Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energie d'impact'
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Aldannawy, Houssam Aldine. "Le forage percussif en conditions extrêmes : expérimentations et modélisations numériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLM043.
Full textPercussive drilling is a technology that consists in applying a series of dynamic impacts leading to the rock fragmentation by two main mechanisms: crushing and chipping. These mechanisms are highly influenced by many factors on which experimental and numerical investigations were carried out in this thesis. An experimental set up was developed to carry out dynamic impact tests. Several series of tests were realized and their results were measured using a precise measurement system which was also developed during the thesis. As for the numerical work, a virtual laboratory was built based on an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model validated on laboratory tests to describe the granite behavior and a contact mechanism to simulate the insert-rock interaction during a dynamic impact. First, several parametric studies were carried out on a homogeneous material. Secondly, a new heterogeneity modeling approach was developed to describe the distribution of minerals in the granite. These studies have provided essential elements for understanding the physical mechanisms of hard rocks destruction in percussion, for evaluating the effects of the main drilling parameters and factors and for optimizing the drilling tool
OURDANE, MOHAMED AREZKI Hanssen Jocelyn. "ETUDE DE L'INFLUENCE DU CONTINUUM A TRAVERS LE COUPLAGE DISCRET - CONTINU POUR LE PROCESSUS DE TRANSFERT EXCITATION AUX HAUTES ENERGIES D'IMPACT /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1998. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1998/Ourdane.Mohamed_Arezki.SMZ9821.pdf.
Full textWouts, Jérémy. "Étude et modélisation du comportement en compression du bois sous sollicitations d'impacts." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0025.
Full textWood is a natural cellular material, which is widely and advantageously used as shock absorber for the transport of radioactive materials. Accident situations are evaluated based on the 9 m drop test, which allows us to observe the complex crushing behavior of wood. A compressive experimental study is conducted on spruce and beech wood species over a large range of strain rates (from 0.001 to 600 s−1) to investigate the effect of the loading direction and of two extreme lateral confinements. The longitudinal direction is the most sensitive to the effect of strain rate and of lateral confinements which have significant consequences on the energy absorption. Besides, the experimental investigation can be adapted to various wood species with very different mechanical properties. A strain rate dependent elastoplastic model with transversal isotropy is developed using multi-scale and micromechanics techniques. The elastic macroscopic properties of wood are estimated with a Mori-Tanaka scheme and information extracted from the microstructure. The Gurson type criterion based on the micromechanical approach of the ductile damage is used in order to describe the non linear behavior of wood, its densification regime and its compressibility as well. Additionally, uncoupled degradation parameters are applied to reproduce the failure mechanisms involved in the longitudinal response. A simplified description of wood is used within the modeling and the numerical results exhibit the good ability of the model to reproduce the various wood responses during an accident situation
Jiménez, García Isadora Christel. "Offshore wind energy and birds: Integrating assessment tools in space and time / Energia eòlica marina i aus: integració de les eines d’avaluació a l’espai i el temps." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107961.
Full textD’entre totes les fonts d’energia renovable disponibles actualment, l’energia eòlica marina està tenint una ràpida expansió. Les energies renovables es veuen com una bona alternativa per reduir el nostre ús dels combustibles fòssils. El desenvolupament de l’energia eòlica marina, però, també planteja incògnites i preocupació respecte els seus possibles efectes sobre les comunitats d’aus marines. Per avaluar aquest impacte, tant els mapes de distribució com els mapes d’abundància de les aus marines es solen incloure en les avaluacions ambientals estratègiques (AAE) i les avaluacions d'impacte ambiental (AIA). No obstant això, pocs estudis han intentat desenvolupar mètodes analítics per quantificar els impactes potencials dels parcs eòlics marins basats en les dades de distribució i abundància de les aus. Aquest treball de doctorat té com a objectiu contribuir a omplir aquest buit que hi ha a nivell metodològic. La tesi és un recull de quatre estudis, dos articles publicats, un manuscrit enviat i un altre llest per enviar. Aquests estudis es centren en diferents mètodes analítics que integren la dimensió espacial i temporal de la distribució d'aus marines a gran escala i a escala regional i local. Després de presentar aquestes eines d'integració en detall, presento una sèrie de recomanacions i directrius pràctiques sobre la manera òptima d'integrar aquestes eines en el disseny d'EAE i EIA, dirigides principalment a tots aquells experts involucrats en el disseny d’Avaluacions ambientals, tant a nivell estratègic com local.
