Journal articles on the topic 'Energy conservation – Canada'
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Fenerty-McKibbon, Bev, and Anshuman Khare. "Canada post delivers energy conservation." Energy and Buildings 37, no. 3 (March 2005): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.06.020.
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ROBINSON, J., D. BROOKS, R. TORRIE, H. BOERMA, K. BROWN, A. GALLANT, J. HARRISON, T. HODGE, S. HOLTZ, and H. LAJAMBE. "Determining the long-term potential for energy conservation and renewable energy in Canada☆." Energy 10, no. 6 (June 1985): 689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90102-1.
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Jamil, Uzair, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Energy Policy for Agrivoltaics in Alberta Canada." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010053.
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As Alberta increases conventional solar power generation, land-use conflicts with agriculture increase. A solution that enables low-carbon electricity generation and continued (in some cases, increased) agricultural output is the co-locating of solar photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture: agrivoltaics. This review analyzes policies that impact the growth of agrivoltaics in Alberta. Solar PV-based electricity generation is governed by three regulations based on system capacity. In addition, agrivoltaics falls under various legislations, frameworks, and guidelines for land utilization. These include the Land Use Framework, Alberta Land Stewardship Act, Municipal Government Act, Special Areas Disposition, Bill 22, and other policies, which are reviewed in the agrivoltaics context. Several policies are recommended to support the rapid deployment of agrivoltaics. Openly accessible agrivoltaics research will help optimize agrivoltaic systems for the region, and can be coupled with public education to galvanize social acceptability of large-scale PV deployment. Clearly defining and categorizing agrivoltaics technology, developing agrivoltaics standards, making agrivoltaics technology-friendly regulations and frameworks, and developing programs and policies to incentivize agrivoltaics deployment over conventional PV will all accelerate the technology’s deployment. Through these measures, Alberta can achieve conservation and sustainability in the food and energy sectors while simultaneously addressing their renewable energy and climate-related goals.
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Bildirici, Melike E., Tahsin Bakirtas, and Fazıl Kayikci. "Economic growth and electricity consumption: Auto regressive distributed lag analysis." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i4a3176.
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Knowledge of the direction of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth is of primary importance if appropriate energy policies and energy conservation measures are to be devised. This study estimates the causality relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in per capita and aggregate levels. The study uses the price and income elasticities of total electricity demand and industrial demand by using the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) method for some developed and developing countries, including the US, UK, Canada, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Italy, France, Turkey and South Africa. There is evidence to support the growth hypothesis for the US, China, Canada and Brazil. There is evidence to support the conservation hypothesis for India, Turkey, South Africa, Japan, UK, France and Italy.
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Dusyk, Nichole, Tom Berkhout, Sarah Burch, Sylvia Coleman, and John Robinson. "Transformative energy efficiency and conservation: a sustainable development path approach in British Columbia, Canada." Energy Efficiency 2, no. 4 (February 28, 2009): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-009-9048-8.
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Petrie, Mark J., Ronald D. Drobney, and David A. Graber. "True Metabolizable Energy Estimates of Canada Goose Foods." Journal of Wildlife Management 62, no. 3 (July 1998): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802570.
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Simmonds, Mark Peter, and Vicki C. Brown. "Is there a conflict between cetacean conservation and marine renewable-energy developments?" Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10020.
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There is currently an unprecedented expansion of marine renewable-energy developments, particularly in UK waters. Marine renewable-energy plants are also being developed in many other countries across Europe and in the wider world, including in the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Large-scale developments, in UK waters, covering thousands of square kilometres are now planned; however, data on the likely impact of this expansion on the 28 cetacean species found in UK waters are lacking, or at best limited. However, the available information, including inferences drawn from the impact of other human activities in the marine environment, indicates a significant risk of negative consequences, with the noise from pile driving highlighted as a major concern. The marine renewable-energy industry will also deploy some novel technologies, such as large submerged turbines, with unknown consequences for marine wildlife. Further research is urgently required, including distributional and behavioural studies, to establish baselines against which any changes may be measured. Precautionary actions, particularly with respect to pile driving, are advocated to minimise impacts on cetaceans.
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Sabaliunas, Darius, Charles Pittinger, Cristy Kessel, and Patrick Masscheleyn. "Residential energy use and potential conservation through reduced laundering temperatures in the United States and Canada." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2, no. 2 (April 2006): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.5630020206.
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Vogel, Brennan, Lilia Yumagulova, Gordon McBean, and Kerry Ann Charles Norris. "Indigenous-Led Nature-Based Solutions for the Climate Crisis: Insights from Canada." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116725.
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This article provides an international and national overview of climate change and biodiversity frameworks and is focused on emerging evidence of Indigenous leadership and collaborations in Canada. After introducing the international context and describing the national policy landscape, we provide preliminary evidence documenting emerging national, regional, and local examples of Indigenous-led collaborative conservation projects and nature-based climate change solutions for the climate crisis. Based on our preliminary data, we suggest that Indigenous peoples and communities are well-positioned and currently have and will continue to play important roles in the protection, conservation management, and restoration of lands and waters in Canada and globally. These efforts are critical to the global mitigation, sequestration, and storage of greenhouse gases (GHGs) precipitating the climate crisis while also building adaptive resiliency to reduce impacts. Emerging Canadian evidence suggests that there are a diversity of co-benefits that Indigenous-led nature-based solutions to climate change and biodiversity protection bring, enabled by creating ethical space for reconciliation and conservation collaborations.
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Ahtola, Olli T., and R. Bruce Hutton. "Field Experimental Study of Differences Between U.S.A. and Canada in Readiness to Respond to Energy Conservation Campaigns." Journal of International Consumer Marketing 1, no. 4 (August 28, 1989): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j046v01n04_05.
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Grinlinton, David. "The use of biodiversity offsets in mining and energy development." Environmental Law Review 19, no. 4 (December 2017): 244–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452917741479.
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This article first reviews the nature of biodiversity offsets and their use in selected jurisdictions, including the UK, US, Canada and Australia. The unique approach to biodiversity offsets in New Zealand under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) is then examined in detail, including judicial consideration and analysis of the concept in several recent decisions. The RMA is the primary legislation governing the protection of the environment and the use of land, air and water resources in New Zealand, guided by the principle of 'sustainable management'. The Crown Minerals Act 1991 (CMA) governs the allocation of mining rights and access to minerals over private and Crown land. Opportunities for offsets through the mineral permitting and resource consenting regime is discussed, and mining and energy development case studies are used to illustrate the use of biodiversity offsets in practice. The article also examines the value of national policy guidance in the design of biodiversity offsets, the use of conservation covenants to ensure durability of offset arrangements, and the idea of 'conservation banking' to facilitate and encourage industry 'buy-in'. Conclusions and recommendations are made, which hopefully may inform and advance the debate on the use of biodiversity offsets in other jurisdictions.
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Pearce, Joshua M. "Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053037.
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Well-intentioned regulations to protect Canada’s most productive farmland restrict large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) development. The recent innovation of agrivoltaics, which is the co-development of land for both PV and agriculture, makes these regulations obsolete. Burgeoning agrivoltaics research has shown agricultural benefits, including increased yield for a wide range of crops, plant protection from excess solar energy and hail, and improved water conservation, while maintaining agricultural employment and local food supplies. In addition, the renewable electricity generation decreases greenhouse gas emissions while increasing farm revenue. As Canada, and Ontario in particular, is at a strategic disadvantage in agriculture without agrivoltaics, this study investigates the policy changes necessary to capitalize on the benefits of using agrivoltaics in Ontario. Land-use policies in Ontario are reviewed. Then, three case studies (peppers, sweet corn, and winter wheat) are analysed for agrivoltaic potential in Ontario. These results are analysed in conjunction with potential policies that would continue to protect the green-belt of the Golden Horseshoe, while enabling agrivoltaics in Ontario. Four agrivoltaic policy areas are discussed: increased research and development, enhanced education/public awareness, mechanisms to support Canada’s farmers converting to agrivoltaics, and using agrivoltaics as a potential source of trade surplus with the U.S.
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Bai, Yuntao, Yuan Gao, Delong Li, and Dehai Liu. "Coordinated Distribution or Client Introduce? Analysis of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in Canadian Logistics Enterprises." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 16979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416979.
