Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Énergies renouvelables – Modèles économétriques'
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Bourcet, Clémence. "Déploiement des énergies renouvelables : déterminants globaux et financement participatif en france." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA131032.
Full textIn the context of mitigation actions in the energy sector to reduce greenhouse gasemissions, renewable energy (RE) sources appear as relevant solutions. They canbe used for electricity production, in the heating and cooling, and the transportsectors. However, these low-carbon sources have only developed slowly andsignificant differences exist between countries.In this thesis, I first explore the empirical determinants of RE sources deploymentby systematically reviewing the existing quantitative country-level literatureon this topic. I find that this strand of literature is quite fragmented andanalyze the authors’ results based on the framework considered to investigatethe existence of a consensus on possible determinants of RE development at acountry level.To complement this multi-country approach, I focus on two significant barriersthat have been found to hinder a wide spread use of RE sources: financingand acceptance. More specifically, I look at the RE crowdfunding sector. Indeed,crowdfunding is an innovative financing tool that enables the participation ofcitizens in the funding of RE projects, thus involving them in the energy transitionprocess towards low-carbon sources. In particular, I focus on the FrenchRE crowdfunding sector because it has experienced a strong growth in the contextof a favorable regulatory environment. I conduct a case study of a Frenchcrowdfunding platform specialized in RE projects to better understand its businessmodel and the risks associated with it. Then, to shed some light on thecharacteristics of the sector, I give an overview of the different actors that are involvedin the French RE crowdfunding sector: platforms, project promoters, andcontributors. Finally, I carry out an empirical analysis of survey data regardingthe decision-making process of French citizens that have invested in RE crowdfundingprojects
Fondja, Wandji Yris Dieunedort. "Quelles stratégies énergétiques durables pour les pays en développement : le cas du secteur électrique au Cameroun." Paris 9, 2011. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2011PA090031.
Full textSustainable development of the energy industry in developing countries raises a constant challenge for applied economics. Access to electricity and in general to reliable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly energy services, is needed to improve the living conditions of the populations and to develop a competitive economy. The work undertaken here is to describe and analyze the Cameroonian energy system taking into consideration the energy policies already in place. Is it possible to meet the energy demand resulting from population growth and the necessary economic development under environmental stress? According to the econometric study, the electricity consumption is led by the growth of the economic activities, mainly supported by agriculture, oil and the informal sector. This thesis shows that although it does not have a lot of environmental constraints, Cameroon should continue to develop hydropower, not only because of its great potential but also for its environmental virtues, in order to provide energy for households and businesses. The country should also continue the exploitation of oil and gas, and diversify its energy supply in order to benefit most from its renewable energy resources. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to rearrange the regulatory and institutional framework in place so that it encourages more investments. These are the conditions of the implementation of a sustainable energy system in Cameroon
Bell, Mbea. "Three essays in the economics of greenhouse gas emissions' mitigation in the electricity sector." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28367.
Full textClimate change is one of the biggest challenges that the world is facing. In order to limit global warming, each political jurisdiction must implement a drastic climate policy to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this challenge, the electricity generation sector has a central role to play. On the one hand, it is a major contributor to the total GHG emissions, and on the other hand, this sector offers several alternatives for generating electricity without emissions, such as renewable sources or fossil fuel generators equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) capacity. In three essays, this thesis examines cost-efficient solutions to reducing GHG emissions and promoting climate-friendly technologies in the electricity sector. The first essay compares an emissions tax and a clean energy standard using a calibrated general equilibrium model of electricity generation. The structure of electricity production features two plants: one that generates its output based on renewable sources and the other based on fossil source emitting CO2. The model is calibrated to match selected macroeconomic aggregates of the economy of British Columbia. The calibrated model is then used to conduct conceptual experiments that pit the overall cost of achieving the optimal emissions reduction target with a given policy instrument against the counterfactual cost of achieving the same target with an alternative policy instrument. The experiments lead to the conclusion that an emissions tax is more environmentally effective as well as more cost-effective than a clean energy standard. The second essay extends the comparison between a clean electricity standard and a carbon tax on cost-effectiveness grounds by adding innovation and market power. In our model, a two-stage competition in the electricity sector between a clean plant and its "dirty" rival anchors a two-sector general equilibrium model of climate change intervention. The dirty plant can innovate to reduce its emissions, and the clean plant can innovate to reduce its pre-existing cost-disadvantage. The model is calibrated to selected US macroeconomics aggregates. Results in this essay overturn those obtained in the first, where perfect competition was the feature of the electricity industry. The second essay thus shows cost-effective choice of climate policy instruments depends on the industrial organization of the electricity sector, as well as on the mechanisms plants use to respond to climate policy. Whereas the first two essays are only concerned with abatement incentives the third, by contrast, considers a climate policy action aimed, not only at incentivizing abatement, but also at promoting clean electricity solutions to climate change. These solutions have two competing sources. On the one hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of technological innovations that mitigate the intermittency and variability problems associated with renewable sources of electricity. Such solutions, when adequate, reduce the cost-disadvantage of renewable sources at reaching large-scale deployment. On the other hand, there are climate change solutions consisting of carbon abatement technologies that mitigate the trade-off between abatement effort and electricity output among fossil fuel generators. CCS technologies are an essential component of these fossil fuel-based climate change solutions. The main contribution of this essay is to show that, in countries with an abundant supply of fossil fuels, subsidizing fossil fuel-based climate change solutions can be an integral part of a cost-effective climate policy action aimed at achieving ambitious emissions reductions.
Rouge, Luc. "Ressources non-renouvelables, pollution et croissance." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10075.
Full textWe first study the problem of growth non-renewable resources within a Schumpeterian endogenous growth model. We examine the optimum and equilibrium paths at the steady-state, and we also study the impact of an economic policy aimed at implementing the optimum. In particular, it turns out that a research subsidy has the same impact as a technical progress in exogenous growth models. We then analyze the impact of the pollution generated by the use of non-renewable resources on the standard results of the literature. In this context, we define a new condition depicting the extraction path, the modified Hotelling rule, and we show that an increase in the houselolds' psychological discount rate leads to a situation in which the social planner slows down the extraction. Finally, we present a simple endogenous growth model that allows us to analyse the effects of an environmental policy. In particular, we show that a decreasing tax on the resource use yields the optimum
Coupan, Frédéric. "Stockage pour les énergies renouvelables : évaluation et modélisation de la batterie plomb-acide." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0001/document.
