Journal articles: 'Energy benchmarks'

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Ruegemer, Joerg, and Ryan E. Smith. "Energy Efficiency Benchmarks for Housing: A Comparative Study of Energy Efficiency Benchmark Housing Systems." International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 8, no. 1 (2012): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v08i01/56267.

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Shuaiwen Song, Rong Ge, Xizhou Feng, and Kirk W. Cameron. "Energy Profiling and Analysis of the HPC Challenge Benchmarks." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 23, no. 3 (June 5, 2009): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342009106193.

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Future high performance systems must use energy efficiently to achieve petaFLOPS computational speeds and beyond. To address this challenge, we must first understand the power and energy characteristics of high performance computing applications. In this paper, we use a power-performance profiling framework called Power-Pack to study the power and energy profiles of the HPC Challenge benchmarks. We present detailed experimental results along with in-depth analysis of how each benchmark's workload characteristics affect power consumption and energy efficiency. This paper summarizes various findings using the HPC Challenge benchmarks, including but not limited to: 1) identifying application power profiles by function and component in a high performance cluster; 2) correlating applications' memory access patterns to power consumption for these benchmarks; and 3) exploring how energy consumption scales with system size and workload.

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Kim, Hye Gi, and Sun Sook Kim. "Development of Energy Benchmarks for Office Buildings Using the National Energy Consumption Database." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040950.

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In an effort to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings, it is necessary to first evaluate the energy performance of those buildings. Since it is difficult to obtain detailed information on existing buildings, the challenge is how to conduct reliable energy performance assessments with this limited information. As a result, many countries have adopted evaluation systems based on measured energy consumption data for existing buildings. This study aims to analyze the building energy consumption and characteristics using Korea’s national building database and provide an energy performance benchmark for continuous management of the energy performance of existing buildings. We analyzed the relationship between the basic statistical characteristics of the information collected from the national integrated energy database and energy consumption. The total floor area was found to be closely related to energy consumption, and various regression analysis methods were applied and compared to develop a benchmark to explain the trends of energy consumption according to the increase in total floor area. Finally, the developed benchmarks were used to evaluate energy consumption and examine the feasibility of the benchmarks.

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Daniele, Dadi, Vito Introna, Annalisa Santolamazza, Marcello Salvio, Chiara Martini, Tiberio Pastura, and Fabrizio Martini. "Private Hospital Energy Performance Benchmarking Using Energy Audit Data: An Italian Case Study." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030806.

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The increased focus on energy efficiency, both at the national and international levels, has fostered the diffusion and development of specific energy consumption benchmarks for most relevant economic sectors. In this context, energy-intensive facilities, such as hospitals and health structures, represent a unique case. Indeed, despite the high energy consumption of these structures, scientific literature lacks the presence of adequate energy performance benchmarks, especially in regard to the European context. Thus, this study aimed at defining energy benchmark indicators for the Italian private healthcare sector using data collected from the Italian mandatory energy audits according to Art.8 EU Directive 27/2012. The benchmark indicators’ definition was made using a methodology proposed by the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA). This methodology provided the calculation of specific energy performance indicators (EnPIs) by considering the global energy consumption of the different sites and the sector’s relevant variables. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from a consolidated but more complex methodology: the one envisaged by the Environmental Protection Agency. The results obtained allowed us to validate the reliability of the proposed methodology, as well as the validity and future usability of the calculated indicators. Relying on a significant database containing actual data from recent energy audits, this study was thus able to provide an up-to-date and reliable benchmark for the private healthcare sector.

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Vaisi, Salah, Saleh Mohammadi, Benedetto Nastasi, and Kavan Javanroodi. "A New Generation of Thermal Energy Benchmarks for University Buildings." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 6606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246606.

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In 2008, the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE TM46 UC) presented an annual-fixed thermal energy benchmark of 240 kWh/m2/yr for university campus (UC) buildings as an attempt to reduce energy consumption in public buildings. However, the CIBSE TM46 UC benchmark fails to consider the difference between energy demand in warm and cold months, as the thermal performance of buildings largely depends on the ambient temperature. This paper presents a new generation of monthly thermal energy benchmarks (MTEBs) using two computational methods including mixed-use model and converter model, which consider the variations of thermal demand throughout a year. MTEBs were generated using five basic variables, including mixed activities in the typical college buildings, university campus revised benchmark (UCrb), typical operation of heating systems, activities impact, and heating degree days. The results showed that MTEBs vary from 24 kWh/m2/yr in January to one and nearly zero kWh/m2/yr in June and July, respectively. Based on the detailed assessments, a typical college building was defined in terms of the percentage of its component activities. Compared with the 100% estimation error of the TM46 UC benchmark, the maximum 21% error of the developed methodologies is a significant achievement. The R-squared value of 99% confirms the reliability of the new generation of benchmarks.

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Tantiwanit, Kornkamon. "Establishing Energy Consumption Benchmarks of Office Buildings in Bangkok." Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) 5, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56261/jars.v5i1.169213.

