Journal articles on the topic 'Energy and climate target'
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Streimikiene, Dalia, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, and Gintare Stankuniene. "Review of Energy and Climate Plans of Baltic States: The Contribution of Renewables for Energy Production in Households." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 7728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207728.
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The European Commission introduced a package of measures to accelerate the shift to low-carbon energy transition in Europe. In 2014, EU member states agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The binding greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States from 2021 to 2030 for the transport, buildings, agriculture, waste, and land-use and forestry sectors were established. EU Member States should decide on their own how to meet the agreed upon 2030 target and implement climate-change-mitigation measures. All EU MSs have committed to prepare national energy and climate plans based on regulation on the governance of the energy union and climate action (EU)2018/1999, agreed as part of the Clean Energy for All Europeans package approved in 2019. The national plans outline how the EU Member States intend to implement the GHG reduction target by increasing their in energy efficiency, use of renewables, greenhouse-gas-emission reductions, interconnections, and research and innovation. This paper analyzes the energy and climate plans of the Baltic States and systematizes the main climate-change-mitigation policies in the energy sector targeting the household sector. The background of energy and climate planning is provided from a theoretical point of view, encompassing regional, local, and national energy and climate plans. The diffusion levels of renewables in the Baltic States were determined and the energy-climatic-friendly policies followed, by them, they were identified.
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Cho, Sungheum, Hana Kim, Sanghoon Lee, Sangil Kim, and Eui-Chan Jeon. "Optimal energy mix for greenhouse gas reduction with renewable energy – The case of the South Korean electricity sector." Energy & Environment 31, no. 6 (November 7, 2019): 1055–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882419.
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The power generation sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector is therefore of crucial importance. The government has recently released its core energy policy objectives: elimination of coal-fired power generation, phase-out of nuclear plants, and promotion of renewable energy sources. This energy policy should be consistent with the national climate change response policy. This paper analyzed the optimum power generation structure based on the South Korean government’s energy policy and climate change policy and then analyzed the optimum power generation structure if the greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy targets were different. Seven scenarios with different 2030 greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy generation targets were investigated. The scenario analysis shows that it is difficult to reduce dependence on coal power generation if the South Korean government’s current energy and climate change policies are maintained. The current greenhouse gas reduction target level is insufficient to be a driving force for energy transition, but dependence on coal power generation can be reduced by applying a deeper level of greenhouse gas reduction (e.g. 50% reduction compared to BAU). To achieve the energy transition planned by the South Korean government, it would be necessary to set a target for greenhouse gas reduction that is deeper than the current plan. The results of this study analyzing the optimal power configuration for 2030 in light of South Korea’s energy and climate change policies are expected to contribute to the South Korean government’s establishment of policies in the future.
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Daioglou, Vassilis, Matteo Muratori, Patrick Lamers, Shinichiro Fujimori, Alban Kitous, Alexandre C. Köberle, Nico Bauer, et al. "Implications of climate change mitigation strategies on international bioenergy trade." Climatic Change 163, no. 3 (October 11, 2020): 1639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02877-1.
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AbstractMost climate change mitigation scenarios rely on increased use of bioenergy to decarbonize the energy system. Here we use results from the 33rd Energy Modeling Forum study (EMF-33) to investigate projected international bioenergy trade for different integrated assessment models across several climate change mitigation scenarios. Results show that in scenarios with no climate policy, international bioenergy trade is likely to increase over time, and becomes even more important when climate targets are set. More stringent climate targets, however, do not necessarily imply greater bioenergy trade compared to weaker targets, as final energy demand may be reduced. However, the scaling up of bioenergy trade happens sooner and at a faster rate with increasing climate target stringency. Across models, for a scenario likely to achieve a 2 °C target, 10–45 EJ/year out of a total global bioenergy consumption of 72–214 EJ/year are expected to be traded across nine world regions by 2050. While this projection is greater than the present trade volumes of coal or natural gas, it remains below the present trade of crude oil. This growth in bioenergy trade largely replaces the trade in fossil fuels (especially oil) which is projected to decrease significantly over the twenty-first century. As climate change mitigation scenarios often show diversified energy systems, in which numerous world regions can act as bioenergy suppliers, the projections do not necessarily lead to energy security concerns. Nonetheless, rapid growth in the trade of bioenergy is projected in strict climate mitigation scenarios, raising questions about infrastructure, logistics, financing options, and global standards for bioenergy production and trade.
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Schwartzman, Peter, and David Schwartzman. "Can the 1.5 ℃ warming target be met in a global transition to 100% renewable energy?" AIMS Energy 9, no. 6 (2021): 1170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021054.
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<abstract> <p>First, we recognize the valuable previous studies which model renewable energy growth with complete termination of fossil fuels along with assumptions of the remaining carbon budgets to reach IPCC warming targets. However, these studies use very complex combined economic/physical modeling and commonly lack transparency regarding the sensitivity to assumed inputs. Moreover, it is not clear that energy poverty with its big present impact in the global South has been eliminated in their scenarios. Further, their CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent natural gas emission factors are underestimated, which will have significant impact on the computed greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, we address this question in a transparent modeling study: can the 1.5 ℃ warming target still be met with an aggressive phaseout of fossil fuels coupled with a 100% replacement by renewable energy? We compute the continuous generation of global wind/solar energy power along with the cumulative carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in a complete phaseout of fossil fuels over a 20 year period. We compare these computed emissions with the state-of-the-science estimates for the remaining carbon budget of carbon dioxide emissions consistent with the 1.5 ℃ warming target, concluding that it is still possible to meet this warming target if the creation of a global 100% renewable energy transition of sufficient capacity begins very soon which will likely be needed to power aggressive negative carbon emission technology. The latter is focused on direct air capture for crustal storage. More efficient renewable technologies in the near future will make this transition easier and promote the implementation of a global circular economy. Taking into account technological improvements in 2<sup>nd</sup> law (exergy) efficiencies reducing the necessary global energy demand, the renewable supply should likely be no more than 1.5 times the present level, with the capacity to eliminate global energy poverty, for climate mitigation and adaptation.</p> </abstract>
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Zhou, Sheng, Qing Tong, Sha Yu, Yu Wang, Qimin Chai, and Xiliang Zhang. "Role of non-fossil energy in meeting China's energy and climate target for 2020." Energy Policy 51 (December 2012): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.083.
