming electricity, he may take it by its own interest, and In fact, if electricity consumers have access to detailed information about how, when and by which devices energy is consumed, they can make good and well supported decisions on how they can change their habits to spend less energy and ultimately spend less money. The project hereby presented, develops the basis for a device that provides detailed information on electrical energy expenditure for a home. The information to be provided aims to be disambiguated for virtually every individual appliance present. The chosen technique to develop such a device was Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring. The system identifies individual loads from a single measurement point. That makes that the hardware tends to be simple and minimal, passing the complexity to the software. The system aims to be very low cost and easy to deploy. The system developed was able to identify with great success individual appliances in the total load on a controlled environment. Unlike other systems of this type, the system presented in this dissertation has the ability of disambiguating electrically identical loads, by the use of the technique of Indirect Power Sensing deployed with a Wireless Sensor Network
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Saker, Louai. "Energy consumption reduction mechanisms in mobile networks." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TELE0029.
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La consommation en énergie des réseaux de télécommunications a suscité un intérêt grandissant au cours des dernières années et les opérateurs mobiles cherchent des solutions innovantes pour optimiser l’efficacité énergétique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous focaliserons sur les schémas d’optimisation de la consommation d’énergie des réseaux d’accès mobiles. Nous commençons par étudier la stratégie de partage de charge qui minimise la consommation d’énergie dans la cellule tout en limitant l’impact sur la Qualité de Service. Le gain obtenu par ces algorithmes de gestion des ressources radio reste cependant limité; ceci est dû au fait que la consommation d’énergie ne dépend pas que de la charge, mais comporte une importante partie constante. Pour obtenir un gain plus important, nous proposons la mise en veille de certaines ressources du réseaux aux heures creuses où le trafic est faible, ce qui mène à des gains substantiels. Nous proposons ensuite un contrôleur de gestion de la mise en veille qui choisit l’action optimale en fonction de l’état du réseau. En effet, l’activation d’une nouvelle ressource n’est pas instantanée et un effet ping-pong peut apparaitre suite aux commandes simultanées d’activation/désactivation des ressources. Nous adaptons nos contrôleurs afin de prendre en compte ces imperfections, et nous montrons comment déduire la politique optimale. Nous étudions ensuite le cas de déploiement de petites cellules dans des réseaux hétérogènes et montrons que leur efficacité énergétique est améliorée par rapport au réseau purement macro-cellulaire, pourvu que la consommation d’énergie de petites cellules reste faible. Nous proposons ensuite un contrôleur optimal qui active/désactive les petites cellules en se basant sur des informations de trafic et de localisation des usagers. Nous considérons différents cas de figure avec une information complète, partielle ou retardée et montrons que ces schémas de mise en veille permettent d’atteindre d’importants gains de consommation d’énergieIn the recent years, more importance has been given to the energy consumption issue in telecommunication networks and mobile operators are rethinking their network design for optimizing its energy efficiency. In this thesis, we propose schemes for optimizing the energy consumption of mobile access networks. We begin by proposing energy-aware Radio Resource Management (RRM) schemes and show that a load balancing between available resources gives some energy savings. However, these gains remain small as a large part of the energy consumption is load-independent. We thus propose sleep mode schemes of resources in the network (cells or carriers) and show that they give a large gain when traffic is low. We then propose optimal sleep mode controllers that give, for each traffic scenario, the best actions to take in each state of the network. We make two observations: the first is that activating a new resource is not instantaneous, leading to QoS degradation if a conservative policy is not considered, and the second is that a ping-pong effect may appear at the frontier between two capacity regions. We adapt our controllers to take into account these imperfections, and show how to derive the optimal policy using Markov decision theory. We then extend our works to the case of small cell deployment in heterogeneous networks, composed of macro and small cells base stations. We study the capacity and power consumption of these networks and show that the energy efficiency is increased for some deployment strategies when the power consumption of small cells is low. We then propose sleep mode for small cells and develop optimal sleep/wakeup schemes based on the information on traffic load and user localization in the cell, in the cases where this information is complete, partial or delayed. We show that these sleep mode schemes achieve large energy consumption gains
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Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, and Denys Olehovych Smolennikov. "World energy consumption and carbon dioxide problems." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8502.