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This paper presents energy consumption benchmarks of office buildings based on the local contextof Bangkok in terms of kWh/m2/month and kWh/m2/year. The benchmark is important as a starting pointof systematic energy management in office buildings. It has potential to identify energy performance of anoffice building by comparing against others. If the building performs lower than the standard, the benchmarkoffers a realistic energy goal. Then systematic energy management—establishing action plan, implementingstrategies, monitoring energy consumption and continuous improvement—can be continued.

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Avramova, Maria, and Diana Cuervo. "Assessment of CTF Boiling Transition and Critical Heat Flux Modeling Capabilities Using the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT Benchmark Databases." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/508485.

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Over the last few years, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) under the sponsorship of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has prepared, organized, conducted, and summarized two international benchmarks based on the NUPEC data—the OECD/NRC Full-Size Fine-Mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) Benchmark and the OECD/NRC PWR Sub-Channel and Bundle Test (PSBT) Benchmark. The benchmarks’ activities have been conducted in cooperation with the Nuclear Energy Agency/Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) and the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety (JNES) Organization. This paper presents an application of the joint Penn State University/Technical University of Madrid (UPM) version of the well-known sub-channel code COBRA-TF (Coolant Boiling in Rod Array-Two Fluid), namely, CTF, to the steady state critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) exercises of the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmarks. The goal is two-fold: firstly, to assess these models and to examine their strengths and weaknesses; and secondly, to identify the areas for improvement.

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Valentine, Timothy, Maria Avramova, Michael Fleming, Mathieu Hursin, Kostadin Ivanov, Alessandro Petruzzi, Upendra Rohatgi, and Kiril Velkov. "OVERVIEW OF THE OECD-NEA EXPERT GROUP ON MULTI-PHYSICS EXPERIMENTAL DATA, BENCHMARKS AND VALIDATION." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 06048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124706048.

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The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Nuclear Science Committee (NSC) established the Expert Group on Multi-physics Experimental Data, Benchmarks and Validation (EGMPEBV) in 2014 to bridge the gap between advanced, multi-physics simulation capabilities and the relatively low availability of dedicated, high-fidelity experimental data and benchmarks specifically for multi-physics modelling and simulation tools. The EGMPEBV was mandated to establish mechanisms for the certification of experimental data and benchmark models and to establish the processes and procedures for the validation of multi-physics modelling and simulation tools. The EGMPEBV oversees three task forces, covering (1) experimental data qualification and benchmark evaluation, (2) validation guidelines and needs and (3) example application of validation experiments. These have generated numerous reports surveying the state-of-the-art in multi-physics validation, challenge areas and recommendations for the evaluation of multi-physics benchmarks, while in parallel developing the specifications for multi-physics benchmarks. Three benchmark specifications are in active development, including a reactivity compensation scenario in the Rostov Unit 2 VVER-1000, multi-cycle depletion of the TVA Watts Bar Unit 1 and study of pellet cladding mechanical interaction within ramp tests performed at the Studsvik R2 reactor. We provide an overview of the recent progress in these areas and a summary of the future activities of the EGMPEBV in establishing international multi-physics benchmarks.

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Hiscox, Briana, Benjamin Betzler, Vladimir Sobes, and William J. Marshall. "NEUTRONIC BENCHMARKING OF SMALL GAS-COOLED SYSTEMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 10033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124710033.

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To demonstrate that nuclear reactors can be built faster and more economically than they have been in the past, the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy is sponsoring the development of a small nuclear reactor called the Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR) [1–2]. An important part of the design and licencing process of a new reactor is validation of the software used to analyze the reactor using established reactor physics benchmarks. This paper discusses validation of the neutronics software used to model four preliminary designs of the TCR core [2]. Because the TCR core design uses innovative technology and methods, comparable established benchmarks are limited or do not exist. For this effort, established benchmarks from the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (ICSBEP) [3] were considered to be suitable for this design based on analysis using the SCALE/TSUNAMI-computed similarity indices to determine the amount of shared uncertainty between the design and each selected benchmark experiment. This paper addresses the challenges faced in benchmarking a unique reactor for licensing and construction, a task that will become more common as a new generation of innovative nuclear reactors are designed and built.

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Longo, Mathias, Ana Rodriguez, Cristian Mateos, and Alejandro Zunino. "Reducing energy usage in resource-intensive Java-based scientific applications via micro-benchmark based code refactorings." Computer Science and Information Systems 16, no. 2 (2019): 541–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis180608009l.

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In-silico research has grown considerably. Today?s scientific code involves long-running computer simulations and hence powerful computing infrastructures are needed. Traditionally, research in high-performance computing has focused on executing code as fast as possible, while energy has been recently recognized as another goal to consider. Yet, energy-driven research has mostly focused on the hardware and middleware layers, but few efforts target the application level, where many energy-aware optimizations are possible. We revisit a catalog of Java primitives commonly used in OO scientific programming, or micro-benchmarks, to identify energy-friendly versions of the same primitive. We then apply the micro-benchmarks to classical scientific application kernels and machine learning algorithms for both single-thread and multi-thread implementations on a server. Energy usage reductions at the micro-benchmark level are substantial, while for applications obtained reductions range from 3.90% to 99.18%.

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Pereira, Geovandro C. C. F., Renan C. A. Alves, Felipe L. da Silva, Roberto M. Azevedo, Bruno C. Albertini, and Cíntia B. Margi. "Performance Evaluation of Cryptographic Algorithms over IoT Platforms and Operating Systems." Security and Communication Networks 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2046735.

