Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Énergie chimique'
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Matt, Benjamin. "Polyoxométallates hybrides organiques/inorganiques pour la conversion d'énergie solaire en énergie chimique." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066427.
Full textEnvironmental challenges represent main societal, economical and political issues. As a consequence, many countries committed themselves to develop new strategies in terms of sustainable energy sources. This Ph. D work takes part into this specific context. In such a situation, we sought to elaborate organic-inorganic hybrid systems that are based on polyoxometalates (POMs). These systems can efficiently collect visible light to induce photocumulative electron transfer. The approach in this work is based on the covalent grafting of a chromophore moiety onto different types of POMs in order to consider catalytic and multi-electronic processes such as the reduction of protons into dihydrogen. At first, we developed synthetic methodologies and purification processes to prepare different types of hybrid POMs by covalent linking. Then, organic and organometallic chromophores have been prepared. The later led to the synthesis of POM based dyads following the coupling methodologies previously established. The photophysical properties of these new compounds were studied and the results shone light on the occurrence of charge separation states. At last, in order to value such molecules into functional devices for artificial photosynthesis, it is compulsory to go through a step of integration. This perspective led us to think about other types of hybrid compounds, which can give rise to new and original properties after surface confinement
Taddeo, Lucio. "Énergie recyclée par conversion chimique pour application à la combustion dans le domaine aérospatial (ERC3)." Thesis, Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAB0002/document.
Full textRegenerative cooling is a well-known cooling technique, suitable to ensure scramjets thermal protection. The development of regeneratively cooled engines using an endothermic propellant is a challenging task, especially because of the strong coupling between fuel decomposition and combustion, which makes the definition of an engine regulation strategy very hard. An experimental study, aiming at identifying the effect of fuel mass flow rate variations on a fuel cooled-combustor in terms of system dynamics has been carried out. A remotely controlled fuel-cooled combustor, designed by means of CDF calculations and suitable for the experimental analysis of combustion-pyrolysis coupling, has been used. In order to improve tests results analysis, a parametric study to characterize fuel decomposition has also been realized. The pyrolysis has been modeled by using a detailed kinetic mechanism (153 species, 1185 chemical reactions)
Hue-Faucheur, Nathalie. "Dissociation en phase gazeuse d'ions organiques complexes par collision de haute énergie et spectrométrie de masse tandem." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112258.
Full textThe ionization techniques which proceed from the bombardment of the sample by fast caesium ions (LSIMS) or from the electronebulization of a solution at atmospheric pressure (electrospray, ESI) have been used during this thesis in association with a multi-sectors tandem mass analyzer. From comparison between MS/MS spectra acquired after high energy collisional activation (in the order of kiloelectronvolt) of ionic species arising from one of these ionization methods, it has been shown that the "production mode" of the ions plays a crucial role in dissociation processes via charge-remote fragmentation (CRF). The internal energy of the precursor ions before the collision affects indeed significantly the dissociation behavior after the collisional activation step. Tandem mass spectrometry in combination with high energy collisional activation (CID-MS/MS) and applied to parent ions generated in the LSIMS or ESI ion source allowed the structural elucidation of various natural compounds in complex mixtures and small amounts. It was thus possible to establish unambiguously the double bonds location or branching pattern for aliphatic long chain molecules: serotonin derivatives, acetogenines and glycosphingolipids, with the occurrence of CRF fragment ions that are very specific and highly informative. In addition the structures of cyclic lipopeptides from the surfactine family and oligosaccharides which possess an alditol function and a carboxylic acid group have been characterized
Nguyen, Khanh-Son. "Comportement thermo-chimique de matériaux minéraux : Application à la protection incendie." Rennes, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAR0006.