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Tong, Dan, Qiang Zhang, Yixuan Zheng, Ken Caldeira, Christine Shearer, Chaopeng Hong, Yue Qin, and Steven J. Davis. "Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5 °C climate target." Nature 572, no. 7769 (July 1, 2019): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1364-3.
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Paz, Jerome. "Global energy outlooks and Australia’s net zero energy future." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S63—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21180.
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The release of the Sixth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has escalated and issued a final warning that the world is in a climate emergency and on a trajectory to ecological collapse. The collective target for humanity remains keeping emissions within 1.5 degrees and this will require a monumental shift in attitudes and priorities by governments, industries and individuals. The International Energy Agency’s ‘Net Zero by 2050’ report sets out a roadmap to achieve Net Zero. Many other leading energy data sources, such as BP and DNV, have also now reflected ambitions to achieve the 1.5° target and what this means for energy supply and demand, especially for oil and gas. This paper will discuss energy demand future in the context of these energy outlooks, including the role that various energies are expected to play in the medium- to long-term and what impact does that have on Australia’s energy future.
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Aengenheyster, Matthias, Qing Yi Feng, Frederick van der Ploeg, and Henk A. Dijkstra. "The point of no return for climate action: effects of climate uncertainty and risk tolerance." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 1085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1085-2018.
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Abstract. If the Paris Agreement targets are to be met, there may be very few years left for policy makers to start cutting emissions. Here we calculate by what year, at the latest, one has to take action to keep global warming below the 2 K target (relative to pre-industrial levels) at the year 2100 with a 67 % probability; we call this the point of no return (PNR). Using a novel, stochastic model of CO2 concentration and global mean surface temperature derived from the CMIP5 ensemble simulations, we find that cumulative CO2 emissions from 2015 onwards may not exceed 424 GtC and that the PNR is 2035 for the policy scenario where the share of renewable energy rises by 2 % year−1. Pushing this increase to 5 % year−1 delays the PNR until 2045. For the 1.5 K target, the carbon budget is only 198 GtC and there is no time left before starting to increase the renewable share by 2 % year−1. If the risk tolerance is tightened to 5 %, the PNR is brought forward to 2022 for the 2 K target and has been passed already for the 1.5 K target. Including substantial negative emissions towards the end of the century delays the PNR from 2035 to 2042 for the 2 K target and to 2026 for the 1.5 K target. We thus show how the PNR is impacted not only by the temperature target and the speed by which emissions are cut but also by risk tolerance, climate uncertainties and the potential for negative emissions. Sensitivity studies show that the PNR is robust with uncertainties of at most a few years.
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Meisel, Kathleen, Markus Millinger, Karin Naumann, Franziska Müller-Langer, Stefan Majer, and Daniela Thrän. "Future Renewable Fuel Mixes in Transport in Germany under RED II and Climate Protection Targets." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071712.
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With the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II), adopted in December 2018, the EU is continuing the political framework for the use of renewable energy sources in the transport sector for the period from 2021 to 2030. At the same time, the German federal government has set a target of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector by at least 40% to 42% by 2030 compared to the 1990 GHG level. To investigate the possible effects of the European and national requirements on the German GHG quota, cost-optimal fuel mixes were modelled to achieve the GHG targets of 26 fuel options in each of the nine different scenarios. The results show clear differences between the scenarios that implement the RED II targets (including 14% renewables in transport by 2030) and those that implement the climate protection target (40–42% GHG reduction compared to 1990 by 2030). If only the minimum requirements of RED II are met, the German climate protection target is clearly missed without further measures. In order to achieve the climate protection target, a significant reduction in the final energy consumption in transport is required, as well as a very high GHG quota of 34.5%, meaning a high proportion of renewables of ca. 40% and using almost all the fuel options considered.
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Chang, Chung-Hao, and Shih-Fang Lo. "Impact Analysis of a National and Corporate Carbon Emission Reduction Target on Renewable Electricity Use: A Review." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051794.
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The Paris Agreement requires countries to propose their National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and encourages companies to engage in climate action. This two-stage study explores the mutual influence of national and corporate carbon reduction targets and their effect on the adoption of renewable energy using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The subjects are companies nested in the G20, engaging in the Science-Based Target initiative (SBTi) or the RE100 initiative. These empirical results show corporate targets are positively correlated to adoption of renewable energy, and development of renewable energy varies by country groups, however; national targets are insignificantly correlated. Our key findings: (1) companies which set SBTs are more willing to use renewable energy to achieve their targets but prefer power purchase agreements (PPAs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) to investment in renewables. (2) The effect of a national-level target on corporate renewable energy use is non-significant, probably because most multinational corporations are used to compliance and their performances are likely to be better than the national deployment on climate change. We argue that an industrial energy transition to renewables is economically beneficial and needs substantial support in the form of policies or subsidies, instead of just setting targets or attracting publicity.
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Murray, Sean. "Energy efficiency in universities: the need for guidance and a strategic approach." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.35.
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The leaders of many countries are discussing ambitious targets for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as a means of mitigating the worst impact of climate change on the environment and our economies. In 2007, EU leaders endorsed an integrated approach to climate change and energy policy. They committed Europe to transforming itself into a highly energy-efficient low carbon economy through their 20-20-20 targets, according to the European Commission, Climate Action. These targets are ambitious and consist of: Figure 1, below, shows that the carbon dioxide equivalent of all greenhouse gases (CO2 eq.) from the energy sector is the second greatest contributor of greenhouse gases. This fact creates an opportunity to explored ways to reduce the emissions from the energy sector. However, the methods need to be target the most significant culprits in a cost-effective manner in order to the have maximum affect on the reduction of emissions from the ...
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Rečka, Lukáš, Vojtěch Máca, and Milan Ščasný. "Green Deal and Carbon Neutrality Assessment of Czechia." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052152.
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The European Green Deal declares climate neutrality as a goal for the year 2050. It establishes an EU binding target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent by 2030 compared to 1990. The market, through the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, will determine how EU member states contribute to this target. The Effort Sharing Regulation defines binding national targets to reduce the remaining GHG emissions not covered by the EU ETS. In this paper, an energy optimization model is applied to analyze the capability of Czechia to meet the climate change targets by 2030 and 2050. We define a baseline scenario derived from the National Energy and Climate Plan and three policy scenarios to assess impacts of the extension of the EU ETS to buildings and transport (EU ETS 2) and the coal phase-out on the Czech energy system. One of the policy scenarios aims at approaching climate neutrality in 2050. In addition, another scenario does not assess the impacts of the EU ETS 2 and coal phase-out but searches for the optimal path to achieve climate neutrality in 2050. Given the high level of GHG emissions in 1990 and the significant reduction in GHG emissions in the 1990s, Czechia could achieve a 55% reduction by 2030. However, further decarbonization will be quite challenging.