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Lee, Sang Hoon. "Management of building energy consumption and energy supply network on campus scale." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43580.
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Building portfolio management on campus and metropolitan scale involves decisions about energy retrofits, energy resource pooling, and investments in shared energy systems, such as district cooling, community PV and wind power, CHP systems, geothermal systems etc. There are currently no tools that help a portfolio/campus manager make these decisions by rapid comparison of variants. The research has developed an energy supply network management tool at the campus scale. The underlying network energy performance (NEP) model uses (1) an existing energy performance toolkit to quantify the energy performance of building energy consumers on hourly basis, and (2) added modules to calculate hourly average energy generation from a wide variety of energy supply systems.
The NEP model supports macro decisions at the generation side (decisions about adding or retrofitting campus wide systems) and consumption side (planning of new building design and retrofit measures). It allows testing different supply topologies by inspecting which consumer nodes should connect to which local suppliers and to which global suppliers, i.e. the electricity and gas utility grids. A prototype software implementation allows a portfolio or campus manager to define the demand and supply nodes on campus scale and manipulate the connections between them through a graphical interface. The NEP model maintains the network topology which is represented by a directed graph with the supply and demand nodes as vertices and their connections as arcs. Every change in the graph automatically triggers an update of the energy generation and consumption pattern, the results of which are shown on campus wide energy performance dashboards.
The dissertation shows how the NEP model supports decision making with respect to large-scale building energy system design with a case study of the Georgia Tech campus evaluating the following three assertions: 1. The normative calculations at the individual building scale are accurate enough to support the network energy performance analysis 2. The NEP model supports the study of the tradeoffs between local building retrofits and campus wide energy interventions in renewable systems, under different circumstances 3. The NEP approach is a viable basis for routine campus asset management policies.
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Wong, Chun-hung Samuel. "Opportunities for building energy conservation in Hong Kong (residential buildings) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1873439X.
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Damron, Lauren Leigh Brannom. "An energy consumption evaluation for existing, commercial buildings." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38228.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Julia A. Keen
The intent of this report is to recommend a process for legislation that can be used to identify commercial buildings that have the greatest potential to reduce energy consumption. A point-based evaluation is completed of current energy processes for existing commercial buildings. The recommended energy evaluation system is applied to an existing building, which allows for a detailed review of how the evaluation is completed for a building. The results are presented to display the value of assessing building energy performance. Additionally, the results reinforce the potential to transform the industry and energy use by buildings.
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Balthazar, Edward John. "Residential building energy consumption and loss reduction methods." [Huntington, WV : Marshall University Libraries], 2008. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=864.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Marshall University, 2008.Title from document title page. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: contains ix, 94 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-91).