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The deployment of security services over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and IoT devices brings significant processing and energy consumption overheads. These overheads are mainly determined by algorithmic efficiency, quality of implementation, and operating system. Benchmarks of symmetric primitives exist in the literature for WSN platforms but they are mostly focused on single platforms or single operating systems. Moreover, they are not up to date with respect to implementations and/or operating systems versions which had significant progress. Herein, we provide time and energy benchmarks of reference implementations for different platforms and operating systems and analyze their impact. Moreover, we not only give the first benchmark results of symmetric cryptography for the Intel Edison IoT platform but also describe a methodology of how to measure energy consumption on that platform.

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Gao, Lijie, Xiaoqi Shang, Fengmei Yang, and Longyu Shi. "A Dynamic Benchmark System for Per Capita Carbon Emissions in Low-Carbon Counties of China." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030599.

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As the most basic unit of the national economy and administrative management, the low-carbon transformation of the vast counties is of great significance to China’s overall greenhouse gas emission reduction. Although the low-carbon evaluation (LCE) indicator system and benchmarks have been extensively studied, most benchmarks ignore the needs of the evaluated object at the development stage. When the local economy develops to a certain level, it may be restricted by static low-carbon target constraints. This study reviews the relevant research on LCE indicator system and benchmarks based on convergence. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), a dynamic benchmark system for per capita carbon emissions (PCCEs), is proposed for low-carbon counties. Taking Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China as an example, a dynamic benchmark for PCCEs was established by benchmarking the Carbon Kuznets Curve (CKC) of best practices. Based on the principles of best practice, comparability, data completeness, and the CKC hypothesis acceptance, the best practice database is screened, and Singapore is selected as a potential benchmark. By constructing an econometric model to conduct an empirical study on Singapore’s CKC hypothesis, the regression results of the least squares method support the CKC hypothesis and its rationality as a benchmark. The result of the PCCE benchmarks of Changxing County show that when the per capita income of Changxing County in 2025, 2030, and 2035 reaches USD 19,172.92, USD 24,483.01, and USD 29,366.11, respectively, the corresponding benchmarks should be 14.95 tons CO2/person, 14.70 tons CO2/person, and 13.55 tons CO2/person. For every 1% increase in the county’s per capita income, the PCCE allowable room for growth is 17.6453%. The turning point is when the per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) is USD 20,843.23 and the PCCE is 15.03 tons of CO2/person, which will occur between 2025 and 2030. Prior to this, the PCCE benchmark increases with the increase of PCGDP. After that, the PCCE benchmark decreases with the increase of PCGDP. The system is economically sensitive, adaptable to different development stages, and enriches the methodology of low-carbon indicator evaluation and benchmark setting at the county scale. It can provide scientific basis for Chinese county decision makers to formulate reasonable targets under the management idea driven by evaluation indicators and emission reduction targets and help counties explore the coordinated paths of economic development and emission reduction in different development stages. It has certain reference significance for other developing regions facing similar challenges of economic development and low-carbon transformation to Changxing County to formulate scientific and reasonable low-carbon emission reduction targets.

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Nguyen, Anh Tuan, and David Rockwood. "DEVELOPING AN ENERGY BENCHMARKING SYSTEM FOR HOTEL BUILDINGS USING THE STATISTICAL METHOD AND THE SIMULATION-BASED APPROACH." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 3 (June 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.3.1.

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Due to increased tourist activity, many cities now have a large number of hotel buildings. It is necessary to establish measures to evaluate energy use intensity to effectively manage energy consumption in this sector. This study uses a combined strategy to establish an energy benchmark for hotel buildings in Vietnam. First, a survey and analysis of actual building stock data of 50 hotels in Danang, Vietnam, was conducted. The survey-based benchmark and its related data was then used to build a reference energy model to estimate an energy benchmark for other climatic regions in Vietnam by using the energy simulation method. The results reveal that the average energy use intensity for hotels in Danang was 87.4 kWh/m2.year or 8628.6 kWh/guestroom.year. However, this study proposes that because of the differing expectations of comfort standards, hotels of different grades should have separate benchmarks. This study also proposes an energy intensity-based rating scale, including 7 grades from the least energy intensive (grade A) to the most energy intensive (grade G), which can be used to manage, label, or encourage sustainable energy use in hotel buildings. The relationship between the energy use intensity and the occupancy rate of the hotels was reported, compared, and explained. It was found that occupancy rate has no significant impact on the energy use intensity. From the survey result, some predictive models were developed to estimate annual energy consumption of hotel buildings based on their grades. The simulated benchmarks for other regions were also achieved. The results demonstrate many potential applications in the management, design and construction, and renovation of this building type.

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Alford, Rebecca F., Rituparna Samanta, and Jeffrey J. Gray. "Diverse Scientific Benchmarks for Implicit Membrane Energy Functions." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 17, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 5248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00646.

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Su, Tzu Ching, and Hsien Te Lin. "Electricity Consumption Benchmark and Ranking System for Office Buildings in Taiwan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2352.