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Roversi, Rossella, Andrea Boeri, Serena Pagliula, and Giulia Turci. "Energy Community in Action—Energy Citizenship Contract as Tool for Climate Neutrality." Smart Cities 5, no. 1 (March 6, 2022): 294–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5010018.
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Cities are responsible for 65% of energy consumption and for the 70% of CO2 emissions. Incisive actions are fundamental to bring cities towards climate neutrality by 2050 working by and for the citizens. For this reason, the “100 climate-neutral cities Mission” anticipates the target of climate neutrality by 2030. The objective of this paper, developed within the H2020 GRETA project—GReen Energy Transition Actions (GA101022317), is to investigate energy communities and climate city contracts as key interventions to face the ambitious goal of implementing citizens-centered and climate-neutral cities. To achieve this objective, this paper is structured as follows: (1) an updated framework of European and Italian legislation concerning energy communities; (2) an overview of climate city contracts’ definition and key aspects; (3) a selection and analysis of energy communities’ case studies; (4) a description of already developed pilot climate city contracts. The results provide more advanced knowledge about EU energy communities strategies and about the possible contractual agreements that can guarantee commitment between parties and can allow the active participation of citizens in the energy system. The lessons learned contribute to the application in the GRETA Italian case study, whose first participation activities are also described in the paper.
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Nagar, Vaishali. "CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDIA: GAPS IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15746.
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This study was carried out to understand the gaps between the targets and achievements in government climate change policies and the sufficiency of government policies and decisions regarding climate change. For this research paper secondary research was conducted. Various government reports from IPCC, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy were analyzed. The study revealed that the government is lacking behind in achieving the targets for the year 2022. Out of the 100 GW target, only 40.1 GW of solar energy is installed in the country. India is ranked 180th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2022. There are targets in place, but the specific plan of action to deal with the issues of climate change are lacking. Its high time the Indian government shall take the right decisions for protecting the environment and addressing the issue of climate change with an accurate approach.
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Gheuens, Jana, and Sebastian Oberthür. "EU Climate and Energy Policy: How Myopic Is It?" Politics and Governance 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4320.
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This article investigates the shortsightedness or myopia of recent climate and energy policy (CEP) in the EU. To this end, it develops and applies a measurement tool of short-termism composed of four key criteria: (1) the reflection of science-based long-term thinking in the policy process and its output; (2) the degree to which mid-term greenhouse gas emission targets and accompanying policies align with science-based long-term objectives; (3) the stringency of the legislation; and (4) its adaptability. We use these criteria to assess the levels of short-termism of the EU’s 2020 and 2030 CEP frameworks and the (still evolving) European Green Deal (EGD). Overall, we find that the level of myopia of EU CEP has fluctuated and has advanced far less than the development of the nominal mid-term emission targets might suggest. The EGD’s 55% emission reduction target for 2030 only constitutes a return to the levels of alignment with science-based long-term objectives existing in the 2020 Package (making good on the regression of the 2030 Framework). It is primarily due to the maturing of long-term thinking and a ratcheting mechanism, that EU climate policy under the EGD can be considered less myopic than the 2020 Package (although the assessment remains preliminary pending the adoption of further implementing legislation). These findings lay the ground for future research that not only investigates reasons for the general myopia of (EU) climate policy, but also the drivers of the fluctuations over time.
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Thapa, Prashamsa, Brijesh Mainali, and Shobhakar Dhakal. "Focus on Climate Action: What Level of Synergy and Trade-Off Is There between SDG 13; Climate Action and Other SDGs in Nepal?" Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010566.
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The Sixth Assessment Report of Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has highlighted the urgency of accelerated climate actions harnessing synergies and minimizing trade-offs with various SDG. This calls for a clear understanding of linkages between climate goals and other SDGs at national level for formulating synergistic policies and strategies and developing different sectoral programs and coherent cross-sectoral policies. This is even more important for least developed countries such as Nepal where these linkages are less understood and development challenges are multifaceted. In this context, this paper aims to evaluate potential synergies and trade-offs among selected SDGs and their associated targets in Nepal in a linear pairwise comparison. Synergies and trade-offs related to climate action (SDG 13), access to energy (SDG 7), sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12), and life on land (SDG 15) have been evaluated using historical data for the period from 1990 to 2018 employing a mixed methods approach. Network analysis to map the conceptual linkages between the SDGs and their targets was combined with the advance sustainability analysis (ASA) to quantitatively evaluate the synergy and trade-offs between SDGs. The results illustrate the presences of a continual trade-off between emission reductions targets of SDG 13 with per capita energy consumption and share of renewable energy of SDG 7, land use for agricultural production target of SDG 12, and forest area target of SDG 15. This indicates that climate action is strongly interlinked with GHG emissions from economic activities and energy consumption. The results of the study represent a valuable input for the policy makers, supporting coherent and sustainable development planning as Nepal plans to graduate to a middle-income country.
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Nelson, Tim, Tahlia Nolan, and Joel Gilmore. "What’s next for the Renewable Energy Target – resolving Australia’s integration of energy and climate change policy?*." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 66, no. 1 (November 2021): 136–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12457.
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Lutz, Christian, Lisa Becker, and Andreas Kemmler. "Socioeconomic Effects of Ambitious Climate Mitigation Policies in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 6247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116247.
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The EU Commission has introduced the instrument of National Energy and Climate Plans (NECP) to better achieve energy and climate policy targets. In Germany, a comprehensive study was commissioned for this purpose. Its methods and main results are presented here. It starts with a set of energy system models that maps the necessary changes in the energy system, together with corresponding measures bottom-up. The results then enter the PANTA RHEI macroeconometric top-down model as scenario inputs to determine the socioeconomic effects. According to the bottom-up models, achieving the target of 55% GHG reduction by 2030 will not be easy. The macroeconomic effects are mostly positive. Driven by additional investment, GDP and the number of jobs will be higher than in the baseline. The construction and service sectors can benefit from energy and climate policy measures. The share of final consumer expenditures on energy in GDP declines by 2030 compared to today. However, the direction and magnitude of the effects are not undisputed in the literature. The results show that ambitious climate policies are possible in Germany, which can also improve the achievement of economic and social goals.