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Due to the large area and small population of Canada, the efficiency of logistics enterprises is low, and each logistics enterprise needs to cooperate to save energy and reduce emissions. Considering that each logistics enterprise can realize the maximization of its own benefit by controlling the distribution volume and the input of facilities. In this article, the differential game model of individual distribution, coordinated distribution and paid introduction of customers for each logistics enterprise is constructed, the balanced distribution volume, capital input and social welfare functions of each logistics enterprise under the three modes are obtained, and the applicable conditions of various distribution cooperation channels are compared. The research results show that if the organizational cost between logistics enterprises is greater than the communication cost, the benefits of large-scale logistics enterprises under the introduction customer mode are greater than those under the collaborative distribution mode. However, only the communication cost and organizational cost are relatively small, and the profit of small-scale logistics enterprises under the introduction of the customer mode is smaller than that under the collaborative distribution mode.
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Wang, Yang, Meng Sun, Rui Xie, and Xiangjie Chen. "Multiplicative Structural Decomposition Analysis of Spatial Differences in Energy Intensity among G20 Countries." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082832.
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Comparing the spatial differences in the energy intensity of the Group of Twenty (G20) countries and identifying the factors that influence these differences can help the G20 countries formulate targeted policies to achieve energy conservation goals. This study analyzes the spatial differences in the G20 countries’ energy intensity at the aggregate and sectoral levels based on an input–output framework and reveals its driving factors by employing multiplicative structural decomposition analysis, obtaining the sectoral energy intensity, input structure, and final demand structure effects. The results show that: (1) the gap in aggregate energy intensity among the G20 countries tended to converge from 2000 to 2014 with the reducing energy intensity in Russia, India, China, and South Korea having great potential to reduce global energy consumption and improve global energy efficiency; (2) in 2014, the main driving forces for above-average energy intensity was the sectoral energy intensity effect in India, South Korea, and Canada, the input structure effect in Russia and China, and the final demand structure effect in Indonesia; (3) using the average of the G20 countries as a reference, the energy reduction potential of China, Russia, India, South Korea, Indonesia, and Canada is 62.75, 31.94, 21.24, 7.67, 1.47, and 0.81 exajoules (EJ), respectively. The embodied energy consumption decline in these countries was equivalent to 21.78% of the G20’s total energy consumption in 2014; and (4) the most important factor of the high embodied energy intensity of key sectors in India and South Korea is the sectoral energy intensity effect, while for Russia and China, it is the input structure effect.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "Practice of Preserving Collections in the Library and Archives Canada." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 5 (December 9, 2020): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-5-509-521.
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The Library and Archives of Canada (LAC) is Federal department of Canada established by the Parliament of Canada in 2004 to integrate services and functions of the National library and the National Archives of Canada; and currently it is the fourth-largest library in the world. The article discusses the experience of the Library and Archives Canada in creating modern centres for preserving documentary heritage, organizing the work of collections management, their conservation and restoration, ensuring openness and accessibility of collections. The main sources were materials published on the LAC website, primarily planning, reporting and financial documentation of the institution, as well as publications in the Canadian periodical press. Special attention is paid to the buildings and premises of the LAC storage facilities. The author describes the concept of the project of the Gatineau Preservation Centre, GPC. The complex, opened in 1997, is one of the top architectural objects constructed in Canada in the 20th century and one of the most secure library storage facilities in the world. The article considers organization of collections storage in the GPC and the work of restoration laboratories located in it. The author shows that GPC provides the most favourable storage conditions for the most valuable and vulnerable LAC collections. The paper gives information about the storage facility in the main LAC building in Ottawa on Wellington Street (built in 1967; modernized in the early 2000s), as well as storage facilities in Gatineau, Renfrew and Winnipeg.The author characterizes the new version of the LAC Collections Preservation Program (2018) which defines the strategic objectives of the institution in this area, both for the nearest future and for the long term. The paper presents results of a large-scale study of the state of the collections storage in LAC (2016—2018) and outlines the most acute problems identified in this study. There is emphasized the importance of the construction of the new Gatineau-2 complex, launched in 2019 (Project cost is 330 million Canadian dollars). According to experts, Gatineau-2 will become one of the largest, technologically equipped and environmental centres for the conservation and restoration of library collections in the world, as well as the first zero-energy storage facility in North America. In Canada, special attention is paid to the construction of modern centres for the preservation of documentary heritage, which create all the necessary conditions for long-term security of collections, conservation and restoration work. Implementation of such projects is impossible without government support, without understanding by authorities of the leading role of libraries and archives in the preservation and promotion of the national cultural heritage. The experience of LAC may be of interest to Russia, taking into account the tasks set in the document “The main directions of development of activities to preserve library collections in the Russian Federation for 2011—2020” and elaboration of long-term programs in this area.
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Papa, Fabian, Rita Cavaleiro de Ferreira, and Djordje Radulj. "Pumps: energy efficiency & performance indicators." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 872–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.109.
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Pumping is a central component to many water supply and distribution systems, and one which consumes significant amounts of energy. Increased attention to energy conservation is a common theme globally and, in the context of water supply systems, the need to understand the energy efficiency with which pumps operate in situ, and the opportunity to improve upon any inefficiencies, is becoming increasingly recognized. This paper discusses two separate and independently conceived and delivered initiatives that, while taking very different approaches to raising awareness and improving the industry's state of practice in this regard, are rather synergistic when viewed in a holistic sense. Recent work in Mexico is engaging the numerous utilities across the country to begin the measurement of pump energy efficiency, having wide-reaching impact, while work in Canada is exploring the details of individual pump performance through accurate field testing. Both these initiatives use a common approach to measuring performance of pump efficiency, based on the normalization of energy consumption relative to the output of the pump, namely the flow and total dynamic head delivered. The exact performance indicators used are somewhat different, but very closely related, and this paper explores the nuances of these differences in detail. As well, results from both the Mexican and Canadian experiences are presented, and guidance on the use of the performance indicators is provided.
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Tsuji, Stephen R. J., Dan D. P. McCarthy, and Stephen Quilley. "Green Energy—Green for Whom? A Case Study of the Kabinakagami River Waterpower Project in Northern Canada." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169445.
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Green energy has become a term that heralds efforts of environmental conservation and protection worldwide; however, much of it is marred with questions of what it means to be green. More precisely, it has become a question of Green for whom? While many of the impacts of supposed green energy projects are local in their reach, some may be more regional in their scope, such as hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power generation negatively impacts the environment and people who rely on the environment for sustenance, such as, Indigenous peoples of northern Canada. Taking into account their position with respect to the areas impacted by these green projects, many Indigenous peoples have voiced their concerns and doubts concerning green energy, which is purported to be a mode of energy production that champions the environment. The Kabinakagami River Waterpower Project serves as a case study for both the potential effects of the project and the different views associated with these endeavors. If nothing else, the accounts and testimonies found within shall stand as a testament to the hubris of calling an energy project green without properly assessing and considering the impacts. While these statements relate to the case presented, they also carry significance in the wider world due to the numerous Indigenous communities around the world that are having their spaces slowly being encroached upon in the name of sustainable growth, or green energy. This will especially be true in the post-COVID-19 period where green energy and a green economy are being touted as a way towards state and worldwide recovery.
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Kassirer, Jay, Arien Korteland, and Marc Pedersen. "Team Power Smart Sparks Increase in Low-Priority, Repetitive Behaviors." Social Marketing Quarterly 20, no. 3 (July 16, 2014): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500414541098.
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BC Hydro provides electricity to 1.7 million residential customers throughout British Columbia, on the west coast of Canada. Despite consumer indifference toward energy conservation, its Team Power Smart behavior-change program actively engaged 91,539 households and reduced electricity consumption by 25.6 gigawatt hours over its first 4½ years. The program connects with participants through things they care about, builds engagement incrementally, and helps overcome common barriers. It is designed to increase participants’ engagement levels on three dimensions: enjoyment (“I like this”), affiliation (“This is who I am”), and resonance (“This is right for me”). A similar approach could be used with a wide range of low-priority, ongoing behaviors.
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Tayyaran, M. R., and A. M. Khan. "Increasing job opportunities in a subregion for region-wide fuel conservation and air-quality improvement." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-002.