Full textThis work has two parts. A first more "strategic" part concerning the importance of storage for renewable energies. An increasingly technical and increasingly precise part concerning the positioning of the electrochemical storage, the position of the Lead Acid battery, the technological variants, to arrive at a detailed electrochemical modeling of the type of battery retained.In the first section, Chapter 1 of the thesis highlights the good positioning of electrochemical storage for the needs of renewable energies. With respect to the random fluctuations of the resource, time is an important element of the discussion: storage time on the one hand, time of mobilization of stored energy on the other hand. In this respect, the specification for the production smoothing of a unit connected to the network is quite different from the storage applications for a stand-alone production system.The second chapter becomes more technical, when comparing the lead-acid battery with the other storage systems. The guiding idea is to support this discussion on arguments related to the physical basis of functioning of the components studied. At the same time, it is a pretext to begin the introduction of basic principles of electrochemistry that will be developed and used by the after. There are three main families: accumulators (examples lead acid battery, NiMH, Lithium ion), redox systems or more generally external fuel (example fuel cell) and super capacitors. Overall comparison unflattering for the average performance of the lead battery, saved by its good performance / price ratio.The third chapter explains the technological variants, which shows a great flexibility that allows compromises to adapt to a wide variety of specific needs. Attention has been given to identifying specific aspects which have not been explored and which can lead to improvements, in particular in the context of recent reaction mechanisms, 2In particular, at the positive electrode (linked in particular with the Pavlov demonstration of an intermediate phase between PbO 2 and the electrolyte, of Pb (OH) 2 gel, with poorly elucidated properties). In this chapter we have placed a detailed analysis of the hydrolysis, taking into account the direct recombination of O2 and H2 at the negative electrode also cited by Pavlov. These elements will be taken up and completed in Chapter 4 in modeling.Chapter 4, devoted to modeling and experimentation, is the culmination of the progressive work of introducing electrochemical bases applied to the battery. It will underline the central role of dissemination / migration mechanisms in the functioning.A first "mathematical" aspect concerns an approximation of the diffusion equations by a discrete component network, optimal in terms of the number of components. The overall model of the battery schematically be broken down into three main functions: diffusion, activation, hydrolysis. These functions are interconnected, but efforts will be made to introduce them successively in decoupled form (at least in an approximate manner). A first step is to obtain, largely from specific experiments, realistic values of the parameters of the model
Moreno, Rodrigo de Freitas Bruno. "Ressources Energétiques distribuées dans un context de pays émergents : Trois Essais sur l' adoption du photovoltaïque résidentiel au Brésil." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU2088.
Full textThe traditional vertically integrated power systems are changing towards a smarter ones with the high presence of renewable technologies, distributed generation (DG), greater energy efficiency and electric vehicles. Solar PV is the technology with the highest share among residential DG systems, due to several reasons among them: falling costs, increase of energy conversion efficiency and scalability features. The present thesis presents an investigation on the dynamics of residential PV adoption in Brazil. In the first chapter, I investigate how electricity tariffs structured as volumetric charges affect residential PV adoption under a net metering scheme in Brazil, a developing country and an emerging DG market. A two-ways fixed effects panel data regression covering 4,995 municipalities over the period of 2013-2017 is employed. Since the explanatory variable shows a high content of zero-valued observations, I use the PPML estimator to run the regressions. The main result is that for each one BRL cent of tariff increase, there will be an expansion of about 5.3\% in new residential PV projects in the following year.In the second chapter, I investigate the determinants of residential PV adoption in an emerging country context using social, economic and environmental variables. The analysis is realized using a dataset in census sector level with 310,120 observations, with 42 covariates. Territory fixed effects are applied in the municipality-level. The main results show that 21 covariates are statistically significant and that most of them may be related to income distribution issues in some degree. Therefore, net metering incentive mechanism had a positive influence to boost residential renewable energy generation, mainly PV technology. However, those who benefit from the incentive are wealthier people, which does not make sense in respect to social justice, because those who indeed need to be subsidized in order to reduce the electricity bills and increase the purchasing power are the underprivileged population.Finally, in the third chapter, I examine the relationship between certain socioeconomic covariates and PV market diffusion in the municipality level. I conduct a two-stage empirical analysis. At first, I use the Bass technology diffusion model to estimate the innovation and imitation coefficients. For that, I build the $q/p$ ratio to represent a risk aversion index to each respective municipality's adoption rate over time. In the second stage, I run regressions based on the PPML estimator, due to the non-gaussian nature of the dependant variable, to investigate associations between the risk aversion index and different socio-demographic and economic covariates. The results show evidences of the association of PV technology risk aversion and households socioeconomic characteristics. This behavior may be based on several assumption as regulatory uncertainty, technology information and easy to understand rules for average customers etc
Cloarec, Marc. "Estimation de la bathymétrie par observation de la terre pour les énergies marines renouvelables." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM071.
Full textBathymetry is a key parameter for marine renewable energies development. The current acquisition these data is made by acoustic sounders on board ships. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to acquire bathymetric maps whose resolution could satisfy the actors of the MRE. The objective of the thesis is the evaluation of the potential of new satellites carrying radar imagers for bathymetry estimation and mapping. Repetition of measurements of the Sentinel-1 mission provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the same area every 6 days. This ability to capture images with sea states very different from one to another allows increasing the probability of capturing favorable conditions to estimate bathymetry with methods exploiting the swell bottom interaction. The approach proposed in this thesis is the use of wave propagation for the purpose of estimating depth. First, the use of a phase-resolved wave propagation model (Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model) allowed establishing, testing and developing a method of bathymetry estimation on several free surfaces of the ocean. With favorable conditions, SAR images of the ocean can be considered as a linear representation of the sea state. Secondly, we adapted and apply the method implemented on the model to SAR images. Simple approaches of data fusion have been applied to exploit of the repetitiveness of the Sentinel-1 mission. Results obtained are able to satisfy the needs of actors in the domain of MRE. The prospects of this work are presented in this document
Virginie, Mirella. "Elaboration et développement d’un catalyseur Fe/olivine pour le vaporéformage de molécules modèles de goudrons formés lors de la gazéification de la biomasse." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2011/VIRGINIE_Mirella_2011.pdf.
Full textBiomass is a source of renewable energy. Gasification is one of the most interesting ways of valorization. However, because of the undesirable tar production (mixture of (poly)cyclic hydrocarbons), gasification process requires treatment to remove thoses molecules. The tar catalytic reforming is effective and constituted the thesis objective, which was integrated in a European contract. Our choice of catalyst was focused on a natural olivine (Mg0, 9Fe0,1)2SiO4 in which we added different iron contents. Characterizations by different techniques (XRD, TPR, SEM, Mössbauer. . . ) highlighted the particular role of the studied parameters (calcination temperature and iron content) on the iron mobility and distribution in the different present phases (Fe2O3, spinel MgFe2O4, Fe2+ of olivine structure). The catalysts activities were studied in steam reforming of toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as tar model compounds formed during biomass gasification. The catalysts have been tested under oxidizing and reducing conditions or with a gas mixture similar to that of an industrial reactor. The optimized Fe/olivine system showed high activity in steam reforming of the two model molecules, in Water Gas Shift reaction and excellent stability in time. Characterizations after tests highlighted the iron oxidation state, ensuring a low carbon deposition and the long life of the catalyst. The optimized Fe/olivine system was scaled-up to 1000 kg and tested in steam biomass gasification in a dual fluidized bed, pilot scale reactor. Its efficiency in tar reforming was confirmed, allowing to consider the utilisation of the inexpensive and nontoxic Fe/olivine catalyst in the industrial scale
Ropars, Carole. "Analyse des politiques de régulation d'une ressource renouvelable : une application sur le gisement de coquilles Saint-Jacques exploité en baie de Saint-Brieuc." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10001.