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de Chalendar, Jacques A., Peter W. Glynn, and Sally M. Benson. "City-scale decarbonization experiments with integrated energy systems." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 5 (2019): 1695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03706j.
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Decarbonization of electricity generation together with electrification of energy-and-carbon-intensive services such as heating and cooling is needed to address ambitious climate goals. Urban energy centers are a prime target for these efforts.
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Wei, Youman, Siyan Wang, Hongwei Dang, and Peng Liu. "Climate Adaptability Analysis on the Shape of Outpatient Buildings for Different Climate Zones in China Based on Low-Energy Target." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122121.
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Under the impact of COVID-19 and the needs for urban expansion, a large number of outpatient buildings have been rapidly constructed, but the problem of high energy consumption has always been ignored. There is a lack of research on the adaptability of building shape in different climate zones. Many studies have shown that a reasonable shape in the early stage of design can significantly reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Therefore, it helps if architects quickly select a reasonable shape that can effectively reduce energy consumption. This study summarized a number of outpatient building cases in China and proposed three typical building shapes: centralized-type (Shape-1), corridor-type (Shape-2), and courtyard-type (Shape-3). The Design Builder tool was used to simulate and analyze the typical building energy consumption in different climate zones. The simulation results show that Shape-2 (angle: 0°) should be chosen in severe cold zone; Shape-1 (angle: 90°) should be chosen in cold zone; Shape-1 (angle: 0°) should be chosen in hot summer and cold winter zone; Shape-1 (angle: 60°) should be chosen in hot summer and warm winter zone; and Shape-1 or Shape-2 can be chosen in warm zone. The results of this study can provide suggestions for the energy saving design of outpatient buildings in China and other areas with similar conditions. The result can help architects make rapid shape selection in the early stage of design.
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Sayin, Selçuk, and Godfried Augenbroe. "OPTIMAL ENERGY DESIGN AND RETROFIT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TURKISH BUILDING SECTOR." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.1.61.
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ABSTRACT This paper introduces methodologies and optimal strategies to reduce the energy consumption of the building sector with the aim to reduce global energy usage of a given .region or country. Many efforts are underway to develop investment strategies for large-scale energy retrofits and stricter energy design standards for existing and future buildings. This paper presents a study that informs these strategies in a novel way. It introduces support for the cost-optimized retrofits of existing, and design improvements of new buildings in Turkey with the aim to offer recommendations to individual building owners as well as guidance to the market. Three building types, apartment, single-family house and office are analyzed with a novel optimization approach. The energy performance of each type is simulated in five different climate regions of Turkey and four different vintages. For each vintage, the building is modelled corresponding to local Turkish regulations that applied at the time of construction. Optimum results are produced for different goals in terms of energy saving targets. The optimization results reveal that a 50% energy saving target is attainable for the retrofit and a 40% energy saving target is attainable for new design improvements for each building type in all climate regions.
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Guzowska, Malgorzata Klaudia, and Barbara Kryk. "Efficiency of Implementing Climate/Energy Targets of the Europe 2020 Strategy and the Structural Diversity between Old and New Member States." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 8428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248428.
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The most important goals included in the Europe 2020 Strategy are climate/energy targets, which determine not only the achievement of its other goals but also climate neutrality by 2050. This article aims to assess the efficiency of implementing the climate/energy targets of the Europe 2020 Strategy and to analyse changes over time, taking into consideration the structural diversity between the old (EU 15) and new EU members (EU 13) in the period of 2014–2018. The assessment of changes in the efficiency of climate/energy targets over time adds value to the evaluation methods used to date in this area. This was done using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist index. Earlier works usually specified only the level of target achievement, mostly jointly in relation to all of the goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy. The efficiency of their implementation at the macroeconomic level has not been studied. Furthermore, the added value of this paper consists in obtaining additional information concerning the internal structure and character of the studied efficiency of old and new member states. Changes in the efficiency level have been analysed with regard to the key climate/energy indicators used to monitor the Europe 2020 Strategy. Based on the results, the EU countries were divided into six groups with similar levels of efficiency in achieving energy and climate objectives and ranked using the DEA–Malmquist index according to changes in their level over time. This makes it possible not only to assess the performance of countries but also to formulate recommendations for decision-makers.
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Kułaga, Aleksandra. "Polityka klimatyczno-energetyczna Unii Europejskiej." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2014 (September 28, 2014): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.14.6.
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The article is devoted to the subject of the goals of the climate and energy policy of the European Union, which can have both a positive, and a negative impact on the environmental and energy policies. Positive aspects are the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, diversification of energy supplies, which should improve Europe independence from energy imports, and increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the national energy system structures. On the other hand, overly ambitious targets and actions can lead to large losses for the economies of EU Member States. The article also highlights the realities prevailing in the international arena and noncompliance of international actors with global agreements on climate protection.
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Chen, Chi. "Global Carbon Neutral Pathways and China's Strategies under Paris Agreement Climate Goals." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 3 (January 20, 2023): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v3i.4668.
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The 2 degrees temperature target or even 1.5 degrees temperature target set by the Paris Agreement has driven global climate change commitments and programs. This study simulates the specific pathway to global carbon neutrality under the 2 degrees temperature control target. The strategies for achieving carbon neutrality and temperature control goals in China are constructed by combining the emissions of different sectors in China. The key pathways to achieve carbon neutrality are to improve energy efficiency and electrification. In addition, the energy mix should be adjusted to reduce or even eliminate coal-based fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy. Efforts should also be made to increase carbon sinks and energy storage, and to control costs. At the same time, policies and laws will play a role in promoting the achievement of carbon neutrality. Ultimately, climate change mitigation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale can be achieved.
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van der Hoek, Jan Peter. "Towards a climate neutral water cycle." Journal of Water and Climate Change 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2012.015.
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Waternet, the first water cycle company in the Netherlands, is responsible for drinking water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, and water system management and control in and around Amsterdam. Waternet has the ambition to become climate neutral in 2020. To realise this ambition, measures are required to compensate for the emission of 53,000 t CO2-eq/year. Energy recovery from the water cycle looks very promising. From wastewater, ground water, surface water and drinking water, all elements of the water cycle, renewable energy can be recovered. This can be thermal energy and chemical energy. First calculations reveal that energy recovery from the water cycle in and around Amsterdam can contribute to a total reduction in greenhouse gas emissions up to 74,900 t CO2-eq/year. The challenge for the coming years is to choose robust combinations of all the possibilities to fulfil the energy demand at any time. Only then can the use of fossil fuel be abandoned and the target of becoming climate neutral in 2020 be reached.
