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Astuti, Septin Puji. "An analysis of household transition to modern fuel under Indonesia's energy conversion programme." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7192/.
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The reliance on firewood leads people to be affected by indoor air pollution, which has negative impact on human health. Hence, a reduction on households using traditional fuels, through providing cleaner fuels, is imperative. Indonesia was before 2007 one of the Asian countries with a high proportion of people relying on traditional energy for cooking. However, in 2007, the government of Indonesia aimed to increase the usage of LPG for cooking through the Energy Conversion Program from Kerosene to LPG (ECPKL) policy. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the policy on the development of access to modern energy between 2007 and 2011. Data from Statistics Indonesia and interviews with government and members of the public were collected. The statistical data was obtained to analyse the broader pattern of use of modern energy and traditional fuel in Indonesia over 2007-2011. Thematic maps of fuel use were produced and analysed in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The effect of the policy on the change of fuel use in Indonesia was investigated through non-parametric statistical analyses. The effects of household income and rural-urban location on change in fuel use were also investigated. Interviews with central government and local government were conducted to identify the role of government in ECPKL policy and their aims in instigating the change in fuel use from kerosene to LPG. Interviews with members of society were also conducted to investigate societal acceptance of LPG and the factors that influence willingness or reluctance to use LPG. Results of the study show that, in terms of quantity of energy, share of expenditure and source of energy measures, the number of households using firewood in Indonesia from 2007 to 2011 was reduced. In 2011, more households had access to LPG in comparison to 2007, and households using kerosene in 2011 were in smaller number than those in 2007. This indicates that the implementation of policy to replace kerosene with LPG had achieved the target of improving LPG use and reducing kerosene on one hand and only had a small influence on the reduction of traditional fuel for cooking use on the other hand, because there was no attempt from the government through the ECPKL to reduce firewood and other traditional fuel use. It was also found that injustice in the distribution of cleaner fuel for cooking use in Indonesia was apparent, but it reduced from 2007 to 2011. Similarly, the policy implementation led to a reduction in the difference between rural and urban areas in proportions of modern and traditional users, between 2007 and 2011. Interview analysis revealed that there are three levels of adoption of LPG, i.e. full adopters, partial adopters and non-adopters. The factors affecting adoption of LPG include price and the market for LPG and kerosene; trust; the tangible and intangible characteristics of appliances; the campaign for LPG by family and neighbours, and kitchen architecture. Some people decided not to adopt LPG and continued to rely on firewood. There are four main factors that were connected with continuing firewood use: behaviour and life style, economic reasons, being elderly in a rural area, and living in a location that had plentiful firewood resources.
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Stands, Sarah Reed. "Utility-scale renewable energy job creation : an investigation of the South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96791.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Government developed the REIPPPP to ensure the implementation of Green Economy and job creation policies, while mitigating the current power crises with the short lead times of RE technologies. Current South African literature is ambiguous when discussing the legitimacy of the REIPPPP and the overall understanding of the programme and its associated outcomes in terms of job creation, are therefore, vague. A need therefore exists to unpack the quantitative job creation submissions of the REIPPPP and to carry out an investigation into the opportunities and challenges associated with meaningful job creation. Through a non-linear iterative exploratory design, hinging on the researcher’s position within industry, this empirical research comprises of two components. Firstly, a literature study informs the development of a meaningful job creation framework which is used to analyse the programme’s bid documentation and publicly available data. Secondly, mixed-methods are utilised to collect quantitative data from the DoE and qualitative data from job creation stakeholders. The result is an enriched understanding of the REIPPPP in terms of meaningful job creation, identifying trends, similarities and unexpected outcomes across methods. The study concludes that the programme does create meaningful jobs yet data is misaligned and currently unavailable to the public. Secondly, since job creation is a feature of South African Government development policy, a more robust emphasis is required in the REIPPPP weighting and auditing process, which includes further research of intended benefits and suggested improvements to align job creation data.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram ontwikkel om die voorsiening van die werksskeppingsbeleid en groen-ekonomiebelied te verseker. Huidige Suid-Afrikaanse letterkunde is dubbelsinnig wanneer die wettigheid van die program bespreek word. Die algehele begrip van die program en sy geassosieerde uitkoms is dus vaag. Daar is n behoefte om die kwantitatiewe werkskeppingvoorleggings te analiseer en om ondersoek in te stel in die geleenthede en uitdagings wat geassosieer word met betekenisvolle werkskepping. Deur n nie- lineêre iteratiewe ondersoekende ontwerp, wat gebaseer is op die navorser se posisie in die industrie, bestaan hieride empiriese navorsing, uit twee komponente. Eerstens, lig n literatuurstudie die ontwikkeling van n betekenisvolle werkskeppingsraamwerk in, en word gebruik om die program se boddokumentasie en publieke data te analiseer. Tweedens, word gemengde metodes gebruik om kwantitatiewe data van die departement van energie te versamel asook kwalitatiewe data van werkskeppingbelanghebbendes. Die resultaat is n meer verrykende verstandhouding van die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram in terme van betekenisvolle werkskepping asook die identifisering van tendense en onverwagse uitkomste. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die program nie betekenisvolle werk skep nie en is tans onbeskikbaar vir die publiek. Tweedens, aangesien werkskepping 'n kenmerk is van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se ontwikkelingsbeleid, word 'n meer robuuste klem vereis op die hernubare energie onafhanklike kragprodusent verkrygingsprogram se ouditeringsproses en verdere navorsing van die beoogde voordele word voorgestel.
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Yonová, Kateřina. "Přínos kohezní politiky ke snižování energetické náročnosti prostředí v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85182.
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This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the benefit of cohesion policy to reduce energy consumption and preserve an attractive environment in the Czech Republic. The aim is to determine the spatial distribution and allocation of approved financial resources from fields of support related to energy savings. The primary focus is on the Operational Programme Environment - priority axis Sustainable Use of Energy and the Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovation --priority axis Energy Efficient, which are subjects of the analysis. In conclusion is summarized current information about the form of future cohesion policy after 2013.
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Back, Cornelia, and Julia Gustafsson. "Kartläggning av Stockholms, Göteborgs och Malmös hantering av miljonprogramsområden : ur kommunernas och de kommunala bostadsbolagens perspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-8203.
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Miljonprogrammet är namnet på det politiska projektet som pågick mellan åren 1965 och 1974 då riksdagen fattat ett beslut om att en miljon nya bostäder skulle byggas i Sverige, för att råda bot på bostadsbristen. Nu är det mer än 40 år sedan byggnaderna uppfördes och renoveringsbehovet är ett faktum, vilket gör ämnet aktuellt. Huvudsyftet med studien är att kartlägga de tre största städernas hantering av renoveringsbehovet. Huvudfrågan för studien är hur miljonprogrammets bostäder hanteras idag. Samtidigt har en rad andra frågor besvarats i studien; vilka skillnader som finns i lagarna då och nu, hur miljonprogramsområdena ser ut i de olika städerna och hur de behandlas i översiktsplanerna, vilka följder som uppstår av att husen behöver renoveras samt om det finns någon ekonomi i att renovera husen.Studien har genomförts med en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. En kvalitativ genomgång av skrivet material med anknytning till miljonprogrammet i de tre städerna har gjorts. Därutöver har också en kvantitativ enkätundersökning skickats ut till de tre kommunerna och dess kommunala bostadsbolag.Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö har både likheter och skillnader gällande planering och visioner. Både Stockholm och Göteborg har valt att placera sina miljonprogramsområden utanför stadskärnan medan Malmös ligger i nära anslutning till centrum. De har alla visioner i sina översiktsplaner om att skapa en mer enhetlig och sammankopplad stad genom ökad integration och bättre kommunikationer mellan stadens olika delar.Det uppstod en renoveringsvåg under 80- och 90-talet i samband med ROT-avdraget och idag pågår flera projekt kring miljonprogrammet. Fasadrenovering är vanligt i alla tre städerna och även till viss del upprustning av balkonger och fönster. Göteborg har satsat mycket på energieffektiviserande åtgärder och i Stockholm har det blivit allt vanligare med energi-besparade ingrepp såsom tilläggsisolering.Lagstiftningen i Sverige har stor betydelse vid renoveringen då det idag finns krav på bl.a. energieffektivitet men även under renoveringsvågen på 80- och 90-talet då varsamhetskravet infördes i PBL 1987. Stommen i bostäderna är bra och de är funktionellt byggda vilket gör att renovering är mer kostnadseffektivt än att riva och bygga nytt. Problemet ligger alltså inte i renoveringsbehovet, då de flesta hus behöver renoveras efter så pass många år, utan antalet hus som behöver renoveras.The million programme is a building era that took place between the years 1965 to 1974 when a politic decision was made to build a million new residences in Sweden, to correct the housing shortage. It´s now been more than 40 years since these residences were built and the need to renovate is a necessity, which makes this programme a very current subject. The purpose of this study is to map the three largest city´s handling of the need for renovation. The main question of this study is how the buildings of the million programme is being handled today. Meanwhile a series of other questions have been answered in this study; the difference between laws now and then, how the million programme areas looks in the different cities and how they are treated in the layout plans, what the need for renovation might lead to, and if there is any profit in restoring the buildings.It is a qualitative study as it is a situation in a few cities that are being studied, but through a survey this study gets a quantitative mixture as well. A survey was dispatched to the three municipalities and their communal real estate companies.Malmo, Gothenburg and Stockholm are both similar and different regarding planning and visions. Both Gothenburg and Stockholm placed their million programmes outside of the city´s core, whilst Malmo´s was located close to the centre of the city. They all have visions in their layout plans to create a more unified and connected city through increased integration and better communication between the city areas.There was a wave of renovation in the eighties and nineties because of the ROT-deduction and many projects concerning the million programme are still ongoing to this day. Facade renovation is common in all three cities and, to a certain degree, restoration of balconies and windows. Gothenburg has invested a lot in energy efficient measures and in Stockholm it has become increasingly more common with energy saving interventions like adding increased isolation. The image of the million programme´s constructions is "concrete ghettos", but the most common houses consists of three storeys with apartment size 3 rok.The Swedish legislation are of great importance during the renovation as there now are requirements on energy efficiency amongst other things, but also during the wave of renovation in the eighties and nineties when the demand of discretion was enforced in PBL 1987. The foundation in the million programme houses is satisfactory and they are functionally built which makes a renovation more cost-efficient than it would be to tear it down and build new buildings. The problem then does not reside in the need for renovation, as most houses needs restoration after so many years, but in the sheer number of buildings that would require a renovation.