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Energy use intensity (EUI) is a significant index for energy management in the building sector; however, previous research that determined an EUI benchmark for a type of building resulted in serious problems. Such earlier EUI benchmarks cannot fairly evaluate office buildings with different proportions of parking areas and different numbers of floors, becoming an obstacle for energy management. Therefore, this study proposes an area-weighted office building EUI benchmark that calculates according to office areas and parking areas. This study subsequently surveys the electricity consumption of 58 office buildings in Taiwan to determine the office area EUI benchmark that depends on the number of floors in a building, and suggests a reasonable parking area EUI benchmark. Finally, this study promotes a fairer EUI benchmark and ranking system for office buildings in Taiwan. Such a benchmark and ranking system act as a reference for the promotion of the building energy certificate system in Taiwan.

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Sheng, Ying, Zhuangzhuang Miao, Jingyu Zhang, Xueyin Lin, and Hongting Ma. "Energy consumption model and energy benchmarks of five-star hotels in China." Energy and Buildings 165 (April 2018): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.031.

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Nowak, O. "Benchmarks for the energy demand of nutrient removal plants." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0637.

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The energy demand of municipal wastewater treatment plants for nutrient removal equipped with primary clarifiers, activated sludge system, anaerobic sludge digestion, and CHP is evaluated theoretically, on the basis of COD balances. Operational experience from energy-efficient Austrian treatment plants confirms that the demand on external electrical energy can be kept as low as 5 to 10 kWh/(pe.a) depending on the N:COD ratio in the raw wastewater. A low N:COD ratio helps to keep not only the effluent nitrogen load low, but also the energy demand. Measures to minimise the energy demand at treatment plants and to reduce the nitrogen load are discussed.

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Wortmann, Thomas. "Genetic evolution vs. function approximation: Benchmarking algorithms for architectural design optimization." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2018.09.001.

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Abstract This article presents benchmark results from seven simulation-based problems from structural, building energy, and daylight optimization. Growing applications of parametric design and performance simulations in architecture, engineering, and construction allow the harnessing of simulation-based, or black-box, optimization in the search for less resource- and/or energy consuming designs. In architectural design optimization (ADO) practice and research, the most commonly applied black-box algorithms are genetic algorithms or other metaheuristics, to the neglect of more current, global direct search or model-based, methods. Model-based methods construct a surrogate model (i.e., an approximation of a fitness landscape) that they refine during the optimization process. This benchmark compares metaheuristic, direct search, and model-based methods, and concludes that, for the given evaluation budget and problems, the model-based method (RBFOpt) is the most efficient and robust, while the tested genetic algorithms perform poorly. As such, this article challenges the popularity of genetic algorithms in ADO, as well as the practice of using them for one-to-one comparisons to justify algorithmic innovations. Highlights Benchmarks optimization algorithms on structural, energy, and daylighting problems. Benchmarks metaheuristic, direct search, and model-based optimization methods. Challenges the popularity of genetic algorithms in architectural design optimization. Presents model-based methods as a more efficient and reliable alternative.

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Podeszwa, Rafał, Konrad Patkowski, and Krzysztof Szalewicz. "Improved interaction energy benchmarks for dimers of biological relevance." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12, no. 23 (2010): 5974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b926808a.

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Ali, Muhammad, Krishneel Prakash, Carlos Macana, Ali Kashif Bashir, Alireza Jolfaei, Awais Bokhari, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, and Hemanshu Pota. "Modeling Residential Electricity Consumption from Public Demographic Data for Sustainable Cities." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062163.

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Demographic factors, statistical information, and technological innovation are prominent factors shaping energy transitions in the residential sector. Explaining these energy transitions requires combining insights from the disciplines investigating these factors. The existing literature is not consistent in identifying these factors, nor in proposing how they can be combined. In this paper, three contributions are made by combining the key demographic factors of households to estimate household energy consumption. Firstly, a mathematical formula is developed by considering the demographic determinants that influence energy consumption, such as the number of persons per household, median age, occupancy rate, households with children, and number of bedrooms per household. Secondly, a geographical position algorithm is proposed to identify the geographical locations of households. Thirdly, the derived formula is validated by collecting demographic factors of five statistical regions from local government databases, and then compared with the electricity consumption benchmarks provided by the energy regulators. The practical feasibility of the method is demonstrated by comparing the estimated energy consumption values with the electricity consumption benchmarks provided by energy regulators. The comparison results indicate that the error between the benchmark and estimated values for the five different regions is less than 8% (7.37%), proving the efficacy of this method in energy consumption estimation processes.

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García-Herranz, N., J. Rodríguez, A. Jiménez-Carrascosa, and O. Cabellos. "DIAGNOSIS OF THE UNRESOLVED DOMAIN TREATMENT IN MONTE CARLO TRANSPORT CALCULATIONS THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION AND MODELLING OF CRITICALITY SAFETY EXPERIMENTS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 10003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124710003.