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Okruszek, Łukasz, Aleksandra Piejka, Natalia Banasik-Jemielniak, and Dariusz Jemielniak. "Climate change, vaccines, GMO: The N400 effect as a marker of attitudes toward scientific issues." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): e0273346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273346.
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While the psychological predictors of antiscience beliefs have been extensively studied, neural underpinnings of the antiscience beliefs have received relatively little interest. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether attitudes towards the scientific issues are reflected in the N400 potential. Thirty-one individuals were asked to judge whether six different issues presented as primes (vaccines, medicines, nuclear energy, solar energy, genetically-modified organisms (GMO), natural farming) are well-described by ten positive and ten negative target words. EEG was recorded during the task. Furthermore, participants were asked to rate their own expertise in each of the six topics. Both positive and negative target words related to GMO elicited larger N400, than targets associated with vaccines and natural farming. The results of the current study show that N400 may be an indicator of the ambiguous attitude toward scientific issues.
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Szép, Tekla, Mohammad Jaber, and Mohammad Kashour. "Changing European Energy Policy : The Challenge of the Energy Price Storm." Theory, Methodology, Practice 18, no. 2 (2022): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18096/tmp.2022.02.04.
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This paper examines the roots of the European energy crisis within the period of 2021–2022, the reasons for the European gas shortage, the effect of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the potential EU responses. The current crisis is a result of several factors, starting from the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and amplified severely by the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine. In addition, five reasons were identified as worsening the EU energy situation. These include market-based gas prices, external dependency, global imbalances, the EU's climate policies, and low European energy stocks. The Russian invasion of Ukraine put pressure on the oil and gas supplies to the EU. This situation led the EU to introduce sanctions and measures that target increasing the share of renewable energy while reducing the dependence on Russian gas. Finally, we shed light on the energy transition as an opportunity to deal with climate change and limited energy resources while also showing the challenges that would hinder a just transition.
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McCOLLUM, DAVID, YU NAGAI, KEYWAN RIAHI, GIACOMO MARANGONI, KATHERINE CALVIN, ROBERT PIETZCKER, JASPER VAN VLIET, and BOB VAN DER ZWAAN. "ENERGY INVESTMENTS UNDER CLIMATE POLICY: A COMPARISON OF GLOBAL MODELS." Climate Change Economics 04, no. 04 (November 2013): 1340010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813400101.
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The levels of investment needed to mobilize an energy system transformation and mitigate climate change are not known with certainty. This paper aims to inform the ongoing dialogue and in so doing to guide public policy and strategic corporate decision making. Within the framework of the LIMITS integrated assessment model comparison exercise, we analyze a multi-IAM ensemble of long-term energy and greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Our study provides insight into several critical but uncertain areas related to the future investment environment, for example in terms of where capital expenditures may need to flow regionally, into which sectors they might be concentrated, and what policies could be helpful in spurring these financial resources. We find that stringent climate policies consistent with a 2°C climate change target would require a considerable upscaling of investments into low-carbon energy and energy efficiency, reaching approximately $45 trillion (range: $30–$75 trillion) cumulative between 2010 and 2050, or about $1.1 trillion annually. This represents an increase of some $30 trillion ($10–$55 trillion), or $0.8 trillion per year, beyond what investments might otherwise be in a reference scenario that assumes the continuation of present and planned emissions-reducing policies throughout the world. In other words, a substantial "clean-energy investment gap" of some $800 billion/yr exists — notably on the same order of magnitude as present-day subsidies for fossil energy and electricity worldwide ($523 billion). Unless the gap is filled rather quickly, the 2°C target could potentially become out of reach.
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Molocchi, Andrea. "Vincoli europei e internazionali. Il rilancio della politica climatica dell'Unione Europea per il periodo post Kyoto." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 2 (May 2009): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-002010.
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- The relation describes the European strategy on energy and climate under the UNFCCC process for the post Kyoto period (after 2012), by which on march 2007 the EU Council adopted general targets at 2020 for a 20%/30% emission reduction, 20% renewables and 20% energy saving. Furthermore it highlights the main features of the legislative proposals published by the European Commission (EC) to implement the strategy on the 23rd January 2008, soon after the Bali COP13 (so called "energy and climate package"). The package contains proposals to implement the 20% emission reduction through EU level defined caps in the ETS sectors and by national targets differentiation in the non-ETS sectors (respectively under the "ETS revision directive" and "Effort Sharing Decision") and a further directive proposal to implement the 20% target for renewables through national target differentiation as well. The burden sharing criteria applied by EC in the energy package proposals are based on GDP per capita and they do not consider any environmental efficiency criteria, such as carbon intensity or potential for renewable sources based on land availability. As the Impact Assessment produced by the Commission itself shows, the way the "solidariety criteria" has been applied produced estimated costs on GDP highly differentiated between Member States and non-coherent with the GDP per capita distribution. Nevertheless, these burden sharings have not been timely corrected by the EC to bring optimisation with GDP per capita rankings in the UE. In addition, the EC package does not contain legislative proposals aimed to implement the 20% energy saving target. Recent disclosure of information by EC consultants (NTUA - Primes Model) shows that the implicit energy saving potential of the proposed package is limited to 7%, thus far away from the announced 20%. Due to these lackings, the EC package and related burden sharings may not be considered coherent to the EU Council spring 2007 mandate. European Parliament or Council emendments aimed at a higher efficiency and fairness for the whole package are deemed necessary by the author, even if politically difficult to be introduced.Key words: Energy & climate package, GHGs, energy efficiency, renewable sources, European policy.
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Chi, Doris A. "An Approach to Determine Specific Targets of Daylighting Metrics and Solar Gains for Different Climatic Regions." Journal of Daylighting 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.1.
