Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy and natural resources law'
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Botchway, Francis N. N. "The role of the state and good governance in energy resource management : the dialectics of change." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488328.
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The reforms initiated in the global energy industry since the late 1980s have been seen as phenomenal and radical. In the main, the changes are perceived as the manifestation of the inexorable retreat of the state, apparently due to its failings, from the energy business. This thesis argues that the real position in the industry is not conterminous with that postulate. The unique character of the energy industry guarantees that the state's influence may change, but not swept away. Even when methods change, the objectives of state participation - efficiency, equity and stability - remain unalterable. This is demonstrated in three forms: First, domestic regulation of the industry, second, the exploitation of energy resource from a source shared by two or more countries, and third, international trade in energy. Indeed, the ubiquitous presence of the state in the energy industry has yielded varying results in different countries, and as in the case of Ghana, for different utilities. This thesis proposes that good governance is the critical variable that accounts for the difference. The need for stable governance, not characterised by the endurance of dictatorship, but exhibited in the form of competitive democracy, effective bureaucracy, rule of law, discretion and decentralisation, form the macro foundation for the efficient, equitable and stable operation of the energy business.
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Zeller-Powell, Christine Elizabeth. "Defining Biomass as a Source of Renewable Energy: The Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions of Biomass Energy and a Survey and Analysis of Biomass Definitions in States' Renewable Portfolio Standards, Federal Law, and Proposed Legislation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11483.
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xii, 97 p.Electricity generated from woody biomass material is generally considered renewable energy and has been considered carbon neutral. However, recent criticism from scientists argues that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile of bioenergy is nuanced and the carbon neutral label is inappropriate. An initial carbon debt is created when a forest is harvested and combusted for bioenergy. Because forests re-grow over a period of years, life cycle analyses show that bioenergy generated from whole trees from forests may not reduce GHG emissions in the short term, as required to combat climate change. State renewable portfolio standards and federal laws and proposed legislation designed to incentivize renewable energy typically define eligible forms of biomass that qualify for these incentives. Most of these definitions are very broad and do not account for GHG emissions from bioenergy. Federal and state laws should incorporate life cycle analyses into definitions of eligible biomass so that these laws incentivize biomass electricity that reduces GHG emissions in the next several decades.
Committee in charge: Roberta Mann, Chairperson; Scott Bridgham, Member
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Kama, Kärg. "Unconventional futures : anticipation, materiality, and the market in oil shale development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c08589c9-d82a-4c6e-926e-36202bf2060a.
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This thesis offers a political geography of unconventional energy development through a study of a particular fossil fuel resource called oil shale. Having long occupied a critical place in the politics and economy of certain states, most notably in Estonia, oil shale is now widely known as an ‘unconventional’ resource that is yet to become technically possible, commercially viable and socially acceptable to exploit. Following the movement through which oil shale becomes both unconventional and conventional, the thesis traces the resource through a series of geo-scientific, economic and political interventions. This study is based on analysis of technical literature and policy documents along with ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and site visits conducted in Estonia, Colorado, Utah, Jordan, London and Brussels. Drawing together relational accounts of natural resources in political ecology and economic geography with insights from Science and Technology Studies, this project both contributes to critical research on the carbon economy and to recent debates on the concepts of materiality, anticipation, and marketization in social sciences. The thesis proposes a relational conceptualization of resource materiality, situating oil shale in multiple and conflicting forms which derive from geographically disparate practices in both resource assessment and technological development. The future of oil shale exploitation is not pre-determined by the process of global resource decline, nor is it precluded by international demands to move towards lower-carbon futures. Rather, it is determined through the conjunction of different future-oriented economic and political calculations that are entangled with resource materials and associated technological systems. Developing a non-essentialist account of markets as socio-technically distributed arrangements, the thesis argues that these rival calculations influence the design of market rules for both energy and emissions trading. The thesis concludes that what counts as ‘unconventional’ is not given, but continues to be both created and contested at the same time as it is ‘conventionalized’.
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Caudill, Landon S. "PRESSURE-DRIVEN STABILIZATION OF CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/113.
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The effects of system pressure on the performance stability of flow-through capacitive deionization (CDI) cells was investigated. Initial data showed that the highly porous carbon electrodes possessed air/oxygen in the micropores, and the increased system pressure boosts the gases solubility in saline solution and carries them out of the cell in the effluent. Upon applying a potential difference to the electrodes, capacitive-based ion adsorption occurs in competition with faradaic reactions that consume oxygen. Through the addition of backpressure, the rate of degradation decreases, allowing the cell to maintain its salt adsorption capacity (SAC) longer. The removal of oxygen from the pore space of the electrodes makes it no longer immediately accessible to faradaic reactions, thus hindering the rate of reactions and giving the competing ion adsorption an advantage that is progressively seen throughout the life of the cell. A quick calculation shows that the energy penalty to power the pump is fairly insignificant, especially in comparison to the cost of replacing the electrodes in the cell. Thus, operating at elevated pressures is shown to be cost effective for continuous operation through the reduced electrode replenishment costs.
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O'Byrne, Nicole Colleen. "The answer to the 'Natural Resources Question' : a historical analysis of the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99147.
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Seventy-five years ago the provincial governments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta signed a series of Natural Resources Transfer Agreements (NRTAs) with the federal government. These agreements provided the answer to a contentious debate known as the 'Natural Resources Question'. Before the NRTAs, the three prairie provinces did not have control over their public domain lands and did not share equal constitutional status with the other Canadian provinces. In the early 1920s, Prime Minister King recognized the validity of the provincial arguments for constitutional equality and no longer wanted the federal government to be responsible for the administration of provincial natural resources. By this time, the policy ambitions which had previously justified the retention of the natural resources had been fulfilled. Thus, the constitutional rights arguments presented by the prairie provinces found a receptive audience when the control of the lands and resources were no longer a federal priority.
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Davidsson, Simon. "Global energy transitions : Renewable energy technology and non-renewable resources." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-245307.
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The global energy system is dominated by the use of fossil fuels. This system suffers from several problems, such as different environmental issues, while the long-term energy security is sometimes questioned. As an alternative to this situation, a transition to a global energy system based on renewable energy technologies, to a large extent solar and wind energy, is commonly proposed. Constructing the technology needed for such a transition requires resources and how fast this could happen is somewhat disputed. This thesis explores methods to assess the potential constraints for realizing such a transition by looking at potential technology growth rates and outlooks of production of the required natural resources. The thesis is based on three papers presenting case studies that look at growth rates of wind energy as well as future production outlooks of lithium and phosphate rock. Using different types of growth patterns reaching proposed installed capacities of wind power, annual commissioning requirements are investigated, taking account for the limited life expectancy oftechnology. Potential outlooks of mineral production are explored using resource constrained curve-fitting models on global lithium production. A more disaggregated model looking at individual countries are used on phosphate rock production to investigate new perspectives on production outlooks. It is concluded that the growth rates of individual energy technologies affect the resource requirements and prospective constraints on energy transitions. Resource constrained modelling of resource production can provide spans of potential outlooks for future production of resources required for anenergy transition. A higher disaggregation of the modelling can provide new perspectives of potential constraints on future production. These aspects should be further investigated when proposing alternative future energy systems.
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Moeltner, Klaus. "Applications of non-standard maximum likelihood techniques in energy and resource economics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7405.
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Bouvet, Isabelle. "An international legal framework to govern space natural resources exploitation." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116877.
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Since the 1960s, there has been a very rapid development of space activities. Over the last 50 years, meteorology, telecommunication and Earth Observation satellites have become a necessity for our activities on Earth. At the same time, scientific exploration of the universe has produced extraordinary discoveries related to our solar system and also improved our knowledge of our home planet Earth. From the very first space exploration programmes and Apollo missions, the potential existence of space natural resources has generated an important scientific curiosity. The Sea, the Antarctic and the Arctic natural resources have generated a great commercial interest and continue to do so. The regimes regarding their natural resources differ as it will be analysed. Today, space natural resources are seriously considered for in-situ utilization in the context of both manned and unmanned future exploration missions. Beyond utilization, the question of their commercial exploitation is raised: several companies have released plans to study and exploit space natural resources: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries and B612 Foundation to name a few. International space law was elaborated during the Cold War in order to define a framework for activities before they occur; commercial space activities are governed by a strong legal regime including notably Earth Observation, Telecommunication, Meteorology…. However, space natural resources have not been subject of a dedicated regime yet. The lack of a minimum rule agreed by all is a risk for the actors involved in this activity and the international relations. This dissertation explores the main legal issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources. Its objective is to analyze the fundamental principles of international space law that may apply and what would be the most appropriate framework. An analysis of the formation of international legal theory is conducted together with its impact on the topic of the thesis. Analogies are drawn from other international areas such as the deep seabed and Antarctica for purposes of proposing an international legal framework to govern the exploitation of space natural resources. The dissertation constitutes an original contribution to the development of law in the way it analyzes the issues related to the exploitation of space natural resources, the political dimension of the topic, and the use of a comparative analysis to define the necessary conditions for a solid legal regime.Le développement des activités spatiales a été fulgurant depuis les années 60. En un demi-siècle, les satellites de météorologie, de télécommunication et d'observation de la Terre sont devenus indispensables à l'activité humaine sur Terre. En parallèle, l'exploration scientifique de l'Univers a permis des découvertes extraordinaires sur notre système solaire tout en permettant d'améliorer nos connaissances concernant la Terre. Dès les premiers programmes d'exploration spatiale avec les missions Apollo, l'existence de ressources naturelles potentielles dans l'espace a généré une grande curiosité scientifique. Aujourd'hui, l'utilisation des ressources est sérieusement considérée pour un usage local dans le cadre de futures missions d'exploration robotiques et habitées. Au-delà de l'utilisation des ressources, la question de leur exploitation commerciale se pose: plusieurs sociétés ont fait part de leur intention d'étudier et d'exploiter les ressources naturelles dans l'espace: Planetary Resources Company, Golden Spike Company, Deep Space Industries et B612 Foundation pour en mentionner que quelques unes. Alors que le droit de l'espace a été élaboré en pleine Guerre Froide de manière à régler les questions juridiques avant qu'elles surviennent, l'exploitation commerciale de l'espace fait l'objet d'un régime solide, celle de ses ressources naturelles ne fait cependant pas l'objet d'un cadre juridique dédié. L'absence de règles minimales agréées par tous constitue un risque pour les acteurs concernés par cette activité et les relations internationales. Cette thèse explore les principales problématiques juridiques liées à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles dans l'espace. Son objectif est d'analyser les principes fondamentaux en droit de l'espace qui seraient susceptibles de s'appliquer ainsi que le cadre juridique le plus approprié. Elle fait ensuite une analyse de la théorie juridique et de son impact sur le sujet. L'analogie du droit international de l'espace existant avec les autres domaines internationaux que sont l'Antarctique et la mer permet enfin d'établir s'ils peuvent servir de base pour l'exploitation des ressources dans l'espace. Cette thèse constitue une contribution originale au développement juridique dans la manière d'aborder la problématique liée à l'exploitation des ressources dans un espace international, la dimension politique du sujet, puis l'approche par analogie indispensable pour définir les conditions nécessaires à un régime juridique solide. Son objectif est de convaincre que le politique doit s'emparer de cette problématique.