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Monte Carlo neutron transport codes can be used for high-fidelity predictions of the performance of nuclear systems. However, validation against experiments is required in order to establish the credibility in the results and identify the inaccuracies due to the used calculation scheme and associated databases. The International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (ICSBEP) contains criticality safety benchmarks derived from experiments that have been performed at various nuclear critical facilities around the world and are very valuable for validation purposes. The main objective of this work is the identification and modelling of experimental benchmarks included at ICSBEP in support of the validation of Monte Carlo neutron transport calculations when applied to fast systems, and in particular, KENO-VI and associated AMPX-formatted continuous-energy libraries from SCALE package. In such systems, the predicted k-eff values can be very sensitive to the treatment of nuclear data in the Unresolved Resonance Region (URR). Consequently, benchmarks with intermediate and fast spectra are identified and modelled with KENO-VI. Then, calculated results with and without probability tables in the URR are compared with each other in order to identify the most sensitive configurations to the URR. As a result of the proposed study, recommendations are given about the benchmarks that should be modelled and analysed to qualify the processed continuous-energy libraries before their use in Monte Carlo transport codes for practical fast reactor applications.

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Müller, C. L., and I. F. Sbalzarini. "Energy Landscapes of Atomic Clusters as Black Box Optimization Benchmarks." Evolutionary Computation 20, no. 4 (December 2012): 543–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00086.

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We present the energy minimization of atomic clusters as a promising problem class for continuous black box optimization benchmarks. Finding the arrangement of atoms that minimizes a given potential energy is a specific instance of the more general class of geometry optimization or packing problems, which are generally NP-complete. Atomic clusters are a well-studied subject in physics and chemistry. From the large set of available cluster optimization problems, we propose two specific instances: Cohn-Kumar clusters and Lennard-Jones clusters. The potential energies of these clusters are governed by distance-dependent pairwise interaction potentials. The resulting collection of landscapes is composed of smooth and rugged single-funnel topologies, as well as tunable double-funnel topologies. In addition, all problems possess a feature that is not covered by the synthetic functions in current black box optimization test suites: isospectral symmetry. This property implies that any atomic arrangement is uniquely defined by the pairwise distance spectrum, rather than the absolute atomic positions. We hence suggest that the presented problem instances should be included in black box optimization benchmark suites.

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Ott, L. J., Terje Tverberg, and Enrico Sartori. "Mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel performance benchmarks." Annals of Nuclear Energy 36, no. 3 (April 2009): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2008.12.019.

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Coppa, G. G. M., G. Lapenta, and P. Ravetto. "Critical benchmarks in multigroup neutron transport." Annals of Nuclear Energy 16, no. 11 (January 1989): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4549(89)90014-5.

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Shaw, Alex, Farzad Rahnema, Andrew Holcomb, and Doug Bowen. "ENDF/B-VIII.0 CROSS SECTION TESTING FOR COPPER NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY APPLICATIONS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124710007.

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In the update from ENDF/B-VII.1 to ENDF/B-VIII.0, copper cross sections were significantly altered in the intermediate and fast spectrum of the ENDF-VIII.0 library. Performance of this ENDF data requires validation to determine whether recent evaluation has proven beneficial. To examine the performance of the new library, particularly new copper data, critical benchmarks from the ICSBEP handbook were chosen for their sensitivity to copper cross section changes and modeled using SCALE continuous energy Monte Carlo simulations. Selected benchmarks were modeled in ENDF-VII.1 and ENDF-VIII.0 to compute keff within a statistical uncertainty of 10 pcm and compared in reference to the benchmark experimental criticality. Due to spectrum choices in selection based on the changes to cross section data, the set of benchmarks consist of intermediately enriched uranium, highly enriched uranium, or plutonium systems. 11 separate benchmark evaluations containing 32 individual configurations highly sensitive to copper were selected, modelled, and compared to benchmark experimental criticality. This work demonstrates a significant decrease in the deviation between calculated and experimental criticality as a result of the ENDF-VIII.0 library; a decrease in absolute mean deviation from 522.5±39.3 to 249.6±39.3, and a decrease in root mean square deviation from 630.8±46.1 to 338.1±74.9. Additionally, the role of recently evaluated copper data in this improved agreement is presented, confirming the benefit of reaffirming cross section data.

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Ziemele, Jelena, Girts Vigants, Valdis Vitolins, Dagnija Blumberga, and Ivars Veidenbergs. "District Heating Systems Performance Analyses. Heat Energy Tariff." Environmental and Climate Technologies 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2014-0005.

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Abstract The paper addresses an important element of the European energy sector: the evaluation of district heating (DH) system operations from the standpoint of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy resources. This has been done by developing a new methodology for the evaluation of the heat tariff. The paper presents an algorithm of this methodology, which includes not only a data base and calculation equation systems, but also an integrated multi-criteria analysis module using MADM/MCDM (Multi-Attribute Decision Making / Multi-Criteria Decision Making) based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results of the multi-criteria analysis are used to set the tariff benchmarks. The evaluation methodology has been tested for Latvian heat tariffs, and the obtained results show that only half of heating companies reach a benchmark value equal to 0.5 for the efficiency closeness to the ideal solution indicator. This means that the proposed evaluation methodology would not only allow companies to determine how they perform with regard to the proposed benchmark, but also to identify their need to restructure so that they may reach the level of a low-carbon business.

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Ferreira, Ana, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Jorge de Brito, and Ricardo Mateus. "Combined carbon and energy intensity benchmarks for sustainable retail stores." Energy 165 (December 2018): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.020.