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This study comes from an integrated approach combining daylighting and thermal aspects of building spaces. Several room configurations derived from the combination of four main design variables are tested. Width-to-Depth-Ratio (WDR), Window-to-Wall-Ratio (WWR), orientation, and climate conditions are simultaneously investigated to find the best solutions that enhance the Daylight Availability and, at the same time, diminish solar gains and total energy use (lighting plus cooling and heating). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the statistical technique used to outline design guidelines for Mexican climate regions, namely arid, tropical, and temperate. Hence, optimal values for WDR and WWR were recommended for specific orientations and climates. Therefore, PCA is set as the basis of a methodology to define design strategies for specific locations and climates that further lead to updating high-performance standards in buildings at regional levels. Results also showed that climate conditions, such as seasonal cloud cover, temperature, and solar radiation, are crucial when establishing target limits for the actual daylit and over lit areas. The temperate climate was able to endure up to 60% as over lit area. Instead, the arid and tropical climates tolerated up to 50% and 40%, respectively, as over lit areas.
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SUN, YOUNGPING. "CHINA’S TARGET RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM AND CONVERGENCE OF CO2 EMISSIONS." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 02 (March 2018): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817400197.
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China has established and assigned target responsibilities for local officials in energy conservation and created an evaluation indicator, which is a key institutional arrangement that provides local officials with political incentives to promote carbon abatement policies. In this paper, we elaborate on the relationship between China’s target responsibility system and CO2 emissions using interprovincial panel data, grouping provinces into Eastern, Central and Western regions to compare China’s CO2 emissions convergence between the periods of the 10th Five-year Plan and the 11th Five-year Plan. The analysis indicates that the target responsibility system does not noticeably change local officials’ political incentives to engage in carbon abatement because the effect of the target responsibility system for energy conservation seems to be overshadowed by and subject to gross domestic product (GDP) growth targets. Against the backdrop of growing international pressure on climate change issues, this paper argues that China must include in the target responsibility system an indicator of absolute CO2 emissions reduction as a policy objective.
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Musiał, Wiesław, Monika Zioło, Lidia Luty, and Kamila Musiał. "Energy Policy of European Union Member States in the Context of Renewable Energy Sources Development." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102864.
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As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.
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Prina, Matteo Giacomo, Giampaolo Manzolini, David Moser, Roberto Vaccaro, and Wolfram Sparber. "Multi-Objective Optimization Model EPLANopt for Energy Transition Analysis and Comparison with Climate-Change Scenarios." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123255.
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The modeling of energy systems with high penetration of renewables is becoming more relevant due to environmental and security issues. Researchers need to support policy makers in the development of energy policies through results from simulating tools able to guide them. The EPLANopt model couples a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to EnergyPLAN simulation software to study the future best energy mix. In this study, EPLANopt is applied at country level to the Italian case study to assess the best configurations of the energy system in 2030. A scenario, the result of the optimization, is selected and compared to the Italian integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. It allows a further reduction of CO2 emissions equal to 10% at the same annual costs of the Italian integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. Both these results are then compared to climate change scenarios through the carbon budget indicator. This comparison shows the difficulties to meet the Paris Agreement target of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. The results also show that this target can only be met through an increase in the total annual costs in the order of 25% with respect to the integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. However, the study also shows how the shift in expenditure from fossil fuels, external expenses, to investment on the national territory represents an opportunity to enhance the national economy.
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Rodríguez-Martínez, Antonio, Yolanda Lechón, Helena Cabal, David Castrejón, Marco Flores, and R. J. Romero. "Consequences of the National Energy Strategy in the Mexican Energy System: Analyzing Strategic Indicators with an Optimization Energy Model." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 2837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102837.
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This paper presents an approach to the assessment of the Mexican energy system’s evolution under the climate and energy objectives set by the National Climate Change Strategy using an energy optimization model. Some strategic indicators have been chosen to analyze the performance of three integration elements: sustainability, efficiency, and energy security. Two scenarios have been defined in the medium and long-term: the business as usual scenario, with no energy or climate targets, and the National Climate Change Strategy scenario, where clean energy technologies and CO2 emissions objectives are considered. The aim of this work is the analysis of some of those strategic indicators’ evolution using the EUROfusion Times Model. Results show that reaching the strategy targets leads to improvements in the integration elements in the medium and long term. Besides, meeting the CO2 emission limits is achievable in terms of technologies and resources availability but at a high cost, while clean technologies targets are met with no extra costs even in the business as usual scenario.
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Kahn, L. P., I. R. Johnson, J. B. Rowe, L. Hogan, and J. Boshoff. "ASKBILL as a web-based program to enhance sheep well-being and productivity." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17327.
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ASKBILL is a web-based program that uses farm measurements, climate data and information on genetics to predict pasture growth, animal performance and animal health and climate risks. The program uses several biophysical models, which are customised by user inputs, localised daily weather updates and a dynamical probabilistic 90-day climate forecast to enhance sheep well-being and productivity. This approach can minimise the requirement for manual, auto and remote measurements, thus reducing labour requirements and complexity. In this article, the animal growth model provides an example of a biophysical model used to provide predictions. This is an energy-based model and the model parameterisation is designed to be physiologically meaningful and able to be customised for the genetic merit of the animal using a growth coefficient that calibrates growth of body components and energy requirements. A key feature of the animal growth model is its forecast projections, which are based on an ensemble of simulations. The model can estimate supplementary feeding rates required to achieve target liveweights and body condition scores and stocking rates required to achieve target pasture levels. The model can be customised for a farm and its livestock and is updated daily in response to climate data. This dynamic feature enables it to provide early stage alerts to users when animal production targets are unlikely to be met.
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Magrini, Anna, and Giorgia Lentini. "NZEB Analyses by Means of Dynamic Simulation and Experimental Monitoring in Mediterranean Climate." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184784.
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The reduction of energy consumption in the building sector has promoted the spread of the NZEB (Nearly Zero Energy Building) model. A future target is represented by positive-energy buildings (PEB), which produce more energy than they consume. The study is centred on the examination of some peculiarities of NZEB through a case study and on the analysis of opportunities for further increase in energy performance, to trace the road that each designer should take, through an extensive evaluation of the potentials variations on the project that could lead to better results. The project assessments are developed through a dynamic simulation model and the data from the monitoring of the building’s performance are used to evaluate the actual energy saving conditions. The analyses demonstrate the importance of an accurate design of the envelope and technical building systems associated with a smart management of the control systems and the setting of the set points, for the optimal operation of the systems. Ambitious but feasible design choices and an accurate analysis of the possibility of increasing the energy performance of a NZEB can lead to reaching the PEB target and energy independence, enhancing the production of energy from renewable sources.