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Kibria, Ahsan. "Essays on Natural Resources and Economic Development." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7016.
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This dissertation studies the political economy of natural resources and how these resources may pose an opportunity or a threat to a country and comprises three essays.
The first essay explores how economic development can impact the consumption behavior of natural resources, with focus on fossil fuels. It suggests the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between fossil fuel share in the energy mix and economic development. Particularly, the essay illustrates an evidence that fossil fuel's share in the energy mix increases as a country develops, however, after reaching a real income per capita of around US$16,000, the country reduces the share of fossil fuel in its energy mix. Perhaps this policy shift is due to concerns about air quality from its population.
The second essay analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on the risk of violence both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical model suggests that FDI inflows into skilled-labor intensive resources sector reduce the risk of violence, while such inflows increase the likelihood of violence when these are channeled through the unskilled-labor intensive resources sector. The empirical analysis focusing Sub-Saharan African countries indeed supports the outcome of the theoretical model.
To understand the donor behavior in aid allocation, the third essay presents a theoretical model of aid allocation and political alignment. The equilibrium of this model suggests that geopolitical alignment with the donors increases the aid receipts. The model also suggests that donors allocate more aid to recipient countries with higher human capital levels. These propositions are empirically tested using a unique dataset of aid allocation by the resource-rich Arab donors. The results of empirical analysis support the predictions of the theoretical model.
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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, and Bogdan Derevyanko. "Питання законодавчого забезпечення енерго- та ресурсозбереження в Україні." Thesis, Сумський національний аграрний університет, 2015. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6664.
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Підняти Україну до провідних за рівнем розвитку економіки країн світу можливо шляхом розроблення й одночасного введення в дію норм господарського, цивільного, адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, спрямованих на одночасне стимулювання громадян та суб’єктів господарювання до економного користування енергетичними та іншими природними ресурсами і посилення відповідальності за їх надмірне споживання й застосування застарілих технологій і обладнання громадянами у побуті й суб’єктами господарювання в економіці, а також за порушення посадовими особами суб’єктів господарювання та громадянами України й іноземцями адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, більш суворого за чинне.
Поднять Украину на уровень экономически развитых государств возможно путем разработки и одновременного введения в действие норм хозяйственного, гражданского, административного и уголовного законодательства, направленных на одновременное стимулирование граждан и субъектов хозяйствования к экономному использованию энергетических и других природных ресурсов и усиления ответственности за их чрезмерное потребление и применение устаревших технологий и оборудования гражданами в быту и субъектами хозяйствования в экономике, а также за нарушение должностными лицами субъектов хозяйствования и гражданами Украины и иностранцами административного и уголовного законодательства.
Raise Ukraine's to the leading countries possible through the development and implementation the norms of economical, civil, administrative and criminal legislation designed to stimulate citizens and economic entities to economical use of energy and other natural resources and increased responsibility for their excessive consumption and use outdated technology.
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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко, and Bohdan Volodymyrovych Derevianko. "Питання законодавчого забезпечення енерго- та ресурсозбереження в Україні." Thesis, Сумський національний аграрний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48707.
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Підняти Україну до провідних за рівнем розвитку економіки країн світу можливо шляхом розроблення й одночасного введення в дію норм господарського, цивільного, адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, спрямованих на одночасне стимулювання громадян та суб’єктів господарювання до економного користування енергетичними та іншими природними ресурсами і посилення відповідальності за їх надмірне споживання й застосування застарілих технологій і обладнання громадянами у побуті й суб’єктами господарювання в економіці, а також за порушення посадовими особами суб’єктів господарювання та громадянами України й іноземцями адміністративного і кримінального законодавства, більш суворого за чинне.Поднять Украину на уровень экономически развитых государств возможно путем разработки и одновременного введения в действие норм хозяйственного, гражданского, административного и уголовного законодательства, направленных на одновременное стимулирование граждан и субъектов хозяйствования к экономному использованию энергетических и других природных ресурсов и усиления ответственности за их чрезмерное потребление и применение устаревших технологий и оборудования гражданами в быту и субъектами хозяйствования в экономике, а также за нарушение должностными лицами субъектов хозяйствования и гражданами Украины и иностранцами административного и уголовного законодательства.
Raise Ukraine's to the leading countries possible through the development and implementation the norms of economical, civil, administrative and criminal legislation designed to stimulate citizens and economic entities to economical use of energy and other natural resources and increased responsibility for their excessive consumption and use outdated technology.
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Kharchenko, N. "The problem of saving energy and resources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65732.
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Izursa, Jose-Luis. "An ecological perspective of the energy basis of sustainable Bolivian natural resources forests and natural gas /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8169.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Zimmerman, Austin. "Sustainability-Efficiency Paradox: The Efficacy of State Energy Plans in Building a More Sustainable Energy Future." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/88.
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State energy plans are created at the request of a sitting governor or State Legislature in order to provide guidance set goals for the state’s energy sector. These plans will be critical indicators of energy trends such as the future market share of coal, natural gas, and renewables. If the future of energy in the United States is to be remotely sustainable, low-carbon policies must headline state plans. The strength of a state’s energy plan in terms of sustainability is directly related to that state’s willingness to prioritize and commit to incorporating energy sources that produce negligible carbon emissions. Questions about the role of efficiency can be answered by the political need for short-run payoffs that do not necessarily align with the long-term goals of sustainability (Kern & Smith, 2008). The nature of the American political system is that representatives want to be able to bring immediate results to their constituents, results that are usually shown in the short-run by efficiency programs. While the state energy plans in question (California, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Iowa, South Carolina, and Virginia) engage with sustainability at varying levels of strength, they deal mostly in weak sustainability by failing to commit to renewables. Historical reliance on energy efficiency and its accompanying theories of growth has created a climate in which state energy plans do not generally realize their enormous potential to lead the national transition away from fossil fuels.
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Ceesay, Juanita. "A law and development analysis of parallel law systems within the natural resources sector in Africa." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0043.