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Alfredsson, Eva. "Green consumption energy use and carbon dioxide emission." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the quantitative potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions through changed patterns of consumption, given unchanged levels of consumption expenditure. The thesis question is analysed using a systems analysis approach which in this case means that life cycle assessment data on energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to household consumption are combined with a financial and behavioural analysis to make sure that the budget constraint is kept and that both the first and second order effects of adopting a green consumption pattern are analysed. The budget constraints are kept using a general linear model. By using marginal propensities to spend to direct the reallocation of saved or deficit money calculated utility is maintained as far as possible. Further, investigations explore the impact of individual household demographic characteristics and geographic context on household consumption patterns, energy requirements and CO2 emissions. The key result of this thesis is that changed household behaviour, choosing “green“ products and energy efficient technology will not make a big difference. What can be achieved in the short time perspective by adopting an almost completely green consumption pattern and energy efficient technology is a reduction of energy requirements by around 8% and CO2 emissions by around 13%. With a longer time perspective and further technological change that provides additional possibilities to move consumption patterns in a greener direction, the effect on energy requirements and CO2 emissions is still fairly small. By 2020, the potential to reduce energy requirements is around 13% and CO2 emissions around 25%. In the most extreme scenario (2050), the scope for reducing energy requirements is 17% and for CO2 emissions 30%. All these reductions will be outpaced by growth in income almost as soon as they are implemented. Of policy relevance the results reveal that very limited impact can be expected by a policy relying on greener consumption patterns, whether adopted voluntarily or as a result of incentives such as tax changes. Such a policy cannot achieve more than a small and temporary reduction to growth in energy requirements and CO2 emissions. It is also shown that, prescribing specific consumption patterns as a means of reducing energy requirements and CO2 emissions has to be done with care. This is illustrated by one of the experiments in which adopting a partly green consumption pattern, a green diet, in fact increased total energy requirements and CO2 emissions. This, and the results of all the other experiments show the importance of applying a systems approach. It demonstrates that life cycle data alone are irrelevant for assessing the total effects of adopting green consumption patterns. Further research on the potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions thus primarily needs to better capture system wide effects rather than to improve on, and fine tune the measurement of the energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to individual products.
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Simpson, Andrew G. "Parametric modelling of energy consumption in road vehicles /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe.pdf.
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Chavan, Raviraj Ratnakar. "Analysis of energy consumption in continuous galvanizing lines." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4731.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 83 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-82).
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Margi, Cíntia Borges. "Energy consumption trade-offs in power constrained networks /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Rein, B. K., G. W. Thacker, and W. E. Coates. "Energy Consumption and Yields for Cotton Tillage Systems." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204818.
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The energy consumption of 2 alternative tillage systems for continuous cotton production in Arizona were compared to a conventional system. The tests were conducted at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center. Results of the study in a Pima I clay loam soil showed the sundance treatment to have the lowest energy requirement of 39 Hp-hr /ac (73 kW-h/ha); the USM system had the second highest of 58 Hp-hr /ac (107 kW-h/ha). The conventional system required 67 Hp-hr /ac (124 kW- h/ha). Average yields for all 3 systems were not significantly different. A continuation of this study will be conducted to determine long-term effects on energy consumption, yields, and soil compaction.
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Admane, Sachin Vitthalro. "Modelling socio-demographic influences on domestic energy consumption." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519870.
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Myers, Sam. "Investigating energy consumption of coastal vacation rental homes." Thesis, East Carolina University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1583707.
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In 2007, vacation rental properties in the United States accounted for more than 22% of the domestic lodging market. These properties are a unique segment of the lodging industry due to their residential design and commercial use. Coastal vacation rental properties represent the largest supply, demand and value of the nation's vacation rental supply. In the case of North Carolina's Outer Banks, tourism is the area's largest source of income, with vacation real estate agencies being the largest accommodation provider. This study uses a multiple regression analysis to investigate the energy consumption of 30 vacation rental homes on Hatteras Island. Hatteras Island's abundant supply of vacation rental homes provided a diverse sample to study energy consumption with a wide range of houses regarding size, age, and location. Since very little research has been conducted on the energy consumption of vacation rental homes, this study aims to contribute detailed information regarding the energy consumption of unique accommodation sector.
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Baker, Keith John. "Sustainable cities : determining indicators of domestic energy consumption." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4118.
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Bühler, Markus. "Contributions to low energy consumption in digital circuits." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB8862180.
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Ylioja, J. (Jani). "Wireless mains sensor for monitoring domestic energy consumption." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201411081980.
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Abstract. Past studies have shown that awareness of energy consumption can lead to reduction in electricity usage and that real-time, per-appliance data on electricity consumption would provide greater utility and actionable information. Yet, the customers of today’s utility companies typically have to be content with data that is aggregated, delayed and difficult to access. Comprehensive real-time data would also aid in optimizing energy consumption with respect to dynamic pricing and avoiding peak consumption periods.