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Ferrantelli, Andrea, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy Performance Certificate Classes Rating Methods Tested with Data: How Does the Application of Minimum Energy Performance Standards to Worst-Performing Buildings Affect Renovation Rates, Costs, Emissions, Energy Consumption?" Energies 15, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 7552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207552.
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Energy renovations of the building stock are a paramount objective of the European Union (EU) to combat climate change. A tool for renovation progress monitoring is energy performance certificate (EPC) labelling. The present study tested the effect of different EPC label classifications on a national database, which comprises ~25,000 EPC values from apartment buildings, detached houses, office buildings, and educational, commercial, and service buildings. Analysing the EPC classes labelling resulting from four different EU methods, we estimated the annual renovation rates, costs, energy savings, and CO2 emissions reduction that would affect the national building stock if each of them was adopted, to fulfil the European Climate Target Plan by the year 2033. The ISO 52003-1:2017 two-point and one-point methods determined a very uneven distribution of renovation rates, from 0.45% to ~9%. Conversely, the Directive 15% recently proposed in COM/2021/802 with uniform rates determined smaller differences and standard deviation, not pushing renovations above 3.70%, namely a rate that once fine-tuned can stimulate realistic, yet effective renovation campaigns. The major differences in renovation rates provided by the studied methods show the need for a harmonized strategy such as the Directive proposal to enable achievement of European targets.
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Marcucci, Adriana, Evangelos Panos, Socrates Kypreos, and Panagiotis Fragkos. "Probabilistic assessment of realizing the 1.5 °C climate target." Applied Energy 239 (April 2019): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.190.
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Livzeniece, Lasma, Jelena Pubule, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Sustainability Assessment of Wind Energy in Latvia: Sustainability SWOT and Multi-Criteria Analysis." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0095.
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Abstract Early 2020 Latvian government approved the National Energy and Climate Plan 2021 – 2030 (hereinafter - NECP2030) – a long-term energy and climate planning document setting the basic principles, goals and action lines of Latvia’s national energy and climate policy for the next ten years. Although a specific target of 800 MW for wind energy development has been set, there is limited information provided on the means of achieving the wind energy target. A roadmap on wind energy development would be helpful for the stakeholders, providing a clear plan on the wind energy development, including the assessment of the most suitable form of wind energy for Latvia. The goal of this study is to propose a flexible and adaptable tool to assess, compare and select the most advantageous wind energy development alternatives for policy makers. The research goal is met by applying sustainability SWOT analysis in combination with the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. The combination of two provides a) an evaluation of comparable criteria for onshore and offshore wind energy b) assessment of the wind energy sustainability within the selected scenarios c) selection of the best possible scenario. The proposed method can help structure and lessen the complexity around the wind energy dilemma while considering economic, environment, social and technological aspects.
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Tukulis, Anrijs, Andra Blumberga, Uldis Bariss, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Ex Post Evaluation of Large Electricity Consumer Policy Measures." Environmental and Climate Technologies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0002.
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Abstract All European Union (EU) member states till 2020 had an obligatory target for energy efficiency. One of instruments for countries to achieve national energy efficiency goals is obligation for large companies (LC) and large electricity consumers (LEC) to implement certified energy management system or perform energy audit. In this study the Latvian case study of obligation for LC and LEC where examined. The analysis was carried out using a theory-based policy analysis method combined with evaluation criteria from the EU legislative assessment guidelines The Better Regulation Agenda – efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, coherence, added value, validity, complementarity, coordination, equality, sustainability and acceptability. To evaluate energy efficiency policy measures, it is also important to understand energy efficiency measures that will realistically meet the set company and national targets. AHP and TOPSIS analyzes were performed to evaluate these measures not only from energy efficiency but also from environmental, climate, engineering-technical, economic, and social aspects. The results allow us to assess the fate of existing policies and to draw conclusions on the improvements needed to meet energy efficiency and climate goals in the future.
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Yasuoka, Rieko, Koji Tokimatsu, and Masahiro Nishio. "Exploring the 2 °C target with 100 percent renewable energy under uncertainty in climate sensitivity." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 3417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.934.
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Patt, Anthony, Oscar van Vliet, Johan Lilliestam, and Stefan Pfenninger. "Will policies to promote energy efficiency help or hinder achieving a 1.5 °C climate target?" Energy Efficiency 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9715-8.
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Khabbazan, Mohammad M., and Sascha Hokamp. "Decarbonizing the Global Economy—Investigating the Role of Carbon Emission Inertia Using the Integrated Assessment Model MIND." Economies 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10080186.
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In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties reaffirmed the target of keeping the global mean temperature rise below 2 °C or 1.5 °C by 2100 while finding no consensus on how to decarbonize the global economy. In this regard, the speed of decarbonization reflects the (in)flexibility of transforming the energy sector due to engineering, political, or societal constraints. Using economy–energy–climate-integrated assessment models (IAMs), the maximum absolute rate of change in carbon emission allowed from each time step to the next, so-called carbon emission inertia (CEI), governs the magnitude of emission change, affecting investment decisions and economic welfare. Employing the model of investment and endogenous technological development (MIND), we conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis and examine anthropogenic global carbon emission scenarios in line with decarbonizing the global economy while measuring the global mean temperature. We examine the role of CEI as a crucial assumption, where the CEI can vary in four scenarios from 3.7% to 12.6% p.a. We provide what-if studies on global carbon emissions, global mean temperature change, and investments in renewable energy production and show that decarbonizing the global economy might still be possible before 2100 only if the CEI is high enough. In addition, we show that climate policy scenarios with early decarbonization and without negative emissions may still comply with the 2 °C target. However, our results indicate that the 1.5 °C target is not likely to be reached without negative emission technologies. Hence, the window of opportunity is beginning to close. This work can also assist to better interpret existing publications on various climate targets when altering CEI could have played a significant role.
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Qiu, Jane. "Clean-energy development in China." National Science Review 2, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv064.
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Abstract In June, China announced its 2030 target to cut its greenhouse-gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product by 60%–65% from 2005 levels. To achieve the goal, it would increase the share of non-fossil fuels as part of its primary energy consumption to 20% by 2030 and aim to peak emissions around the same time. As world's largest carbon emitter, the announcement is widely hailed not only as a strong impetus for the UN climate talks, which are convened in Paris this month, but a solution to the country's unprecedented choking pollution. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's executive associate editor Mu-ming Poo, four panelists from diverse backgrounds discuss how clean-energy development could help China to fight against air pollution and meet its 2030 target, what sorts of policies need to be in place, and what the main challenges are.