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La position normative de cette thèse est qu’il existe une contrainte légale en ce qui concerne le régime minier des pays riches en ressources en Afrique. Cela a abouti à la création d'un système de droit pluraliste qui continuera à prospérer dans les pays en développement en raison du contexte historique de la plupart de ces pays. Cependant, avoir un système mixte comprenant un régime juridique formel et informel n'équivaut pas nécessairement à un désavantage. Le problème se pose lorsqu'il y a une réticence à accepter l'un de ces systèmes. C’est le cas actuellement du régime informel qui existe principalement sous forme de système de droit non reconnu et donc illégitime. Cependant, les preuves tirées de cette thèse montrent les avantages que des règles et normes informelles peuvent offrir au régime juridique d’un pays. À cet égard, il est donc raisonnable de suggérer que quelque chose devrait être fait avec ce système, par opposition à sa marginalisation persistante dans l'ombre du régime formel. Cette thèse propose donc la formalisation de certains attributs du système informel qui régissent le secteur des ressources naturelles. De plus, la formalisation envisagée dans le secteur minier ne cherche pas à codifier les lois et s'inscrit dans une approche de la législation allant du local au international. À cet égard, l'objectif de la formalisation, tel que proposé par cette thèse, est de trouver des solutions possibles pour combler le hiatus entre les régimes formel et informel qui fonctionnent actuellement en parallèle dans l'espace minier. C’est dans l’espoir que la synchronisation de ces deux ensembles de lois faciliterait l’épanouissement du développement économique et humain / social basé sur le secteur minierThe normative position of this dissertation is that there is a constraint of the law with regards to the mining regime of resource rich countries in Africa. This has resulted in the creation of a pluralist system of law will continue to thrive in developing countries as a result of the historical context which most of these countries derive. However, having a mixed system comprising of a formal and informal legal regime does not necessarily equate a disadvantage. The problem arises when there is a reluctance in accepting one of these systems. This is the case currently with the informal regime which exists mostly as an unrecognized and therefore illegitimate system of law. Yet, evidence from this dissertation shows the advantages which informal rules and norms can offer to a country’s legal regime. In this regard, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that something ought to be done with this system as opposed to its continued marginalization in the shadows of the formal regime. This dissertation therefore proposes the formalization of selected attributes of the informal system which govern the natural resources sector of resouce rich countries in Africa. Moreover, the formalization envisioned in the mining sector, makes no attempt to codify laws and is in alignment with a local to international approach to law making. In this regard, the aim for formalization, as proposed by this dissertation, is in finding possible solutions for bridging the hiatus between the formal and informal regime which currently work in parallel with each other within the mining space. This is in hopes that the synchronizing of these two sets of laws would facilitate the flourishing of economic and human/social development based on the mining sector
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Arnot, Michelle. "The energy and natural resources sector : an analysis of strategy disclosure for 2011." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95648.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Traditionally organizations have reported largely on financial information. The Global Reporting Initiative and the King III Code of Corporate Governance have become important guidelines in assisting organizations on how to report and consequently integrated reporting is quickly gaining popularity. As the potential effects of climate change and other environmental and social impacts of businesses become more apparent, stakeholders are placing pressure on these organizations to be more transparent in how they are dealing with these impacts. Strategy cannot be separated from sustainability (SAICA, 2009: 7); therefore there is increasing pressure on organizations to disclose their strategies. Not all companies disclose information relating to strategy and sustainability to the same extent. There are a range of factors that influence strategy disclosure. This study updates the 2010 study (Meyer, 2011) evaluating the extent of strategy disclosure in the energy and natural resources sector of five companies (BP, Eskom, Mondi, Sappi and Sasol) using a three-point evaluation scale. In addition the following analyses were done: A benchmarking exercise comparing the strategy disclosure and sustainability reporting of the five companies analysed against two industry leaders (Repsol and Enagas). Development of the drivers of strategy disclosure from the literature which were compared to the results from the three-point evaluation scale. The analysis was repeated using a six-point evaluation scale, as this more clearly determined the extent of strategy disclosure, which was then compared to the drivers of strategy disclosure. The results, obtained from the six-point evaluation scale, supported the drivers of strategy disclosure and concluded that product type, the competitive environment and risk are some of the main determinants of strategy disclosure in this study based on the companies evaluated. It was also concluded that, based on the three-point and the six-point evaluation scale, the average level of disclosure for the energy and natural resources sector is good, and had improved from 2010. Furthermore, it was also observed that strategy is not disclosed to the same extent as sustainability information. Baseline One had more of a focus on sustainability information, whereas Baselines Two and Three focussed more on strategy. The level of disclosure in Baseline One was more than that of Baselines Two and Three.
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Davidsson, Simon. "Natural resources and sustainable energy : Growth rates and resource flows for low-carbon systems." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301930.
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Large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy technologies is important for counteracting anthropogenic climate change and achieving universal energy access. This thesis explores potential growth rates of technologies necessary to reach a more sustainable global energy system, the material and energy flows required to commission these technologies, and potential future availability of the required resources. These issues are investigated in five papers. Potential future growth rates of wind energy and solar photovoltaics, and the associated material requirements are explored, taking the expected service life of these technologies into account. Methodology for assessing net energy return and natural resource use for wind energy systems are analyzed. Potential future availability of lithium and phosphate rock are also investigated. Estimates of energy and materials required for technologies such as wind energy and photovoltaics vary, and depend on the assumptions made and methods used. Still, it is clear that commissioning of low-carbon technologies on the scale required to reach and sustain a low-carbon energy system in coming decades requires significant quantities of both bulk materials and scarcer resources. For some technologies, such as thin film solar cells and electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries, availability of materials could become an issue for potential growth rates. Future phosphate rock production could become highly dependent on few countries, and potential political, social and environmental aspects of this should be investigated in more detail. Material and energy flows should be considered when analyzing growth rates of low-carbon technologies. Their estimated service life can indicate sustainable growth rates of technologies, as well as when materials are available for end-of-life recycling. Resource constrained growth curve models can be used to explore future production of natural resources. A higher disaggregation of these models can enable more detailed analysis of potential constraints. This thesis contributes to the discussion on how to create a more sustainable global energy system, but the methods to assess current and future energy and material flows, and availability of natural resources, should be further developed in the future.
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Bruder, Brittany Lynn. "Assessment of hydrokinetic renewable energy devices and tidal energy potential at Rose Dhu Island, GA." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41198.
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Current hydro-turbines aim to capture the immense energy available in tidal movements, however commonly applied technologies rely on principles more applicable in hydroelectric dams. Tidal stream currents, such as in Coastal Georgia, are not strong enough to make such turbines both efficient and economically viable. This research proposes a novel low-energy vortex shedding vertical axis turbine (VOSTURB) to combat the inefficiencies and challenges of hydro-turbines in low velocity free tidal streams.
Some of the energy in tidal streams is extracted naturally from vortex shedding; as water streams past a bluff body, such as pier, low pressure vortices form alternatively on each side, inducing a rhythm of pressure differentials on the bluff body and anything in its wake. VOSTURB aims to capture this energy of the vortices by installing a hydrofoil subsequent to the bluff body. This foil, free to oscillate, translates the vortex energy into oscillatory motion, which can be converted into a form of potential energy. The presented research will act as a 'proof of concept.' It aims to assess such foil motion, or the ability of VOSTURB to capture vortex energy, and begin to assess the amount of tidal energy that can be theoretically harnessed.
In this study a small scale model of VOSTURB, a cylindrical bluff body with a hammer shaped hydrofoil, was tested in a hydraulic flume for various mean flow speeds. Tangential accelerations of the foil's center of gravity were obtained through the use of an accelerometer. The acceleration data was analyzed utilizing Fourier analysis to determine the fundamental frequency of the wing oscillations. The available power to be harnessed from the oscillatory motion was then estimated utilizing this fundamental frequency.
Ultimately it was found that the frequency of the VOSTURB foil oscillations corresponded highly with the theoretical frequency of vortex shedding for all moderate to high flow speeds. Low speeds were found to produce inconsistent and intermittent small oscillations. This signifies at moderate to high flow speeds, VOSTURB was able to transform some vortical energy into kinetic. The maximum average power obtained 8.4 mW corresponded to the highest flow velocity 0.27 m/s. Scaled to Rose Dhu prototype conditions this represented 50 W at a flow velocity of 0.95m/s, the maximum available at Rose Dhu.
Although it was ascertained that VOSTURB could consistently capture some of the vortical energy; the percentage of which could not be calculated with certainty. Thus, the average kinetic power assessments of the foil were compared to the available power of the mean flow for each flow speed calculated by two methods: (1) over the foil's swept area; (2) the area of fluid displaced by the bluff body immediately in front of the foil. The maximum efficiency of the foil, found for the fastest flow speed was at 18% and 45% respectively. It was found that both average foil power, available flow power, and efficiency all decreased with a decrease in flow velocity.
This study can serve as only a preliminary study for the effectiveness of VOSTURB as a hydro-turbine for tidal power. In the experiments, the foil was allowed to oscillate freely with little resistance. Future testing of VOSTURB needs to observe whether the vortex energy can overcome the resistive torque introduced by a generator to induce oscillatory motion as well as further optimize the foil design. While the testing in this project assesses the kinetic energy or power of the vortex shedding, this future testing will provide insight into the actual work that can actually be converted into potential energy or power.
Complementing this research, both a Harmonic Analysis of Least Squares (HAMELS) and a Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) Analysis was conducted on available surface height and current velocity data separately from an available Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model of Coastal Georgia. Such analysis were conducted to observe spatial and temporal tidal patterns advantageous to a possible prototype installation of a tidal turbine such as VOSTURB. The more conventional HAMELS analysis, which isolates components of a signal with a certain frequency, identified temporal and spatial patterns attributed to tidal constituents. CEOF analysis, where major patterns of variance are identified not according to prescribed frequencies, was employed to identify any patterns possible not attributed to the tidal constituents. This study was also in part to observe whether the CEOF analysis could identify any patterns of tidal propagation that could not be resolved by the HAMELS analysis.
The CEOF and HAMELS analysis of the surface height output produced very similar results: major modes of surface height variation due to the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents propagating up the estuary. The CEOF results did not produce any additional information that could not be found through the HAMELS analysis of the constituents and presented such results in an arguably more convoluted manner. In addition, the surface height analysis provided no direct insight into areas more advantageous to tidal power. The CEOF analysis of the vector current velocity data however did provide some insight. The CEOF of the current data was able to isolate patterns of variance corresponding to the tidal constituents. However, the CEOF was also able to identify local 'hotspots' of high current magnitudes not resolved by HAMELS. These local areas of high current magnitudes, most likely due to changes in hydrodynamic conditions such as channel constrictions, are advantageous for tidal power applications. These general areas could serve as a starting point for the location selection process for a possible prototype installation of VOSTURB if the area was refined more.
Ultimately for a prototype installation of VOSTURB, further experimentation and analysis is required for both the turbine design and placement, such as a power conversion methodology for the turbine and a more spatially resolute set of data to perform a CEOF analysis on. With these tasks completed, the prototype installation will be part of a larger effort between the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Girl Scouts of America to create completely sustainable "Eco-Village" on Rose Dhu Island, GA. With an extensive community outreach planned to educate the public, Rose Dhu, along with championing hydrokinetic energy, will serve as a paradigm for sustainable design and energy.
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Lee, Sojeong. "Water and energy resource dependence and conflict." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6458.