De entre todas las fuentes de energía renovable disponibles actualmente, la energía eólica marina destaca por su rápida expansión. Las energías renovables están muy bien consideradas como alternativa para reducir nuestro uso de combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la energía eólica marina también plantea incógnitas y cierto grado de preocupación respecto a sus posibles efectos sobre las comunidades de aves marinas. Para evaluar este impacto, se suele incluir mapas de distribución y de abundancia de aves en las Evaluaciones Ambientales Estratégicas (EAE) y las Evaluaciones de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) para este tipo de instalaciones. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han intentado desarrollar métodos analíticos para cuantificar los impactos potenciales de los parques eólicos marinos basados en los datos de distribución y abundancia de las aves. Este trabajo de doctorado tiene como objetivo contribuir a llenar este vacío que existe a nivel metodológico. La tesis es una recopilación de cuatro estudios, dos artículos publicados, un manuscrito enviado y otro listo para enviar. Estos estudios se centran en diferentes métodos analíticos que integran la dimensión espacial y temporal de la distribución de aves marinas a gran escala y a escala regional y local. Tras presentar con detalle estas herramientas de integración, presento una serie de recomendaciones y directrices prácticas sobre la manera óptima de integrar estas herramientas en el diseño de los EAE y EIA, dirigidas principalmente a todos aquellos expertos involucrados en el diseño de Evaluaciones ambientales, tanto a nivel estratégico como local.
Thiébaut, Maxime. "Énergie marine renouvelable : caractérisation des ressources hydrocinétiques en Manche et étude d'impact de la turbulence sur l'efficacité de systèmes de récupération d'énergie tidale." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0457/document.
Full textDespite the growing interest , the use of tidal energy still lags far behind other renewable resource. This delayed development can be explained, on the one hand, by the absence of a relevant methodology for quantifying the hydrokinetic potential and, on the other hand, by the hostile marine environment, in which turbulent phenomena apply constraints on the structure of marine current turbines. The use of High Frequency Radar, presented in the first part of this thesis, provides a powerful tool for analyzing tidal dynamics and its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Never used in the fields of renewable marine energy, it offers a convincing alternative to numerical modeling which is often chosen although generating questionable results because of simplistic conceptualization of real phenomena. The second part of this thesis is the study of the impact of a fully developed turbulent flow on the performance of a Darrieus-type turbine prototypes. The spectral analysis of the current velocity time series revealed the scalar properties of the flow. Multiscale characterization showed that the flow is driven by a dynamic process of successive breaks of fluid structures of size ranging from the injection scale to the molecular diffusion scale. Finally, the dynamical scaling of the turbulence of the velocity and power spectra generated by the marine current turbine has revealed a certain similarity between the size of the eddies structures that govern the flow and the dimensions of the turbine
Beguerie, Victor. "Impact de l'accès à l'énergie sur les conditions de vie des femmes et des enfants en milieu rural : analyse d'impact du programme des plate-formes multifonctionnelles au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10471/document.
Full textThrough its multidimensionality, energy access actively contributes to the achievements of several Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and especially MDG3 which aims at promoting gender equity and women empowerment. Lack of access to energy is a major issue for women in rural areas since it limits their choices in their daily activities and, therefore, undermines their development and their empowerment. This statement is at the core of the creation of the concept of the multifunctional platform (MFP). MFPs are a set of equipment which provides energy services. The basic version of MFPs comprises a diesel engine turning a mill, a husker and an electric alternator which furnishes electricity. In Burkina Faso, the Programme National Plates-formes Multifonctionnelles pour la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté (PN-PTFM/LCP) was launched in 2005. A household survey with two rounds (2009 and 2011) have been implemented in order to analyze the impact of the MFP program on woman and child living conditions, and in order to determine if MFP are a good way to contribute to achieving the MDGs in Burkina Faso. Instrumental variable and double difference analyses lead in this thesis conclude that MFPs enable to reduce the daily time dedicated to domestic tasks for some women. For these women, this time saved is reinvested in creating income generating activities. By contract, little evidence has been found regarding positive externalities on child education and health. Thus, the MFP program only partially contributes to achieving the MDGs related to woman well-being, since the positive effects only concern some women. Concerning the MDGs related to child health and education, the MFP program doesn’t seem to have the expected results. We consider that these mixed results of the MFP program in Burkina Faso are mainly due to repeating technical problems, and to the weak degree of multifunctionality of the MFPs
Lu, Xuezhou. "Simulations numériques de l'action de la houle sur des ouvrages marins dans des conditions hydrodynamiques sévères." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0012/document.