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Hafner, Manfred, and Pier Paolo Raimondi. "Priorities and challenges of the EU energy transition: From the European Green Package to the new Green Deal." Russian Journal of Economics 6, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 374–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.6.55375.
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As decarbonization and climate policy are gaining relevance in the European Union (EU) energy policy, the present paper seeks to present both priorities and challenges for of the EU energy transition. As priorities, we outline the key targets and initiatives proposed and set by the European institutions in relation to the energy matters. The EU identifies renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) as the three pillars to achieve its carbon neutrality. The final goal for to the EU energy and climate targets is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Nevertheless, since given energy policy is being a “shared competence” between the EU institutions and Member States, each Member State plays a critical role for the achievement of the EU energy transition. Different socioeconomic structures and the energy mix across Europe have caused the implementation process of each EU target to develop at a different pace among European countries. We illustrate this drawing on four countries: Italy, the UK, Germany and Poland. We assess their political commitment to the energy transition and their actions regarding energy transformation. These four countries are only an example of the different pace in the implementation of the EU energy and climate targets. The last part of the paper is devoted to the ambitious plan, called Green New Deal, launched by the present Commission President, Ursula von der Leyen. It sets key priorities, reaffirming European commitments to the energy and climate transition. However, the plan faces significant obstacles. For example, division among Member States (North-South and West-East) might be a factor that could undermine the achievement of the European energy transition, due to multiple and divergent interests (also on the future role of the energy transition in the aftermath of COVID-19 and the resulting economic crisis). Another challenge is constituted by popular opposition, especially from those people that see the energy transition — and consequent economic and industrial transformation — as a potential threat to their well-being and jobs, as the French gilets jaunes show. Lastly, we explain that the European energy transition will impact also its external relations, for example with Russia, proposing how the two blocs can preserve their energy relationship in light of the energy transition, notably through the conversion of natural gas to hydrogen and storing/using the resulting CO2.
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Solomon, Barry D., and Adam M. Wellstead. "Shooting for Perfection: Hawaii’s Goal of 100% Renewable Energy Use." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001073.
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In the United States, 29 states, Washington, D.C. and three territories have adopted a mandatory Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) for their electric power systems, while eight states and one territory have set renewable energy goals. Many foreign nations have adopted an RPS as well. Thus far, almost all RPSs across the United States have met their interim goals with targets and timetables that vary widely. Hawaii’s RPS is the most ambitious, with a 100% target set for 2045 (though Vermont set a 75% target for 2032). This paper provides a case study of the Hawai’i RPS. The paper focuses on geographical issues and perspectives that may tease out the course of the states’ electricity future: sensitivity to climate change, population distribution, interisland rivalries, as well as the need for greater energy storage and complementary policies. An important complexity is the challenge of meeting electricity demand on six separate Hawaiian Islands (because of the lack of an interisland transmission cable), although all of them have substantial renewable energy resources.
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Chen, Han, Lining Wang, and Wenying Chen. "Modeling on building sector’s carbon mitigation in China to achieve the 1.5 °C climate target." Energy Efficiency 12, no. 2 (May 26, 2018): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-018-9687-8.
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Chen, Xiangping, Yongxiang Cai, Xiaobing Xiao, Youzhuo Zheng, and Anqian Yang. "Solar Energy Compensation for Building Energy Saving with Thermal Comfort in a Cold Climate." Electronics 11, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030491.
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This paper proposes an energy-saving strategy with assistance from solar thermal compensation for building energy systems. The target of the control strategy was to minimize energy consumption under thermal comfort constraints in buildings. First, the factors influential to indoor temperature in building environments were analyzed. Secondly, the internal and external factors, such as building materials; building orientation; window size; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) facilities; blinding device; solar irradiation; wind speed; and outdoor temperature were used to construct a building model on the platform ENERGYPLUS (E+). A controller aiming to regulate the amount of solar irradiation was developed with the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) tool. Afterward, the building performance under different strategies was tested by co-simulation using both the computational platforms, E+ and BCVTB. The optimum scheme achieved 30.6% energy savings while meeting the same comfort criterion of its competition strategy. The study verified that the proposed strategy of combined heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and blind control could realize the energy savings and comfort satisfaction at the same time. The proposed method provides a reference to the development of low-/zero-energy building concepts in the field.
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Shapovalova, Daria. "Arctic Petroleum and the 2°C Goal: a Case for Accountability for Fossil-Fuel Supply." Climate Law 10, no. 3-4 (November 18, 2020): 282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-10030003.
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Abstract The Arctic is both a place disproportionately affected by climate change and a place that has been, and continues to be, subject to large-scale oil-and-gas development. Production and subsequent combustion of these resources would compromise the treaty-established target of keeping global warming ‘well below’ 2°C. The global regulatory efforts on climate change are centred on greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-fuel consumption, almost ignoring the supply side. In the absence of universal and strict emission-reduction targets, petroleum exports and carbon leakage jeopardize the effectiveness of the climate change regime. Through the examination of treaties and national practice, this paper argues for the establishment of accountability for the production of Arctic petroleum in light of climate change.
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ABOUMAHBOUB, TINO, GUNNAR LUDERER, ELMAR KRIEGLER, MARIAN LEIMBACH, NICO BAUER, MICHAJA PEHL, and LAVINIA BAUMSTARK. "ON THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLIMATE MITIGATION COSTS: THE IMPACT OF DELAYED COOPERATIVE ACTION." Climate Change Economics 05, no. 01 (February 2014): 1440002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007814400028.
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This paper analyzes the results of the climate-energy-economy model, Regionalized Model of Investment and Technological Development (REMIND), to assess the regional costs of climate-change mitigation for reaching the 2°C target with a medium to high likelihood. We assume that the global climate regime remains fragmented until 2020 after which a global mitigation target is adopted. We decompose the regional mitigation costs into (a) domestic and energy trade effects and (b) permit trade effects. Delaying cooperative action affects domestic costs by increasing the energy system's costs as a consequence of lock-in of carbon-intensive infrastructures. This is particularly true in developing countries with low near-term emissions reduction commitments. In a global cap-and-trade system, the effect of delayed action highly depends on whether or not the regions are over- or under-allocated with emissions allowances in the long term. Those with allowances exceeding their long-term emissions will likely benefit from the delay, while others suffer the consequences of higher long-term carbon prices.