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Presently, there is much interest in defining urban development patterns for reducing energy consumption in transportation and in improving air quality. This research examined the effects of improving job opportunities in a subregion on region-wide transportation fuel consumption and emissions. A research framework, consisting of travel simulation models, and energy and emissions factors, was developed for testing land use – transportation scenarios. The travel simulation modelling framework consisted of the four-step approach, including the calibration of trip distribution and modal split models. Fuel consumption and emissions were estimated by using vehicle kilometres of travel. The city of Kanata within the Regional Municipality of Ottawa – Carleton, Canada, was used as a case study. Five scenarios illustrating possible future employment schemes were developed. Vehicle kilometres, fuel, and emissions for both automobile and public transit were estimated for year 2011 scenarios. The results are presented as totals for both the overall National Capital Area and for the subregion, Kanata. From these results, it is concluded that providing more job opportunities and enhancing the job to housing ratio in a satellite city could reduce fuel consumption and emissions from a regional perspective. Key words: air pollution, emissions, fuel consumption, land use, transportation modelling, simulation.
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Oloriz, Carrie, and Brenda Parlee. "Towards Biocultural Conservation: Local and Indigenous Knowledge, Cultural Values and Governance of the White Sturgeon (Canada)." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 7320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187320.
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This paper examines the extent to which Indigenous knowledge and values have informed conservation of the Lower Fraser River population of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in Canada. A review of grey literature and semi-structured interviews carried out with indigenous Stó:lō fishers and fisheries managers in the Lower Fraser Basin in 2016–2018 evidences the depth of knowledge held by Stó:lō fishers about this species and its importance to local communities. A summary of Stó:lō oral histories about the sturgeon and observations and experiences of settlement and development in the Fraser region, provides context for understanding why and how the white sturgeon came to be listed as a species at risk. However, the impacts were not only ecological; Stó:lō people were also significantly impacted by European settlement and development of the Fraser Basin over the last one hundred years. The assessment of the white sturgeon, under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2012 was a missed opportunity to decolonize current management approaches. The paper concludes by suggesting that a biocultural diversity conservation approach, that reflects both ecological and socio-cultural values, and is informed by scientific and Indigenous knowledge systems, is a more sustainable approach to the management of the white sturgeon and other species at risk.
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Baerwald, Erin F., and Robert M. R. Barclay. "Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada." Journal of Wildlife Management 75, no. 5 (May 4, 2011): 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.147.
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Ingelson, Allan. "Plugging the holes—new Canadian and US regulations to reduce upstream methane emissions." Journal of World Energy Law & Business 12, no. 4 (June 23, 2019): 294–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwz014.
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Abstract In the USA and Canada where most of global shale oil and gas development has occurred, due to concerns about climate change the national governments have adopted new regulations to further significantly reduce national methane emissions from the upstream oil and gas industry. The 2016 US Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards and 2018 Canadian methane regulations build on decades old oil and gas conservation schemes to further reduce the volume of methane that is released from facility equipment leaks and venting. In Canada, venting methane at new oil and gas well sites is now prohibited. Operators are required to capture and use a much larger volume of natural gas than in the past. A negotiated settlement of the first US emissions reduction enforcement action was reached in April 2018. The facility operator agreed to pay a civil penalty of US $610,000 and spend a minimum of $2 million to install new technology at its facilities to further reduce methane emissions. The creative settlement agreement contains a comprehensive set of conditions to provide for a reduction in upstream industry emissions.
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Mohareb, Eugene A., and Adrian K. Mohareb. "A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector of major Canadian cities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 4 (April 2014): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0465.
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One of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada is the buildings sector, with over 30% of national energy end-use occurring in buildings. Energy use must be addressed to reduce emissions from the buildings sector, as nearly 70% of all Canada’s energy used in the residential sector comes from fossil sources. An analysis of GHG emissions from the existing residential building stock for the year 2010 has been conducted for six Canadian cities with different climates and development histories: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. Variation across these cities is seen in their 2010 GHG emissions, due to climate, characteristics of the building stock, and energy conversion technologies, with Halifax having the highest per capita emissions at 5.55 tCO2e/capita and Montreal having the lowest at 0.32 tCO2e/capita. The importance of the provincial electricity grid’s carbon intensity is emphasized, along with era of construction, occupancy, floor area, and climate. Approaches to achieving deep emissions reductions include innovative retrofit financing and city level residential energy conservation by-laws; each region should seek location-appropriate measures to reduce energy demand within its residential housing stock, as well as associated GHG emissions.
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Nassif, Alexandre B., and Ming Dong. "Characterizing the Effect of Conservation Voltage Reduction on the Hosting Capacity of Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091517.
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The increased adoption of inverter-based distributed energy resources in the form of the mass deployment of renewable generation systems has been a focal goal of many jurisdictions worldwide. Actions taken by local governments have included adapted regulations, financial subsidies, and a variety of grants. This has spurred the proliferation of solar generation among residential customers in virtually all provinces of the United States and Canada. Needless to say, these small generators are interfaced with DC–AC inverters, which have evolved tremendously since the formation of working groups targeting the impact of inverter-based generation on the grid. Among the first rules and standards are California’s ISO Rule 21 and the UL1741 SA, which were published in September 2017. IEEE followed suit in 2018 with the revision of IEEE 1547, inspiring virtually all jurisdictions to either adopt these standards or adapt them as their own variants. Among many features, these standards mandate inverters to be fitted with autonomous performance functions, including the constant power factor, voltage-reactive power (Volt-VAR), voltage-active power (Volt-Watt), and grid support functions, as well as provisions for compatibility with control centers. These functions have been demonstrated to increase the nameplate hosting capacity. At the same time, grid modernization strategies have become more prevalent, one of which is the use of conservation voltage reduction. This grid modernization initiative has a great impact on the hosting capacity. Conversely, the increased penetration of distributed energy resources has a negative effect on the conservation voltage reduction, but surprisingly to only a limited extent. The characterization of these impacts is addressed in this paper, with a focus on a case with very high DER penetration and with very long daily sunlight hours.
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Podbornova, Ekaterina S. "Strategic planning in energy saving at industrial enterprises of Russia." Vestnik of Samara University. Economics and Management 13, no. 3 (November 22, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0461-2022-13-3-44-49.
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Our country has been and remains one of the leaders in the world's energy industry. Russia's energy needs are fully met by its own resources. Annual export volume of mineral fuel, oil and petroleum products is about 600700 million tons in conventional terms. Currently, the situation with exports is complicated by sanctions and the geopolitical situation in Russia and in the world. Only taking into account the embargo imposed by the U.S., Britain, Australia and Canada, export losses are more than 40 million tons. In addition, Russia is the world leader in proven reserves of natural gas, its volume more than 50 billion cubic meters. At the same time, it should be noted that such high indicators and sufficient resource potential are present at an extremely low level of energy efficiency. Thus, the volume of energy costs for the production of the average Russian producer is about twice as much as the global average. On this basis, the need to improve the quality of strategic planning and to promote targeted activities in the field of energy conservation in industry in the Russian Federation becomes obvious. Such activities will have not only positive economic, but also social, political, environmental and other types of effects. The most energy-consuming branch of industry in Russia is the processing industry, which is about 30 % of all final energy consumption. Another 70% of the energy saving potential is represented by metallurgy, chemical and oil refining and other industries.
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Maiorano, John, and Beth Savan. "Barriers to energy efficiency and the uptake of green revolving funds in Canadian universities." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 16, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-07-2012-0062.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency projects in Canadian universities, including access to capital, bounded rationality, hidden costs, imperfect information, risk and split incentives. Methods to address these barriers are investigated, including evaluating the efficacy of revolving funds. Design/methodology/approach – Senior administrators of 15 Canadian universities were interviewed, making use of both structured and open-ended questions. As university executives and senior technical directors are responsible for investment in energy efficiency at Canadian universities, these individuals were the focus of our study. Findings – The results offer a curious contradiction. While “Access to Capital” was found to be the largest barrier to energy efficiency in Canadian universities, and while respondents agreed that green revolving funds are both an effective method to address these capital funding constraints, and may be an effective method to implement energy conservation projects at their university, only 2 out of the 15 universities interviewed and 7 out of the 98 universities in Canada currently make use of a green revolving fund. A general reluctance at Canadian universities to formalize processes to prioritize energy efficiency limits the associated benefits of mechanisms such as revolving funds to institutionalize energy efficiency and reduce long-term energy use. Practical implications – To provide insights into barriers to energy efficiency in universities and methods to address them, including the efficacy of revolving funds. Originality/value – This research is one of the first to investigate the efficacy of revolving funds to confront barriers to energy efficiency. The findings, implications and recommendations are valuable to organizations, university administrators, researchers and practitioners implementing energy efficiency measures.
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LEMAÎTRE, JÉRÔME, and VINCENT LAMARRE. "Effects of wind energy production on a threatened species, the Bicknell’s Thrush Catharus bicknelli, with and without mitigation." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927092000012x.