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Moskalenko, S., Алла Миколаївна Дядечко, Алла Николаевна Дядечко, and Alla Mykolaivna Diadechko. "Energy from the environment." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31086.
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Almost all power generators use fossil fuels or thermonuclear reactions. Waste chemical reactions pollute the atmosphere and caused great damage to human health, but mankind has invented a power generator as a heat pump.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31086
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Hatamian, Abdol Hamid. "Fossil energy and the environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243723.
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Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, and Denys Olehovych Smolennikov. "Coal energy: economy and environment." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7944.
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Ahmed, Shehab. "Compact harsh environment energy conversion systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1289.
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McIntosh, Simon Charles. "Wind energy for the built environment." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252153.
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Nascimento, Viviane Tavares. "Energy management for cloud computing environment." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-10112017-105138/.
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As one of the major energy consumers in the world, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector searches for efficient ways to cope with the energy expenditure of the infrastructure. One of the areas that tend to grow in the coming years, the Cloud Computing services providers look for approaches to change the energy expenditure pattern, concurrently reducing the operational costs. The most common strategy to cope with the energy consumption is related to its efficiency. However, there is the opportunity to encourage a new demand standard, based on the energy supply and price variation. A management approach that takes into account the uctuation of the energy to negotiate the contracts allocation is proposed. Contractible service terms regarding powering the services are established to enable the proposed management approach. Also, a new service layer able to deal with energy requirements is defined as an element of the Cloud Computing environment. Existing literature does not cope with the different terms of the energy supply and does not apply a management of the contracts simultaneously. The proposed method includes a service terms description, the energy-related service layer definition, and a framework for its implementation. A model designed to validate the approach applies a Use Case that simulates Data Centers (DCs) spread through the metropolitan area of S~ao Paulo. The obtained results show the ability of the model to manage the contracts allocation in accordance to the best exploitation of the self-generated energy. Taking into account the assignment costs range, to both user and services provider, the method negotiates the most affordable contracts assignment regarding the energy supply variation.Como um dos maiores consumidores de energia do mundo, o setor de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) busca por maneiras eficientes para lidar com o consumo de energia da infraestrutura. Uma das áreas que tende a crescer nos próximos anos, os provedores de serviço de Computação em Nuvem procuram por abordagens para mudar o padrão de consumo de energia, ao mesmo tempo reduzindo custos operacionais. A estratégia mais comum para lidar com o consumo de energia é relacionada à sua eficiência. No entanto, há a oportunidade para incentivar um novo padrão de demanda por serviços de Computação em Nuvem, baseado na variação do fornecimento e preços da energia. Uma solução que considera a flutuação da energia para negociar a alocação é proposta. Termos de serviços contratáveis referentes a energizar os serviços são estabelecidos para permitir a solução de gerenciamento proposta. Também, uma nova camada de serviço capaz de lidar com requisitos da energia é definida como um elemento do ambiente de Computação em Nuvem. A literatura existente não lida com os diferentes termos do fornecimento da energia e com o gerenciamento de contratos simultaneamente. O método proposto inclui descrição dos termos de serviço, a definição da camada de serviço relacionada à energia e uma metodologia de implementação. Um modelo foi construído para validar a proposta através de um Caso de Uso que simula uma quantidade de Data Centers (DCs) espalhados pela região metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos mostram a capacidade de gerenciar a alocação dos serviços buscando o melhor aproveitamento da energia auto-gerada pelo ambiente. Utilizando do critério de variação dos custos de alocação, tanto para o usuário quanto para o provedor de serviços, o método negocia a alocação mais favorável para os contratos em razão da variação do fornecimento de energia.
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DeJong, Bretton. "Cogeneration in the new deregulated energy environment." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17549.
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Mukherjee, Kunal Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Electrospun nanofibers : opportunities in environment and energy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45392.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-56).
One-dimensional nanostructures have several attractive material properties compared to their bulk counterparts and have found applications in many novel devices. They have especially shown promise in the fields of renewable energy generation and environmental monitoring by improving solar cells and gas sensors. However difficulties in large scale manufacturing of these nanostructures have prevented most of these devices from entering the marketplace. Electrospinning is a simple, versatile and scalable technique to fabricate one-dimensional nanostructures in the form of nanofibers. It has recently been successfully used to produce semiconducting metal oxide nanofibers which have been used in chemiresistive gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrospun gas sensors and solar cells have already been shown to perform better than many of its competitors in a very short period of time. This coupled with low manufacturing costs and well protected intellectual property makes electrospinning a good candidate to bring the advantages of one-dimensional nanostructures into the marketplace.
by Kunal Mukherjee.
M.Eng.
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Shkurko, Y. I. "Zero energy house as environment saving technology." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/28677.
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Shkurko, Y. I. "Zero energy house as environment saving technology." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/28672.
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Nowadays there is a growing imbalance between energy supply and demand. Energy demand growth is exceeding production growth, leading to increased supply scarcity. Energy generation, transportation and consumption contribute to GHG emissions and associated air pollution. That’s why great attention is paid to ecological problems and development of green technologies in order to prevent global warming process. One of these novations is Zero-energy house (ZEH).
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/28672
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Partridge, J. S. "Human energy harvesting in the urban environment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1464518/.
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The overall aim of the thesis was to provide a holistic view of the potential for electrical energy generation from harvesting of human mechanical work in the urban environment. This required consideration of a broad range of topics including, energy in people, energy conversion technologies and the activity of people and focussed on floor and door integrated devices. The initial step was to consider the potential offered by an individual through consideration of the flow of energy within people and the potential available for harvesting from single actions on floor and door integrated devices. Secondly the process and technologies available for converting mechanical work into electrical energy were considered with a focus on the efficiency with which this could be achieved. Finally, computer based modelling was carried out to determine the expected energy outputs from a device or system of devices to both determine the maximum achievable values and for various assumption based location scenarios in the urban environment. In addition the economic value and displaced carbon dioxide emissions from the generated energy were considered in terms of replacing grid energy. It was concluded that although significant potential exists in the form of human activity, utilising this potential is problematic for a variety of reasons. Much of the energy expended by people is required to complete actions necessary for survival and everyday life, leaving only a small fraction available for energy harvesting. The efficiency with which mechanical work can be converted into electrical energy was found to vary greatly between technologies. In addition it was found that the energy potential is spread diffusely throughout the built environment, with even the most suitable locations returning only modest energy generation values. As a direct consequence it was highlighted that the cost and embodied emissions of devices must be low if human energy harvesting is to offer any benefits.