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Yik, Francis W. H., K. T. Chan, W. L. Lee, and Paul S. K. Sat. "Establishing Energy Consumption Benchmarks for Commercial Complexes in Hong Kong." HKIE Transactions 8, no. 2 (January 2001): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023697x.2001.10667847.

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Duverge, Jean Jonathan, Priyadarsini Rajagopalan, Robert Fuller, and Jin Woo. "Energy and water benchmarks for aquatic centres in Victoria, Australia." Energy and Buildings 177 (October 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.043.

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H. Borgstein, Edward, and Roberto Lamberts. "Developing energy consumption benchmarks for buildings: Bank branches in Brazil." Energy and Buildings 82 (October 2014): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.028.

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Nimal, Jean-Claude. "Status of NAÏDE 1 Shielding Benchmarks." Nuclear Technology 168, no. 2 (November 2009): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt09-a9217.

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Krampe, J. "Energy benchmarking of South Australian WWTPs." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 2059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.090.

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Optimising the energy consumption and energy generation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a topic with increasing importance for water utilities in times of rising energy costs and pressures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Assessing the energy efficiency and energy optimisation of a WWTP are difficult tasks as most plants vary greatly in size, process layout and other influencing factors. To overcome these limits it is necessary to compare energy efficiency with a statistically relevant base to identify shortfalls and optimisation potential. Such energy benchmarks have been successfully developed and used in central Europe over the last two decades. This paper demonstrates how the latest available energy benchmarks from Germany have been applied to 24 WWTPs in South Australia. It shows how energy benchmarking can be used to identify shortfalls in current performance, prioritise detailed energy assessments and help inform decisions on capital investment.

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Luo, Y. Q., J. T. Randerson, G. Abramowitz, C. Bacour, E. Blyth, N. Carvalhais, P. Ciais, et al. "A framework for benchmarking land models." Biogeosciences 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2012): 3857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3857-2012.

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Abstract. Land models, which have been developed by the modeling community in the past few decades to predict future states of ecosystems and climate, have to be critically evaluated for their performance skills of simulating ecosystem responses and feedback to climate change. Benchmarking is an emerging procedure to measure performance of models against a set of defined standards. This paper proposes a benchmarking framework for evaluation of land model performances and, meanwhile, highlights major challenges at this infant stage of benchmark analysis. The framework includes (1) targeted aspects of model performance to be evaluated, (2) a set of benchmarks as defined references to test model performance, (3) metrics to measure and compare performance skills among models so as to identify model strengths and deficiencies, and (4) model improvement. Land models are required to simulate exchange of water, energy, carbon and sometimes other trace gases between the atmosphere and land surface, and should be evaluated for their simulations of biophysical processes, biogeochemical cycles, and vegetation dynamics in response to climate change across broad temporal and spatial scales. Thus, one major challenge is to select and define a limited number of benchmarks to effectively evaluate land model performance. The second challenge is to develop metrics of measuring mismatches between models and benchmarks. The metrics may include (1) a priori thresholds of acceptable model performance and (2) a scoring system to combine data–model mismatches for various processes at different temporal and spatial scales. The benchmark analyses should identify clues of weak model performance to guide future development, thus enabling improved predictions of future states of ecosystems and climate. The near-future research effort should be on development of a set of widely acceptable benchmarks that can be used to objectively, effectively, and reliably evaluate fundamental properties of land models to improve their prediction performance skills.

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Kalinowski, Jan, Tania Robens, Dorota Sokołowska, and Aleksander Filip Żarnecki. "IDM Benchmarks for the LHC and Future Colliders." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13060991.

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We present cross-section expectations for various processes and collider options, for benchmark scenarios of the Inert Doublet Model, a Two Higgs Doublet Model with a dark matter candidate. The proposed scenarios are consistent with current dark matter constraints, including the most recent bounds from the XENON1T experiment and relic density, as well as with known collider and low-energy limits. These benchmarks, chosen in earlier work for studies at e+e− colliders, exhibit a variety of kinematic features that should be explored at current and future runs of the LHC. We provide cross sections for all relevant production processes at 13 TeV, 27 TeV and 100 TeV proton collider, as well as for a possible 10 TeV and 30 TeV muon collider.

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Dascalaki, Elena G., Poulia A. Argiropoulou, Constantinos A. Balaras, Kalliopi G. Droutsa, and Simon Kontoyiannidis. "Benchmarks for Embodied and Operational Energy Assessment of Hellenic Single-Family Houses." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174384.

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Building energy performance benchmarking increases awareness and enables stakeholders to make better informed decisions for designing, operating, and renovating sustainable buildings. In the era of nearly zero energy buildings, the embodied energy along with operational energy use are essential for evaluating the environmental impacts and building performance throughout their lifecycle. Key metrics and baselines for the embodied energy intensity in representative Hellenic houses are presented in this paper. The method is set up to progressively cover all types of buildings. The lifecycle analysis was performed using the well-established SimaPro software package and the EcoInvent lifecycle inventory database, complemented with national data from short energy audits carried out in Greece. The operational energy intensity was estimated using the national calculation engine for assessing the building’s energy performance and the predictions were adapted to obtain more realistic estimates. The sensitivity analysis for different type of buildings considered 16 case studies, accounting for representative construction practices, locations (climate conditions), system efficiencies, renovation practices, and lifetime of buildings. The results were used to quantify the relative significance of operational and embodied energy, and to estimate the energy recovery time for popular energy conservation and energy efficiency measures. The derived indicators reaffirm the importance of embodied energy in construction materials and systems for new high performing buildings and for renovating existing buildings to nearly zero energy.