Full textKhair, Allah Mohannad. "Etude d'une nouvelle modélisation et d'une nouvelle topologie d'onduleur triphasé multi niveaux à commutations pré calculées : application aux énergies renouvelables." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008VERS0014.
Full textThis work presents a novel switching angles and voltage levels determination method to cancel harmonics in the output of a three phased inverter. The objective is to optimize the number of successive cancelled harmonics for a given number of switching actions and of voltage levels. After the modelization, the voltage levels and the switching angles are drawn by solving a non linear equation system using the simplex method. Then a set of succeded rank harmonics are cancelled. This approach allows to reduce the THD rate and to increase the fundamental amplitude of the voltage in the inverter output. The number of cancelled harmonics depends on the number of voltage levels voltages and the number of switching angles. To reduce the number of power switches, we have proposed a new topology. All the results were validated by simulation and experimentally. The experimental validation has been done by using our new topology multilevel inverter, a dPACE card controlled by Matlab Simulink
Costa, Luís Miguel. "Gestion de cellules des systèmes électriques intégrant des sources de production stochastiques." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENMP1631.
Full textEnergy supply and climate change are nowadays two of the most outstanding problems which societies have to cope with under a context of increasing energy needs. Public awareness of these problems is driving political willingness to take actions for tackling them in a swift and efficient manner. Such actions mainly focus in increasing energy efficiency, in decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, power systems are undergoing important changes in the way they are planned and managed. On the one hand, vertically integrated structures are being replaced by market structures in which power systems are unbundled. On the other, power systems that once relied on large power generation facilities are witnessing the end of these facilities' life-cycle and, consequently, their decommissioning. The role of distributed energy resources such as wind and solar power generators is becoming increasingly important in this context. However, the large-scale integration of such type of generation presents many challenges due, for instance, to the uncertainty associated to the variability of their production. Nevertheless, advanced forecasting tools may be combined with more controllable elements such as energy storage devices, gas turbines, and controllable loads to form systems that aim to reduce the impacts that may be caused by these uncertainties. This thesis addresses the management under market conditions of these types of systems that act like independent societies and which are herewith named power system cells. From the available literature, a unified view of power system scheduling problems is also proposed as a first step for managing sets of power system cells in a multi-cell management framework. Then, methodologies for performing the optimal day-ahead scheduling of single power system cells are proposed, discussed and evaluated under both a deterministic and a stochastic framework that directly integrates the uncertainty information into the scheduling process. Results show that the utilization of the proposed approaches may lead to important advantages for operators managing these types of power system cells
Deybe, Daniel. "Politiques pour une agriculture durable : essai sur la gestion des ressources naturelles renouvelables." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010033.
Full textNatural resources depletion and increasing food requirements of world population generate a problem of sustainability of agricultural production systems. The notion of "sustainable agriculture" tries to bring an answer to this problem. This work is focused on the soil, a renewable and depletable resource. Fundamental for agricultural production. After discussing the characteristics of this resource, a "bio-economic" model, considering bio-physical and socio-economic aspects of the different production systems, is utilized to evaluate short and long-term effects of different alternative policies at the individual as well as regional or village level
Brousseau, Paul. "Modélisation numérique d'une structure oscillante en tangage et pilonnement, avec prise en compte de l'interaction Fluide-Structure." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC221.
Full textAs policies to fight greenhouse gas emissions are more and more demanding and as the global energy demand is constantly increasing, renewable energies are currently seen as an important contribution to the global energy mix. Among them, tidal energy has the advantage of a perfectly known and highly predictable intermittency. The present work is part of the PoHyCA (Hydrodynamic Pump for Air Compression) project led by Segula Technologies, consisting in the realization of an innovative hydrodynamic pump for air compression and storage. The final objective is the production of electrical energy. PoHyCA technology captures the energy of sea currents using an oscillating hydrofoil that moves under the effect of hydrodynamic forces from the surrounding flow. This work focus on the evaluation of the dynamics of the deformable hydrofoil. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach, using an implicit coupling scheme, is implemented to account for the deformations of the structure, induced by hydrodynamic forces. The numerical model also takes into account the large pitching and heaving displacements of the structure. It is first applied to a rigid oscillating plate experimentally documented in the literature, and similar results are obtained. We show that the flexibility of the profile leads in particular to a reduction in propulsion capability. The model is then applied to a hydrofoil subjected to an oscillating heaving and pitching motion. We show that in certain configurations, blade deformations can improve energy efficiency
Mesnage, Hugo. "Modélisation et contrôle avancé pour les centrales de turbinage de moyenne et haute chute." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT025.
Full textThe integration of renewables at the scale of the network causes new paradigms: the first and most important change is the fact that the electrical power is no longer under control but dependent of the incontinence of renewable sources. This irregularity of production over consumption requires the storage of energy when it is produced to make it available for later. Pump storage plant (PSP) or turbine-pump equiped plants, are by their speed of action, storage capacity and environmentally respectful aspect, the main organs able to satisfy this growing demand energy storage across the network.During this thesis, the modeling problem and enslavement of transients of these sites is considered from the perspective of the turbine group: given a turbine in a hydraulic circuit, what is its dynamic behavior, and what control method ensures the best performances from the standpoint of the response time and stability.The manuscript is then structured around four chapters: the first, aims to introduce more finely issues and a mathematical representation of th dynamic of these sites. The second chapter presents an original method based on a graphic study of a simplified model of the turbine system placed along a linear and constant section penstock. This section establishes the minimum time of action of these plants dependently of the actuator performance and topology of the site. The third chapter contains the main contribution of this work in terms of regulation of a pump storage site: it proposes a linear regulation of the hydraulic circuit in which is the flow of water through the use of a non-linear actuator: the turbine. Finally, to address particular sequences, the fourth and final chapter proposes establishing trajectories compatible with the dynamics and constraints resulting from the use of a turbine. Then the computed trajectories allow greater control of the phenomena through the use of a well chosen optimization function and a predictive with finite horizon state feedback
Thiam, Djiby Oumar Racine. "L'analyse de la transition vers les énergies propres dans les pays en développement : enjeux, modèlisation et mécanismes de financement." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40054/document.
Full textThe objective of this doctorate thesis is to investigate the contribution of renewable technologiesto energy transition in developing nations. In the theoretical framework such a contribution couldbe justified in two points. First, it analyses conditions, means and consequences of a modificationof a fuel-based energy production scheme to a new structure based on a more sustainableorientedpathway. Second, the analysis of energy transition provides institutional, technological,sociological and managerial frameworks strengthening the convergence toward a sustainableoriented energy paradigm through a diffusion and adoption of renewable technologies. From theexisting approaches, the core of this thesis is to assume a requirement to consider a mixedapproach of energy transition in developing nations through a combination of both decentralizedand centralized options. The decentralized energy transition approach allows an insertion ofspatial and geographical characteristics of remote locations in developing nations while thecentralized approach strengthens an inclusion of developing nations in a sustainable energyparadigm. From this orientation, we propose an interdisciplinary methodology, empirically basedon South Africa and Senegal in order to investigate the possible contribution of renewabletechnologies to energy transition. To investigate these questions, we combine a bottom-up energymodeling approach with optimization techniques through a linear programming algorithm
Kanouni, Hassani Rams, and Hassani Rams Kanouni. "Impact de l'incertitude sur la gestion de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles : une analyse en temps continu par la programmation dynamique et les options réelles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18709.