The objective of this thesis was to design and manufacture a wireless sensor for continuous and real-time metering of the energy consumption of a household in the UBI-AMI system version 2. The resulting Mains sensor reads the total energy consumption from the kilowatt hour meter using either a galvanic or an optical connection. The individual loads of the fuses in the circuit breaker panel are measured with Hall sensors. An 8-bit microcontroller collects analog measurements, conducts 10-bit ADC and transmits the resulting digital data to the UBI-AMI system using a commercial 6LoWPAN radio module and the CoAP protocol. The data enables the differentiation of the energy consumption of integrated and built-in elements such as floor heating and sauna from the total energy consumption of the household.
The Mains sensor was tested with a demonstrator that comprised of a fuse board, a kilowatt hour meter and sockets for connecting loads. The Mains sensor was found to be flawless in reading the total energy consumption from the kilowatt hour meter using a galvanic connection. The sensor was able to read 84% of fast pulses and showed 4% surplus with slow pulses if the optical connection was used. The Hall sensors had a maximum average error of 0.47% with an active power, in comparison to a commercial energy meter. These results show that the Mains sensor provides sufficiently accurate and reliable information for improving the awareness of energy consumption of a household.Langaton sähköpäätaulusensori kotitalouden energiankulutuksen seuraamiseen. Tiivistelmä. Tutkimusten mukaan tietoisuus energiankulutuksesta voi johtaa sähkön käytön vähenemiseen, ja että tosiaikainen, laitekohtainen kulutustieto olisi hyödyllisempää. Silti nykyisin sähköyhtiöiden asiakkaiden täytyy tyypillisesti tyytyä kulutustietoihin, jotka on kerätty kokonaiskulutuksesta, ovat käytettävissä viiveellä, ja joihin on vaikea päästä käsiksi. Kattava tosiaikainen informaatio myös auttaisi huippukulutuskausien välttämisessä ja energiankulutuksen optimoinnissa dynaamisen hinnoittelun suhteen.
Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli suunnitella ja valmistaa langaton sensori kotitalouden energiankulutuksen jatkuvaan ja tosiaikaiseen mittaukseen osana UBI-AMI-järjestelmän versiota 2. Syntynyt sähköpäätaulusensori lukee kokonaisenergiankulutuksen kilowattituntimittarista joko galvaanista tai optista yhteyttä käyttäen. Yksittäiset ryhmäkohtaiset kuormat mitataan sulaketaulusta Hallin antureilla. 8-bittinen mikrokontrolleri kerää analogiset mittaukset ja muuntaa ne digitaaliseksi dataksi, joka lähetetään UBI-AMI-järjestelmälle käyttäen kaupallista 6LoWPAN-radiomoduulia ja CoAP-protokollaa. Mittausdata mahdollistaa integroitujen ja kiinteästi asennettujen sähkölaitteiden, esimerkiksi lattialämmityksen ja saunan, energiankulutuksen eriyttämisen kotitalouden kokonaiskulutuksesta.
Sähköpäätaulusensorin toiminta arvioitiin testilaitteistolla, joka koostui sulaketaulusta, kilowattituntimittarista ja pistorasioista kuormien liittämistä varten. Sähköpäätaulusensorin havaittiin lukevan kokonaisenergiankulutuksen kilowattituntimittarista virheettömästi galvaanista yhteyttä käyttäen. Optista yhteyttä käytettäessä sensori kykeni lukemaan 84 % nopeista pulsseista ja hitaat pulssit saivat sensorin mittaamaan käytetyn energian 4% todellista suuremmaksi. Hallin antureilla suurin keskimääräinen virhe kaupalliseen mittariin verrattuna oli 0,47 % pätötehollisella kuormalla. Tulosten perusteella sähköpäätaulusensori antaa riittävän tarkkaa ja luotettavaa tietoa energiankulutuksesta ja sitä voidaan käyttää energiankulutuksen tietoisuuden lisäämiseen kotitalouksissa.
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Imani, Asrai Reza. "Mechanistic modelling of energy consumption in CNC machining." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619215.