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SummaryRenewable energy helps meet the growing energetic demand while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite its environmental benefits, production of wind energy can adversely affect wildlife populations, including birds. In some species, indirect impacts such as habitat loss and disturbance may be more important than fatalities caused by collisions with turbines. Bicknell’s Thrush Catharus bicknelli, one of the most endangered bird species in North America, may be threatened by wind energy production because it breeds at high elevation sites, which are often prized for their wind potential. Our study had two objectives: we first aimed to document the impacts of the construction and operation of a wind energy facility without mitigation strategy on the occurrence of the Bicknell’s Thrush. At a second facility, we then tested the effectiveness of turbine micro-siting as an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the impacts of wind-energy development on the species. We conducted avian point-counts at 143 locations spread across both facilities in Quebec (Canada) at different periods: before, during and after construction. We modelled the probability of occurrence of the species at point-counts as a function of period, forest loss caused by wind energy development, distance to the nearest turbine and habitat suitability. At the facility without mitigation, we found that the probability of occurrence decreased during construction and early operation at high elevation sites, where most of the turbines were erected. However, the Bicknell’s Thrush recolonized high elevation sites eight years post-construction. In addition, we did not detect a significant impact of wind energy production on the species’ occurrence at the facility where micro-siting was applied. We conclude that habitat loss and disturbance during construction are the main impacts of wind energy production on the Bicknell’s Thrush and that micro-siting appears to be a promising mitigation strategy.
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Aalirezaei, Armin, Md Saiful Arif Khan, Golam Kabir, and Syed Mithun Ali. "Prediction of water security level for achieving sustainable development objectives in Saskatchewan, Canada: Implications for resource conservation in developed economies." Journal of Cleaner Production 311 (August 2021): 127521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127521.
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Snook, Jamie, Ashlee Cunsolo, David Borish, Chris Furgal, James D. Ford, Inez Shiwak, Charlie T. R. Flowers, and Sherilee L. Harper. "“We’re Made Criminals Just to Eat off the Land”: Colonial Wildlife Management and Repercussions on Inuit Well-Being." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 3, 2020): 8177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198177.
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Across Inuit Nunangat, Inuit rely on wildlife for food security, cultural continuity, intergenerational learning, and livelihoods. Caribou has been an essential species for Inuit for millennia, providing food, clothing, significant cultural practices, and knowledge-sharing. Current declines in many caribou populations—often coupled with hunting moratoriums—have significant impacts on Inuit food, culture, livelihoods, and well-being. Following an Inuit-led approach, this study characterized Inuit-caribou relationships; explored Inuit perspectives on how caribou have been managed; and identified opportunities for sustaining the Mealy Mountain Caribou. Qualitative data were collected in Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada through 21 in-depth interviews and two community open houses. Data were analyzed using constant comparative methods and thematic analysis. Rigolet Inuit described: how conservation management decisions had disrupted important connections among caribou and Inuit, particularly related to food, culture, and well-being; the socio-cultural and emotional impacts of the criminalization of an important cultural practice, as well as perceived inequities in wildlife conservation enforcement; and the frustration, anger, and hurt with not being heard or included in caribou management decisions. These results provide insights into experiences of historic and ongoing colonial wildlife management decisions, and highlight future directions for management initiatives for the health and well-being of Inuit and caribou.
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Holechek, Jerry L. "Global trends in population, energy use and climate: implications for policy development, rangeland management and rangeland users." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 2 (2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12077.
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Increasing world human population, declining reserves of cheaply extracted fossil fuels, scarcity of supplies of fresh water and climatic instability will put tremendous pressure on world rangelands as the 21st century progresses. It is expected that the human population of the world will increase by 40% by 2050 but fossil fuel and reserves of fresh water will be drastically reduced. Avoiding food shortages and famine could be a major world challenge within the next 10 years. Under these conditions, major changes in policies relating to economic growth and use of natural resources seem essential. Stabilisation of the human population, development of clean and renewable energy, enhanced supplies of water and its quality, increased livestock production, and changed land-use policies, that minimise agricultural land losses to development and fragmentation, will all be needed to avoid declining living conditions at the global level. The health and productivity of rangelands will need to receive much more emphasis as they are a primary source of vital ecosystem services and products essential to human life. Changes in tax policies by developed, affluent countries, such as the United States, Australia and Canada, are needed that emphasise saving and conservation as opposed to excessive material consumption and land development. Extreme levels of debt and chronic deficits in trade by the United States and European Union countries need to be moderated to avoid a devastating collision of debt, depletion of natural resources, and environmental degradation. Over the next 10 years, livestock producers of the rangelands will benefit from a major increase in demand and prices for meat. Rapidly increasing demand for meat in China and other Asian countries is driving this trend. Rangeland managers, however, will also likely encounter greater climatic, financial, biological and political risks. Higher interest rates, higher production costs and higher annual variability in forage resources are major challenges that will confront rangeland managers in the years ahead. Under these conditions, a low risk approach to livestock production from rangelands is recommended that involves conservative stocking, use of highly adapted livestock, and application of behavioural knowledge of livestock to efficiently use forage resources.
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Fuller, W. A. "Fourth International Theriological Congress/Quatrième congrès international du thériologie: Introduction." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-168.
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The Fourth International Theriological Congress was held on the campus of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, from August 13 to 20, 1985. Registrants (907) came from every province and both territories of Canada, and from 51 other countries. The scientific program consisted of 5 plenary lectures, 29 symposia, 20 workshops, and 3 evenings of films. The total number of communications exceeded 700. Topics covered nearly all aspects of mammalogy from Cretaceous fossils to molecular genetics of recent mammals.Publication of contributions to symposia and workshops was left to the discretion and energy of the organizers of each session. The Congress Secretariat undertook to publish abstracts of all communications received before the press deadline (682), as well as the plenary addresses. One of the plenary speakers declined to submit a manuscript on the grounds that all of the information had already been published. A second paper has already been published (Mares, M. A. 1986. Conservation of neotropical mammals. Science (Washington, D.C.), 233: 734–739). The remaining three plenary papers appear as a group in this issue of the Canadian Journal of Zoology.
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Strang, Tom. "Developing a GIS of Hazards for Canadian Cultural Institutions." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e26305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26305.
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The Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) has developed a Geographic Information System (GIS) of hazards for Canadian cultural heritage institutions. The greatly increased access to open data is changing how advisory bodies like the CCI and the public can access and share information. For the purpose of investigating how a GIS approach can assist the CCI with its mandate to improve the preservation of collections, a map layer of cultural heritage institutions across Canada has been assembled and continues to be upgraded for accuracy, inclusion and detail (Fig. 1). This was combined with a collation of hazard layers; a partial list includes: seismic risk, notably expectations of earthquake severity tied to improvements in the national building code, tsunami exposure, wildfire data, hurricane, tornado, lightning density, pest distribution, and energy use indicators such as heating degree days and climate norm data. The platform allows examination of expectations around climate change driven risks such as sea-level rise, storm-incursions, permafrost melt. The GIS approach will also allow reassessments around expected changes to flood risk maps issued by jurisdictions, as well as Statistics Canada layers on population related factors such as changes in numbers of local populations, income and demographic shifts which can be stressors or opportunities. Sources have been drawn from federal, provincial, municipal, and academic evaluations of hazards, which now are more commonly published as GIS products. Mapping Canadian heritage institution's within a GIS improves our ability to: visualise and interpret to clients the relative magnitude of their local hazards, make ties to more refined local analyses, and show adjacencies to mapped historical events. From a national perspective the GIS can generate profiles of aggregated institutional exposure to the hazards, and more readily identify sub-populations of institutions for which particular risks would rank higher or lower among their concerns. This improves CCI's preventive conservation advisory service's perspective on mappable risks for any institution we deal with as clients. Ultimately, through federal initiatives in open data, it is our intention that client groups can look at the GIS for the purpose of educating themselves on hazards they would want to prepare for.
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Moscovici, Daniel. "Ski Resort Closures and Opportunities for Sustainability in North America." Land 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040494.
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More than half of the ski resorts in North America have closed since the early building booms—many facing a warming climate and pressures to find water to make artificial snow. Researching and documenting all resorts between 1969–2019, we find that 59% of all resorts in North America have closed since the resort boom of the 1960s and 70s (65% in the United States, 31% in Canada). This shift has left some states or provinces with only one or no resorts remaining. To proactively persevere with a variable climate, less water, and a need for more energy to make snow, we suggest mountains holistically plan for sustainability. Recommendations include third party environmental certification, commitment to sustainability at the management level, communication to customers about sustainability practices and implementing unique models for remaining open and competitive. These practices include resort consolidation, multi-mountain passes, and/or unique ownership models. We believe that ski resorts must focus on positive environmental practices, sustainability planning, and climate change adaptation if they want to remain viable and competitive in the coming decades.