Full textCette thèse utilise la mathématique et la théorie de l'économie financière pour étudier la gestion de la pollution, la valeur d'une centrale électrique thermique et le prix d'une ressource naturelle non renouvelable. Elle est composée de trois essais. Le premier essai analyse la décision d'investir afin de réduire les émissions d'un polluant de type stock sous deux types d'incertitude : économique (ce qui rend les émissions stochastiques car elles sont une conséquence de l’activité économique) et environnementale (ce qui affecte directement le stock de polluant). La littérature économique récente semble indiquer qu'en présence d'incertitude et de coûts irréversibles, l'action d’investir devrait être retardée. Nous utilisons des concepts de la théorie des options réelles et formulons ce problème de planificateur central comme un problème d'arrêt optimal en temps continu. Nous dérivons la règle d'arrêt correspondante et montrons que lorsque l'incertitude environnementale ou économique est suffisamment élevée, il est optimal d'investir immédiatement pour réduire les émissions. Ces résultats ont des implications sur la gestion des stocks de polluant stock, notamment pour la gestion des gaz à effet de serre. Le second essai s’appuie sur la théorie des options réelles pour évaluer la valeur d’une centrale électrique dans un marché déréglementé. Ce travail est motivé par la vague de déréglementation qui a sévi récemment dans le secteur de l'électricité. La littérature existante cherche plutôt à trouver la valeur d'option de vente d'une certaine quantité d'électricité à un moment donné dans le futur ou modélise la décision d'opérer une centrale électrique par simulation. Notre formulation considère qu'une usine de production d'électricité peut être dans deux états (à l'arrêt ou en fonctionnement); dans chaque état, la firme possède une option « call américaine » sur l'autre état et le passage d'un état à l'autre est coûteux. Nous supposons que le « spark spread » suit un processus de retour à la moyenne avec changements de régime et nous utilisons des données du marché californien pour notre application empirique. Nous montrons qu'avec la prise en compte des coûts de suspension et de génération d'électricité, il y a un effet d'hystérésis: les seuils de spark spread pour les décisions de produire et d'arrêter la production diffèrent. Nous utilisons ensuite ces règles de fonctionnement à court terme dans une méthodologie basée sur des simulations Monte Carlo pour estimer la valeur de la centrale. Le troisième essai rend plus générale la formulation du modèle de Gaudet et Khadr (1991) en considérant une fonction d'utilité non espérée afin de dériver une généralisation de la règle d'Hotelling. Alors que dans le cadre de l'utilité espérée la différence entre le taux de rendement espéré de l'actif risqué (la ressource non renouvelable) et celui d'un actif certain égale une prime de risque qui ne dépend que du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque et de la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de l'actif risqué, cela n'est plus vrai avec notre fonction d'utilité plus générale. Nous montrons que la prime de risque dépend alors aussi de l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle (qui n'est plus nécessairement égale à l'inverse du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque), de l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte et de l'incertitude de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. La prise en compte de ces paramètres additionnels peut avoir des conséquences importantes. Supposons en effet que l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle soit suffisamment élevée et que l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte soit suffisamment faible relativement à celle de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. Alors, même si le consommateur est riscophobe et si la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de la ressource non renouvelable est positive, il est possible que le consommateur exige une prime pour détenir l'actif risqué. Le taux de rendement espéré de ce dernier est inférieur au taux de rendement certain. Ce résultat est bien entendu exclu dans le cas de l'utilité espérée.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Al, asmar Joseph. "Optimisation algorithmique et modèles aléatoires d'un système électrique de cogénération : application au système électrique au Liban." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0263/document.
Full textCogeneration systems (CS) are largely defined by the simultaneous or coincident production of combined heat and power. The idea of cogeneration is of particular importance since it is a tool for reducing greenhouse gases emissions. As electrical systems have been developed according to the fuel and energy use, the CS have been developed to profit from the possible potential of the fuel energy to produce electricity and heat. Decentralization of power generation is considered an important fact. The maximum use of electricity from renewable sources or cogeneration systems, has leaded to the decentralization of power generation.This thesis is applied to the Lebanese electrical system. It is used to assess the optimum cogeneration power to be installed by the public sector or the private sector, as well as highlighting the economic and environmental impacts due to the integration of the CS and renewables into the grid. In this thesis, we focused on the integration of cogeneration systems into a grid. We worked on two major themes and have applied them to the case of the Lebanese electrical grid. The first main theme is the innovation of a new decision making strategy to find the cogeneration power respecting the economy and the environment. The second main theme is the optimization and the control of the electrical grid due to the integration of renewable energy (RE) and CS. The two themes cited are then applied to the case of the Lebanese electrical grid to show the benefits of the integration of RE and CS into this grid
Morin, Chassé Rémi. "Multiple extraction strategies in markets with non-renewable resources." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28824/28824.pdf.
Full textChaabna, Solène Houria. "Passivity-based modeling and power routing of a multi-source power cell for hydrogen production." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I065.
Full textGreen hydrogen is emerging as a powerful solution for the storage of surplus electricity which is generated through renewable energy sources. However, a green hydrogen power cell involves multiphysics phenomena as electrical, fluidic, thermal, etc. and the representation of dynamical power flows therein is quite complex. Furthermore, the power exchange between the different components of the cell (Fuel cell, Electrolyzer, storage units, renewable sources) needs to be thought in terms of global performance while taking care of the energy reserves.This thesis proposes a Bond Graph derived port-Hamiltonian representation of all the components of a green hydrogen power cell. From this representation, it is possible to design passivity-based control algorithms. The notion of passivity margin is introduced to account for the robustness with respect to modeling uncertainties or known disturbances. For each component, the excess or shortage of power feeds an Energy Tank, which behaves as a virtual storage unit. Hence, the set of Energy Tanks is an image of the power reserves in the power cell. Instead of using conventional power routing between each component, we propose to manage power flows between the Energy Tanks, which allows us to control not only the power intensity, but also the level of energy within the tanks. Hence, the methodology enables to control both power and energy at the same time, paving the way to Operating Mode Management triggered by energy levels. An application is given on a platform including a fuel call, renewable energy sources, and a conventional storage unit
Träsch, Martin. "Caractérisation expérimentale et numérique du comportement hydrodynamique d’une hydrolienne à membrane ondulante." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I009/document.