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Thorner, Lauriane Daniele Amelie. "Miniaturized energy harvesters in a fluid environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12864.
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This thesis investigates electro-mechanical generator systems which harvest energy from an aquatic environment. Such systems are needed to create maintenance-free sensor platforms for use in autonomous wireless sensor networks which have applications in water quality monitoring. Many energy harvesting mechanisms specific to an aquatic environment already exist but the majority of them have been developed for use in renewable energy generation schemes for large-scale electrical power generation. Energy harvesting, however, remains focused on the miniature scale aiming to generate enough power to run a wireless sensor node. This work therefore focuses on the identification, analysis, prototyping and miniaturization issues of existing marine wave-based energy converters. The analysis of different possible energy harvesting mechanisms is performed and their power densities are investigated as a function of their size. In order to be able to maximize the power density of the chosen energy harvester under all operating conditions, expressions have been derived for a generalized load impedance which optimizes the generator damping and resonant frequency, through changes in load resistance and reactance. Within this maximization, an AC/DC H-bridge converter is simulated as an interface between the harvester and its load. This converter is designed to mimic the required generalized load impedance and tune it so that the entire system adapts to the external working frequency. A prototype of the energy harvester was designed and tested. Based on the observation of a natural whistle made of a doubly clamped blade of grass that produces sounds when it is blown on, a MEMS harvester extracting energy from vortex-induced-vibrations was designed. The study of its feasibility as an energy harvester and the determination of its dimensions at a microscopic scale are interesting as it presents a new way of extracting energy using an electromagnetic transduction mechanism and a manufacturing advantage. A prototype of a generator harvesting energy from Vortex-Induced-Vibrations was developed using conventional engineering processes.
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Lora, Alberto <1987>. "Energy and Environment: between development and sustainability." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6220.
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La presenti tesi esamina il problema odierno della sicurezza energetica e ambientale. Energia e ambiente, infatti, risultano essere due elementi inscindibili nelle relazioni internazionali.
Inizialmente, viene analizzato il concetto di sicurezza energetica e l’importanza che essa ha per la comunità. La descrizione dell’impatto dei combustibili fossili per lo sviluppo economico e la spiegazione delle tecniche di sfruttamento delle fonti alternative fungono da cornice per i successivi temi di analisi.
Si passa, quindi, ad approfondire il tema della sicurezza ambientale, con particolare enfasi sulla questione climatica, valutando sia gli effetti naturali che il peso delle attività umane. In seguito, vengono descritti gli accordi principali finora raggiunti.
Viene, infine, approfondito il problema della sostenibilità per le future generazioni, prendendo in esame le possibilità e i progetti realizzabili, al fine di garantire la sicurezza energetica e, allo stesso tempo, la salvaguardia ambientale.
Le fonti impiegate per la stesura consistono in materiale disponibile sia in forma cartacea che elettronica, quali libri e riviste inerenti i temi trattati, redatti da studiosi, politologi, economisti e giornalisti di varie nazionalità, i quali si interessano di energia e ambiente. Inoltre, sono stati consultati molteplici banche dati e siti web di organizzazioni internazionali, al fine di garantire prove tangibili di quanto descritto.
In conclusione, è possibile affermare che una transizione verso un sistema sostenibile sia certamente possibile. Tuttavia, affinché esso si possa pienamente realizzare saranno necessari ancora molti progressi, non solo in campo tecnologico, ma, soprattutto, in ambito economico e politico.
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ABD, ALLA SARA. "Supporting Energy Transition in the Urban Environment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1042131.
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In this research, a technology-oriented approach is adopted to investigate the urban energy transition. This analysis focuses on envisioning possible energy scenarios and the associated technology portfolio. In order to actually deploy such technologies, social, economic and politic factors are considered without forgetting the active role of final users. The methodology presented to develop scenarios and investigate the urban energy system transition have a strong potential to inform and transform energy strategy development. The attention is paid to the representation of energy and related resource systems to support policy, investment, environmental or development analytics, and preferably aspects of their interaction.
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Van, Wyk Dina Elizabeth. "Stressors affecting Employee Assistance Programme personnel within a call centre environment." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06052007-114841.
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Lay-Sleeper, Ethan. "Energy & the built environment : assessing renewable energy planning in Burlington, Vermont." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99097.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-88).
Society's dependence on fossil fuels, spawned during the industrial revolution of the 19th century, increased the physical isolation between the sites of energy consumption, and sites of energy production. Rapid population growth and urbanization following this period gave rise, in the 20 th century, to concerns around the impact of humans on the environment. These concerns precipitated an increased focus on renewable energy, and sustainable development models present in contemporary urban planning discourse. Despite the increased focus on urban sustainability, the rapid expansion of renewable energy capacity and supporting policies, municipal governments in the United States continue to struggle with incorporating renewable energy systems into the built environment. The primary challenges concerning this integration rest in the capacity of municipal government to reinterpret the built environment as a framework for renewable energy, to conduct spatial analysis of the potential capacity in the built environment, and to synthesize that analysis with municipal policies in order to develop more robust and specific targets for renewable energy development. In response to these challenges, I assess opportunities and barriers for renewable energy development in the built environment, and synthesize established methods of spatial analysis, renewable energy policy, and project development models, to inform the role of municipal government in future planning efforts around renewable energy. To investigate the potential practical applications of this research, I focus on the city of Burlington, Vermont, which in 2014, earned the status as the first city in the United States to source 100% of its electricity from renewable sources. I question the replicability of the means by which Burlington attained this status, whether further opportunities exist for Burlington to expand its support for renewable energy, and what role the municipal government might assume in this expansion. I find the means by which Burlington sources its renewable energy only partially replicable, but I also find significant opportunities for Burlington to expand support for renewable energy within its municipal boundaries. I conclude my research by providing my findings to the city, in hopes that they will strengthen the role of municipal government in renewable energy planning.
by Ethan Lay-Sleeper.
M.C.P.
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Eihab, Abdelghaffar Elsharkawy Heba. "Home energy use, lifestyle, and behaviour : a community energy saving programme (CESP) survey in Aspley, Nottingham." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28034/.
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With increasing concern over national green house gas (GHG) emissions, combined with the widespread economic impact of global commodities such as coal, natural gas and oil and their effect on energy prices, improving household energy efficiency can be seen as a key vehicle against which both energy emissions can be reduced and domestic GHG emissions curtailed. It is argued that factors that form the basis of choices, habits and values of individuals dictate an individual's decision to either adopt environmentally sustainable behaviour or not. This research reflects on how this specific area of energy policy is being enacted through policy and regulation, notably through one of the Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP) schemes, rolled out by the UK government in 2009. Although Government can play a pivotal role helping people foster more sustainable behaviour, it must do so in a manner that engages individuals and the public at large. As such, the aim is to adopt a more long term outlook towards encouraging sustainable energy use. The research reflects therefore on the results of a two-phase survey questionnaire administered to the residents of a CESP scheme in Aspley, Nottingham. The questionnaire sought to identify how tenants of energy-inefficient homes tend to behave with respect to domestic energy consumption and how their dwellings performed. This was augmented by quantitative data comprising utility bill figures gathered from the homes under investigation. This study adopts a mixed method strategy where the researcher combines both quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide comprehensive analysis of the research problem. In this research, 'before-and-after design' survey design is set up to explore the associations between variables under study. The field work survey was performed in one of the pilot CESP schemes currently under delivery in the Aspley area of Nottingham. Designed and executed in two survey phases, the first phase sought to understand residents' attitudes and behaviour and explore how this related to home energy use and performance prior to extensive energy-related upgrades to their dwellings. The second survey phase sought to examine changes - if any - in users' energy consumption behaviour and dwelling performance after their homes were upgraded to higher energy efficiency standards. This second phase also explored the possible reasons for any behavioural change depicted; whether it was due to policy uptake, information provided or means of communicating energy saving advice. The Aspley area in Nottingham is identified as one of the most deprived areas in Nottingham, besides the number of inefficient solid wall houses that are 'hard to heat'. Thus, assessing the effectiveness of policy interventions requires a clear understanding of consumer behaviour and motivations across all income groups so that the most appropriate approaches are developed. As such, it is possible that government aspirations to reduce energy consumption will go unheeded if they are inconsistent with the social and physical context of real life. Financial costs, past behaviour, social values and physical infrastructure are considered some of the most difficult barriers to changing energy behaviours. Policies need not only inform people about technological improvements that can be installed in their homes, but should also strongly encourage and incentivise them to use them efficiently. The users' energy consumption behaviour and the policy interventions will make the difference between promising policy, and policy which in fact delivers on its aims for energy efficiency and sustainability.