Full textThe present manuscript focuses on the wave impact on a rigid wall in two dimensions. The numerical computations were performed using a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) software named JOSEPHINE, developed at the LOMC laboratory. The software is based on a weakly-compressible SPH model, where Euler equation of motion is solved. Firstly, an academic test case, the impact of a triangular jet was used to validate and improve the numerical scheme to model violent impacts.The impact pressures were studied and compared to analytical and other numerical results. Secondly, the impact of a breaking solitary wave was modelled.The impact pressures were determined and compared with those obtained in the experiments. After a depth numerical analysis of mono-phase flow computations, a two-phase model was developed specifically to consider both water and air phases. The two-phase SPH model improved the results quality, especially for the case "air pocket impact", where an air pocket is trapped during the impact. The ultimate goal of this work is to study the survivability of coastal structures equipped with a marine energy recovery device during severe weather events
Greder, Sébastien. "Etiquetage des quarks beaux et mesure de la section efficace de production de paires de quarks top à $\sqrt(s)$ = 1,96 TeV dans l'expérience D0." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009071.
Full textdonnées analysées ont été collectées par le détecteur DØ entre 2001 et 2004 à une énergie au
centre de masse de 1.96 TeV auprès du collisionneur proton-antiproton Tevatron situé au
FERMILAB. Elles correspondent à une luminosité intégrée de 160 pb-1 par canal.
Chaque quark top se désintègre en produisant un boson W et un quark beau. La première
partie de ce travail de th èse a été consacrée à l'élaboration d'un algorithme d'identification des
jets de quark s beaux, +-*1. Cet algorithme repose sur l'utilisation du paramètre d'impact des
traces et permet d'assigner à un jet une probabilité de provenir du point d'interaction primaire.
L'efficacité d'identification de cet algorithme est de 45% pour des paires top-antitop pour un bruit de fond rejeté de 99.7%.
La deuxième partie du travail concerne la présélection permettant d'isoler des événements compatibles avec une topologie de type W+jets. Les bruits de fond multijets et W+jets sont évalués dans les données réelles et la simulation. La section efficace de production de paires de quarks top est mesurée à partir des candidats de plus de 3 jets dont l'un, au moins, est
identifié par l'algorith me +-*1. Les sources d'incertitudes systématiques ont été étudiées en
détail. Le résultat a été comparé aux calculs théoriques et aux autres mesures effectuées dans
les expériences DØ et CDF.
Vacavant, Laurent. "Étiquetage des quarks b par un détecteur de vertex à pixels dans l'expérience ATLAS auprès du LHC." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011011.
Full textTamokoué, Kamga Paul-Hervé. "Essais sur l'économie de la performance énergétique des bâtiments dans le secteur résidentiel." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM052/document.
Full textThis PhD dissertation aims at better understanding some features of the market for building energy performance in the residential sector and at evaluating the effectiveness of three policy interventions to encourage energy retrofit: Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), tax credit for energy retrofit, and energy taxation. The first chapter of the thesis surveys the literature on building energy performance certification: there is strong evidence that households value building energy performance when buying or renting a dwelling. The second chapter provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of EPCs and shows that EPCs can decrease or increase energy consumption depending on the time horizon and the heterogeneity of energy demand in the population. The third chapter develops a simulation based on the aforementioned model and suggests that EPCs need to be supplemented by other policy instruments to reduce energy consumption. Relying on French micro-panel data, the fourth chapter econometrically analyzes the impact of a tax credit rate increase for energy retrofit and finds that it can substantially boost expenditures for investments targeted by the tax credit. The last chapter econometrically analyzes how energy prices affect households’ decisions to invest in building energy performance and does not find any statistical evidence of an effect of an increase in energy fuel price
Aldebert, Clément. "Uncertainty in predictive ecology : consequence of choices in model construction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4075.