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The main purpose of this thesis is to understand the relationship between natural resources and conflict and cooperation. In this research, I develop a theory of resource dependence focusing on water and energy resources that are important to people’s survival and national economy and security. I theorize the relationship between resource dependence and interstate conflict in two ways. First, I argue that as a state becomes more dependent on natural resources, the state is less likely to engage in conflict with other states. Resource dependence reduces conflict risks because a state with greater resource dependence does not want to lose any benefits that they currently enjoy from natural resources and as a result the potential costs of conflict increases. Second, I argue that as two states become more extensively (salience) and equally (symmetry) reliant on natural resources together, they are less likely to fight. Since they have similar benefits associated with natural resources that neither states want to lose, they have more incentives to avoid risky conflict over natural resources.
To examine my theory of resource dependence and conflict, I create an original measure of a state’s level of dependence on freshwater resources and energy resources, in particular focusing on a state’s electricity demands, areas of river basins, and values of energy resources. I also create a dyadic measure of resource dependence (salience, symmetry, and interdependence). By using river-specific conflict data from the Transboundary Freshwater Disputes Database (TFDD) and militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) data from the Correlates of War (COW) project from 1960 – 2001, I test my arguments of the relationship between a state’s resource dependence and conflict at the monadic and the dyadic levels, as well as individual level in terms of citizens’ trust in government. Empirical analyses at the monadic level show that as a state becomes more dependent on water and energy resources, the state is less likely to engage in river conflicts with other states. However, a state’s resource dependence does not influence the chances for militarized conflict in shared river basins at the monadic level. Empirical results at the dyadic level also support my theory of resource dependence and conflict: as two states in a dyad become more extensively and equally dependent on water and energy resources, they are less likely to experience diplomatic conflicts and militarized interstate disputes. While high levels of resource dependence (demand and supply) reduce conflict at the monadic and dyadic levels, I find that pairs of countries with symmetric levels of resource dependence face higher conflict risks. In terms of trust in government, I find that a state’s level of resource dependence has positive impacts on people’s perception toward the government.
My dissertation makes several contributions to the field of resource conflict and international relations. This study is one of the first efforts to look at the degree of dependence on natural resources to understand the variation in conflict and cooperation over natural resources. The chances for interstate conflict varies under the same scarcity (e.g. lack of water) or abundance resource conditions (e.g. both states oil producers). By looking at a state’s level of resource dependence varying over time and space, this research can uncover more detailed understandings about the states or dyads most likely to fight over water and energy resources. This study is one of the first to use a state’s electricity needs as a measure to capture a state’s dependence on natural resources. Electricity is crucial to a state’s political economy and people’s survival. Hence, by looking at the level of electricity demands by a state regarding water and energy resources, we can understand how much a state depends on natural resources. Furthermore, this research sheds light on how a state’s dependence on natural resources affect people’s trust in government, beyond previous study’s resource curse argument. Different from the previous researchers’ pessimistic diagnosis on natural resources, a state’s high level of dependence on natural resources can contribute to people’s better perception toward the government. Theoretically, my theory of resource dependence and conflict establishes a direct connection between a relatively new field of natural resource conflict with well-developed and classic International Relations and Political Economy research. Practically, my research can help policy makers figure out where and when resource conflict is most likely between countries. Policy makers can develop policy provisions properly to avoid conflict and to encourage peaceful and cooperative resolution over natural resources between countries.
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Calmette, Jean-François. "La rareté en droit public /." Paris [u.a.] : L'Harmattan, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/484023926.pdf.
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Philpott, Evelyn. "Examining potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predators." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210583.
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This thesis uses data collected over three summers in 2010, 2011 and 2012 at the Isle of May National Nature Reserve, Scotland to examine top predator presence and behaviour in a moderately fast tidal stream site. Fieldwork consisted of an intensive land based observation survey of seabirds at sea, acoustic monitoring of small cetaceans and the deployment of a suite of oceanographical tools to simultaneously collect data on a fine temporal scale over a study area of ~1.5km2. The aim of the study was to examine the potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predator behaviour in a tidal stream site by addressing some of the key data gaps such as habitat use in tidal stream areas, dive behaviour and collision and disturbance risk assessment. Acoustic detections of harbour porpoises were investigated as a function of physical environmental variables. Strong links between porpoise presence and increased thermal stratification and chlorophyll levels were detected along with a very strong diurnal pattern with increased detections at night. There was no relationship with tidal state. The habitat use of five species of breeding birds at sea adjacent to breeding cliffs was examined to gauge what environmental factors drive habitat use at these sites. Counts of foraging kittiwakes were examined in relation to environmental variables and while strong temporal trends emerged there was no link with oceanographic features. The study site was predominately used for loafing (non foraging behaviour) and so species specific temporal variation in loafing behaviour was analysed. Strong seasonal and diurnal trends in loafing emerged for all species which could be linked to differences in their breeding phenology. These results can be used in assessing and mitigating disturbance to these birds from marine renewables developments. Age specific variation in dive behaviour in the European shag was examined to determine whether newly fledged juveniles were at a greater risk of collision with tidal turbines than adults. Juveniles initially demonstrated a shorter dive duration than adults but after 4-6 weeks their dive duration had significantly increased. However age specific difference in dive behaviour in relation to water depth iii remained unchanged over time with juveniles showing no relationship between dive duration and water depth while adults increased dive duration in deeper water. The implications of this result for assessing age specific collision risk for this species is discussed. Results from this study were used to populate a framework for assessing collision and disturbance risk to seabirds in the near shore area adjacent to the breeding colony from a small scale tidal turbine development scenario. A method was developed to quantify risk by combining relative abundance data, behavioural data and published data on activity budgets for four species; guillemots, razorbills, puffins and shags. The output from this thesis has practical applications for informing the temporal and spatial scale of data collection and survey design in environmental impact assessments regarding marine renewable energy developments with emphasis on understanding the mechanistic links driving predator behaviour. Results can also be used to design appropriate mitigation procedures to prevent disturbance to loafing or foraging birds.
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Gardner, Alexander Walter. "Negotiation and agreements in integrated resources management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26138.
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The purpose of this thesis is to propose a model of integrated resources management which uses techniques of negotiation and agreements to involve all interested parties in the decision making process. The thesis is developed in two parts. Part I defines the model and principles which are applied in Part II to a case study of forestry planning in community watersheds.
For some years now there have been calls for natural resources management on an ecological basis. To achieve this, the law must define legal rights and procedures which ensure that all affected human interests are taken into account in management decision-making. The decision-making is characterized as a bargaining process aimed at balancing the competing interests of all affected parties. Bargaining connotes a use of negotiation and agreement.
However, the established legal uses of these techniques are restricted to situations involving few parties. Complex integrated resources management has been conducted primarily through expert discretionary administration. But bureaucratic administration of complex issues is now understood as an inherently political process fraught with scientific and values uncertainties and lacking legitimacy because it is not effectively accountable to the parties whose interests are affected.
The recent experience with environmental alternative dispute resolution ("ADR") suggests techniques for all affected parties to be taken into account by representative negotiation and agreement. A review of examples of environmental ADR provides some principles about the use of negotiation and agreements to supplement the regulatory processes of integrated resources management. Those principles relate to the assertion of legal rights, the need to remedy dissatisfaction with judicial procedures and the adversary system as means to challenge regulatory decisions, the negotiation process itself, and the regulatory approval and implementation of negotiated agreements.
The case study commences with an analysis of the legal context. It reveals an uncertain regime of legal rights and authority. The Ministries involved have great discretionary authority; the forest licensee's legal relations are principally of a contractual nature with the Crown; and the water licensees' rights are ill-defined. This uncertain legal regime does not facilitate bargaining between the affected resource licensees.
The integrated resources management framework established under administrative authority does have the potential to facilitate bargaining. Whilst the new framework is innovative and establishes new institutions, rights and duties, it is difficult to determine authoritatively the elements of that framework because they are found only in a set of policy documents and are still subject to the uncertainty of administrative discretion.
Negotiation and agreements may occur in a number of different contexts in the integrated resources management framework, especially in the context of the Technical Review Committee which is the main arena for negotiation between the interested parties. There is a commentary on the negotiation process, much of the material for which was gathered in interviews with representatives of the parties involved. Various reforms of the framework should be considered to facilitate bargaining and confine administrative discretion. Principal among these are the right of all parties to appeal to an administrative tribunal when the regulatory decision is made without the consensus of the negotiating committee, and clarification of the method of adjudicating compliance with regulatory conditions.
In summary, the whole framework established by the policy documents should be revised and given a legislated base. In doing this, certain legal questions need to be considered. Ultimately, the utility of the model proposed depends upon the capacity of the law to define the various natural resource interests of all people in the community.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
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Vagin, Kostiantyn V. "Russian Energy Policy Vis-a-Vis Europe: Natural Resources As A Means Of Foreign Policy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7422.
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The dissolution of the Soviet Union left Russia without efficient military power and with a tumbled-down defense industry that are critically important to support its resurfaced superpower ambitions. This obstacle could be overcome by substituting military power with the economic one through domination as the leading energy supplier. Establishment of governmental control over the energy sector became a key element of the Russian domestic policy that would convert the energy resources into the instrument of the states power. All major energy transportation routes between Russian energy producers and European consumers are in possession of the former Soviet republics. Russia has become heavily dependent on these countries as energy transit intermediaries. To ensure consistency of the energy supply flow and to lessen Russias reliance on the transit states, Russia is seeking ways to diversify energy transportation routes to Europe. Russia is willing to pay a significantly higher cost for a complex construction of new pipelines that bypass intermediaries. The establishment of Russian monopolistic control over energy flow to Europe might be converted into a regional political dominance. Threatening the possibility of abrupt energy disruption and price manipulation could become an efficient tool of state power to achieve Russias political objectives.
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Trusler, Bonnie R. "Energy watch: an energy conservation project for elementary schools." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/38.
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The goal of this project was to organize and implement an energy conservation program for second and fifth grade students that would increase their overall awareness and understanding of energy concepts and energy conservation.