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Moxey, Andrew Paul. "Agricultural economics within the NERC/ESRC Land Use Programme." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285319.
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Somevi, Joseph Kwame. "The potential role of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in the development of sustainable energy policies, plans and programmes for Ghana." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247794.
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Taki, Yasuro. "CHP/DH : design, economy and environment issues." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333032.
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Song, Hyun-Cheol. "Piezoelectric-based Multi-Scale Multi-Environment Energy Harvesting." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87400.
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Energy harvesting is a technology for generating electrical power from ambient or wasted energy. It has been investigated extensively as a means of powering small electronic devices. The recent proliferation of devices with ultra-low power consumption - devices such as RF transmitters, sensors, and integrated chipsets - has created new opportunities for energy harvesters. There is a variety of ambient energies such as vibration, thermal, solar, stray current, etc. Depending on energy sources, different kinds of energy conversion mechanism should be employed. For energy harvesters to become practical, their energy conversion efficiency must improve. This efficiency depends upon advances in two areas: the system or structural design of the energy harvester, and the properties of the materials employed in energy conversion. This dissertation explores developments in both areas. In the first area, the role of nano-, micro-, and bulk structure of the energy conversion materials were investigated. In the second area, piezoelectric energy harvesters and a magneto-thermoelectric generator are treated from the perspective of system design.
In the area of materials development, PbTiO3 (PTO) nanostructures consisting of nanofibers and three-dimensional (3-D) nanostructure arrays were hydrothermally synthesized. The growth mechanism of the PTO nanofibers and 3-D nanostructures were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The PTO nanostructures were composed of oriented PTO crystals with high tetragonality; these arrays could be promising candidates for nanogenerators.
Different designs for energy harvesters were explored as a means of improving energy conversion efficiency. Piezoelectric energy harvesters were designed and constructed for applications with a low frequency vibrational energy and for applications with a broadband energy spectrum. A spiral MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester design was fabricated using a silicon MEMS process and demonstrated to extract high power density at ultra-low resonance frequencies and low acceleration conditions. For a broadband energy harvester, a magnetically-coupled array of oscillators was designed and built that broadened the harvester's effective resonance frequency with considerably improved output power.
A new design concept for thermal energy harvesting that employs a magneto-thermoelectric generator (MTG) design was proposed. The MTG exploits a thermally-induced second order phase transition in a soft magnetic material near the Curie temperature. The MTG harvested electric power from oscillations of the soft magnet between hot and cold sources. For the MTG design, suitable soft magnetic materials were selected and developed using La0.85Sr0.15MnO3-Ni0.6Cu0.2Zn0.2Fe2O4 magnetic composites. The MTG was fabricated from a PVDF cantilever and a gadolinium (Gd) soft magnetic material. The feasibility of the design for harvesting energy from the waste heat was demonstrated by attaching an MTG array to a computer CPU.PHD
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Idjmayyel, Hamdi. "Energy efficient vehicular networks in a city environment." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5908/.
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With the advent of real-time high bandwidth multimedia services, enhancing quality of service (QoS) in communication networks has been the prime focus of researchers. With environmental awareness becoming a global concern, the need to have energy efficiency in communication networks has intensified. Moreover, as the network size and the number of users increase, the introduction of energy efficient networks has become essential. Very little work has been carried out so far in vehicular communication networks for energy efficiency, even though their size and the number of users is equivalent to that of the cellular network. Provisioning multimedia services in vehicular networks is challenging due to the dynamic nature of the environment in which they operate. Analysing the performance of such systems from both QoS and energy perspectives redefines the problem. Therefore, there is a need to introduce systems which not only maintain QoS in these environments, but also save significant amounts of energy. Vehicular networks comprise intelligent vehicles fitted with an on-board unit (OBU) with wireless communication, sensing, and computing capabilities, in addition to fixed resources. Vehicular communication will play a key role in providing safety, security, and entertainment for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians in futuristic “smart cities.” This thesis studies the performance of city vehicular communication systems in terms of QoS and energy consumption. Initially, a city vehicular mobility simulator based on a 3×3 km2 Manhattan grid is developed which includes important traffic characteristics in a typical city such as vehicular flow and speed. Next, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) comprising three routing protocols, namely multihop (MH) routing, position based routing with most forward within radius (PRMFR), and position based routing with nearest forward progress (PRNFP), is developed in this environment. The performance of the aforementioned routing protocols is evaluated in terms of QoS. Additionally, two energy efficient routing protocols are proposed, namely single cluster-head (SCH) and double cluster-head (DCH) based routing. The performance of the SCH and DCH routing protocols from both QoS and energy perspectives is evaluated and compared with that of the MH routing, store-carry and forward (SCF) routing, and two pure vehicle-to-roadside (V2R) routing approaches. Moreover, an energy efficient content distribution network (CDN) for this environment is proposed. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model that optimises the number and locations of Wi-Fi enabled caching points (CPs) and cellular basestations (BSs) is developed, with the objective of minimising the total network power consumption while serving the total traffic at each hour of the day. The performance of the proposed energy efficient CDN under different scenarios and different power management mechanisms in terms of both QoS and power efficiency is evaluated. Since there is no mechanism in the MILP model to switch a CP, once installed, into low power state, an analytical queuing model is developed for the CP, where the CP sleeps (takes vacations) during its inactivity periods to save energy while maintaining the required QoS.
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Samano-Sanchez, Mario. "Essays on Industrial Organization, Energy, and the Environment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242491.
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This dissertation focuses on the welfare implications of different government policies aimed to diminish the consumption of energy produced from fossil fuels in the United States. The first of these policies, taxation on gasoline consumption, diminishes consumption by increasing the cost per mile traveled. However, this policy measure has not been favored by policy-makers, and instead, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, CAFEs, were put in place since the seventies. This policy consists of a pre-established threshold of fuel-efficiency, measured in miles per gallon, that car manufacturers selling cars in the United States are subject to each year. For each manufacturer, the CAFE is calculated, which weights the fuel-efficiency of each car model by the number of units sold of that car model. If the CAFE for a given manufacturer lies below the pre-established standard for that year, the manufacturer is subject to a fine. I exploit the manufacturers' past behavior in setting prices for their car models to estimate structural demand and supply parameters that characterize the car industry facing these policies. With those parameters, I can estimate the welfare impacts of tightening the CAFE standard to the new threshold set by the Obama administration and compare those impacts to the ones from raising gasoline taxes to obtain the same gasoline reduction in consumption. The findings are that in the short run, taxation is a less costly policy than tightening the CAFE standard. The second and third essays study the consequences of adopting renewable sources for electricity production. These technologies bring reductions in emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, but not at no cost. They are expensive and their introduction to already existing electricity systems requires modifications to the usual scheduling of power plants because of the intermittent nature of the renewable sources, such as solar. We compute the equilibrium effects of this policy finding that if the environmental benefits are not taken into account, these policies are welfare decreasing with the amount of renewable sources. Some lower levels of penetration are more cost efficient if we take into account dynamic considerations in the scheduling of the plants.
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Wlokas, Holle Linnea. "Implementing community renewables: institutional work in South Africa's renewable energy procurement programme." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26889.
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In 2014, for the first time in its history, South Africa fed the national electricity grid with electricity generated through utility-scale renewable energy projects. The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) is the policy instrument driving this change. The process requires bidding private energy companies to commit resources in alleviation of local socio-economic needs. This thesis analyses the question how the institutions evolve in the implementation of community benefit requirements. The theoretical frameworks of institutional work and logics helps to analyse this new organizational field and interaction of various actors in government, industries and communities. An action research approach grounds this research empirically and aims to create the opportunity for actors to reflect on their actions and engagement in the community benefit implementation process. The research asks how are government, companies and communities shape institutions in the implementation of the community benefit requirements in South Africa's REIPPPP? The study first analyses the procurement requirements for community benefit and ownership, then, secondly, reviews the first 64 approved project bids for suggestions made in response to these requirements. A third research step involves fieldwork in 13 wind and solar projects across the country, the fieldwork consisting of interviews with project stakeholders about their experiences. The research negotiates access to an emerging and competitive, but also enquiring industry, one that has shared with the researcher important insights into its evolving community engagement and its development practices and considerations. The findings reveal that, in the implementation of South Africa's community renewables, government and companies dominate institutional work efforts in the stages of policy formulation and project development. But communities, the least informed and capacitated actor among the three, face the results and they have particular ways of responding, including corrective and disruptive ways. Reflective spaces are dominated by industry and strategically exclude communities from both asserting their experiences as well as from the opportunity to participate in creating collective understanding and agreeable processes that would foster the long-term relationship between company and community. This is a shortcoming that requires urgent attention to ensure positive institutional work and developmental impact.