Full textThe thesis presented in this document deals with the characterization of the behavior of an undulating membrane tidal energy converter. This kind of device uses the flutter instabilities occurring between a semi-rigid pre-strained membrane and a fluid flow in order to convert the sea currents energy. Above a certain critical flow speed, the structure undulates, thus activating the linear converters fixed on it. In order to study this system, an experimental model is developed and tested in a flume tank. The power conversion system is simulated by hydraulic dampers. The membrane’s dynamics is analyzed in many configurations through trajectory and force measurements, and leads to a parametric study. More realistic flow conditions are also studied, such as the impact of current direction influence and the influence of surface waves on the behavior of the system. Wake characterization is carried out with two-dimensional PIV measurements. Scale effects and confinement are also studied through a comparison with a bigger scale prototype tested in tank and at sea.In addition to the experimental study, an analytical model and a numerical model are developed and compared with experiments. The linear analytical model is based on Euler-Bernouilli’s beam theory and on Lighthill’s slender body theory. It is solved in the frequency domain and gives good undulation frequency and critical speed results. The numerical model uses strong interactions between a fluid code using the vortex method and a structure code based on corotationnal finite elements. This model is validated on an experimental case
Raoux, Aurore. "Approche écosystémique des énergies marines renouvelables : étude des effets sur le réseau trophique de la construction du parc éolien au large de Courseulles-sur-Mer et du cumul d'impacts." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC251.
Full textAs part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of eightOffshore Wind Farms (OWF) along the English Channel and Atlantic coasts including the Courseulles-sur-mer OWF. Until now, there is no holistic study on the OWF construction and operation effects onan ecosystem taken as a whole. This thesis is the first study to lay the foundations for an ecosystemapproach of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) through the Courseulles-sur-mer OWF example. For thata combination of innovative modelling tools was applied to 1) characterise the ecosystem structureand functioning before the OWF construction; 2) simulate the impacts of this future OWF on theecosystem structure and functioning. A food-web model and three scenarios were constructed toinvestigate the “reef” and “reserve” effects induced by the OWF on the ecosystem. Ecological NetworkAnalysis indices, other ecosystem attributes and Mean Trophic Level were derived to investigate theecosystem health and state.However, being aware that this ecosystem is threatened by multiple perturbations, there is aneed to understand how human activities interact to influence ecosystem functioning in a long termclimate change context. Thus, a holistic view of cumulated impacts on the Courseulles-sur-mer’ecosystem through the use of an oriented signed digraph was also developed. Results highlighted acombination of significant changes in the food-web structure and ecosystem functioning. These resultscan play a vital role in both decision making by improving long term planning for the marineenvironment but also as tool for communication with the public and so contribute to a betteracceptability of MRE project
KRüGER, Eiko. "Développement d'algorithmes de gestion optimale des systèmes de stockage énergétique basés sur des modèles adaptatifs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT096/document.
Full textLimited fossil energy resources and the prospect of impending climate change have led the European Union to engage in a restructuring of the electricity sector towards a sustainable, economical and reliable power supply. Energy storage systems have the potential of an enabling technology for the integration of renewable energy sources, which underlies this transition. They allow the delivery of energy produced by a local source to the electric grid to be shifted in time and can compensate random fluctuations in power output. Through such smoothing and levelling, energy storage systems can make the production of variable renewable sources predictable and amenable to control.In order to observe scheduled production and their commitments toward the grid operator, renewable power plants equipped with storage systems make use of an energy management system. While direct control ensures tracking of the current production setpoint, energy management employs constrained optimization methods from operations research to organize the usage of the storage systems. The complexity of the storage system model used in optimization must frequently be adapted to the specific application. Batteries show non-linear state-dependent behavior. Their model must be simplified for use in the most common optimization algorithms. Moreover, precise battery models based on physical modelling require time-consuming controlled testing for parameterization. Lastly, the electrical behavior of a battery evolves with aging which calls for regular recalibration of the model.This thesis presents a methodology for on-line battery model identification and the use of such adaptive models in optimal management of an electrical plant with energy storage. After a summary of battery models, observer methods for on-line identification based on control theory are developed for the case of an equivalent circuit model. The extraction of a simplified model for energy management is described and compared to direct regression analysis of the operational data. The identification methods are tested for a real industrial-sized storage system operated in a photovoltaic power plant on the island of La Réunion. Model identification applied to data from an earlier battery aging study shows the use of the method for tracking the state-of-health.The formulation of optimization problems encountered in the production scheduling of a photovoltaic power plant with energy storage is developed incorporating the adaptive battery models. Mixed-integer linear programming and dynamic programming implementations are used in case studies based on market integration of the plant or regulated feed-in tariffs. A simulation model based on the outline of the plant control architecture is used to simulate the operation and evaluate the solutions. Different configurations of the management system are tested, including static and variable battery models and the integration of battery aging. A statistical analysis of the results obtained for multiple cases of photovoltaic production and forecast error shows the advantage of using variable battery models in the study case
Di, Menno Di Bucchianico Daniele. "Development of processes for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass based on renewable energies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMIR27.