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Onus, Cem O. "Continual Energy Management Dynamics: Energy Efficiency in U.S. Automotive Manufacturing Industry." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1144.
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Managers at automotive manufacturers are seeking ways to reduce energy consumption, costs, carbon emissions, and waste from production processes. Researchers and practitioners perceive energy efficiency as the least expensive and most effective way to deal with issues related to climate change, but adoption of energy efficiency measures has been slow among industrial facilities. The topic of this research study was the decision-making process for energy efficiency projects in the U.S. automotive manufacturing industry. Flaws in this decision-making processes are preventing changes that can dramatically reduce energy usage, cost, and pollution. The study was grounded in the theories of energy management, organizational learning, systems thinking, and strategic management. Data is from open-ended question interviews and questionnaires of 21 decision makers in automotive manufacturing companies in the United States about their perception and experiences regarding the decision-making process for energy efficiency projects. The data were coded to identify themes. The findings indicated that organizational leaders with responsibility over energy management should include energy management standards and frameworks such as ISO 50001, Six Sigma DMAIC, and Energy Star as guidelines for selecting energy efficiency projects. Decision makers may find these results useful in improving their decision-making processes for evaluating energy efficiency projects. This research has the potential to promote positive social change in the automotive industry by reducing energy consumption and business costs, and it could benefit communities by reducing pollution through increasing energy efficiency in the automotive manufacturing industries.
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Schmitz, Anthony. "Effect of oil prices on returns to alternative energy investments." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31843.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Vivek Ghosal; Committee Member: Byung-Cheol Kim; Committee Member: Chun-Yu Ho; Committee Member: Tibor Besedes. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Bosenko, V. S. "Alternative energy sources." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45174.
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Energy sources are very important for all of us. We all need different types of energy in our daily life to perform different tasks. We get energy from different natural resources like coal, petroleum, and electricity. Again, electricity comes from different sources hydro-electricity, thermal electricity and some alternate sources of energy like electricity from solar energy. Alarming Situation of Natural energy sources Stock Natural sources of energy are limited because of their limited stock. It takes several years in formation of natural energy sources but if the consumption of energy sources will be too more (like in current situation) than the rate of their formation, they will not last longer. Even the stocks of energy sources like petroleum are limited to certain areas and they have monopoly on petroleum market, resulting drastic increase in rates of petroleum during last decade.
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Ohler, Adrienne Marie. "Three essays on natural resource allocation and public policy." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2009/a_ohler_072109.pdf.
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Reeve, Martin. "Fragmented landscape and fragmented law : threatened species management in South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envr331.pdf.
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Bojang, Buba. "The status and expanding role of joint development of common or transboundary oil and gas resources in international law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236935.
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The growth and expansion of Joint Development Agreements, which promote the joint development of common or transboundary petroleum deposits between countries with opposite or adjacent coastlines are an indication that the status of the obligation to jointly develop common or transboundary oil and gas resources as a rule of customary international law may no longer be doubtful. This research examines the origin and evolution of Joint Development (JD) to determine its status in international law, including the law of the sea. It also explores the concept of shared natural resources in international law, intending to determine whether common or transboundary oil and gas resources are a part of the family of shared natural resources. It argues that the rule applicable to other shared natural resources such as international rivers, transboundary fish stocks and transboundary groundwater may be extrapolated and applied to common or transboundary oil and gas resources. It gives a detailed, analytical account of the progressive development of the concept of JD and how the International Law Commission (ILC) failed to take this developing trend to the level of codification when it decided in 2009 to discontinue the topic of oil and gas in its programme of work. The research argues that JD of common or transboundary oil and gas resources should now be considered as a settled norm of customary international law.
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Maggio, Gregory Francis. "The role of international law in promoting the sustainable development of natural resources : a focus on living resource regimes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283713.
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Volkov, Aleksandr. "Le régime juridique des relations gazières entre la Russie, l'Union Européenne et les pays membres de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1004/document.
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L’analyse du droit applicable aux relations sur l’approvisionnement du gaz russe dans l’UE a démontré l’impuissance du droit international de l’énergie, ainsi que les insuffisances du droit local russe et de celui des pays de l’UE et de l’UE. La solution globale à tous les problèmes pourrait être la fourniture de garanties favorisant les opérations d’achat-vente de gaz entre Gazprom et les entreprises des pays de l’UE et le développement des relations de la participation directe des entreprises russes et de l’UE sur les marchés. Les bases de la réglementation de ces relations pourront être fixées dans le nouvel Accord international entre la Russie et l’UE et dans la législation localeThe current legal rules restrain the development of both frameworks now existing – that is, long-term contracts and opened-up markets. The solution to this problem could be the maintain of the first group of relations and the development of the second group. Therefore, it is important to suggest an alternative framework. The basis of such alternative framework could be fixed in an international treaty between Russia, EU and the member-states. This new regulation will also require the adjustment of the local legislation
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Riley, Bijan N. "Irish Hills Natural Reserve Conservation Plan Update." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/569.
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The Irish Hills Natural Reserve Conservation Plan is a unique component of the Cityof San Luis Obispo’s green belt that provides a number of hiking and mountain bikingtrails within a short distance from the downtown core as well as ensures that valuablehabitat be preserved into the future. As the subject of my thesis project, IHNR presented the opportunity to pursue an aspect of city planning that can often be over-looked and, conservation planning. Conservation planning is an important element of the planning profession in that it incorporates such elements into the future growth of cities. With proper planning it is possible to foresee future development patterns and thus be able to designate and protect high value natural resource areas as open space, in order to preserve and protect their resources. In addition to setting the guidelines for preserving and protecting the natural resources and important habitats of Irish Hills, the conservation plan has a secondary effect of ensuring the future health of the surrounding habitats.
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Sainz, Gabriel. "The Zambezi River Basin: Water Resources Management : Energy-Food-Water nexus approach." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159566.
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The energy-food-water nexus is of fundamental significance in the goal towards sustainable development. The Zambezi River Basin, situated in southern Africa, currently offers vast water resources for social and economic development for the eight riparian countries that constitute the watershed. Hydropower generation and agriculture are the main water users in the watershed with great potential of expansion, plus urban water supply materialise the largest consumers of this resource. Climate and social changes are pressuring natural resources availability which might show severe alterations due to enhances in the variability of precipitation patterns. This study thus examines the present water resources in the transboundary basin and executes low and high case future climate change incited scenarios in order to estimate the possible availability of water for the period 2060-2099 by performing water balances. Along with projections of water accessibility, approximations on water demands from the main consumer sectors are performed. Results show an annual positive balance for both projected scenarios due to an increase in precipitation during the wet season. They also present a severe increase in overall temperature for the region contributing to a strong increase in evapotranspiration. Projections further inform of an acute increase in water demand for irrigation and urban supply, nevertheless, evaporation from hydropower storage reservoirs continues to exceed water with drawals in volume. Acknowledging the uncertainty contained in this report allows a broader offer of recommendations to be considered when planning for future developments with a sustainable approach. Improvement of hydrological collection systems in the Zambezi basin is indispensable to accomplish a deeper and cohesive understanding of the watershed waterresources. Cooperation and knowledge communication between riparian countries seems to be the right beginning towards social and economic sustainable development for the Zambezi River Basin.
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Yiallourides, Constantinos. "Joint development of oil and gas resources : the way forward in disputed waters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231747.
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The settlement of the maritime boundary disputes between China and Japan in the East China Sea, and between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea, is politically deadlocked. While diplomatic settlement efforts have been ongoing for the past several decades, neither side in each case appears prepared to back down from its respective maritime claims. Bilateral consultations and negotiations have been unable to prevent occasional flare-ups and, as tensions remain significantly high, it may not be long before one of the not infrequent confrontations spirals out of control. The existing status quo in each case is unstable and does not favour either side, both from the perceptive of contaminating bilateral relations as a whole, but also to the extent that it holds hostage the multiple benefits that could otherwise be generated from the exploitation of the seabed energy resources in the contested waters. Indeed, while important discoveries of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations have been made, and in fact, some of them are currently being developed in the peripheries of the East China Sea and the Aegean, the full mineral potential of the contested areas remain unproven and unrealised due to the ongoing maritime and territorial conflicts. That being the case, the debate surrounding these two conflicts has progressed to the point where there is an urgent need for a meaningful discussion on finding a practical way forward. It is the purpose of the present thesis to address this need, first, by undertaking a detailed analysis of these disputes on the basis of the legal rules and principles of international law and; second, by critically evaluating possible institutional designs of interstate cooperation on the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources in disputed areas. This thesis considers that because of the near-impossibility of settling the maritime and territorial disputes in the East China Sea and the Aegean, at least in the short term, and the remote possibility of meaningfully utilising the resources in the given areas while these conflicts persist, provisional interstate cooperation in the form of joint development constitutes the best alternative course of action for disputing states to coordinate the exploration and exploitation of resources without having resorted previously to boundary delimitation settlement. On the basis of the above analysis, this thesis discusses the prospect of realising joint development regimes in the East China Sea and the Aegean and their appropriate institutional design in the light of the legal, historical, political, and geographical characteristics of the disputes in question. The overall aim of the present study is to discern useful guidelines that can be used to inform and support diplomatic discussions on bilateral cooperation over disputed seabed energy resources by addressing three key objectives: - Better understanding of the longstanding East China Sea and Aegean maritime boundary disputes under the rules of the public international law of the sea, as developed to date having regard to international jurisprudence and state practice. - Conceptualisation and better understanding of the legal characteristics and functional benefits of joint development regimes. - Critical evaluation of variations in the design of joint development regimes having regard to successful or unsuccessful precedents in the practice of states.