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Pradhan, Merina [Verfasser]. "Community mobilization and energy as a tool for development : impact of rural energy programme in Nepal / Merina Pradhan." Flensburg : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Flensburg, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1018283617/34.
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Mattsson, Moa. "Energy Efficiency Potential of Occupancy-Based Control of Energy Systems in an Office Environment." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173466.
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Energy efficiency of buildings is an important measure to obtain a reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases since the building sector currently emits 40% of the total emissions in the world. A modification of control systems within commercial buildings is shown in earlier research to have a possible energy saving. The conventional control is usually controlled by fixed schedules and might presumably result in unnecessary energy use, since it operates at full capacity during the set period. Thus, modification of such control systems in commercial buildings might have a significant energy efficiency potential. The aim was to investigate the overlooked effect of human behavior on buildings’ energy usage. The hypothesis was a significant energy saving could be achieved if control systems use occupancy-based (OB) control instead of a conventional control based on fixed schedules. Firstly, occupancy data acquired from motion sensors in offices in the natural science building at Umeå University was used to create average occupancy patterns. The occupancy patterns were used to create various schedules with different objectives while representing the average floor occupancy. Secondly, the created schedules were used in the building simulation program IDA ICE. The simulation program was used to investigate how the energy consumption changed if the control system was changed to operate as OB control. Lastly, the potential energy savings were calculated with values from the simulations. The results showed that an average energy saving of 14% was achievable if OB control was used instead of fixed-schedule control. It was also found that a potential energy saving largely depends on the behavior of the occupants. Depending on the occupancy pattern and intensity, a potential energy saving of 10% to 17% was obtained. The results also signify the importance of well-functioning sensors and accurate detection. Additionally, it was found that the summer months had less potential energy savings compared to the other months. The results show that human behavior can have a large effect on the energy consumption within a building. Thus, implementing occupancy information in control systems might yield a potential energy saving. The intensity of occupants’ affects the potential energy saving. It was found that a higher intensity yields a lower potential while a lower intensity yields a larger potential energy saving. An interesting theory regarding the sensors was found after studying the results. It was found that it might be possible to let six arbitrarily offices represent 40 offices in an office environment. An important measure when collecting personal occupancy information is to inform the occupants of the experiment, as to not have problems with perceived privacy. Including the occupants in the data-collecting project might yield a better understanding and thus better collaboration with the experiment.
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Rabie, Neil. "Energy management in a telecommunications environment with associated energy and cost modelling of HVAC." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11102005-122948/.
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Sa'di, Imad T. N. "A programme for promoting positive attitudes towards the environment in primary school children." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6783.
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In a world where natural environments are under increasing threat, environmental education has become a global imperative. Research in the field has so far stressed its cognitive rather than its affective components. The development of positive attitudes towards the environment was identified as a goal in Jordanian schools, particularly in the primary school curricula. However, at present environmental education in Jordan remains oriented towards cognitive outcomes. The study follows systematic procedures for: developing and delivering a Fourth Grade Environmental Education Programme (FGEEP); designing a scale to assess children's attitudes towards the environment, and evaluating the impact of the programme on these attitudes. A representative random sample of 360 fourth grade primary school children (180 boys, 180 girls) aged 9-10 years attending government or UNRWA schools in Irbid/Jordan in the academic year 1995/1996, was selected for the research. The sample was divided into two equal and equivalent groups: the experimental which received FGEEP alongside their normal curriculum and the control group which did not. The programme involved the creation, development and evaluation of both teacher and pupil learning materials. Consisting of three books: a pupil's textbook, a pupil's workbook and a teacher's manual. A specially designed and trialled 30-items Environmental Attitudes Scale for Primary School Children (EASPSC) was found valid and reliable for use in Arabic and English. Also developed were an environmental knowledge scale and a scale for assessing parents' environmental attitudes. The scales were given to both the experimental and the control groups, pre- and post-programme exposure. Participating pupils are shown to have developed strong, positive attitudes towards the environment and high level of environmental knowledge, as did their parents. The results suggest that FGEEP was effective and appropriate for developing environmental understanding in primary school children in Jordan. Since content and methods of delivery of the programme differed from the normal curriculum, both contribute to the programme's achievement. The researcher advocates the adoption of the programme in Jordan and, with suitable modifications, in a wide range of schools in other societies.
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Engström, Rebecka. "Food, energy and the environment from a Swedish perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Urban Planning and Environment, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4109.
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Det särskilda sektorsansvaret är en ordning inom miljöpolitiken som innebär att varje sektor har ansvar för att hantera de miljöproblem som orsakas inom sektorn. På grund av detta ansvar finns ett behov av att kartlägga miljöproblem från sektorer, att identifiera de viktigaste problemen och att hitta strategier för att minska miljöpåverkan. Jordbrukssektorn och energisektorn är två sektorer som orsakar stor miljöpåverkan, vilket gör dem intressanta som fallstudier.
För att undersöka miljöpåverkan och möjligheten att minska denna i de båda sektorerna används ett systemanalytiskt perspektiv. Ett sådant angreppssätt ger möjlighet att analysera frågorna på ett mer genomgripande sätt, så att problemen inte endast förflyttas och istället skapar problem på andra håll i världen eller för framtida generationer, eller att ett problem reduceras medan ett annat istället ökar. Med ett systemperspektiv kan även indirekta effekter inkluderas när strategier för minskad miljöpåverkan i sektorn analyseras. De indirekta effekterna omfattar påverkan som sker uppströms och nedströms produktionskedjan, liksom påverkan från konsumenter.
En metod för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från en sektor har utarbetats och testats på jordbruks- och energisektorn (Artikel I och II). Metoden är en hybridmetod baserad på miljöexpanderad input-output analys (IOA) och livscykelanalys (LCA). IOA-data från Miljöräkenskaperna används som utgångspunkt för inventeringen. Dessa data ger information om både direkt och indirekt miljöpåverkan från sektorn. För att fånga även sådana miljöaspekter som inte omfattas av miljöräkenskaperna används sedan de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen som en checklista, och information om den miljöpåverkan som inte finns med i IOA hämtas från litteraturen. För vidare hantering av den insamlade informationen om utsläpp och resursanvändning används karaktäriserings- och värderingsmetoder från LCA-metodologin. Därigenom kan s.k. hotspots, dvs de viktigaste problemen, identifieras.
Baserat på denna hybridmetod blev resultatet att i jordbrukssektorn är de viktigaste frågorna biologisk mångfald, växthuseffekt, övergödning, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och troligen även toxicitet genom användningen av bekämpningsmedel. I energisektorn är de viktigaste problemen luftkvalitet, växthuseffekt, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och toxicitet.
En analys av policies inom sektorerna (Artikel III) visar att både jordbruks- och energisektorn fokuserar delvis på de problem som identifierats som hotspots i sektorsanalyserna, men att vissa av de viktiga problemen inte ägnas så stor uppmärksamhet. I jordbrukssektorn är fokus huvudsakligen riktat mot biologisk mångfald och toxicitet, medan energisektorn framför allt fokuserar på växthuseffekt och användning av icke-förnybara resurser.
En andra IOA-LCA hybridmetod, Energy Analysis Programme, har använts för att studera hushållens direkta och indirekta energianvändning (Artikel IV och V). Genom en kombination av IOA och processdata kan energiintensiteten (dvs. energi per monetär enhet, MJ/SEK) beräknas av ett stort antal varor och tjänster. När dessa beräkningar kombineras med information om hur ett hushåll spenderar sin inkomst kan hushållens totala energianvändning beräknas. Beräkningarna ger också information om hur inkomsten kan spenderas på mer energisnåla sätt. En ytterligare studie gjordes för att visa på betydelsen av minskat livsmedelssvinn som strategi för minskad miljöpåverkan inom livsmedelssektorn (Artikel VI). Resultaten från studierna med konsumentperspektiv kan användas för att identifiera strategier för hur konsumenterna kan bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan i de båda fallsektorerna. För jordbrukssektorns del kan konsumenterna bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan framför allt genom en minskad konsumtion av animalier. När det gäller energisektorn är minskad energianvändning en viktig strategi, liksom att fortsatt sträva efter att ersätta fossila bränslen och uran med förnybara bränslen.