Full textThe world is facing the impacts of climate change due to its long dependence on fossil fuels, and specifically Europe, which is facing an energy crisis, has recognized the fragility of its fossil fuel-dependent energy system and has moved strongly towards renewable energy resources. Among renewables, biomass not only powers bio-energy production but also serves as a vital source of bio-carbon, used to create high-value molecules, replacing fossil-based products. Alkyl levulinates, derived from biomass, particularly stand out for their potential as bio-additives and bio-fuels. Acid solvolysis of hexose sugars from biomass appears to be a promising and cost-effective production route, which requires further investigation not yet found in the literature. The potential of alkyl levulinate extends to its conversion into γ-valerolactone (GVL), a promising bio-solvent, commonly obtained by hydrogenation through molecular-hydrogen. Besides being a key reagent, hydrogen is also a promising energy carrier, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the market. Hydrogen energy storage systems support this integration, promoting 'green' industrial transformation. This thesis focuses on technological investigation and sustainability assessment of a potential biorefinery system, integrating lignocellulosic biomass valorization, energy production, and hydrogen generation. The study encompasses experimental investigations, optimizing technologies for the production of butyl levulinate and its subsequent hydrogenation to GVL. Sustainability considerations are fundamental to the process configuration, aligning with the global shift towards renewable and carbon bio-resources. In order to answer the question of sustainability, the research presents a first section focused on the experimental investigation of the optimal technology for the production of butyl levulinate. The solvolysis of the biomass-derived hexose Fructose to butyl levulinate was investigated, in terms of optimal process conditions and kinetic modelling. Selected an effective heterogeneous catalyst, the effect of the solvent was investigated, showing the benefits of using GVL as co-solvent, together with butanol, on the conversion and dissolution kinetics of fructose. In these conditions, the solvolysis to butyl levulinate was studied in depth from a kinetic point of view, first by proposing a model for the solvolysis of 5-HMF, an intermediate in the fructose pathway, and then extending the modelling from fructose itself. A robust kinetic model, describing the reaction mechanism of solvolysis, was defined and validated, particularly under conditions of high initial fructose concentration (applying the concept of High-gravity), and including in the modelling the kinetics of dissolution, and degradation of fructose, under acidic conditions.In the second part of the research, the technological perspective was extended to the hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to GVL. Starting from a conceptual design phase, the overall fructose-to-GVL process scheme was defined, simulated, and optimized on the basis of the process intensification concept. In the third part, the process was then dropped into a real case study in Normandy, France, adapting the analysis to the local availability of lignocellulosic biomass and wind energy. The study defines a methodology for designing and integrating the energy-supply system, evaluating different scenarios. The sustainability assessment, based on key performance indicators spanning economic, environmental, and social dimensions, culminates in an aggregated overall sustainability index. The results highlight scenarios integrating the GVL biorefinery system with wind power and hydrogen energy storage as promising, demonstrating high economic profitability and reduced environmental impact. Finally, sensitivity analyses validate the robustness and reliability of the methodology, generally extendable also to other technological systems
Come previsto, il mondo sta affrontando gli effetti tangibili del cambiamento climatico come conseguenza di un'economia basata sui combustibili fossili per centinaia di anni. Oltre a dover affrontare e adottare misure correttive per limitare gli effetti del riscaldamento globale, l'Europa sta affrontando una grave crisi energetica, che rivela la fragilità del sistema energetico europeo, prevalentemente dipendente dalle importazioni di combustibili fossili. La geopolitica delle risorse fossili ha innescato la necessaria rimodulazione dell'economia energetica europea, che si sta spostando "forzatamente" verso le risorse energetiche rinnovabili per diventare un'economia fossile e a zero emissioni di carbonio. Nel panorama delle rinnovabili, le risorse più sfruttate sono l'energia solare, eolica e da biomassa. Oltre alla produzione di bioenergia, la biomassa è una fonte inestimabile di biocarbonio, che può essere sfruttata e valorizzata per la produzione di molecole ad alto valore aggiunto che possono essere utilizzate in vari settori industriali, per la produzione di carburanti, prodotti chimici, materiali e sostituendo i corrispondenti prodotti di origine fossile. In questo contesto, sono stati sviluppati sistemi innovativi di bioraffinazione della biomassa di seconda generazione per trasformare e decostruire la complessa struttura della biomassa in molecole piattaforma più semplici, che possono poi essere trasformate in molecole ad alto potenziale. Tra queste, gli alchil levulinati sono stati identificati per il loro notevole potenziale come bioadditivi e biocarburanti. Esteri dell'acido levulinico, questi composti possono essere ottenuti da derivati della biomassa, come i monosaccaridi dello zucchero, secondo diverse vie di reazione; tra queste, la solvolisi acida degli zuccheri esosi può essere una via di produzione promettente ed economicamente vantaggiosa, che richiede ulteriori indagini non ancora presenti in letteratura. Il potenziale degli alchil levulinati risiede anche nella possibilità di un ulteriore trasformazione mediante idrogenazione per produrre γ-valerolattone (GVL), una molecola con un mercato promettente come bio-solvente, grazie alle sue proprietà di stabilità, ecotossicità e biodegradabilità. L'uso dell'idrogeno gassoso è la via più comune per l'idrogenazione del GVL, ma, oltre a essere un reagente chimico fondamentale, l'idrogeno è anche uno dei principali protagonisti della transizione energetica. Infatti, come vettore energetico, l'idrogeno può portare alla piena penetrazione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili nel mercato dell'energia, costituendo un complemento-tampone per lo stoccaggio delle energie rinnovabili intermittenti, attraverso la progettazione di sistemi di stoccaggio dell'energia dell'idrogeno (HydESS). L'accumulo di energia a idrogeno a lungo termine può consentire l'autosufficienza dei sistemi di energia rinnovabile, in quanto agisce da ponte tra le funzionalità dei sistemi Power-to-Hydrogen, in grado di assorbire i surplus energetici delle energie rinnovabili e di immagazzinarli, e quelle dei sistemi Hydrogen-to-Power, che restituiscono energia rinnovabile quando le fonti di energia primaria non sono disponibili. In quest'ottica, lo sviluppo di tali sistemi può portare all'integrazione completa e stabile delle fonti di energia rinnovabile in asset industriali già esistenti, così come in nuovi mercati industriali, come le bioraffinerie di biomassa lignocellulosica, promuovendo lo sviluppo di realtà industriali "verdi" in termini di trasformazione di materiali ed energia. Il mercato industriale globale si sta evolvendo verso la decarbonizzazione e la riqualificazione di diversi asset, attraverso investimenti in efficienza energetica e l'introduzione di processi green per la valorizzazione delle fonti rinnovabili, ma l'implementazione su larga scala di queste iniziative richiede un'analisi completa e approfondita della loro sostenibilità
Michaud, Christian. "Analyse empirique des facteurs explicatifs de l'intérêt pour le biométhane des clients de Gaz Métro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29678/29678.pdf.
Full textBen, Daya Bechir. "Planification soutenable des investissements bioénergétiques : intégration des bioraffineries aux pâtes et papiers." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30335.
Full textThe Canadian pulp and paper sector has played a major socio-economic role in the last two centuries. In addition to the advantage of their geographical position, P&P companies have accumulated proven experience in the forest industry, including the treatment of wood biomass. Over the last three decades, these entities have faced difficult environmental constraints, compounded by a chronic market crisis. This latest crisis has had unprecedented social consequences leading to a crisis of sustainability. Over the last decade, the green energy industry has become a basic component of the energy transition strategies for developed countries. Biomass has always been at the heart of such a strategy for Canada. For the P&P, this orientation is an opportunity to solve the growing environmental and economic crisis of the sector. Decision-makers need a road map to transform P&P's factories into an Integrated Forest Biorefinery (IFBR). The choice of technologies, the sizing of production capacity and the choice of bioenergy investment are major concerns for decision-makers. However, assessing the sustainability of this transformation remains a major challenge. Our contribution is focused on developing decision support approaches and tools to support an effective, robust and sustainable transformation of Canada's P&P industry. The objective is to assess the sustainability of the IFBR integration and to present a new business model to decision-makers, which can strengthen their ability to negotiate a favorable incentive policy for bioenergy investments within the framework of the public-private partnership. To achieve this goal, our methodology combines decision support tools, mathematical optimization models, along with financial and economic analysis. Our first contribution proposes the design and application of a sustainability evaluation method integrating the life cycle approach and the optimization of the value creation network as part of a multi-objective mathematical model. The proposed model provides a roadmap for sustainable bioenergy investments, minimizing GHG emissions and maximizing the financial value of the biorefinery over a long-term planning horizon while ensuring optimal management of the incubator activity. In the second contribution, we present a sensitivity analysis of the proposed mathematical model according to well selected scenarios, with the development of a framework for communicating the model to the decision-makers. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the robustness of the model, to communicate to stakeholders the implications of investment choices in bioenergy production in an uncertain environment, and to identify opportunities for improving the effectiveness of the proposed model. In the third contribution, we propose an in-depth tax analysis using accelerated depreciation methods applied to investments in bioenergy. This analysis deals with the impact of the types of depreciations on the choice of bioenergy investment and on sustainability. Our goal is to provide decision makers with a set of decision support tools while strengthening their power to negotiate a tax policy favorable to bioenergy investment. In this part, it was highlighted that the choice of the investment coupled with the choice of its depreciation way offers the investor a more complete visibility on the practical consequences of the investment in the bioenergetics field with respect to prevalent tax legislation. This reinforces the public-private partnership and determines the level of public interventionism needed for the success of the expected transformation of the P&P sector. The social impact analysis and stochastic programming approaches for the robust study were not addressed by this work, they were presented as research perspectives.