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Consumption of energy is a key medium through which humans adversely affect their environment. Sustainable transition in the scale and composition of total primary energy demand in the 21st century is also a requirement for sustainable development of human civilisations in the face of diminishing resources of fossil fuels. One possible approach to reducing energy consumption is the energy efficient utilisation of existing energy consuming systems. This approach is less costly and time consuming than replacing the existing systems with new energy efficient ones. In addition to that, methods developed through this approach can, in principal form, be applied to more efficient future generations of systems too. Information about a quantitative measure of energy efficiency at different states of operation of a system can be utilised for optimisation of its energy consumption through computation of its most efficient state(s) of operation subject to a given set of constraints. The main contribution of this research is to develop a novel mechanistic model for energy consumption of a CNC machine tool, as an energy consuming system, in order to analytically construct a mathematical relationship between the machine tool’s overall power consumption and its operating parameters, i.e., spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The analytically derived formula is experimentally validated for the case of straight slut milling of aluminium on a 3-axis CNC milling machine. The research provides evidence for substantial performance improvement in the case of the mechanistic model developed here in comparison with the currently most widely used model for energy consumption of CNC milling machines, i.e., Gutowski et al. 2006, through further analysis of the empirical data acquired during the validation experiments.
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Hampton, Mark Jerome 1977. "Exposing datapath elements to reduce microprocessor energy consumption." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8574.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80).
In this thesis, we evaluate the feasibility of exposing elements in a processor's datapath to the compiler in order to reduce energy consumption. We focus on eliminating register file traffic by exposing the latches in the bypass network, as our study shows that there is potential for significant benefit by doing this. We present the idea of software restart markers to handle the exception management overhead that results from exposing additional processor state. We then implement our proposed techniques and observe an average energy savings of 7.0% across a range of benchmarks when compared to a low-power MIPS processor. We also explore the implications of changing the pipeline structure to both improve performance and expose more machine state.
by Mark Jerome Hampton.
S.M.
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Ektas, Tevfik. "Energy consumption at KTH : Foundation for constant improvement." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191264.
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Som ett universitet som har erhållit bottenbetyg bland statliga myndigheter 2009 har KTH idag en vision om att bli ett av Europas ledande universitet inom miljö och hållbar utveckling. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka KTH:s energianvändning utifrån ett systemperspektiv med delsyftet att resultatet ska kunna användas som ett underlag med konkreta förbättringsförslag. För att uppnå detta har en energikartläggning av KTH:s skolor och nulägesbeskrivning utförts. Vidare har en intervjustudie genomförts för att erhålla en fördjupning i det energiarbete KTH och Akademiska Hus bedriver i dagsläget. Kartläggningen har påvisat minskning i energianvändningen i samtliga skolor, där ABE-skolan under 2015 visar en förbrukning på 3988 MWh vilket innebär en minskning på ca 30 % mot 2011 (5690 MWh). ICT-skolan uppvisar lägst minskning med ca 8 %. KTH:s skolors totala energianvändning kommandes från fastigheter uppgår till ca 188 GWh. Resultatet av examensarbetet visar på att KTH:s miljöarbete tidigare inte har legat på en tillfredsställande nivå samt att den befintliga hyresmodellen mellan KTH och Akademiska Hus inte skapar incitament för förbättringar i energifrågan från KTH:s sida. Vidare framkommer det att Akademiska Hus och KTH har haft olika ambitionsnivåer i energifrågan, samt att energirapporteringsverktyget som KTH har till sitt förfogande har tydliga förbättringspotentialer, där avskiljning av fastighets - och verksamhetsel är ett av dem. Detta skulle tillåta tydligare uppföljningar av uppsatta energimål inom KTH vilket idag