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Hwang, Pyeong-Ik, Seong-Chul Kwon, and Sang-Yun Yun. "Schedule-Based Operation Method Using Market Data for an Energy Storage System of a Customer in the Ontario Electricity Market." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102683.
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A new operation method for an energy storage system (ESS) was proposed to reduce the electricity charges of a customer paying the wholesale price and participating in the industrial conservation initiative (ICI) in the Ontario electricity market of Canada. Electricity charges were overviewed and classified into four components: fixed cost, electricity usage cost, peak demand cost, and Ontario peak contribution cost (OPCC). Additionally, the online market data provided by the independent electricity system operator (IESO), which operates the Ontario electricity market, were reviewed. From the reviews, it was identified that (1) the portion of the OPCC in the electricity charges increased continuously, and (2) large errors can sometimes exist in the forecasted data given by the IESO. In order to reflect these, a new schedule-based operation method for the ESS was proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, the operation schedule for the ESS is determined by solving an optimization problem to minimize the electricity charges, where the OPCC is considered and the online market data provided by the IESO is used. The active power reference for the ESS is then calculated from the scheduled output for the current time interval. To reflect the most recent market data, the operation schedule and the active power reference for the ESS are iteratively determined for every five minutes. In addition, in order to cope with the prediction errors, methods to correct the forecasted data for the current time interval and secure the energy reserve are presented. The results obtained from the case study and actual operation at the Penetanguishene microgrid test bed in Ontario are presented to validate the proposed method.
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Wuni, Ibrahim Yahaya, Geoffrey Qiping Shen, and Robert Osei-Kyei. "SUSTAINABILITY OF OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW AND VISUALIZED ANALYSIS OF TRENDING TOPICS AND THEMES." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.15.4.131.
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ABSTRACT Off-site construction (OSC) involves the fabrication and assembly of building components in a purpose-built factory which are then transported to the job site for final installation. OSC has proven to be a greener construction approach, spurring research towards benchmarking the sustainable attributes of the technique. However, a quantitative statistical analysis of studies on OSC sustainability and a framework of the knowledge domain are not well-established. Drawing on 642 bibliographic records from Scopus, this paper conducted a bibliometric and visualized analysis of research on the sustainability of OSC from 1971 to 2019. The findings show that research publications on OSC sustainability only witnessed steady growth since 2000. A geospatial analysis revealed that at least 32% of countries are involved in the OSC sustainability research, of which the United States, China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada make the greatest contributions. The hot topics in the contemporary OSC sustainability research were identified as embodied carbon, embodied energy, construction waste, post-occupancy evaluation, resources conservation, and recycling, and cost savings. The paper identified areas that require further research. Thus, the paper offers an all-embracing understanding of the core research themes, trends, and patterns on OSC sustainability to stakeholders.
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Filicetti, Angelo T., Ryan A. LaPointe, and Scott E. Nielsen. "Effects of Fire Severity and Woody Debris on Tree Regeneration for Exploratory Well Pads in Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) Forests." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101330.
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Restoring anthropogenic footprints to pre-disturbance conditions or minimizing their long-term impacts is an important goal in conservation. Many footprints, particularly if left alone, have wide-ranging effects on biodiversity. In Canada, energy exploration footprints result in forest dissection and fragmentation contributing to declines in woodland caribou. Developing cost effective strategies to restore forests and thus conserving the woodland caribou habitat is a conservation priority. In this study, we compared the effects of wildfire and local variation in the amount of residual woody debris on natural regeneration in jack pine on exploratory well pads in Alberta’s boreal forest. Specifically, we investigated how footprint size, fire severity (overstory tree mortality), ground cover of fine and coarse woody debris, and adjacent stand characteristics (i.e., height, age, and cover), affected tree regeneration densities and height using negative binomial count and linear models (Gaussian), respectively. Regeneration density was 30% higher on exploratory well pads than adjacent forests, increased linearly with fire severity on the exploratory well pads (2.2% per 1% increase in fire severity), but non-linearly in adjacent forests (peaking at 51,000 stems/ha at 72% fire severity), and decreased with amount of woody debris on exploratory well pads (2.7% per 1% increase in woody debris cover). The height of regenerating trees on exploratory well pads decreased with fire severity (0.56 cm per 1% increase in fire severity) and was non-linearly related to coarse woody debris (peaking at 286 cm at 9.4% coarse woody debris cover). Heights of 3 and 5 m on exploratory well pads were predicted by 13- and 21-years post-fire, respectively. Our results demonstrate that wildfires can stimulate natural recovery of fire-adapted species, such as jack pine, on disturbances as large as exploratory well pads (500–1330 m2) and that the type and amount of woody debris affects these patterns.
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Vasseur, Liette. "How Ecosystem-Based Adaptation to Climate Change Can Help Coastal Communities through a Participatory Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042344.
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Coastal rural communities worldwide face many challenges not only related to climate change but also extreme events, environmental degradation, population growth or aging, and conflict usage of the ecosystem. Historically, the economies of coastal communities have been based on the exploitation of natural resources, thus shaping its socioeconomic development. This has led to some limitations in the way these communities can now adapt to climate change. In Canada, coastal communities are increasingly dealing with climate change consequences. Sea level rise, coastal erosion, and increasing frequency in storm surges threaten the fragility of both natural and human systems. Various approaches have been used to try to reduce the vulnerability and improve adaptive capacity of communities. One approach, promoted by many organizations including the United Nations, is ecosystem-based adaptation. This approach is part of the series of nature-based solutions that help social–ecological systems become more resilient; by promoting biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, this approach also relates to principles of community engagement and supports adaptive governance and social inclusion. This paper describes and analyzes these principles and considers strategies for ensuring community engagement. Combining ecosystem-based adaptation with a strong community engagement can enhance the long-term sustainability of the social-ecological system.
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Leveridge, Max C., Amélie Y. Davis, and Sarah L. Dumyahn. "Evaluating Attitudes towards Large Carnivores within the Great Bear Rainforest." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 13270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313270.
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Cohabitation between humans and carnivores is vital to the continued existence and integrity of ecosystems, often playing a large role in the success of large carnivore conservation. We focus on interactions between humans and carnivores in the world’s largest, relatively intact temperate rainforest—The Great Bear Rainforest (GBR), British Columbia, Canada. Specifically, we focus on residents of Prince Rupert, a city within the GBR, and examine its residents’ ecological and relational attitudes towards the surrounding area of protected rainforest and the large carnivores present in the area. We aim to determine the strength of public attitudes and values of the environment and carnivores in the GBR, and to examine whether they differ between First Nations and non-First Nations residents of Prince Rupert, British Columbia. We conducted 28 semi-structured interviews of Prince Rupert residents. At the start of the interview, respondents self-administered a survey consisting of statements from the Social Ecological Relational Value and the New Ecological Paradigm scales. We find no significant difference between First Nations and non-First Nations respondent attitudes. This is possibly due to three factors: (1) cultural influence from the local First Nations, (2) the fact that these carnivores are important for the local economy through tourism, and (3) a strong sense of place associated with the area and the carnivores that inhabit it regardless of positive or negative encounters with these animals. While we find positive attitudes towards carnivores and little evidence of human–wildlife conflict, feelings towards carnivores encountered in town or while hiking tend to be negative, especially when they involve wolves. In order to mitigate these effects in a way that protects these valuable creatures, respondents overwhelmingly clamored for a conservation officer to be assigned to Prince Rupert. We conclude that policy and management might alleviate human–carnivore conflicts in the area should our results be corroborated by studies with larger sample sizes.
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Isaacs, Jenny R., and Ariel Otruba. "Guest Introduction: More-than-human contact zones." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619855369.