Full textEcological systems are complex systems which cannot be described by a single mathematical model. Multiple modelsof a same system can be built, depending on modeller’s interests and on its choices during model construction. Howfar these choices in model construction can affect the predicted dynamics of ecological systems and the informationthey provide on their resilience? is the general question that leads the research presented in this thesis. This thesisfocuses on a choice between model formulations that are based on biological mechanisms and describe empiricaldata with the same accuracy. These models are close to each other, so they are expected to predict similar systemdynamics. However, we show through a generic example of predator-prey model that similar formulations of thepredation process can predict qualitatively different system dynamics in term of: (i) number and type of stablestates, and (ii) system response to external disturbance and its potential for recovery. These differences in modelpredictions are explained by a detailed mathematical analysis of the predator-prey model. Next, this model isextended to complex food webs made of tens of species. The complexity of these networks (number of species andinteractions) drives their persistence, whereas their temporal dynamics is strongly affected by the function used tomodel predation. Methods to quantify model sensitivity are also proposed. Finally, we show that if a minimumlevel of biological details is included, predator-prey models are less sensitive to predation formulation. This providea clue to deal with uncertainties in model construction, which are intrinsic to the complexity of natural systems
Besseau, Romain. "Analyse de cycle de vie de scénarios énergétiques intégrant la contrainte d’adéquation temporelle production-consommation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM068.
Full textThis research work deals with the environmental impact assessment of energy. The current energy model, which supports the global economy, leads to major environmental impacts by contributing to climate change and resource depletion,and by degrading biodiversity and human health. The environmental impacts of energy systems are assessed, not only considering the energy generation phase, but the whole life-cycle of energy systems : from raw material extraction to end of life. As renewable energies are weather dependent, storage systems may become required to ensure the temporal balance between the production of energy and consumption when renewable energies reach high penetration rates. As a first step, parameterized life-cycle inventory models have been developed for the main energy technologies to produce orstore energy. Those models enable to account for the technological, spatial and temporal variability that can be important. As a second step, an approach based on times-series to model energy production as well as energy consumption has been developed. It allows assessing the energy storage needs induced by the weather dependency of the production and consumption.The global dynamic and parametric method to assess the life cycle environmental impact here developed has been appliedto self-consumption scenarios and then, to the insular territory of La Réunion. Those applications reveal that, even when accounting for the storage need induced by the weather dependency of the production, renewable energies present an environmental footprint significantly lower than the fossil counterparts they aim to substitute
Kpoviessi, Josias Mahouna. "Facteurs incitant les agents économiques à changer ou lisser leur consommation énergétique." Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA002.
Full textUnderstanding energy behaviour is necessary for the success of the energy transition. This is the object of this thesis.The first chapter describes the characteristics, challenges and the effects and effectiveness of different instruments to manage the demand side.The second chapter focuses on financial incentives to encourage the reduction of energy consumption. Based on a laboratory experiment, our results show that financial incentives (presented as a bonus in this thesis) serve as benchmarks to guide energy consumption. They encourage the least sober individuals to tend towards energy sobriety but, on the contrary, they partially crowd out the intrinsic motivations of the most sober.The final chapter investigates how to communicate. Indeed, attention can be drawn to the negative externalities and also to the positive externalities generated by consumption. We study the effect of this framing with a single shot linear public good experiment with simultaneous decisions, with and without risk. The participants cooperate more in a stochastic environment than in a deterministic one, and even more so when the emphasis is on losses.This can be explained by the fact that uncertainty favourably shifts extreme behaviours. Women in particular are the ones for whom the changes in behaviour are most marked
Dong, Jun. "MSWs gasification with emphasis on energy, environment and life cycle assessment." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EMAC0017/document.
Full textDue to the potential benefits in achieving lower environmental emissions and higher energy efficiency, municipal solid waste (MSW) pyro-gasification has gained increasing attentions in the last years. To develop such an integrated and sustainable MSW treatment system, this dissertation mainly focuses on developing MSW pyro-gasification technique, including both experimental-based technological investigation and assessment modeling. Four of the most typical MSW components (wood, paper, food waste and plastic) are pyro-gasified in a fluidized bed reactor under N2, steam or CO2 atmosphere. Single-component and multi-components mixture have been investigated to characterize interactions regarding the high-quality syngas production. The presence of plastic in MSW positively impacts the volume of gas produced as well as its H2 content. Steam clearly increased the syngas quality rather than the CO2 atmosphere. The data acquired have been further applied to establish an artificial neural network (ANN)-based pyro-gasification prediction model. Although MSW composition varies significantly due to geographic differences, the model is robust enough to predict MSW pyro-gasification performance with different waste sources. To further enhance syngas properties and reduce gasification temperature as optimization of pyro-gasification process, MSW steam catalytic gasification is studied using calcium oxide (CaO) as an in-situ catalyst. The influence of CaO addition, steam flowrate and reaction temperature on H2-rich gas production is also investigated. The catalytic gasification using CaO allows a decrease of more than 100 oC in the reaction operating temperature in order to reach the same syngas properties, as compared with non-catalyst high-temperature gasification. Besides, the catalyst activity (de-activation and re-generation mechanisms) is also evaluated in order to facilitate an industrial application. 650 oC and 800 oC are proven to be the most suitable temperature for carbonation and calcination respectively, while steam hydration is shown to be an effective CaO re-generation method. Afterwards, a systematic and comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) study is conducted. Environmental benefits have been achieved by MSW gasification compared with conventional incineration technology. Besides, pyrolysis and gasification processes coupled with various energy utilization cycles are also modeled, with a gasification-gas turbine cycle system exhibits the highest energy conversion efficiency and lowest environmental burden. The results are applied to optimize the current waste-to-energy route, and to develop better pyro-gasification techniques
Aldebert, Clément. "Uncertainty in predictive ecology : consequence of choices in model construction." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4075/document.