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Toews, Gerhard. "Local impacts of natural resource booms and busts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bdb90c3d-3d0f-4c50-90d3-9a0d2bf88003.
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This thesis consists of five stand-alone chapters empirically evaluating questions relating to the life cycle of natural resource extraction. We use three different data sets to shed light on the local impacts of natural resource booms and busts. In chapter 2 to 4 we use the household budget survey of Kazakhstan to explore the impacts of the oil boom on the local population. In the second chapter, we explore the distributional effects of the oil boom and show that average household income increased and income inequality decreased. In the third chapter we study how the increase in average income was perceived by the local population and find that households' satisfaction with income decreased. In the fourth chapter we study how the boom affected households' expenditure and show that the likelihood that households pay tuition fees for tertiary education increased. In chapter 5, we explore the long-term impacts of a negative labour demand shock following the coal mine closures in the UK. To do this we construct a new data set containing the location of all active coal mines since 1981 and link it to the UK census. We find that the dramatic lay off of miners since 1981 was associated with a persistent reduction in female labour force participation in the affected districts. In chapter 6, we study the determinants of drilling costs and their impact on the real price of oil using a new global data set on the number of exploration wells drilled and costs of drilling. To do this, we propose a structural model of the upstream sector in the oil and gas industry. The model allows us to decompose the variation in the reduced form errors of the estimated VAR into three structural shocks, and estimate the dynamic responses of the variables in the system to these shocks. We confirm that the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry is subject to increasing costs. But we do not find that the real oil price is permanently affected by shocks to costs of drilling.
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Katter, Dominic Henley. "The sovereignty of islands: a contemporary methodology for the determination of rights over natural maritime resources." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15812/1/Dominic_Katter_Thesis.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
" Once it was said that the law followed the flag. Now, international law is everywhere. Its influence increases. "
Sovereignty is no longer an intra-national concept within International Law. It now involves a greater consideration of issues concerning the global community. This thesis develops a practical methodology for the determination of sovereignty over maritime natural resources.
Customary international law regarding the use of resources within the maritime zones of islands on the high seas is rapidly developing. Traditional tests, such as the discovery and occupation of islands, are no longer the primary focus of the determination of sovereignty. The methodology expressed in this thesis is an application and adaptation of the current state of the international laws regarding islands within the high seas.
This argument has its foundation in the new international treaties, recent decisions of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. It unifies the latest determinations and theoretical legal perspectives of these bodies to produce a single methodology. This work provides an original and substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of sovereignty issues within International Law.
The Chapters of this thesis and their sub-headings progressively illuminate the individual elements of a distinctive formula for determining the sovereignty of islands within the high seas. The Chapters form a template for this methodology, which is applied to the Falkland Islands. Thus, each chapter is a step towards the determination of sovereignty. This modus operandi can be applied to new disputes in this realm, such as those filed with the International Court of Justice.
Since 1982, the definitive ownership of the Falkland Islands proper has been determined, if not by International Law, then by warfare. However, conflict over the use of natural resources in the maritime zones continues.
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Katter, Dominic Henley. "The sovereignty of islands: a contemporary methodology for the determination of rights over natural maritime resources." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15812/.
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ABSTRACT " Once it was said that the law followed the flag. Now, international law is everywhere. Its influence increases. " Sovereignty is no longer an intra-national concept within International Law. It now involves a greater consideration of issues concerning the global community. This thesis develops a practical methodology for the determination of sovereignty over maritime natural resources. Customary international law regarding the use of resources within the maritime zones of islands on the high seas is rapidly developing. Traditional tests, such as the discovery and occupation of islands, are no longer the primary focus of the determination of sovereignty. The methodology expressed in this thesis is an application and adaptation of the current state of the international laws regarding islands within the high seas. This argument has its foundation in the new international treaties, recent decisions of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. It unifies the latest determinations and theoretical legal perspectives of these bodies to produce a single methodology. This work provides an original and substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of sovereignty issues within International Law. The Chapters of this thesis and their sub-headings progressively illuminate the individual elements of a distinctive formula for determining the sovereignty of islands within the high seas. The Chapters form a template for this methodology, which is applied to the Falkland Islands. Thus, each chapter is a step towards the determination of sovereignty. This modus operandi can be applied to new disputes in this realm, such as those filed with the International Court of Justice. Since 1982, the definitive ownership of the Falkland Islands proper has been determined, if not by International Law, then by warfare. However, conflict over the use of natural resources in the maritime zones continues.
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Sittig, Julia Brooke. "Solar Energy on Arizona Public Lands: Environmental Impacts and Stakeholder Perspectives." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338759.
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With America’s recent needs for creating jobs, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and becoming "energy independent" from foreign nations, the large-scale deployment of solar energy projects has been proclaimed a solution for rapidly generating "clean" energy. Federal agencies have been mandated by law to expedite the siting of utility-scale solar energy projects (USSEPs) on public lands. In particular, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has focused on USSEP development by creating a national solar energy program as well as state-specific programs for encouraging USSEP development, and has thus far approved two USSEPs in Arizona. Although operational USSEPs do not emit greenhouse gases, they are not completely benign to the environment. USSEPs incur negative impacts on soils, vegetation, air quality, and other natural and cultural resources. Because USSEPs have the potential to mitigate climate change, yet incur other negative environmental impacts, the reaction of citizen stakeholders such as environmental advocates to public lands USSEP development has been mixed. Environmental advocate groups have both encouraged BLM to build USSEPs, and filed lawsuits discouraging project development. In light of the ability of environmental advocates to influence USSEP development, this study explored the complex opinions of members of environmental organizations, conservation groups, watershed initiatives, and solar industry professionals regarding USSEP development on Arizona public lands. Through a review of relevant literature, a content analysis of BLM environmental review documents, and the distribution and statistical analysis of an opinion survey, the study provides insight into the implications of the current BLM Arizona siting process and specific, up-to-date stakeholder perspectives. The results indicate that while BLM Arizona siting policies do attempt to address environmental concerns, significant concerns about the current USSEP siting process remain, and that environmental advocates' support for public lands USSEPs is lower than their support for renewable energy development in general. Stakeholders reported having low levels of three items: knowledge of current solar technologies, understanding of the current federal USSEP siting process, and confidence that the government will appropriately site solar energy projects. Addressing those items may alleviate tensions between stakeholders and public lands decision-makers, resulting in faster and more environmentally responsible USSEP siting.
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Farzanegan, Mohammad Reza. "Political Economy of Natural Resources and Governance in Iran: An Empirical Investigation." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-24277.
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In this dissertation, I investigate the role of oil resources and economic and political institutional quality on the economic performance of Iran. To this end, I examine four related themes. First and foremost, I provide a detailed picture of the economic structure of Iran and compare its performance with other oil and non-oil economies of the Middle East and the Middle Easterb region. As we get a clear picture of the relative economic position of Iran in the MENA region, I go further into macroeconomic analyses of oil wealth effects on the Iranian economy. The second theme investigated in this dissertation is the interaction of political power structure with oil rents and their effects on Iranian economic growth. This study is the first examination which takes into consideration political factionalism interaction with oil rents in the case of Iran. The results show that oil resources have a direct positive effect on economic growth in Iran. However, the interaction effect of factionalism (as a proxy for political asymmetry degree) with oil rents is negative and significant. The third theme which is examined in this study is illegal trade in Iran. This topic is also related to natural resource management in Iran. A large number of fuel products smuggled from Iran are due to heavy subsidies within the country. In this study, I measure the amount of illegal trade in Iran, identifying the major causes and indicators of smuggling. The average of illegal trade in Iran’s total trade is 13%. The value of annual illegal trade, on average, is within the range of $ 2.5 - 3 billion. The fourth topic which is examined in this dissertation is macroeconomic populism in Iran. The main source of financing populism spending in Iran is the oil revenues. Therefore, it is connected to the management of natural resources.
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Gonzales, Palomino Raul. "Oportunidades e alternativas para a mudança da matriz energética peruana : o papel do gás natural." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264958.