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Mary Louise Pratt used the term “contact zones” to describe those spaces where “cultures, meet, clash and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today”. Building on three sessions at the 2017 American Association of Geographers’ Annual Meeting, this special section features articles which apply Pratt’s concepts to environmental research. We argue that these articles demonstrate a “more-than-human ‘contact’ approach” to (1) better account for nonhuman agency by multiplying perspectives, (2) intervene in cases of violence and injustice, and (3) decolonize knowledge/production. Included are empirical case studies which describe encounters with the nonhuman; these include a postcolonial reading of the BBC’s Blue Planet II, a feminist science study of migratory shorebird conservation on New Jersey’s Delaware Bayshore, and political ecologies of prescribed forest burns by Parks Canada and tidal energy production in the Bay of Fundy. These articles broaden the definitions of “contact” and “justice” as they direct critical attention to the politics of environmental knowledge production, technoscientific means of understanding and managing the living environment, and forms of resistance to the exclusive governance of “wild” spaces. They present sites of environmental management and exploration as places of transformation, co-presence, unpredictability, and often intimate violence. The section demonstrates how political ecologies and more-than-human geographies expand Pratt’s “contact” perspective. An afterword is provided by Mary Louise Pratt.
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Stevens, Erin N., and Christine E. Campbell. "Indication of Possible Shifts in Copepod Species Composition in St. Pauls Inlet, a Fjordal Estuary Connected to the Gulf of St. Lawrence." Diversity 14, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14010059.
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St. Pauls Inlet, a coastal brackish lake/estuary within Gros Morne National Park in Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada), is a semi-enclosed body of water with a narrow 80-m wide opening to the marine Gulf of St. Lawrence and with freshwater input from 24 streams. An initial biological survey of St. Pauls Inlet in 1977/78 during Park planning stages found dominant members of the mesozooplankton community to be copepods of genera Acartia, Calanus, Oithona, and Temora. Subsequent surveys of 2009, 2010, and 2019 found Calanus abundance to be much reduced or absent and low adult microcrustacean (copepods + cladocerans) densities. Recent data suggest that Calanus finmarchicus, a large energy-rich copepod, has declined across the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the wider Northwest Atlantic, with the zooplankton community shifting towards smaller, warm-water copepods This shift is coincident with rising surface sea-surface temperatures in the Atlantic. Mid-July temperatures in the inlet were higher in 2009, 2010, and 2019 compared with 1977. Shifting zooplankton abundances in St. Pauls Inlet, even with reduced exchange with the Gulf, may reflect wider trends in the Northwest Atlantic and be a useful indicator of a changing coastal environment in this national park.
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Carlson, Andrew K., William W. Taylor, Daniel I. Rubenstein, Simon A. Levin, and Jianguo Liu. "Global Marine Fishing across Space and Time." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114714.
Full textAbstract:
Human health and livelihoods are threatened by declining marine fisheries catches, causing substantial interest in the sources and dynamics of fishing. Catch analyses in individual exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and the high seas are abundant, and research across multiple EEZs is growing. However, no previous studies have systematically compared catches, intranational versus international fish flows, and fishing nations within all of the world’s EEZs and across adjacent and distant EEZs and the high seas to inform “metacoupled” fisheries management. We use the metacoupling framework—a new approach for evaluating human–nature interactions within and across adjacent and distant systems (metacouplings)—to illustrate how fisheries catches were locally, regionally, and globally interconnected in 1950–2014, totaling 5.8 billion metric tons and increasing by 298% (tonnage) and 431% (monetary value) over this time period. Catches by nations in their own EEZs (largest in Peru) and adjacent EEZs (largest in Indonesia) constituted 86% of worldwide catches, growing in 1950–1996 but declining in 1997–2014. In contrast, catches in distant EEZs and the high seas—largest in Morocco, Mauritania, and Canada—peaked in 1973 and have since represented 9–21% of annual catches. Our 65-year, local–regional–global analysis illustrates how metacoupled fisheries governance—holistic management of multiscalar catches, flows, and tradeoffs within and among fisheries—can improve food and nutrition security, livelihood resilience, and biodiversity conservation across the world.
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Dzus, Elston H., and Pat Cabezas. "Woodland caribou management in Alberta: historical perspectives and future opportunities." Rangifer 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.27.4.352.
Full textAbstract:
Woodland caribou conservation has been the topic of much debate for the past few decades. By the late 1970s there was growing concern about declining woodland caribou populations and the interaction between industrial activities and woodland caribou. Initial concerns led to the closure of the licensed hunting season in 1981. Early confrontation between government and industry in the late 1980s transformed into a series of evolving collaborative ventures. Improving our understanding of the basic ecology of woodland caribou in Alberta was at the center of early research efforts; more recent studies have examined the effects of industrial activities on caribou and effectiveness of various mitigation factors. Despite having amassed an impressive body of information from a research and monitoring perspective, progress on implementing effective management actions has been less dramatic. Industry has endured significant costs implementing a variety of perceived conservation initiatives, but caribou populations continued to decline through the last few decades. While some parties feel more research is needed, there is growing consensus that changes to habitat as induced by human activities are important factors influencing current caribou declines. Predation is a proximate cause of most caribou mortality. Climate change mediated alterations to habitat and predator-prey interactions remain a key source of uncertainty relative to future caribou population trends. Management actions will need to deal with long term habitat changes associated with human land use and short term implications of increased predation. In 2005, the provincial minister responsible for caribou conservation responded to the draft 2004 recovery plan and created the Alberta Caribou Committee (ACC). The goal of the ACC is to maintain and recover woodland caribou in Alberta’s forest ecosystems while providing opportunities for resource development, following guidance provided by the Alberta Woodland Caribou Recovery Plan, as qualified by the Minister of Sustainable Resource Development. The current and future challenge involves conserving and recovering caribou populations and habitat through use of knowledge-based processes, applied through existing or other mechanisms, as deemed appropriate. As outlined in the ACC terms of reference, this complex challenge is to be achieved in an atmosphere of co-operation and trust amongst participants. The mandate of the ACC is to bring together the expertise and experience of its members under a consensus-based partnership for the purpose of: 1) providing thoughtful advice to government and, 2 implementing or supporting approved caribou population and habitat conservation and recovery programs. The ACC provides advice to government regarding policy and program matters, but does not create government policy or programs. Compared to previous multi-stakeholder committees dealing with caribou in Alberta, the ACC has an expanded membership that includes representatives from aboriginal organizations, industry (forestry and energy sector), environmental non-government organizations, the scientific community, and the government of Alberta. In addition to the expanded ‘breadth’ in committee membership and mandate scope, is an increased ‘height’ of influence in that the governance board provides advice to the Alberta government through the Deputy Minister of Sustainable Resource Development (the provincial department responsible for land and wildlife management). This new collaboration brings new optimism for translating knowledge to effective cumulative effects management alternatives. For more information on the Alberta Caribou Committee see: http://www.albertacariboucommittee.ca/ While the federal government is not represented on the ACC, there are a number of opportunities exist for engagement of federal government agencies and personnel in the evolving caribou conservation arena. As woodland caribou are listed as a threatened species, there is an obvious role for Environment Canada to develop a national recovery strategy and administer the Species At Risk Act (including facilitating a definition of critical habitat). Additional opportunities for federal involvement include the development of strategies specific to lands under federal jurisdiction and, where appropriate, participation on landscape teams to develop management strategies for herds whose range crosses provincial and/or federal boundaries.
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Benz, Arthur, and Jörg Broschek. "Transformative Energy Policy in Federal Systems." Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 14, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v14i2.2762.
Full textAbstract:
Transforming the energy system towards an increasing share of renewables requires a significant change of a policy to redirect the path-dependent evolution of a highly complex technical system. Moreover, a new path of development towards energy provision from renewables has to be stabilized to assure sustainability. The federal systems in Canada and Germany diverge in the institutional conditions relevant for policy change and stability. Canadian federalism separates powers in energy policy and allows the federal and provincial governments to change policies on their own. In contrast, German federalism requires co-operation between federal and Länder governments which favors policy stability but renders significant change unlikely.
However, energy transformation started in the 1990s in Germany under conditions that allowed the federal government to avoid the usual mode of joint decision-making. In Canada, provincial governments took the lead in energy transformation, when the conservative federal government showed no interest in intergovernmental coordination. The article explains these shifts in power within the institutional framework. It also discusses the consequences, considering the stability of transformative energy policy. In Germany, policy change from the center undermined the stabilizing structures of intergovernmental coordination, in Canada, institutional conditions favoring continuity never existed. Hence in both countries, governments changed policies but failed to reform institutions of governance.
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Atabay, Orhan, Ned Djilali, and Curran Crawford. "Shared Automated Electric Vehicle Prospects for Low Carbon Road Transportation in British Columbia, Canada." Vehicles 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4010007.