Full textEcological systems are complex systems which cannot be described by a single mathematical model. Multiple modelsof a same system can be built, depending on modeller’s interests and on its choices during model construction. Howfar these choices in model construction can affect the predicted dynamics of ecological systems and the informationthey provide on their resilience? is the general question that leads the research presented in this thesis. This thesisfocuses on a choice between model formulations that are based on biological mechanisms and describe empiricaldata with the same accuracy. These models are close to each other, so they are expected to predict similar systemdynamics. However, we show through a generic example of predator-prey model that similar formulations of thepredation process can predict qualitatively different system dynamics in term of: (i) number and type of stablestates, and (ii) system response to external disturbance and its potential for recovery. These differences in modelpredictions are explained by a detailed mathematical analysis of the predator-prey model. Next, this model isextended to complex food webs made of tens of species. The complexity of these networks (number of species andinteractions) drives their persistence, whereas their temporal dynamics is strongly affected by the function used tomodel predation. Methods to quantify model sensitivity are also proposed. Finally, we show that if a minimumlevel of biological details is included, predator-prey models are less sensitive to predation formulation. This providea clue to deal with uncertainties in model construction, which are intrinsic to the complexity of natural systems
Lotteau, Marc. "Développement d’une approche d’intégration des questions de morphologie urbaine dans l’évaluation environnementale des projets d’aménagement à l’échelle du quartier basée sur l’analyse de cycle de vie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0685/document.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the environmental assessment of urban development projects in the upstream design phase. It focuses on integrating urban morphology issues with life cycle analysis (LCA) applied to the built environment at the neighborhood scale. The energy performance of buildings is partly determined by design choices relating to the urban form and its interactions with climate. The objective of this thesis is to provide to the design teams a way to take into account the influence of the urban form on the energy potentials of a neighborhood with a life cycle perspective.A preliminary study was conducted on two neighborhoods to detail the influence of the urban form on their energy potentials. An approach to modeling the embodied energy and embodied carbon of buildings is proposed. A sensitivity analysis and a contribution analysis of this model are performed on two generic building shapes. The results demonstrate the key influence of the shape of the buildings and a very strong link between the embodied energy and the building’s compactness. An approach to assessing the passive heating potential and passive summer comfort potential at the neighborhood scale is also developed. It is based on the transformation of a neighborhood in an equivalent urban form (regular array of block buildings), and on the application of metamodels of a thermal simulation engine. The method is tested and discussed on a corpus of 45 case studies. These methodological developments are intended to be integrated into an existing tool for neighborhood LCA (NEST)
Anselmi, Hélène. "Modélisation et évaluation environnementale d’une unité de captage de CO₂ intégrée à un procédé industriel." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0080.
Full textLimiting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is a major global issue, particularly for the energy, chemical and metallurgical industries. To this end, CO2 capture technologies have been developed in recent decades. In this study, we focused on three types of CO2 capture technologies: chemical absorption by MEA, membrane separation and activated carbon adsorption. The CO2 considered is emitted by a coal-fired power station and then directly valorized within a manufacturing process on the same site. The objective of this study was to quantify the environmental benefits of installing a CO2 capture technology in comparison to the current configuration, without CO2 capture. Our approach combined process modeling and life cycle assessment. The methodology adopted was to model the complete system (the power plant, the manufacturing process and the various capture units) using a flowsheeting software (Aspen Plus), then to determine the environmental impacts by LCA. The results show that the MEA chemical adsorption process is strongly penalized by the use of the solvent, both regarding the energy consumption and the environmental impacts. The membrane process exhibits significant environmental impacts, despite a much lower energy consumption, due to the massive use of polymers (membrane materials). Finally, the activated carbon adsorption process has lower environmental impacts than the other two processes in the vast majority of impact categories