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Orientador: Silvia Azucena Nebra de PerezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Nos últimos anos, várias discussões e análises sobre um maior uso de gás natural no Peru foram realizadas. No início de 2011, durante os debates presidenciais, este era um item da agenda, e a priorização do desenvolvimento do mercado interno de gás, em vez de sua exportação foi o tema central. A presente tese analisa as alternativas de uso do gás natural nos setores de transporte, residencial, terciário, industrial de grande porte e de geração elétrica no Peru, assim como avalia o impacto da sua penetração na substituição de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e a possibilidade de produção de eletricidade através da cogeração. Para tanto, foram efetuadas uma análise da matriz energética peruana, uma revisão das reservas e infraestrutura da indústria do gás natural, para uma avaliação complementar e como ferramenta de comparação foram calculados os indicadores de sustentabilidade energética do País. Além disso, foi realizada uma revisão das metodologias existentes e empregadas para este tipo de estudo, além de definidos a abrangência e os cenários deste trabalho. Dos cenários avaliados, o tendencial- moderado seria o mais provável de acontecer e se viabilizar. Este mostra que o uso do gás natural aumentará de 3.280 Mm3, em 2008, para 6.295 Mm3, em 2020, melhorando, assim, a distribuição de sua utilização nos diferentes setores analisados, não sendo utilizado majoritariamente no setor de geração elétrica, como ocorre na atualidade. Por outro lado, a maior penetração deste energético permitirá substituir combustíveis derivados do petróleo, como o óleo Diesel, óleo combustível, gasolina e GLP, e, consequentemente, reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono. Os resultados mostram a existência de reservas para um maior desenvolvimento do mercado interno do gás natural no curto e médio prazo, mas, no futuro, é necessário continuar avaliando as reservas e o uso do gás (incluindo a exportação), considerando a garantia de seu fornecimento no longo prazo, descobertas de reservas e novos projetos para sua utilização
Abstract: In recent years there have been several discussions and analysis on a greater use of natural gas in Peru. This was part of the agenda during the presidential debates in early 2011. During these debates, the importance of developing a domestic demand for natural gas rather than gas exports was the central theme of discussion. This thesis analyzes the alternative for the use of natural gas in sectors such as transportation, residential, commercial, large-sized industry and power generation in Peru. Moreover, it evaluates the impact of its penetration as a replacement for oil products and the possibility of production of electricity through cogeneration. For this, an analysis on the Peru's energy matrix was conducted. Also, the current reserves and infrastructure of the natural gas industry were shown and additionally as a tool for comparison were calculated energy indicators for sustainable development in the country. In addition, a review of existing and used methodologies for this type of study were performed, and the scope and scenarios of this work were defined. The moderate trend scenario would be more feasible and likely to occur in comparison to all the scenarios evaluated in this study. This scenario shows that the use of natural gas will increase from 3.280 Mm3 in 2008 to 6295 Mm3 in 2020, which will improve the distribution of it in the different sectors that were analyzed, and reduce its use in the power generation sector where natural gas is mainly being utilized as of today. The greater penetration of natural gas would reduce the use of oil products such as Diesel oil, residual oil, gasoline and LPG, and thereby reduce CO2 emissions. The results show the existence of reserves for further development in the domestic gas market in the short and medium term, but in the future it will be necessary to continue evaluating the reserves and consumption of the natural gas in order to guarantee its supply for the long term, the discovery of new reserves, and the development of new projects for its use
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Böhme, Dimo. "EU-Russia energy relations: What chance for solutions? : A focus on the natural gas sector." Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6302/.
Full textAbstract:
Public debate about energy relations between the EU and Russia is distorted. These distortions present considerable obstacles to the development of true partnership. At the core of the conflict is a struggle for resource rents between energy producing, energy consuming and transit countries.
Supposed secondary aspects, however, are also of great importance. They comprise of geopolitics, market access, economic development and state sovereignty. The European Union, having engaged in energy market liberalisation, faces a widening gap between declining domestic resources and continuously growing energy demand. Diverse interests inside the EU prevent the definition of a coherent and respected energy policy. Russia, for its part, is no longer willing to subsidise its neighbouring economies by cheap energy exports. The Russian government engages in assertive policies pursuing Russian interests. In so far, it opts for a different globalisation approach, refusing the role of mere energy exporter. In view of the intensifying struggle for global resources, Russia, with its large energy potential, appears to be a very favourable option for European energy supplies, if not the best one. However, several outcomes of the strategic game between the two partners can be imagined. Engaging in non-cooperative strategies will in the end leave all stakeholders worse-off. The European Union should therefore concentrate on securing its partnership with Russia instead of damaging it. Stable cooperation would need the acceptance that the partner may pursue his own goals, which might be different from one’s own interests. The question is, how can a sustainable compromise be found? This thesis finds that a mix of continued dialogue, a tit for tat approach bolstered by an international institutional framework and increased integration efforts appears as a preferable solution.Die öffentliche Debatte über die Energiebeziehungen Russlands und der EU ist verzerrt. Diese Verzerrungen verhindern die Entwicklung einer wirklichen Energiepartnerschaft. Kern des Konflikts ist ein Kampf um Rohstoffrenten zwischen Energie produzierenden, Energie konsumierenden und Transitstaaten. Dabei sind scheinbar nebensächliche Aspekte wie geopolitische Überlegungen, Marktzutrittsbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und staatliche Souveränität, die kaum Beachtung finden, von umso größerer Bedeutung. Die EU, die ihre Energiemärkte liberalisiert, sieht sich einer wachsenden Lücke zwischen abnehmenden eigenen Ressourcen und stetig steigender Energienachfrage gegenüber. Vielfältige Interessen innerhalb der Union verhindern die Definition einer kohärenten und allgemein akzeptierten Energiepolitik. Russland seinerseits ist nicht länger gewillt, die Volkswirtschaften seiner Nachbarstaaten mit billigen Energieexporten zu subventionieren. Die russische Regierung verfolgt russische Interessen, und tut dies durchaus mit Nachdruck. Insofern, als dass sie für Russland selbst mehr als die Rolle eines bloßen Energieexporteurs wünscht, verfolgt sie auch eine eigene Herangehensweise an die Globalisierung. Vor dem Hintergrund des zunehmenden globalen Wettstreits um Ressourcen erscheint Russland mit seinem großen Energiepotential als sehr vorteilhafte, wenn nicht sogar die beste Option für die europäische Energieversorgung. In einem solchen strategischen Spiel der beiden Partner sind grundsätzlich verschiedene Ergebnisse vorstellbar. Wählen beide nichtkooperative Strategien, so verlieren letztlich alle Beteiligten. Die EU sollte sich deshalb darauf konzentrieren, ihre Partnerschaft mit Russland zu intensivieren, anstatt sie zu beschädigen. Eine verlässliche Kooperation setzt dabei die Akzeptanz voraus, dass der Partner seine eigenen Ziele verfolgt, die durchaus verschieden von EU-Interessen sein können. Die Frage ist, wie ein dauerhaft tragfähiger Kompromiss gefunden werden kann. Diese Arbeit argumentiert im Sinne einer Kombination aus fortgeführtem Dialog, einer tit-for-tat Strategie, die von einem internationalen institutionellen Rahmenwerk begleitet wird sowie verstärkten Integrationsbemühungen.
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Böhme, Dimo. "EU-Russia energy relations: What chance for solutions? : A focus on the natural gas sector." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5021/.
Full textAbstract:
Public debate about energy relations between the EU and Russia is distorted. These distortions present considerable obstacles to the development of true partnership. At the core of the conflict is a struggle for resource rents between energy producing, energy consuming and transit countries.
Supposed secondary aspects, however, are also of great importance. They comprise of geopolitics, market access, economic development and state sovereignty. The European Union, having engaged in energy market liberalisation, faces a widening gap between declining domestic resources and continuously growing energy demand. Diverse interests inside the EU prevent the definition of a coherent and respected energy policy. Russia, for its part, is no longer willing to subsidise its neighbouring economies by cheap energy exports. The Russian government engages in assertive policies pursuing Russian interests. In so far, it opts for a different globalisation approach, refusing the role of mere energy exporter. In view of the intensifying struggle for global resources, Russia, with its large energy potential, appears to be a very favourable option for European energy supplies, if not the best one. However, several outcomes of the strategic game between the two partners can be imagined. Engaging in non-cooperative strategies will in the end leave all stakeholders worse-off. The European Union should therefore concentrate on securing its partnership with Russia instead of damaging it. Stable cooperation would need the acceptance that the partner may pursue his own goals, which might be different from one’s own interests. The question is, how can a sustainable compromise be found? This thesis finds that a mix of continued dialogue, a tit for tat approach bolstered by an international institutional framework and increased integration efforts appears as a preferable solution.Die öffentliche Debatte über die Energiebeziehungen Russlands und der EU ist verzerrt. Diese Verzerrungen verhindern die Entwicklung einer wirklichen Energiepartnerschaft. Kern des Konflikts ist ein Kampf um Rohstoffrenten zwischen Energie produzierenden, Energie konsumierenden und Transitstaaten. Dabei sind scheinbar nebensächliche Aspekte wie geopolitische Überlegungen, Marktzutrittsbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und staatliche Souveränität, die kaum Beachtung finden, von umso größerer Bedeutung. Die EU, die ihre Energiemärkte liberalisiert, sieht sich einer wachsenden Lücke zwischen abnehmenden eigenen Ressourcen und stetig steigender Energienachfrage gegenüber. Vielfältige Interessen innerhalb der Union verhindern die Definition einer kohärenten und allgemein akzeptierten Energiepolitik. Russland seinerseits ist nicht länger gewillt, die Volkswirtschaften seiner Nachbarstaaten mit billigen Energieexporten zu subventionieren. Die russische Regierung verfolgt russische Interessen, und tut dies durchaus mit Nachdruck. Insofern, als dass sie für Russland selbst mehr als die Rolle eines bloßen Energieexporteurs wünscht, verfolgt sie auch eine eigene Herangehensweise an die Globalisierung. Vor dem Hintergrund des zunehmenden globalen Wettstreits um Ressourcen erscheint Russland mit seinem großen Energiepotential als sehr vorteilhafte, wenn nicht sogar die beste Option für die europäische Energieversorgung. In einem solchen strategischen Spiel der beiden Partner sind grundsätzlich verschiedene Ergebnisse vorstellbar. Wählen beide nichtkooperative Strategien, so verlieren letztlich alle Beteiligten. Die EU sollte sich deshalb darauf konzentrieren, ihre Partnerschaft mit Russland zu intensivieren, anstatt sie zu beschädigen. Eine verlässliche Kooperation setzt dabei die Akzeptanz voraus, dass der Partner seine eigenen Ziele verfolgt, die durchaus verschieden von EU-Interessen sein können. Die Frage ist, wie ein dauerhaft tragfähiger Kompromiss gefunden werden kann. Diese Arbeit argumentiert im Sinne einer Kombination aus fortgeführtem Dialog, einer tit-for-tat Strategie, die von einem internationalen institutionellen Rahmenwerk begleitet wird sowie verstärkten Integrationsbemühungen.
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Van, Oss Eric J. "Sustaining Rural Economies with Wind Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/56.
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This paper discusses the effects of wind development in rural areas. Areas of focus include: direct job creation, indirect job creation, tax revenue and government policies. The effects of state and federal renewable energy policies are discussed and well as the impacts to rural economies.