National sector responsibility legislation places specific obligations on Swedish sector authorities to handle environmental issues within their sector. Because of this responsibility, there is a need to map environmental impacts from sectors and to identify key problems and strategies to reduce impacts in each sector. Agriculture and energy are two sectors causing severe environmental impacts, and these are therefore interesting as case studies.
Employing a systems perspective when exploring impacts and options for their reduction ensures that problems are not simply shifted in time or space or between problems, but are considered in a holistic manner. Using this perspective, indirect effects such as changes upstream or downstream of the production chain, as well as among consumers, can be considered when seeking strategies to reduce environmental impacts in a sector.
A method to investigate environmental impacts from a sector was developed and tested in the cases of agriculture and energy (Papers I and II). The method was based on environmentally extended Input-Output Analysis (IOA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). IOA-data from Swedish Environmental Accounts were used as the starting point for the inventory. Such data provide information on direct and indirect impacts from the sector. To capture those aspects not included in the Environmental Accounts, the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives were subsequently used as a checklist, and information on the missing aspects was obtained from literature. For further processing of the data, characterisation and weighting methods from LCA methodology were used to identify hotspots, i.e. the most important problems.
The results showed that biodiversity, greenhouse effect, eutrophication, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity were potential hotspots in the agriculture sector. In the energy sector, the hotspots were air quality, greenhouse effect, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity.
Analysis of sector policies (Paper III) showed that both sectors are focusing on some of the hotspots identified, but other important problems are not receiving sufficient attention. In the agriculture sector, the focus is principally on biodiversity and toxicity, while the energy sector mainly focuses on issues of climate change and non-renewable resources.
A second hybrid IOA-LCA method (Energy Analysis Programme, EAP) was employed to study direct and indirect use of energy carriers in households (Papers IV and V). Through a combination of IOA and process data, the energy intensity (energy per monetary unit, e.g. MJ/SEK) of a large number of goods and services was calculated. When combined with information on household expenditure, these data provided information on total household use of fuels and electricity and provided insights into spending patterns that could result in lower energy intensity. A final study investigated the significance of reducing food losses as a strategy to reduce environmental impacts from the food sector (Paper VI). The results from the studies with a consumer perspective were used to identify how consumers can contribute to reducing environmental impacts in the two sectors investigated. For agriculture, consumers can help reduce impacts through reduced consumption of animal products, while for energy, reduced energy use in households is important, as is further substitution of fossil fuels.
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Faah, George. "Road transportation impact on Ghana's future energy and environment." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-7510642.
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This research work explored the environmental and socio-economic benefits derived, if some proportion of daily passenger trips made using private cars in Ghana could be shifted to the use of public transport. The research applied the computer software COPERT III in estimating road transport Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel consumption in Ghana for the base year 2005 and forecast years 2010 and 2020. The research reveals that if no major change occur in policies or economic determinants in meeting road transport and energy in Ghana, then the 2005 total emissions value is expected to rise by 36% in 2010 and over double in 2020 i.e. from 4.6 to 6.25 in 2010 and to 9.77 Mt CO2e in 2020. However, if just 10% of daily passenger trips using private cars can be shifted towards the use of public transport, then the end results in reduction in emissions could earn Ghana about $USD 6.6million/year under the Kyoto Protocol CDM initiative. The research also demonstrated that with a further 10% daily passenger trip shift, the outcome could be more promising, increasing to $USD 13million/year.
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Qing, Lu. "The Environment and Challenge of China’s Energy Technology development." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13392.
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In China, the energy technology is the fundamental technology which plays a significant role in China’s boost. Currently, China’s energy technology is in a high-speed development and transformation period when great opportunities and challenges are existing in optimization of energy structure and new energy technology development. In this paper, the achievement the China has obtained in recent years in this area as well as the forthcoming challenges are expounded in four aspects—the basic environment of China’s energy development, development of China’s energy technology, challenges encountered by China’s energy technology development and the system innovation in the energy technology development.
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Archard, Daniel. "Developing a sustainable energy vision for the Environment Agency." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/9766/.
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This project has aimed to take forward the Environment Agency's contribution to sustainable energy, and to develop the Agency's capacity to undertake a leadership role in sustainable energy. It has consisted of two main elements; firstly, researching and writing an holistic and robust vision of sustainable energy for the UK, and secondly, stimulating and provoking the organisation to consider the need for an Agency energy policy and the content of that sustainable energy policy. Both aspects of this project have represented substantial challenges, and taken as a whole the project has been quite ambitious - that of drafting a sustainable energy policy and then encouraging the Agency to officially adopt it. The project has been embedded within a substantial process of change and redirection within the organisation. My work has contributed to the Sustainable Development Unit's general programme of work, and a key component of the project has involved encouraging the Agency to embrace a high profile and, potentially risky; new approach to sustainable development. My project has promoted the message that the Environment Agency needs to engage in the politics of sustainable development if it wishes to be more influential in shaping key sustainability issues, such as energy, and that developing policy positions on sustainability issues is the first step in that process. Over the last year of my project, the Sustainable Development Unit has undertaken a specific policy advocacy initiative to encourage the organisation to adopt advocacy as a sustainable development tool, and to develop the organisation's capacity to develop and disseminate advocacy messages. Prior to this initiative, one way in which my work promoted this agenda was through producing internal discussion papers to advocate approaches and stimulate thinking. These discussion papers have been vital products of my research work, and the main ones are appended to this paper. There have been significant positive developments during the course of my work, and my project has played a role in contributing to this. The Agency is in the process of considering the energy vision I drafted and is putting the structures in place to develop energy positions. The organisation is now on the verge of adopting an energy vision and a set of robust policy advocacy positions on sustainable energy. In my role as sustainable energy researcher I have sought to develop a robust understanding of sustainable energy, and paint a picture of a sustainable energy system. The Agency has needed to develop a shared understanding because there are many divergent views on the meaning of sustainable energy, and the best policies for the future. A particularly divisive issue is that of whether nuclear power is necessary for the delivery of a climate-friendly energy system. This issue was particularly stalling the internal sustainable energy debate, and therefore the development of an Agency sustainable energy position, and it was a key investigation within my energy research. Assessing the ability of renewable energy and improved energy productivity to meet our energy service needs, and to deliver the required reductions in carbon dioxide emissions for addressing climate change, has been a central project objective. This research has taught me a great deal and it has inspired me about the positive prospects for the future. The main products of this research have been the development of a Sustainable Energy Vision for the Environment Agency and an Environment Agency Renewable Energy Position Statement (which are appended to this paper). I believe that the sustainable energy vision has made a valuable contribution to the sustainable energy debate within the Agency, and within the UK energy policy community as a whole. Much of the argument and analytical material which underpins my understanding of sustainable energy is presented in the vision document (indeed, the energy vision is effectively a direct communication of my understanding of what constitutes sustainable energy, and the research I have based this upon) and therefore, to avoid repetition, I refer to this underpinning research only briefly in the following text. This first chapter provides a brief introduction to the aims and context of this project. The second chapter then examines the role of the Environment Agency in delivering sustainable development and sustainable energy, and examines ways in which it may improve its contribution. It also introduces the arguments for why I undertook the project and the key messages that I have conveyed as a component of the project work. The third chapter outlines the complexities of the sustainable energy debate, the challenge involved in developing a position, and coming to an opinion on, sustainable energy and the approach I decided to adopt. The fourth chapter introduces my position and role within the organisation in the context of this project. The fifth chapter outlines the literature review that I undertook for the project work, and the sixth my methodological approach. The seventh chapter presents my project activity in seeking to deliver my project objectives and influence Agency opinion, and it documents my developing understanding of sustainable energy. The eighth attempts to evaluate the impact of my project work and my success in delivering my original objectives. Finally, the appendices include some of the main products of the project. This includes the key output, which is a Sustainable Energy Vision for the Environment Agency, a Renewable Energy Policy Position for the Agency, an internal discussion paper on the need for an Agency energy position, and an internal discussion paper which looks at the key issues involved in an analysis of sustainable energy.
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Ghalwash, Tarek. "Income, Energy Taxation, and the Environment : An Econometric analysis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-749.
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Engström, Rebecka. "Food, energy and the environment from a Swedish perspective /." Stockholm : Environmental Stategies Research-fms, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4109.