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This study explores the long-term energy use implications of electrification, automation and sharing of road vehicles in British Columbia, Canada. Energy use is first analyzed for the years 1990–2016 for forward forecasting, and hypothetical scenarios ranging from conservative to disruptive, incorporating various effects of road vehicle electrification, sharing and automation, as well as influences of other technology disruptions, such as online shopping and e-learning are presented and used to project the road transportation energy use in B.C. to 2060. Transportation energy use projections are compared to those of the Canadian Energy Regulator (CER). When considering only the effect of vehicle electrification, the scenarios show higher energy savings compared to CER’s scenarios. The combined impact of vehicle electrification and automation leads to decreased energy use to 2060 for all scenarios considered. The energy savings for all scenarios, except for the conservative one, are higher than CER’s projections. When the effects of vehicle electrification, automation and sharing are merged, all scenarios yield energy savings beyond the CER projections. Inclusion of other technology disruptions and the effects of pandemics like COVID-19 reduce transportation demand and provide further energy savings. The BAU scenario given in this study shows energy use decreases compared to 2016 of 26.3%, 49%, 62.24%, 72.1% for the years 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2060 respectively.
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Duquette, Michel. "Politiques canadiennes de l’énergie et libre-échange – ou le sacrifice d’Iphigénie." Études internationales 19, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702290ar.
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This study looks into the federal government' s relinquishment of its 1980 energy policy known as the National Energy Programme. Such a sacrifice was made in the name of free trade between Canada and the U.S. Indeed, it is suggested that for the Conservatives, their deregulation of the energy industry for the sake of the economic integration of North America has served as the very proof of free trade. Hence also the end of the Foreign Investment Review Agency symbol of Canadian nationalism. For the free trade negotiations to be concluded, Ottawa needs to establish a common front with the provinces. This new context is in agreement with the "national reconciliation" policy extolled by the Tories soon after they came to power. In the name of a more decentralized Federation, they would surrender much in order to stimulate trade between the regions and the American market. This appears to them as the best way to boost the economy to a point which is already reached by our neighbours in the south. Thus the two projects, i.e. a complete redefinition of the energy policy and rapprochement with Washington, are being seen through simultaneously, in a spirit of compromise. In handing over to the provinces the administration of their off shore territories, and going as far even as to promote their traditional stance regarding the canadian energy policy, Alberta being a case in point, the government espouses a particular style of relationship with the industry. So as to bring Canada to par with current practices in the U.S., it brings forth its objective of "privatisation" which is in accordance with the neo-conservative credo: the subsidization of industry, deregulation, sharing out of the energy industry to the advantage of the private sector, the eventual privatization of Petro Canada. In this study, a first framework for analysis of those phenomena, with regard to the current negotiations between Canada and the US, is proposed.
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Mooring, Michael, and William Samuel. "Tick Defense Strategies in Bison: The Role of Grooming and Hair Coat." Behaviour 135, no. 6 (1998): 693–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792640413.
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AbstractGrooming behaviour, and its effectiveness in controlling infestation by the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus), was studied for plains bison (Bison bison bison) in Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada from October 1995 through June 1996. Bison had few ticks (mean, 133 ticks per animal; 0.009 ticks per cm2), particularly in comparison with smaller sympatric cervids (moose, Alees alees; elk, Cervus elaphus; and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus), suggesting that tick defense in bison is highly effective. Bison performed grooming or grooming-like behaviours (oral grooming, scratching, rubbing, and wallowing) at a high rate during October, when winter tick larvae were blood feeding, but groomed very little from November to April, when nymphal and adult ticks predominated. Grooming in October probably removed many larval ticks while they were still unattached and traversing the body surface in search of an attachment site. Because bison groomed at the highest rate during the larval feeding period, when they were subjected to the lowest intensity of tick stimulation, grooming in bison appears to be centrally programmed rather than stimulus driven. This might be the only time ticks are vulnerable to grooming activity because bison have an extremely thick hair coat (a morphological adaptation to extreme cold), which probably serves as a physical barrier to infestation by ticks. The tightly packed mat of primary hairs at the skin surface (the highest density of primary hairs among bovids) likely forced larval ticks to traverse much of the body surface on top of the hair coat, making them vulnerable to being removed through licking and other grooming activity. Little grooming throughout late autumn and winter (November-March) corresponded to the period of coldest temperatures and snow on the ground, and was probably due to the bison's 'thermal inertia' strategy of energy conservation in which physical activity is minimized during the times of greatest cold stress, when forage is least available and of poorest quality. Newly born bison calves, 2 months old or younger, delivered 15-20 times more oral grooming per hour and 6 times more episodes per bout than did adult cows. This result is in accordance with the prediction of the body size principle of the programmed grooming hypothesis, which maintains that smaller animals should groom more frequently in order to maintain fewer ticks. Programmed grooming, which removes most larval ticks before they can attach, and the physical barrier of the dense hair coat, are proposed as the major reasons that bison host few D. albipictus.
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Spahrkäs, Simon S., Anne Looijmans, Robbert Sanderman, and Mariët Hagedoorn. "Beating Cancer-Related Fatigue With the Untire Mobile App: Protocol for a Waiting List Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): e15969. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15969.
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Background Many cancer patients and survivors worldwide experience disabling fatigue as the main side effect of their illness and the treatments involved. Face-to-face therapy is effective in treating cancer-related fatigue (CRF), but it is also resource-intensive. Offering a self-management program via a mobile phone app (ie, the Untire app), based on elements of effective face-to-face treatments, might increase the number of patients receiving adequate support for fatigue and decrease care costs. Objective The aim of this protocol is to describe a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effectiveness of the Untire app in reducing fatigue in cancer patients and survivors after 12 weeks of app use as compared with a waiting list control group. Substudies nested within this trial include questions concerning the reach and costs of online recruitment and uptake and usage of the Untire app. Methods The Untire app study is a waiting list RCT targeting cancer patients and survivors who experience moderate to severe fatigue via social media (Facebook and Instagram) across 4 English-speaking countries (Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The Untire app includes psychoeducation and exercises concerning energy conservation, activity management, optimizing restful sleep, mindfulness-based stress reduction, psychosocial support, cognitive behavioral therapy, and physical activity. After randomization, participants in the intervention group could access the Untire app immediately, whereas control participants had no access to the Untire app until the primary follow-up assessment at 12 weeks. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline before randomization and after 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. The study outcomes are fatigue (primary) and quality of life (QoL; secondary). Potential moderators and mediators of the hypothesized treatment effect on levels of fatigue and QoL were also assessed. Link clicks and app activation are used to assess reach and uptake, respectively. Log data are used to explore the characteristics of app use. Sample size calculations for the primary outcome showed that we needed to include 164 participants with complete 12-week measures both in the intervention and the control groups. The intention-to-treat approach is used in the primary analyses, which refers to analyzing all participants regardless of their app use. Results Participants were recruited from March to October 2018. The last participant completed the 24-week assessment in March 2019. Conclusions This mobile health (mHealth) RCT recruited participants online in multiple countries to examine the uptake and effectiveness of the Untire self-management app to reduce CRF. Many advantages of mHealth apps are assumed, such as the immediate access to the app, the low thresholds to seek support, and the absence of contact with care professionals that will reduce costs. If found effective, this app can easily be offered worldwide to patients experiencing CRF. Trial Registration Netherlands Trial Register NL6642; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6642. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/15969
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Lamont, Crystal. "Health and Sustainability in the Canadian Food System: Advocacy and Opportunity for Civil Society." UnderCurrents: Journal of Critical Environmental Studies 18 (April 27, 2014): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/38552.