Petitet, Marie. "Long-term dynamics of investment decisions in electricity markets with variable renewables development and adequacy objectives." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED032/document.
Full textIn liberalised electricity systems, power markets are expected to ensure the long-term coordination of investments in order to guarantee security of supply, sustainability and competitiveness. In the reference energy-only market, it relies on the ability of power markets — where the hourly price is aligned with the marginal cost of the system — to provide an adequate price-signal for investors. However, in practice, questions have been raised about its ability to trigger investments in low-carbon technologies including in particular Renewable Energy Sources of Electricity (RES-E), and its ability to ensure capacity adequacy. After a characterisation of these market failures, this dissertation tackles the two research topics within a methodological framework based on a System Dynamics model developed to simulate private investment decisions in power markets.First, the results show that substituting out-of-market support mechanisms for RES-E by market-based investments helped by the sole implementation of a carbon price appears as a feasible solution to trigger RES-E development providing that there is a political commitment on a high carbon price. Second, it also appears that the energy-only market with price cap is ineffective to ensure capacity adequacy. Adding a capacity market or removing the price cap both bring benefits in terms of loss of load expectation and social welfare. Moreover, the capacity market is identified as the best option for regulators among the considered market designs
Marguerite, Charlotte. "Modèles intégrés pour l'évaluation des actions territoriales de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Application aux réseaux de chaleur : Application aux réseaux de chaleur : HeatGrid, un modèle de simulation énergétique pour un management stratégique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01019088.
Full textOusman, Abani Ahmed. "Architectures des marchés de l'électricité pour la sécurité d'approvisionnement à long terme dans un contexte de transition énergétique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM018/document.
Full textThe ongoing energy transition, partly characterized by the massive deployment of renewables, has reignited a long-lasting debate on the best market design options to provide adequate investment incentives and ensure capacity adequacy in liberalised electricity markets. To choose the appropriate market design, policymakers need to assess and compare the economic performances of available solutions in terms of effectiveness and cost-efficiency. This dissertation complements the existing literature on market design for long-term capacity adequacy by focusing on three research topics: (i) understanding how electricity markets perform under different assumptions regarding investors’ risk preferences, (ii) analysing the compatibility of private agents’ incentives to mothball capacity resources with security of supply objectives and (iii) assessing the economic performance of different market designs in a context of a high penetration of renewables. To this end, the System Dynamics modelling framework is applied to represent long-term dynamics resulting from private agents’ decisions in liberalised electricity markets. The dissertation is organised in three chapters corresponding to each of the topics mentioned above. The main results are outlined below. Firstly, capacity remuneration mechanisms are necessary to deal with the detrimental effects of investors’ risk aversion. Energy-only markets are significantly affected by this phenomenon as they experience reduced investment incentives and higher levels of shortages. Capacity markets are more resilient to private investors’ risk aversion. However, this resilience depends on the level of the price cap in the capacity auctions. For such a market design to provide satisfactory outcomes in terms of capacity adequacy, this price cap should account for the investment risk faced by market participants. Secondly, when market participants have the possibility to mothball their capacity resources, these mothballing decisions can potentially modify investment and shutdown dynamics in the long run. Furthermore, in a world with capacity lumpiness (i.e. indivisibilities), mothballing increases the level of coordination needed to ensure capacity adequacy. This is especially true in energy-only markets, where mothballing increases the level of shortages to an extent that seems to overweigh the cost savings it generates at system level. Capacity markets can provide the required coordination to ensure capacity adequacy in a world with mothballing. Thirdly, among proposed market designs in the literature, capacity markets appear as the preferable solution to ensure capacity adequacy from a social welfare point of view. Nevertheless, from a private investor’s perspective and under certain conditions related to high penetration of renewables, capacity markets with annual contracts do not entirely remove the so-called “missing money” problem. The results indicate that granting multiannual capacity contracts alleviates the problem
Baumlin, Sébastien. "Craquage thermique des vapeurs de pyrolyse-gazéification de la biomasse en réacteur parfaitement auto-agité par jets gazeux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL041N/document.
Full textPyrolysis and gasification processes give rise to gases containing by-products such as condensable vapors (tars), aerosols, dust, sulfur compounds and inorganics which may considerably lower the efficiency of catalysts (if chemical synthesis is foreseen) or cause severe damages to motors and turbines (in case of electricity production). Hence, efficient gas treatments are needed. The experiments reported in the present work are related to thermal cracking of condensable vapors. These vapors are produced in a first reactor by biomass pyrolysis (PR) at 540°C. They undergo further cracking in a second vessel, a continuous serf stirred tank reactor (CSSTR), assembled in series with the PR. The CSSTR is operated at temperatures ranging from 550 to 1030°C and gas phase mean residence times ranging from 0,1 to 1 s. Reaction products (char, condensable vapors and permanent gases) are recovered and analyzed. Temperature as well as composition are uniform at any point of the CSSTR. Therefore, it is easy to derive values of kinetic constants from mass balances at a given residence time. Global vapor cracking schemes including gas formation as well as possible maturation into more refractory compounds are proposed. Their kinetic constants are optimized from the experimental results. These models are used to simulate the thermal cracking of a typical load flowing out from a gasifier. Optimal operating conditions of the cracking reactor (in terms of temperature and residence time) are determined to reach the lowest condensable vapors concentration. Thus, efficiency of thermal cracking can be compared to other gas treatment processes
Ciocan, Alexandru. "Contributions aux systèmes de stockage d’énergie en utilisant des systèmes hybrides à partir de sources d’énergie alternatives." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0028/document.