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Ward, Helen. "Energy, water and carbon fluxes in the suburban environment." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/energy-water-and-carbon-fluxes-in-the-suburban-environment(26a95185-3af3-4c4a-afea-c9f769e93de2).html.
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To better understand boundary layer processes and improve hydro-meteorological models it is essential to quantify contributions from different land surface types to the total energy exchange. The effects of urban areas must be represented not only within densely populated towns and cities, but also at the regional scale. A multi-scale field campaign designed to investigate the exchange of energy and mass over suburban land surfaces was undertaken in Swindon, UK. Observations of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes suggest Swindon behaves much like a natural landscape during summer, whereas anthropogenic activities dominate in winter. Eddy covariance data collected exhibit broad trends that are in accordance with studies in other locations, whilst marked seasonal contrasts build a more complete picture of the suburban environment. Scintillometry, a ground-based remote sensing technique, estimates turbulent heat fluxes at larger scales (0.1-10 km), comparable to model grids. The conventional single-wavelength method provides the sensible heat flux. Additionally, use of a unique millimetre-wave scintillometer in conjunction with an infrared scintillometer enabled both sensible and latent heat fluxes to be determined. These results represent the first observations of large-scale evaporation over urban areas using scintillometry. The technique is shown to perform reasonably well and recommendations are made for future research. Advantages include spatially integrated fluxes, particularly useful over heterogeneous surfaces where a mosaic of different land cover characteristics can lead to contrasts in surface-atmosphere exchanges. These observations are used to investigate the controls on evaporation and the behaviour of fluxes at different scales. Particular attention is given to seasonal variability, land cover and the availability of surface moisture and energy. Rapid evaporation directly after rainfall and dew are also explored. With improved understanding of the suburban climate, more accurate predictions can be made regarding the impact of land use development, environmental management schemes and climate change.
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Risch, Anna. "Environment and energy : analysis and evaluation of public policies." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENA027/document.
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Le changement climatique est devenu une préoccupation majeure. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter quelques éclairages sur les questions environnementales actuelles. Premièrement, nous nous interrogeons sur l’efficacité des politiques environnementales. Deuxièmement, nous nous intéressons à la manière dont le bien être des ménages peut être affecté par les dégradations environnementales.La France s’est engagée à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la consommation d’énergie dans le secteur résidentiel. Nous étudions dans un premier chapitre les déterminants de la consommation d’énergie résidentielle, afin d’identifier les politiques les plus efficaces pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique dans ce secteur. Nous montrons que l’enjeu est d’inciter les ménages àentreprendre des travaux de rénovation. C’est l’objectif de politiques telles que le crédit d’impôt développement durable ou les subventions. Dans un second chapitre, nous évaluons l’impact de ces mesures à l’aide d’un modèle de simulation. Les résultats montrent que si les politiques actuelles sont efficaces, elles ne sont pas suffisantes pour atteindre les objectifs fixés. Enfin, nous nous concentrons dans un troisième chapitre sur l’impact du crédit d’impôt sur le comportement des ménages. Cette mesure incite peu les ménages à réaliser des rénovations, et ceci s’explique en partie par un effet d’aubaine. Les pays émergents sont les plus exposés aux catastrophes climatiques. Nous cherchons à voir dans un quatrième chapitre comment les dégradations environnementales affectent les ménages. La déforestation augmente la rareté des ressources naturelles telles que le bois. Cela accroît la probabilité que les femmes soient impliquées dans la collecte des ressources naturelles et par ce biais, diminue leur participation au marché du travailIn the context of growing concerns for climate change, the objective of this dissertation is to bring some insights on two environmental issues. The first one deals with the question of whether environmental policies are efficient enough to significantly decrease greenhouse gases emissions and energy consumption and the second one concerns the way households’ well-being is affected by environmental changes. France committed to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and energy consumption in residential sector. In a first time, we study the determinants of residential energyconsumption in France. An in-depth understanding of energy consumption is needed to design adequate energy policies and achieve a low-carbon society. We show that to improve buildings' energy efficiency, the challenge is to induce households to undertake renovations and to adopt energy-saving equipments. This is the objective of public policies, such as tax credit or subsidies. We evaluate in a second time the impact of these measures, using a simulation model. The results show that while current policies are effective, they are not sufficient to reach the objectives. Finally, we focus on the impact of the tax credit on households’ behavior. The impact of the measure on renovation rate is very low compared to its cost and this is partially due to free riding. Emerging countries are more exposed to climate disasters than developed ones. Therefore, the most important concern in emerging countries is to find a way to limit the consequences of climate change. In this context, our objective is to understand how deforestation, that increases fuel scarcity, affects population. We focus on women, living in rural India. We show that fuel scarcity increases the probability for women to be involved in natural resource collection. Through this, it has a negative effect on the labor force participation, especially on family business and wage activities
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Shcherbak, V. V. "The influence of fuel and energy companies to environment." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45219.
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Today’s changes in the environment are the negative result of human activities. Deforestation, drying ponds, construction the plants - leaded to global changes in our ecology. Energy sector consists ofextractive, convertible, transportablecompaniesand influences badlyhydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere andlithosphere.
Energy efficiency, energy saving and resource saving are explored as a step to better environment. Consequently, modern fuel and energy companies should be reconstructed.
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Edla, Raju. "Development of Cobalt based Nanocatalysts for Energy and Environment." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368203.
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There is a rising concern about energy and environment for future. Transition from current fossil fuels to green fuels and building of cleaner environment to lead sustainable life is at enormous task. Hydrogen gas is recognized as a clean fuel and may be a sustainable solution. Hydrogen can be directly used as clean fuel in fuel cells with no harmful by-products. Chemical hydrides with high hydrogen storage capacity in terms of gravimetric and volumetric efficiencies are the most promising candidates to supply pure hydrogen at room temperature. Among them, Ammonia Borane (NH3BH3, AB) and Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, SBH) have drawn a lot of interest as they are stable, non-flammable, and nontoxic. Large amount of pure hydrogen gas is released during the hydrolysis of these hydrides in presence of certain catalysts and the by-products are non-toxic, environmentally safe and can be recycled. Co based catalysts are considered as good candidates for catalyzed hydrolysis owing to their good catalytic activity, low cost and effortless synthesis. In favor of environmental concern, especially the air pollution (conversion of CO to CO2) and water pollutions (organic pollutants) are vital problems and there is a serious need to mitigate these problems. Cobalt (Co) based materials are with high catalytic activity for hydrolysis, organic pollutants degradation and CO oxidation. So, a single Co based catalysts as powders and as immobilized coatings prepared by chemical reduction method and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were studied for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of AB and SBH and thin film coatings Co3O4 were studied for CO oxidation and organic pollutants degradation. On the basis of characterization results, the role of catalyst to enhance catalytic activity is discussed in hydrolysis, CO oxidation and pollutants degradation reactions. The stability and re-usability of these catalysts have also been investigated.
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Edla, Raju. "Development of Cobalt based Nanocatalysts for Energy and Environment." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2014. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/1382/1/Raju_Thesis_PhD-2014.pdf.
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There is a rising concern about energy and environment for future. Transition from current fossil fuels to green fuels and building of cleaner environment to lead sustainable life is at enormous task. Hydrogen gas is recognized as a clean fuel and may be a sustainable solution. Hydrogen can be directly used as clean fuel in fuel cells with no harmful by-products. Chemical hydrides with high hydrogen storage capacity in terms of gravimetric and volumetric efficiencies are the most promising candidates to supply pure hydrogen at room temperature. Among them, Ammonia Borane (NH3BH3, AB) and Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, SBH) have drawn a lot of interest as they are stable, non-flammable, and nontoxic. Large amount of pure hydrogen gas is released during the hydrolysis of these hydrides in presence of certain catalysts and the by-products are non-toxic, environmentally safe and can be recycled. Co based catalysts are considered as good candidates for catalyzed hydrolysis owing to their good catalytic activity, low cost and effortless synthesis. In favor of environmental concern, especially the air pollution (conversion of CO to CO2) and water pollutions (organic pollutants) are vital problems and there is a serious need to mitigate these problems. Cobalt (Co) based materials are with high catalytic activity for hydrolysis, organic pollutants degradation and CO oxidation. So, a single Co based catalysts as powders and as immobilized coatings prepared by chemical reduction method and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) were studied for hydrogen production by hydrolysis of AB and SBH and thin film coatings Co3O4 were studied for CO oxidation and organic pollutants degradation. On the basis of characterization results, the role of catalyst to enhance catalytic activity is discussed in hydrolysis, CO oxidation and pollutants degradation reactions. The stability and re-usability of these catalysts have also been investigated.