Full textThe present PhD study is related to the European project FIREMAT (CRAFT 2002-2005) dedicated to the development of new fireproofing materials. Our study focus on a numerical modelling to simulate heat transfer in mineral materials with or without phase transition. The simulated results are compared with experimental measurements, essentially based on fire test requiring temperatures of the conventional fire curves such as ISO 834, HCM (Hydrocarbon Modified), etc. The modelling used a thermo-chemical combination approach to explain the behavior of materials at high temperature. Kinetic conversion of material is used for the calculation. The reliability of our numerical solution has been validated by numerical-experimental comparison of fire tests. The parameters of the proposed model and modified model are determined for different transformations in composite compounds : single kinetic reaction, uncombined kinetic or two combined reactions and several kinetic reactions (three reactions). Furthermore, the thermo-chemical approach is combined to a mechanical approach. The evolution of internal stress depends strongly on blocking distortion, especially at the edges of the tested panel. It's also explain our observation of early cracking during fire test in laboratory. Kinetics parameters identification of all inorganic compounds is necessary to use the developed numerical tool in a consistent manner. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) (micro and macro scale of sample) are realised and a database is deduced of thermal conversion of minerals compounds like gypsum, calcite, portlandite, gibbsite, brucite and phosphate binder. The results are generally quite good and provide a database in order to simulate materials behavior under thermal exposures and also environmental deterioration (e. G. Alteration by carbonation process). Moreover, different experimental results allow us to study the influence of the state of the material (powder state compared to solid state) on the results of modeling. A significant difference between analysis results of micro and macro scale is noted. To circumvent some difficulties related to modeling assumptions (boundary conditions, effects of mechanical degradation, etc. ) and bring the overall behavior of materials, another numerical method is developed. Such model is used to identify all significant parameters and not related to the kinetics conversion based on experimental results of fire tests. An inverse approach is developed from the easiest measured experimental data, e. G. Temperature field. The parameters values are finally deduced after minimisation of the gap between numerical and experimental data. The use of such numerical tools for industrial application is now available:pre-design technical solution before real scale tests proceeding application of kinetic database, prediction of test results under fire conventional ISO 834 from fire HCM results
Varlot, Karine. "Apport de la microscopie électronique filtrée en énergie (TEM/EELS) à la caractérisation chimique des polymères." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECDL0045.
Full textGoalard, Carol. "Étude physico-chimique du procédé de dispersion des poudres libres et agglomérées en milieu liquide." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000411/.
Full textThe dispersion of powders in liquids is a process widely used in industry and in every day life. The requirement to disperse a powder in a liquid rapidly and uniformly where the quality of the dispersion will define the quality of the final product. The optimisation of the process requires knowledge of the influence of the parameters on the kinetics of dispersion. To better understand the different energies involved, the process of dispersion may be divided into three stages : adhesion, immersion, and spreading. These stages can be examined as a function of the solid/liquid interfacial energy, the surface energy of the solid and the energy required to stir the liquid. A experimental device, with en optical fibre is used to characterise the dispersion. This technique allows the determination of the effects of various parameters on the operation
Bertrand, Jean-Yves. "Stockage thermochimique de l'énergie par utilisation de fluides réactifs régénérables ou semi-régénérables." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPI267.
Full textShehadeh, Gebrail. "Etude physico-chimique du carbamate d'ammonium en vue de son utilisation pour le stockage de l'énergie." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO11710.
Full textBouillaud, Alain. "Valorisation chimique du glycérol : approche du procédé de synthèse de l'épibromhydrine." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT007G.
Full textMuller, Christian. "Stockage chimique de l'énergie à haute température : étude de la phase de restitution pour le système MGO, SO3/MgSO4 en lit fluidisé." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP0007.
Full textBertin, Mathieu. "Processus induits par les électrons de basse énergie (0-20 eV) dans les systèmes condensés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00280603.
Full textPin, Guillaume. "Etude de procédés plasma basse énergie pour la préparation de surface de silicium et le dépôt chimique en phase vapeur d'hétérostructures Si/SiGe." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22051.
Full textAlvarez, Boto Roberto. "Development of the NCI method : high performance optimization and visualization." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066220/document.
Full textNon-covalent interactions are of paramount importance in chemistry. Interactions between a catalyst and its substrate, self-assembly of nanomaterials, enantiomer production and many other chemical reactions, are most of the time non-covalent in nature. They are also fundamental for crystallographic analysis, since they set up the scenario for molecular crystallization, whose guiding rules are still a fruitful filed of research. Non-covalent interactions are frequently visualized using distance dependent contacts, generally without consideration of hydrogen atoms. Most of these interactions are usually identified by the use of tabulated van der Waals radii, which are not flexible enough to reveal the interplay with the environment. New approaches, based on 3D functions that can be derived either form experiment or computation (e.g. the electro density) are now widely used to identify and visualize non-covalent interactions. In this thesis we analyse the NCI method, and namely, its main ingredient, the reduced density gradient. Its capabilities for visualizing chemical interactions are examined. This 3D function is then, connected with the kinetic energy density and a interpretation of the reduced density gradient in terms of the bosonic behaviour of the electronic system is presented. Then, the NCI method is applied to visualise and analyse chemical interactions: from covalent to non-covalent interactions. The chemical reactivity is also addressed. The NCI method is applied to rationalised the outcome of several reactions
Mouti, Mostafa. "Etude de la relaxation vibrationnelle dans un écoulement gazeux à haute température : couplage vibration-dissociation, application aux mélanges." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11039.