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Health and Sustainability in the Canadian Food System: Advocacy and Opportunity for Civil Society.Edited by ROD MACRAE and ELISABETH ABERGEL. UBC Press, 2012. $95.00Reviewed by Crystal LamontThink about what you did today. What did you eat? Food is such an integral part of everyday life, but how often do you think about food as more than a means to stop that annoying grumble in your stomach? Health and Sustainability in the Canadian Food System: Advocacy and Opportunity for Civil Society takes a look into Canadian food systems and the ineffective and unresponsive policies of the Canadian government regarding food, as well as the agricultural challenges of today and tomorrow. The contributions to this edited volume strive to illustrate how effective and sustainable food policies can be achieved in the Canadian food system. This book explores different food problems and policies to advance the notion of civil society organizations (CSO’s) as powerful vehicles to invoke the sort of changes Canada requires in its food systems.Health and Sustainability in the Canadian Food System engages with issues surrounding food and agricultural policies in Canada using an interdisciplinary approach. This volume brings together scholars in geography, sociology, political science, and environmental studies, as well as authors who work in the field of food policy to explore the role of advocacy and CSO’s by drawing on these diverse perspectives and experiences.Many of the authors use case studies from other environmental struggles as a way to explore effective advocacy in working toward change in Canadian food policy. Overall, the reader comes to appreciate the role CSO’s can, and ought, to play in achieving a policy paradigm shift in Canadian food and agriculture.Contributors in the first section of the book investigate and challenge the current food and agriculture policy paradigms in Canada by questioning the very problematic ways that farming practices and the purpose of agriculture are discussed in dominant public narratives. Scholars Grace Skogstad and Alison Blay-Palmer argue that the current dominant view of farms is resource production. Commonly, farming and agricultural practices are conceptualized solely as means to provide food to people. As a result, policies tend to focus on maximum production strategies while failing to support sustainability measures or to facilitate environmental protection. Skogstad and Blay-Palmer both suggest how policies can be shaped to enable long-term and systematic changes that view farming within a larger context of public good and the multiple benefits farms provide to communities in addition to food. One illustration of a successful paradigm shift discussed in this section and used in contrast to Canada’s current food and agricultural model is the European Union’s multifunctionality paradigm. The principles of multifunctionality place agricultural activity in terms of its social functions, incorporating the production of food with land conservation, protection of biodiversity, sustainable management of natural resources, and the socio-economic viability of rural areas.The second part of the text explores various lessons that can, and have been, learned from the Canadian food system and the role of advocacy in this area. The case studies used as ways to illustrate the role of civil society organizations in Canadian food and agriculture policy in this section include examples of agricultural biotechnology, agricultural pesticide use, Canada’s Action Plan for Food Security, breastfeeding promotion campaigns targeted at mothers, obesity in children, and the new generation of farmers. In each of these examples, CSO’s and advocacy groups have worked either to pressure government to make changes in food and agriculture policy or have acted independent of government in attempts to achieve positive change. Although these are diverse issues, the lessons learned have resonance with current and emerging food and agricultural issues. Several of the case studies illustrate the gaps between government action and policies with CSO initiatives and goals, and the lack of integration and participation of civil society into any decision-making processes. Other authors in the volume view the role of CSO’s as crucial to achieving food policy changes that governments have not been willing to provide, such as food banks and health promotion in schools. Whether working in tandem with or in opposition to government policy, the role of civil society organizations in seeking sustainable food and agriculture policy is crucial.Indeed, the overall message presented by each author in this book is that, if unprompted, governments will not do what is necessary in order to promote health and sustainability in the Canadian food system. Therefore, there is immense pressure upon CSOs and advocacy groups to challenge the current paradigms and demand change. Incremental, short-term results need to be replaced by holistic, long-term, system-wide sustainable initiatives. This book is valuable to environmentalists, for although the contributions to this text concern food and agricultural policies, the same themes and challenges are persistent in any environmental struggle. Health and Sustainability in the Canadian Food System makes clear the link between meaningful policy change and civil society organizations, requiring that we all hear the grumble in our stomachs as a call to confront the ways that we are directly implicated in the Canadian food system and to consider what change we might affect with our participation in civil society organizing.~CRYSTAL LAMONT is a Masters Candidate in the Faculty of Envioronmental Studies at York University. Her research focuses on Canadian environmental policy, specifically natural resource and energy policy.
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Reeves, Randall R. "Distribution, abundance and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida): an overview." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 1 (June 30, 1998): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2979.
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The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) has a circumpolar Arctic distribution. Because of its great importance to northern communities and its role as the primary food of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) the ringed seal has been studied extensively in Canada, Alaska, Russia, Svalbard and Greenland as well as in the Baltic Sea and Karelian lakes. No clear-cut boundaries are known to separate ringed seal stocks in marine waters. Adult seals are thought to be relatively sedentary, but sub-adults sometimes disperse over long distances. Stable ice with good snow cover is considered the most productive habitat although production in pack ice has been little studied. Populations appear to be structured so that immature animals and young adults are consigned to sub-optimal habitat during the spring pupping and breeding season. Annual production in ringed seal populations, defined as thepup percentage in the total population after the late winter pupping season, is probably in the order of 18-24%. Most estimates of maximum sustainable yield are in the order of 7%.The world population of ringed seals is at least a few million. Methods of abundance estimation have included aerial surveys, dog searches and remote sensing of lairs and breathing holes, acoustic monitoring, correlation analysis by reference to sizes of polar bear populations, and inference from estimated energy requirements of bear populations. Aerial strip survey has been the method of choice for estimating seal densities over large areas. Adjustment factors to account for seals not hauled out at the time of the survey, for seals that dove ahead of the aircraft, and for seals on the ice within the surveyed strip but not detected by the observers, are required for estimates of absolute abundance.Male and female ringed seals are sexually mature by 5-7 years of age (earlier at Svalbard). Pupping usually occurs in March or early April and is followed by 5-7 weeks of lactation. Breeding takes place in mid to late May, and implantation is delayed for about 3 months. In at least some parts of their range, ringed seals feed mainly on schooling gadids from late autumn through early spring andon benthic crustaceans and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) from late spring through summer. Little feeding is done during the moult, which takes place in late spring and early summer. Pelagic crustaceans offshore and mysids inshore become important prey in late summer and early autumn in some areas. Ringed seals have several natural predators, the most important of which is the polar bear in most arctic regions. Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) kill a large percentage of pups in someareas.From a conservation perspective, the ringed seal appears to be secure. Levels of exploitation of arctic populations have usually been considered sustainable, except in the Okhotsk Sea. Large fluctuations in production of ringed seals in the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf are thought to be driven by natural variability in environmental conditions. While concern has been expressed about thepotential impacts of industrial activity and pollution on ringed seals, such impacts have been documented only in limited areas. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence and availability for sampling, ringed seals are good subjects for monitoring contaminant trends in Arctic marine food chains.
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Rahman, Farhan, Ian Rowlands, and Olaf Weber. "Do green buildings capture higher market valuations and lower vacancy rates? A Canadian case study of LEED and BOMA-BEST properties." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 6, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-03-2017-0008.
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Purpose It is becoming increasingly clear that as the pressures of climate change increase around the world, all nations must strive to lower their carbon footprint through conservation. If the growth trend of green building and infrastructure construction is to be continued and improved upon, then evidence must be collected as to the benefits they bring about, and the level of support they enjoy in the market. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the economic performance of green buildings by evaluating whether LEED for Homes and BOMA-BEST properties capture higher market valuations and lower vacancy rates. These types of research questions have not been investigated to a great deal in the Canadian context. The primary analysis concerning municipal market valuation of green buildings was conducted using robust ordinary least squares and logistic regression models. Commercial vacancy rates were compared through the use of χ2 tests. Our analysis did not lead to conclusive evidence that there exists a “green” premium in the real estate market with respect to municipal market valuations. The authors argue that this may largely be due to municipal appraisal methods that currently do not incorporate sustainability factors. As such, they may not adequately reflect market tastes and trends. Furthermore, while the vacancy rates of green commercial buildings were, on the whole, lower than their non-green counterparts, the differences were not statistically significant. Given these results, the authors propose a set of research activities that the academic community should pursue. Design/methodology/approach Statistical techniques are utilized test whether green certification (LEED/BOMA-BEST) leads to higher municipal valuation for both commercial and residential green properties, using regression analysis. Furthermore, χ2 tests are conducted to evaluate whether certification leads to lower vacancy rates for commercial properties. Findings In terms of valuation, certification does not exert (on average) a positive role in terms of higher valuations for both commercial and residential properties. However, with respect to vacancy rates, there is a tendency towards lower vacancy rates for green properties, but the relationship is not statistically significant. Research limitations/implications The next set of research needs to gather greater amount of data with respect to how municipal evaluations are performed since the results are counter-intuitive. Greater tracking of the financial performance of green buildings should be conducted and made available for both public and private bodies. Particularly, rental and sale prices of green buildings need to be tracked in an organized manner. Practical implications The valuation techniques utilized by the municipal authorities need revision as green properties are being assessed without appropriate guidance from educational institutions. Furthermore, the limited amount of “green” valuation techniques in existence may not be applied. Originality/value This is the first Canadian-based research looking into the valuation of green certification using rigorous quantitative statistical techniques and original and publicly available data. Furthermore, it holds important lessons for municipal authorities with respect to green building valuation beyond Canada as the limitations of current practice go mostly likely beyond the North American context.