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Seker, Volkan, Haining Zhou, and Thomas J. Downar. "Development and Analysis of TREAT Neutronics Benchmarks." Nuclear Technology 206, no. 6 (February 11, 2020): 805–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2019.1703464.

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Marcu, Marius, Dacian Tudor, Horatiu Moldovan, Sebastian Fuicu, and Mircea Popa. "Energy characterization of mobile devices and applications using power–thermal benchmarks." Microelectronics Journal 40, no. 7 (July 2009): 1141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2008.05.001.

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Sass, Susanne, Timm Faulwasser, Dinah Elena Hollermann, Chrysoula Dimitra Kappatou, Dominique Sauer, Thomas Schütz, David Yang Shu, et al. "Model compendium, data, and optimization benchmarks for sector-coupled energy systems." Computers & Chemical Engineering 135 (April 2020): 106760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106760.

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Heesen, Florian, and Reinhard Madlener. "Consumer behavior in energy-efficient homes: The limited merits of energy performance ratings as benchmarks." Energy and Buildings 172 (August 2018): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.04.039.

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Hossain, Md Imtiaj, Yasmin Akter, Mehraz Zaman Fardin, and Abdus Sattar Mollah. "Neutronics and burnup analysis of VVER-1000 LEU and MOX assembly computational benchmark using OpenMC Code." Nuclear Energy and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.8.78447.

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A handful of computational benchmarks that incorporate VVER-1000 assemblies having low enriched uranium (LEU) and the mixed oxide (MOX) fuel have been put forward by many experts across the world from the Nuclear Energy Agency. To study & scrutinize the characteristics of one of the VVER-1000 LEU & MOX assembly benchmarks in different states were considered. In this work, the VVER-1000 LEU and MOX Assembly computational-benchmark exercises are performed using the OpenMC software. The work was intended to test the preciseness of the OpenMC Monte Carlo code using nuclear data library ENDF/B-VII.1, against a handful of previously obtained solutions with other computer codes. The kinf value obtained was compared with the SERPENT and MCNP result, which presented a very good similarity with very few deviations. The kinf variation with respect to burnup upto 40 MWd/kgHM was obtained for State-5 by using OpenMC code for both the LEU and MOX fuel assembly. The depletion curves of isotope concentrations against burnup upto 40 MWd/kg/HM were also generated for both the LEU and MOX fuel assembly. The OpenMC results are comparable with those of benchmark mean values. The neutron energy vs flux spectrum was also generated by using OpenMC code. Based on the OpenMC results such as kinf, burnup, isotope concentrations and neutron energy spectrum, it is concluded that the OPenMC code with ENDF/B-VII.1 nuclear data library was successfully implemented. It is planned to use OpenMC code for calculation of neutronics and burnup of the VVER-1200 reactor to be commissioned in Bangladesh by 2023/2024.

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Chen, Yixue, Bin Zhang, Liang Zhang, Junxiao Zheng, Ying Zheng, and Cong Liu. "ARES: A Parallel Discrete Ordinates Transport Code for Radiation Shielding Applications and Reactor Physics Analysis." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2596727.

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ARES is a multidimensional parallel discrete ordinates particle transport code with arbitrary order anisotropic scattering. It can be applied to a wide variety of radiation shielding calculations and reactor physics analysis. ARES uses state-of-the-art solution methods to obtain accurate solutions to the linear Boltzmann transport equation. A multigroup discretization is applied in energy. The code allows multiple spatial discretization schemes and solution methodologies. ARES currently provides diamond difference with or without linear-zero flux fixup, theta weighted, directional theta weighted, exponential directional weighted, and linear discontinuous finite element spatial differencing schemes. Discrete ordinates differencing in angle and spherical harmonics expansion of the scattering source are adopted. First collision source method is used to eliminate or mitigate the ray effects. Traditional source iteration and Krylov iterative method preconditioned with diffusion synthetic acceleration are applied to solve the linear system of equations. ARES uses the Koch-Baker-Alcouffe parallel sweep algorithm to obtain high parallel efficiency. Verification and validation for the ARES transport code system have been done by lots of benchmarks. In this paper, ARES solutions to the HBR-2 benchmark and C5G7 benchmarks are in excellent agreement with published results. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of these methods.

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Mouton, L., D. Trigaux, K. Allacker, and R. H. Crawford. "Development of environmental benchmarks for the Belgian residential building stock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012077.