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Benke, Ildiko. "Power and energy geopolitical aspects of the transnational natural gas pipelines from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FBenke.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail ; Second Reader: Lober, George. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Natural gas, transportation routes, pipelines, power rivalry, energy demand, energy resources, energy policy, energy security, post-Cold war era, Caspian Sea basin, Russian periphery, geopolitical, littoral states, political instability. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-56). Also available in print.
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Jones, Thomas Elisha, and Thomas Elisha Jones. "Analysis of the Barriers to Renewable Energy Development on Tribal Lands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620678.
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Native American lands have significant renewable energy resource potential that could serve to ensure energy security and a low carbon energy future for the benefit of tribes as well as the United States. Economic and energy development needs in Native American communities match the energy potential. A disproportionate amount of Native American households have no access to electricity, which is correlated with high poverty and unemployment rates. Despite the vast resources and need for energy, the potential for renewable energy development has not fully materialized. This research explores this subject through three separate articles: 1) a case study of the Navajo Nation that suggests economic viability is not the only significant factor for low adoption of renewable energy on Navajo lands; 2) an expert elicitation of tribal renewable energy experts of what they view as barriers to renewable energy development on tribal lands; and 3) a reevaluation of Native Nation Building Theory to include external forces and the role that inter-tribal collaboration plays with renewable energy development by Native nations. Major findings from this research suggests that 1) many Native nations lack the technical and legal capacity to develop renewable energy; 2) inter-tribal collaboration can provide opportunities for sharing resources and building technical, legal, and political capacity; and 3) financing and funding remains a considerable barrier to renewable energy development on tribal lands.
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Mosiño, Alejandro. "Investing in the environment : essays on energy efficiency and on the substitution of resources." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENA021/document.
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Les gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont en partie responsables du changement climatique. L'humanité est donc confrontée à un choix : soit de réduire les émissions des gaz qui sont la cause du problème, ou bien de prendre de mesures pour permettre aux populations de surmonter les conséquences de ces changements. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la première solution sous la prémisse selon laquelle une grande partie de l'effet de serre provient des activités humaines. Plus précisément, nous proposons quelques essais sur la modélisation des déterminants des investissements ayant pour objet la réduction des GES, en particulier des investissements dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique, et des investissements dans la substitution de ressources (fossiles) non-renouvelables par des ressources renouvelables. Tout d'abord nous essayons et expliquons la lente diffusion de certains investissements dans l'efficacité énergétique dans un cadre d'équilibre général. Ensuite, nous étudions les déterminants de la substitution des ressources non-renouvelables par des ressources renouvelables lorsque celles-ci sont des substituts parfaits. Enfin, nous tenons compte de la nécessité permanente de ressources sales, même si des technologies plus propres sont disponibles. Toutes ces questions sont basées sur des modèles qui ne peuvent être entièrement résolus analytiquement. Par conséquent, nous proposons dans cette thèse une méthodologie basée sur les propriétés des polynômes de Chebyshev pour calculer les solutionsGreenhouse gases (GHG) are responsible for some climate change. Humanity faces a choice: either reducing the emissions of these gases or adapt to climate change. In this dissertation we focus on the first solution under the premise that a large part of the greenhouse effect comes from human activities. More precisely, we propose some essays on modeling the determinants of investing in reducing GHG through improving energy efficiency and substituting non-renewable resources (fossil fuels) by renewable resources. We first try and explain the slow diffusion of some energy efficient investments in a general equilibrium framework. We then study the determinants of switching from non-renewable resources to renewable resources when these are perfect substitutes. Finally, we account for the need of dirty resources even if cleaner technologies are available. All these issues are based on models that cannot be fully solved analytically, therefore we also propose in this dissertation a methodology based on the properties of Chebyshev polynomials to compute the solutions
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Sant'Ana, Paulo Henrique de Mello. "Desenvolvimento da competição e da infra-estrutura na industria de gas natural do Brasil." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263093.
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Orientadores: Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi, Sergio Valdir BajayTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica.
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Resumo: Nos últimos 20 anos, inúmeros países vêm realizando reformas estruturais na indústria do gás natural, buscando a eficiência e a racionalidade econômica através da introdução da competição em determinadas etapas da cadeia. A presente tese buscou responder à seguinte pergunta: Qual é o arcabouço legal e regulatório adequado para a atração de investimento e o desenvolvimento da competição na indústria do gás natural no Brasil, considerando-se o atual estágio de desenvolvimento desta indústria no país? Para tanto, o trabalho efetuou uma fundamentação teórica sobre a teoria da regulação, analisou a experiência internacional na reestruturação do setor de gás natural, as particularidades do regime legal e regulatório no Brasil, a experiência brasileira da reestruturação do setor elétrico e a Lei 11.909/09, conhecida como a Lei do gás. Com o provável excedente de oferta de gás natural a partir de 2011 no Brasil, haverá condições propícias para o desenvolvimento da competição em algumas etapas da cadeia da indústria do gás. Dentre os principais pontos do arcabouço legal e regulatório considerado ideal para a atração dos investimentos e do desenvolvimento da competição, destacam-se: 1) regime único de autorização para a construção de gasodutos de transporte, vinculado a um parecer da EPE sobre o planejamento do mercado a ser conectado; 2) Planejamento participativo, coordenado pela EPE; 3) Acesso e prazo de carência a ser elaborado caso a caso pela ANP; 4) Regulação tarifária para as atividades de transporte 5) Foco na transparência de informações; 6) Criação de uma câmara de comercialização de gás natural; 7) Estimular o livre acesso, uma regulação tarifária eficaz e a transparente no downstream.
Abstract: During the last 20 years, several countries have been carrying out structural reforms in the natural gas industry, trying to achieve efficiency and economic rationality with the introduction of competition. The objective of the thesis is to review the Gas Law 11.909/09 in Brazil and present an analytic approach to the development of competition and infrastructure of the Brazilian natural gas industry. According to the market projection carried out in this work, by 2011 there will be a possible surplus of natural gas in the country. The critical revision of the Gas Law shows several positive points and others that need improvements. This analysis and the new approach proposed herein seek to stimulate the development of competition and infrastructure in the Brazilian natural gas industry. It tries to stimulate it through non-discriminatory open access, tariff regulation for the transport activities and information transparency. The government role in this process is also shown, that is mainly regulation and outlook activities, aiming the development of the infra-structure. The main points to achieve a sound legal and regulatory framework are: 1) authorization for transmission activities, with the requirement of the opinion of the government research company EPE; 2) Participative planning; 3) Open access and exclusiveness period to be elaborated in a case by case basis by ANP; 4) Tariff regulation for transmission; 5) Focus on information transparency; 6) Creation of a wholesale market; 7) Granting open access and tariff regulation on the distribution.
Doutorado
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Grasso, Peter T. "Coral Genotype Influence on Growth and Stress Resistance in Acropora cervicornis: Investigating Potential Energy Tradeoffs." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/404.
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Over the last few decades coral reefs have faced unprecedented declines in health due to natural and anthropogenic sources. Until recently few studies have examined genotypic variation of growth and thermal stress resistance in Acropora cervicornis. This study aims to assess the potential for energy trade-offs between growth and thermal stress resistance by following 120 coral fragments from 12 genotypes of Acropora cervicornis over the course of 15 months to determine average growth rates for each genotype. Following the completion of the growth observation a bleaching event occurred in the lower Florida Keys providing the opportunity for examining thermal stress resistance. We found that the coral genotype had a significant effect on growth and survival; however no significant correlation was observed between growth under normal conditions and thermal stress resistance. This result shows that there is not a trade-off between growth and thermal stress resistance and that a genotype’s ability to resist thermal stress cannot be predicted from growth under normal conditions. The lack of a trade-off facilitates intraspecific competition. For genotypes with similar thermal stress tolerances but different growth characteristics, the increase in frequency of disturbances could result in the increased abundance of faster growing genotypes relative to the slow growing genotypes. These results emphasize the importance of maintaining coral nurseries as gene banks to protect the genetic diversity of the reef area in which it is located. Through protecting a wide variety of genotypes, the likelihood of preserving those that have a high thermal tolerance, disease resistance, or faster growth rates is increased.
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Dike, Samuel Chisa. "Legislating security of supply of petroleum resources in Nigeria : current practice, new direction and lessons from Brazil, Norway and the UK." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211108.
Full textAbstract:
Security of supply of petroleum is a serious challenge in Nigeria that seems to lack any known legal remedy. It is a paradox that Nigeria is experiencing inadequate supply of petroleum resources for domestic consumption despite the abundance of oil and gas reserves in the country. Past efforts in the search for solutions through which to address this challenge have largely been political, quick fixes and episodic in nature. This research aims to address this challenge by looking for a possible solution towards the direction of the law-Petroleum Act 1969, which fundamentally regulates the industry. This is because the Act has failed to significantly contribute to the availability, reliability, affordability and sustainability of petroleum operation in Nigeria, the factors of which Elkind collectively identifies as elements of ‘energy security'.The research will undertake a critical appraisal of the 1969 Act and this is with a view to evaluating why it has failed to make any significant contribution to the security of supply of petroleum for domestic purposes. In conducting this analysis, the elements of the Petroleum Acts of Brazil, Norway and the UK will be examined. The objective of this approach is to draw specific lessons which will enrich the recommendations to be made towards the reform of the 1969 Act. The research will, in addition, analyse the new Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) 2012, to see if there are further improvements to or significant departures from the current provisions of the Act regarding the security of supply of petroleum resources. My argument is that the Act has not sufficiently contributed to security of supply and the PIB would make only minimal improvements. Therefore, further radical reform, which needs to build upon the lessons from other jurisdictions considered in this research, is required.