Full textThe thesis entitled «Contributions to energy storage using hybrid systems from alternative energy sources» proposes a study of the energy storage technologies knowing the fact that these are considered one of the options that can facilitate a high penetration of renewable sources. In this context, the presented work aims to understand challenges in terms of energy storage and to develop a general studying model using compressed air as an energy storage medium.The thesis is structured in ten chapters from which the first four are dedicated to the presentation of the renewable energy sources potential, to the energy sector evolution in the last decades and to the energy storage technologies, especially in the form of compressed air. The other six chapters are dealing with the theoretical thermodynamic calculations as far as that goes in investigating the performances of a hybrid energy storage system and presenting a mathematical model containing the steps taken into account in the renewable energy conversion into mechanical energy, stored in a form of compressed air and later reconverted into electricity. In addition these chapters present experimental data obtained on a laboratory installation which helped in validating the theoretical results obtained following a Matlab simulation, and finally a case study for a small scale application, 30 kWh of energy stored, where is aiming to find an optimal configuration of the whole system in terms of air working pressure, being analyzed from two points of view, technical and economic. The thesis ends with a chapter of general conclusions and indicates that there are still challenges that must be overcome in order to make the energy storage in a form of compressed air a feasible solution from an economic perspective
Abbes, Dhaker. "Contribution au dimensionnement et à l'optimisation des systèmes hybrides éoliens-photovoltaïques avec batteries pour l'habitat résidentiel autonome." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2254/document.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the study of photovoltaic-wind-battery hybrid systems for several aspects: source evaluation, modeling and simulation, design optimization and finally control and supervision. Thus, an impact study on the evaluation of renewable energy potential at a given site taking into account consumption in residential housing (period and method of data acquisition, evaluation techniques...) is presented. In addition, all the components of the system are modeled and economic and ecological aspects are defined in order to make an overall assessment of various system configurations. All models are represented using Matlab/Simulink tool. Then, a methodology for single and multi-objective design optimization of a multi-source system is developed to minimize system Life Cycle Cost (LCC), Embodied Energy (EE) and Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP). A "practice solution" is thus retained and evaluated. Results show a low environmental impact and a reasonable economic cost as well as a satisfaction of the load within the limits tolerated by the user. Besides, a very convincing comparison of the developed sizing method to an existing commercial tool is presented. At the end, an experimental PV-wind-battery tested is developed in laboratory to ensure a quasi-realistic emulation of hybrid system behavior for different configurations. Accordingly, a new supervision strategy based on currents control and battery state of charge estimation is successfully validated
Lazaar, Nouhaila. "Optimisation des alimentations électriques des Data Centers." Thesis, Normandie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NORMC206.
Full textData centers, factories housing thousands of computer servers that work permanently to exchange, store, process data and make it accessible via the Internet. With the digital sector development, their energy consumption, which is largely fossil fuel-based, has grown continuously over the last decade, posing a real threat to the environment. The use of renewable energy is a promising way to limit the ecological footprint of data centers. Nevertheless, the intermittent nature of these sources hinders their integration into a system requiring a high reliability degree. The hybridization of several technologies for green electricity production, coupled with storage devices, is currently an effective solution to this problem. As a result, this research work studies a multi-source system, integrating tidal turbines, photovoltaic panels, batteries and a hydrogen storage system to power an MW-scale data center. The main objective of this thesis is the optimization of a data center power supply, both for isolated sites and grid-connected ones. The first axis of this work is the modeling of the system components using the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR). Energy management strategy based on the frequency separation principle is first adopted to share power between storage devices with different dynamic characteristics. The second axis concerns the optimal sizing of the proposed system, in order to find the best configuration that meets the technical constraints imposed at minimum cost, using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). Here, a rules-based energy management technique is used for simplicity and reduced computing time purposes. The last axis focuses on the energy management optimization through GA, taking into account the storage systems degradation in order to reduce their operating costs and extend their lifetime. It should be noted that each axis previously discussed has been the subject of a specific sensitivity analysis, which aims to evaluate the performance of the hybrid system under different operating conditions
Bouckaert, Stéphanie. "Contribution des Smart Grids à la transition énergétique : évaluation dans des scénarios long terme." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00959266.
Full textBouajila, Sofien. "Analyse expérimentale et numérique des écoulements à charge partielle dans les turbines Francis - Étude des vortex inter-aubes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI030.
Full textThe integration of renewable energies into the electricity grid brings new needs for hydro power plant operators in terms of how they are operated. Consequently, hydraulic turbine manufacturers are required to extend their machine’s operating range in order to increase their flexibility. In the case of Francis turbines, dynamic stresses could increase in off-design conditions due to several hydraulic phenomena that appear in the flow, especially at partial load. One of them is the development of inter-blade vortices in the runner. In order to guarantee an extended operating range manufacturers have to control the impact of such operating conditions on their turbines lifetime. Therefore, a better understanding of complex partial load flows and their mechanical impact on the turbines is needed. In this context, this thesis uses both experimental and numerical approaches. Reduced scale model turbines were tested in order to correlate hydraulic phenomena observed in the flow and the evolution of pressure and strain fluctuations for different operating points. The results were then used to estimate the turbine fatigue in partial load conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics was also used to better understand the formation of inter-blade vortices and to predict the dynamic loading on the runner at partial load. These numerical results were validated by comparison with the experimental data from the previous test rig measurements and observation campaigns
Romdhane, Jaouher. "Optimisation énergétique d'un système de micro-trigénération à pile à combustible." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC242.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the energy optimization of the micro-cogeneration and micro-tri-generation fuel cell system. First, a mathematical modeling of all the components of the fuel cell cogeneration system was conducted. The influence of several parameters such as pressure and current density on micro-CHP system performance is examined. The energy and environmental relevance of the system for the French context is studied. Then, a numerical study of a tri-generation system consisting of a fuel cell and a single-acting H2O / Li-Br absorption machine was conducted. The micro-tri-generation unit is coupled to a single-family house and the energy performance of the system is evaluated. Finally, in order to evaluate the potential of coupling the tri-generation system with renewable energies, a hydrogen production system with photovoltaic panels «PV-H2» has been studied. A modeling of the various components of the "PV-H2" system has been carried out. The simulation results of the coupling of the «PV-H2» system with an individual house in the eco-district of La Glacerie are presented
Duquesne, Marie. "Résolution et réduction d'un modèle non-linéaire de stockage d'énergie par adsorption sur des zéolithes." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821894.
Full textWu, Hongwei. "Étude et analyse globale de l’efficacité énergétique d’un micro-réseau urbain à courant continu." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2386/document.
Full textThe object of the thesis is to study the power losses in an urbain DC microgrid in order to improve the energy efficiency. Noted that such a multi-source microgrid consist of several sources whose nature is different one from another, the static power converters are essential but they brings power losses. The power losses are quite variable in particular with the renewable energy source such as the photovoltaic panels. In the litteral works the converter efficiency is often treated as a constant, but experimental tests are carried out to show its variation. For the sake of study the power loss thoroughly, a state of art of the static converter is studied to develop a simple and fast estimation methode of power losses. Aiming at the tradeoff between the estimation accurancy and the calculation time, an averaged energy model is developped on the basis of the component datasheet. The experimental tests are carried out to validate the application of the model on the DC/DC and DC/AC converters used in the microgrid. Due to its simplicity, the model can be implemented in the real-time system. Thus the energy management strategies are proposed to interact with the variable efficiency on the high and low level control. These strategies are capable of shedding the powers in the microgrid with flexibility and accelerating the the convergency spped of control through the knowledge of power losses of each converter. The results show that the energy cost has decreased and the microgrid global efficiency is slightly improved
Sinama, Frantz. "Étude de la production d'électricité à partir de l'énergie thermique des mers à l'île de la Réunion : modélisation et optimisation du procédé." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873263.
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