inte är fallet. Några av de förbättringsförslag som slutsatsen landar i kan sammanfattas som: Tillskapa en motpart på KTH till energistrategrollen på AH, vilket skulle förenkla kommunikationen mellan parterna och lyfta fram energifrågan inom KTH. Starta en diskussion kring hyresmodellen och förbättra den så att incitament kan skapas främst för KTH. Utveckla ett förbättrat energirapporteringsverktyg.As a University that has been low rated amongst government agencies 2009, today KTH has a vision to become one of Europe’s leading universities in sustainable development. The aim with this paper is to investigate the energy consumption at KTH from a systems perspective. Another purpose is that the result could be used as a guideline for future work. The paper involves mapping of the energy consumption in the schools of KTH and a description of the current state regarding the energy work. Further, an interview survey has been performed in order to achieve a better understanding of how Akademiska Hus and KTH relates to the energy topic. The mapping shows that all schools shows a reduction in their energy consumptions, where ABE by the year 2015 has an energy consumption of 3988 MWh which is a decrease by 30 % compared to 2011 (5690 MWh). The lowest reduction is shown by ICT which counts to 8 %. The total energy consumption coming from facilities at KTH is counted to approx. 188 GWh. The result of this paper shows that the environmental work of KTH have not been on a satisfying level and that the current rental model between KTH and Akademiska Hus does not encourage progress in the energy topic at KTH. Further, it is proven that Akademiska Hus and KTH have different levels of ambition in the energy matter, and that the energy reporting tool that is provided to KTH has clear improvement potentials, where a distinction between property – and operation electric is one of them. This would allow clearer follow-ups of the energy goals in KTH, which is not the case today. A summary of improvement suggestions from the conclusions of the study are: Create a counterpart at KTH to the energy strategist at AH that could facilitate the communication between the parties and highlight the energy issues at KTH. Start a discussion concerning the rental model and improve it, to create incentives for energy savings mainly at the KTH side. Develop and introduced an improved energy reporting tool.
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Nilsson, Samuel, and Joakim Eriksson. "Estimating Application Energy Consumption Through Packet Trace Analysis." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110348.
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The advancement of mobile clients and applications makes it possible for people to always stayconnected, sending and receiving data constantly. The nature of the 3G technology widelyused, however, causes a high battery drain in cellular phones and because of that a lot of toolsfor measuring mobile phones energy consumption has been developed. In this report we lookinto the trace-driven tool EnergyBox and find out how we can use it to estimate the energyconsumption of 3G transmissions for an application we’ve developed ourselves. We beginwith identifying the types of traffic our application generates and identify which parts of itmake up our applications background traffic. Different combinations of the identified traffictypes are looked into in order to decide which ones that need to be present in the packet tracesfor an estimation of our applications energy footprint for 3G transmission. Further, answersare sought to how long the time span should be for which the packet traces are collected andhow many of them are needed in order to draw a conclusion about our application’s energyfootprint. We conclude that all traffic types responsible for our application’s backgroundtraffic need to be present in the analyzed packet traces, and data suggests that collectingmore than 10 one minute packet traces does not improve accuracy significantly (less than1%). Without user interaction, our application generates traffic, which transmitted over 3G,drains as much as an average of 930mW, meaning that a Samsung Galaxy S4 battery with acapacity of 9.88Wh would last for a maximum of 10 hours and 30 minutes (excluding otherenergy consuming sources inside the handset).
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Choi, Hyunsu. "INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON URBAN TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180491.
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Faris, Nameer Nassir. "ENERGY DRINKS: FACTORS THAT INFLUNCE COLLEGE STUDENTS' CONSUMPTION." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1399.