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Abstract Over recent years Belgium has made meaningful effort in adopting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building practice to improve building environmental performance. Today, architects can compare the environmental performance of different building designs with an online calculation tool that incorporates the national LCA method. However, they are still lacking environmental benchmarks to position themselves within current building practice. Furthermore, such benchmarks play an important role in the development of environmental targets in building regulation. In this research, benchmarks are defined for new residential buildings in Belgium. A bottom-up approach is followed consisting of a statistical analysis of reference buildings to define limit, reference and best practice values. The buildings are based on four representative typologies for Belgium, ranging from detached houses to apartments. Different variants are assessed including various energy performance levels and construction types (solid versus timber). The buildings’ life cycle impacts are calculated including the embodied (material) and operational (energy) impacts. Results are reported both for an aggregated environmental single-score and for Global Warming Potential (GWP). The calculated reference values for life cycle and embodied GWP (20 and 7 kgCO2eq/m2.year) are comparable to existing benchmarks in the literature. The results further highlight that building compactness provides the largest impact reduction, followed by construction type. Finally, limitations are discussed and recommendations are formulated for developing future benchmarks.

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Laurenza, Eugenia. "How Canada Renewable Energy Supports the Use of the Alternative Commercial Reasonableness Standard in Future Feed-In Tariff Disputes." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 3 (March 1, 2014): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014014.

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In the Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector and Canada - Measures Relating to the Feed- In Tariff Program disputes,1 Japan and the EU claimed that Canada was subsidizing certain renewable energy generators in Ontario through the use of a feed-in tariff programme. In those disputes the panel and the Appellate Body rejected the proposed market benchmarks during their 'benefit' analyses under Article 1.1(b) of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Then, insufficient evidence prevented the dispute settlement organs from completing the analyses using their own ad hoc market benchmarks. Future disputes are at risk of similar unsatisfactory outcomes, especially when distorted markets are present. This article suggests the use of an alternative 'benefit' analysis using the 'commercial reasonableness' standard from EC - DRAMs and Japan - DRAMs when proposed market benchmarks are rejected.

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Wang, Lei, Wei Li, Guomin Li, and Guozhen Zhang. "Concept Evolution and Multi-Dimensional Measurement Comparison of Urban Energy Performance from the Perspective of System Correlation: Empirical Analysis of 142 Prefecture Level Cities in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 13046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413046.

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In order to clarify the evolution characteristics and direction of urban energy performance concepts, reveal the research dimensions, determine the performance results and differences, and clarify the reference benchmark, this study depicts the main systems involved in the process of urban energy utilization, demonstrates their relevance guided by the system view, and proposes the measurement indicators in the economic, environmental, and well-being dimensions. The measurement model of each dimension is constructed using the corresponding models of Data Envelopment Analysis. Taking 142 prefecture level cities in China as examples, the energy performance in different dimensions is measured and compared. The energy performance levels are close in the economic and environmental dimensions. However, the results of the well-being dimension are different from these first two dimensions, and the performance levels among cities differ more. In the economic, environmental, and well-being dimension, 22, 28 and 16 cities have reached the effective frontier, respectively, and the performance benchmark cities of 15, 15 and 5 provinces are non-provincial capital cities, respectively. Based on the above analysis, the “chain” framework evolution direction of concept and measurement is proposed, and this study provides benchmarks and policy suggestions to improve energy performance.

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Hirn, Johannes, Adam Martin, and Verónica Sanz. "Benchmarks for new strong interactions at the LHC." Journal of High Energy Physics 2008, no. 05 (May 23, 2008): 084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2008/05/084.

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Liu, Jiangyan, Huanxin Chen, Jiahui Liu, Zhengfei Li, Ronggeng Huang, Lu Xing, Jiangyu Wang, and Guannan Li. "An energy performance evaluation methodology for individual office building with dynamic energy benchmarks using limited information." Applied Energy 206 (November 2017): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.153.

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Chen, Kangxin, and Houfa Shen. "Modeling of macrosegregation benchmarks using a stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 918–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2018-0544.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to simulate two macrosegregation benchmarks with a newly developed stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme. Design/methodology/approach A streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) stabilized finite element algorithm is developed for the coupled conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species. A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is proposed to solve the convection flow during solidification. An analytically derived enthalpy method is adopted to solve the energy conservation equation. The nonlinearities of the energy and species equations are tackled by Newton–Raphson method. Two macrosegregation benchmarks considering the solidification of an Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy and a Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy are simulated. Findings A very good agreement is achieved by comparison with the classical finite volume method and a novel meshless method for the Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy solidification benchmark. Moreover, a unique reference numerical solution has been obtained. Besides, it is demonstrated that the stabilized finite element algorithm can capture the flow instability and channel segregation during solidification of the Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy. Originality/value A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is adopted to develop robust stabilized finite element algorithm for the macrosegregation model. A new enthalpy formulation for heat transfer problems with phase change is derived analytically.

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Hillman, Tim, and Anu Ramaswami. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints and Energy Use Benchmarks for Eight U.S. Cities." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 1902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9024194.

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Aleksandrov, V. S., Yu G. Zakharenko, N. A. Kononova, N. A. Mel’nikov, A. A. Pasternak, V. L. Fedorin, I. A. Kharitonov, and K. V. Chekirda. "Possibility of using low-energy nuclear transitions as benchmarks for frequency stabilization." Measurement Techniques 50, no. 12 (December 2007): 1231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-007-0230-0.

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Heathfield, Helen, and Catherine Bottrill. "Assessing energy performance benchmarks for performing arts buildings using a new dataset." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 34, no. 1 (November 13, 2012): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624412465093.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy benchmarks'

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