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Jones, Craig I. "Life cycle energy consumption and environmental burdens associated with energy technologies and buildings." Thesis, University of Bath, 2011. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532723.
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This portfolio of published research contains nine papers and assesses the life cycle environmental burdens of energy technologies and buildings. Several analytical tools were used but these all fall under the umbrella of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), and include energy analysis, carbon appraisal and the consideration of other environmental issues. The life cycle of all products starts with an assessment of embodied impacts. The current author has completed significant research on the embodied carbon of materials. This includes the creation of a leading embodied carbon database (the ICE database) for materials which has been downloaded by over 10,000 professionals and has made a significant contribution to knowledge. This portfolio of work includes analysis on methods for recycling in embodied impact assessment and LCA. This is an influential topic and therefore appears in two of the publications. The ICE database was applied by the current author to over 40 domestic building case studies and an embodied carbon model for buildings was created from these. The latter was used to provide benchmark values for six types of new houses in the UK.The portfolio of work then progresses to full LCA of energy systems. LCA is used to assess the embodied impacts versus operational impacts of 11 kV electrical cables. In this case embodied impacts were not significant and preference should be given to reducing electrical losses in the cables. The tool of LCA was then applied to a national electricity network. It revealed that Lebanon had a particularly poor centralised electricity network that was both unreliable and unsustainable with high impacts in all environmental categories. The final paper in this portfolio is on Building Integrated PV (BIPV) and brings together all aspects of the current author’s work and knowledge. It considers embodied burdens, electricity generation and BIPV can replace roofing materials.
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Yeremenko, А. "Solar energy is an energy alternative source." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62568.
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Our relationship with the environment is bilateral. If we want to live in clear world that takes care about us we must take care about the environment. It is evident that healthy population and high quality of life is possible only in healthy environment.
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Murray, Malcolm Charles. "Semantic energy." Thesis, University of the Highlands and Islands, 2012. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/semantic-energy(4bcea30e-b1a9-4a94-9d08-eb537036e835).html.
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Information technology plays an increasingly important part in representing, managing, and driving the field of sustainable energy. However, current paradigms for representing much of this information can be fragmented, singular, and extremely domain focused. Linkage with wider concepts, for example between energy supply and demand data, can be minimal. This dissertation investigates ways in which such data linkages can be expanded upon, applying the latest concepts of Semantic Web technology to the area. This dissertation examines the role of the Semantic Web in representing information relevant to sustainable energy, with a particular focus on energy policy, energy supply, and the demands of the built environment. An approach for representing such information is outlined in the dissertation, which introduces new ontologies for representing energy policy and building information data and methodologies for modelling such data. Existing ontologies for representing energy supply are discussed, as are common connections between these areas and a server platform for knowledge storage and presentation. Additionally, some focus is directed towards the usability and accessibility of such data and the implementation of proof of concept applications targeted at specific areas within sustainable energy are presented. Using the outlined approach, energy information can be interlinked to allow multilevel data navigation from international policy data, through energy infrastructure, to individual energy demands, and ultimately to extremely detailed building component levels of granularity. Such data can be interlinked into wider linked data initiatives, increasing usefulness and expanding the scope for increased analysis. The implications of the outlined approach are discussed and evaluated with regard to various identified use cases requiring different levels of data granularity, in addition to impact on the wider domain of information management. This dissertation demonstrates, at a proof of concept level, that Semantic Web technology can be of significant benefit across the domain of sustainable energy.
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Boodhoo, Adiilah. "A formative evaluation of the South African Education and Environment Project Bridging Year Programme." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9490.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94).Many learners from disadvantaged schools struggle to obtain entrance into tertiary institutions. A Bridging Year Programme (BYP) designed by the South African Education and Environment Project (SAEP) seeks to address this problem by offering intensive tuition to post-high school learners who have failed to gain sufficient points for entry into a tertiary institution. The BYP prepares those learners to re-write core National Senior Certificate (NSC) subjects and assists them in applying for entrance into a university or college. A formative evaluation was conducted to assess whether the programme is designed and implemented as intended and whether programme design and delivery takes into account evidence based practices, established in the literature for programmes of this nature. A review of programme records was undertaken, interviews were conducted with the programme manager and programme coordinator, and selfreport questionnaires were administered to course tutors and programme beneficiaries. The results of the evaluation indicate that while the programme has the necessary potential to set high standards of participation for beneficiaries and provide them with personalised attention, and while learners are generally positive about their experience, a number of limitations are evident. These include in particular: the need for better monitoring of learner compliance with their contractual obligation, improved quality assurance with regard to the teaching and learning programme, and tutor preparation and training. Recommendations for improved programme implementation, as well as monitoring of programme standards, learner participation and performance, and tutor quality are provided.
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De, Beer Adam. "Lights camera lesson plan : higher education programme design in the film and media environment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10416.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).The primary aim of this this research is to explore the question of how learning programmes in higher education are constructed by craft-specific film, television and media industry professionals. This research gathers information from these professionals, tasked with the development and design of their relevant programmes, and focuses on uncovering the influences on their decision-making in the programme design process, and relating these influences of pedagogic theory.
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Fleming, Conor F. "Tidal turbine performance in the offshore environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f51fd313-1589-4e9c-98cc-ae6e64c1184b.
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A three dimensional computational model of a full scale axial flow tidal turbine has been used to investigate the effects of a range of realistic environmental conditions on turbine performance. The model, which is based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, has been developed using the commercial flow solver ANSYS Fluent. A 1:30 scale tidal turbine is simulated in an open channel for comparison to existing experimental data. The rotor blades are directly resolved using a body-fitted, unstructured computational grid. Rotor motion is enabled through a sliding mesh interface between the rotor and the channel boundaries. Reasonably good agreement in thrust and power is observed. The computed performance curves are offset from the measured performance curves by a small increment in rotor speed. Subsequently, a full scale axial flow turbine is modelled in a variety of conditions representative of tidal channel flows. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effects of flow shear, confinement and alignment on turbine performance, structural loading, and wake recovery. Mean power and thrust are found to be higher in sheared flow, relative to uniform flow of equivalent volumetric flow rate. Large fluctuations in blade thrust and torque occur in sheared flow as the blade passes through the high velocity freestream flow in the upper portion of the profile and the lower velocity flow near the channel bed. A stronger shear layer is formed around the upper portion of the wake in sheared flow, leading to enhanced wake mixing. Mean power and thrust are reduced when the turbine is simulated at a lower position in a sheared velocity profile. However, fluctuations in blade loading are increased due to the higher velocity gradient. The opposite effects are observed when the turbine operates at greater heights in sheared flow. Flow misalignment has a negative impact on mean rotor thrust and power, as well as on unsteady blade loading. Although the range of unsteady loading is not increased significantly, additional perturbations are introduced due to interactions between the blade and the nacelle. A deforming surface is introduced using the volume-of-fluid method. Linear wave theory is combined with the existing free surface model to develop an unsteady inflow boundary condition prescribing combined sheared flow and free surface waves. The relative effects of the sheared profile and wave-induced velocities on turbine loading are identified through frequency analysis. Rotor and blade load fluctuations are found to increase with wave height and wave length. In a separate study, the performance of bi-directional ducted tidal turbines is investigated through a parametric study of a range of duct profiles. A two dimensional axi-symmetric computational model is developed to compare the ducted geometries with an unducted device under consistent blockage conditions. The best-performing ducted device achieves a peak power coefficient of approximately 45% of that of the unducted device. Comparisons of streamtube area, velocity and pressure for the flow through the ducted device shows that the duct limits the pressure drop across the rotor and the mass flow through the rotor, resulting in lower device power.
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Ruoyu, Jia, and Wan Meiling. "Energy audit on the Brynässkolan." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7470.
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Building energy consumption has presented itself as one of the biggest proportion inenergy industries. Focus could really be placed on this field with a view to conservingenergy. One popular way to achieve ideal energy identification is to conduct an energyaudit. An energy audit is of interest in pinpointing energy losses. For small households,it could be a way of reducing energy spending, while for large companies it could beone crucial way to decrease energy expenditure and improve efficiency in operation.The Brynässkolan has been in use for many years and performing the audit is anattempt to increase its energy efficiency and ultimately cut down cost. Byinvestigating the school building’s climate envelope and lighting and measuringventilation unit we gained knowledge about its energy losses. We came up with someenergy-saving plans, among which some are inapplicable, the others are feasible.Finally some constructive suggestions are presented to the school administration.