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The purposes of this study were: To assess factors that influence energy drink consumptions among college students. To analyze the reasons behind consuming energy drinks as well as the reasons for not consuming them. And to evaluate the participants' knowledge regarding energy drinks' ingredients, safety, and side effects. A total of 417 undergraduate students who registered in 101 general education classes during the Fall 2013 semester at the departments of Health Education, Kinesiology, and Nutrition at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale participated in the study. Energy drink use was associated with the number of the paid employment hours (p= .000). Gender also played a significant role, with a larger proportion of females than males drinking them mixed with alcohol (p= .005). Of students who consumed energy drinks, a substantial number drank them without alcohol before age 17 (32.8 percent; n= 39) and 82.4 percent (n= 96) before age 19 drank them with alcohol. Energy drink consumers were more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as smoking and drinking alcohol (p =.000). Also, the consumers perceived them as safer than those who did not use them (p= .000), and were less knowledgeable about side effects (p= .000). The study's findings suggest directions for health education and policymaking regarding energy drinks. Key words: Energy drinks, Energy drinks' safety, and energy drinks risk awareness
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Castilho, Gabriela Mouriño. "Energy behaviour and consumption reduction in service buildings." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23298.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Sistemas Energéticos SustentáveisIn view of the current global scenery, in which several nations are striving against global warming, energy efficiency rises as a cost-effective prospect. As the building sector accounts for over one-fifth of the total delivered energy consumed worldwide, it has great potential for implementing rationalization and energy efficiency measures. Service buildings are expected to have the highest growth in energy consumption when compared to residential buildings and are therefore the focus of this thesis. Energy reduction efforts for service buildings are vast; however, they are concentrated mostly on technological opportunities. Behaviour changes represent a great potential for reducing energy consumption without significant financial costs, but still, they are commonly disregarded. Hence, the present dissertation aims to propose a quantitative methodology to analyze occupants’ behaviours and their impact on energy consumption in service buildings. Results are acquired through the use of dynamic simulation, namely DesignBuilder software. Energy consumption due to behaviour is determined by simulating the occupant interactions with equipment, lighting and HVAC systems. To that end, three occupancy profiles were fixed: standard occupants’ interactions are defined by Decree-Law nº 79/2006; efficient occupants have extreme efficient behaviours leading to energy savings; inefficient ones lead to extreme energy waste. Dynamic simulation results give evidence of the occupancy impact on energy consumption. Efficient behaviours were able to reduce energy consumption by over 34%. However, regardless of the rigorousness of efficient behaviours, waste potential by inefficient occupants was always higher than saving potential. This result highlights the importance of understanding occupant behaviours and its accurate consideration of dynamic simulation tools.
No atual cenário mundial, no qual diversas nações lutam contra o aquecimento global, a eficiência energética se destaca como uma opção viável. O setor de edifícios é responsável pelo consumo de mais de um quinto da energia total gerada, e por isso possui grande potencial para a implementação de medidas de racionalização e eficiência energética. Espera-se que os edifícios de serviços tenham o maior crescimento no consumo de energia quando comparados aos edifícios residenciais, e, portanto, são o foco desta tese. As possibilidades de redução de energia para os edifícios de serviços são vastas; no entanto, estas se concentram principalmente em oportunidades tecnológicas. As mudanças de comportamento representam um grande potencial para reduzir o consumo de energia sem custos financeiros significativos, no entanto ainda são geralmente desconsiderados. Dessa forma, a presente dissertação visa propor uma metodologia quantitativa para análise dos comportamentos dos ocupantes e seu impacto no consumo de energia em edifícios de serviços. Os resultados foram adquiridos através do uso da simulação dinâmica de edifícios, pelo software DesignBuilder. O consumo de energia devido ao comportamento foi determinado pela simulação das interações entre os ocupantes e os equipamentos, sistema de iluminação e de aquecimento, ar condicionado e ventilação. Para este fim, foram considerados três perfis de ocupação: o ocupante de referência teve por base as definições do Decreto-Lei nº 79/2006; os ocupantes eficientes possuem comportamentos extremos e eficientes que levam a economias de energia; ocupantes ineficientes causam um desperdício extremo de energia. Resultados da simulação dinâmica evidenciam o impacto da ocupação no consumo de energia. Comportamentos eficientes . foram capazes de reduzir o consumo em mais de 34%. No entanto, independentemente do rigor dos comportamentos eficientes, o potencial de desperdício de energia pelos ocupantes ineficientes foi, em todos os casos, superior ao potencial de economia energética pelos ocupantes eficientes.Este resultado destaca a importância de compreender os comportamentos dos ocupantes e assegurar sua análise de forma precisa sobre as ferramentas de simulação dinâmica.