Full textBrandelet, Benoît. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des particules issues du chauffage domestique au bois." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0287/document.
Full textThe issue of the emissions of fine particles, known for their health and environmental hazards, has been significantly covered in recent years. The governments made the decision to help mainly financially the private individuals in order to renew the domestic appliances stock. However, a non-optimized use of an energy-efficient appliance can degrade system performances. In order to solve this issue, many experimental campaigns have been achieved through complete and innovative physicochemical characterizations of the smoke, especially of the fine particles : Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray microanalysis and assessment of the constitutive Carbon (Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon). First of all, the definition of the use parameters for the appliance and their impacts allowed offering a significant reduction of the fine particles emissions. In this work, the influences of the parameters such as the nature of the fuel, the ignition mode and the air secondary injection were in this way quantified. In order to better understand the origin of these emissions produced regardless of the combustion quality, the mechanisms of formation of all kinds of particles were defined. In a second phase, this work paid attention to the evolution of the characteristics of particles from the combustion room to the near-field. This enabled to go over the classic normative study. New knowledge on particles was brought to light, helping to better know the particles generation from domestic wood appliances. This could allow in the future to create some specific and efficient treatment systems
Weiss, Laurent. "Contribution au développement d'un procédé de découpe laser haute-énergie / jet d'eau haute-pression couplés : Application à la découpe d'alliages métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0112/document.
Full textFor a decade, the hybrid jet cutting where a water jet acts as waveguide for the laser has been successfully used in the field of microelectronics. To develop this technology and bring it up to other markets such as automotive, boiler or aerospace, it is necessary to increase both the laser energy and the water jet pressure. At these high energy levels, new interactions that occur between light and fluid as well as the material changes caused by the hybrid jet have never been studied from a physicochemical point of view. So, at first, we have devised a system allowing measurements of optical properties of water at high pressure with a possible direct application in optical sensor for fluid pressure. In an original way, this work has allowed us to measure the refractive index and polarizability of water up to 250 MPa and model their evolution using Tait, Sellmeier and Lorentz-Lorenz equations, respectively. A direct result of this study is the creation of a model linking directly the fluid density to the measurement of its refractive index. Following these developments and after hydrodynamics simulations, we have designed a specific head for coupling a high power laser guided by high pressure water jet. Then we have tested various head types allowing the coupling of a new generation hybrid jet. In the same time, we have studied the physicochemical impact of decoupled hybrid jet where the laser and water jet are both focused, for cutting, at the surface of 301L steel and titanium alloy TA6V samples. The analysis have been done by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis and the crystallographic orientation (EBSD) analysis. During cutting, a phase transformation and an oxidized layer appear on the surface of the samples. We have shown in particular that these oxide layers and cutting residues are mainly composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and rutile (TiO2)
Therene, Hubert. "Etude physico-chimique de la fraction dite saturée des bitumes." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES006.
Full textKoffi, Philippe. "Conversion et stockage de l'énergie solaire : étude et développement de catalyseurs de photoréduction de l'eau, amélioration de la production d'hydrogène par empoisonnement du catalyseur." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112368.
Full textMichaux, Laurent. "Altérations supergènes et hydrothermales des roches basiques et ultrabasiques : pétrologie, géochimie et modélisations thermodynamiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30058.
Full textAtifi, Abdelghani el. "Application des composés d'insertion du graphite au stockage chimique de l'énergie thermique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0072.
Full textHenchi, Ferhat. "Stockage thermochimique d'énergie par utilisation de fluides réactifs régénérables et/ou semi-régénérables (FRR, FRSR)." Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPI188.
Full textLepinay, Kevin. "Développement et applications de la tomographie chimique par spectroscopie EDX." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0124/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the evaluation of the STEM EDX chemical tomography technique: development of experimental procedures, data processing and volumes reconstruction, quality analysis of the results and evaluation of the overall complexity. Until now, STEM EDX analysis performances were very limited, so only few studies about this technique have been realized. However, very significant progress procured by the new SDD detectors as well as by the high brightness electronic sources (X-FEG), making the STEM EDX 2D analysis very fast, have revived the possibility of the chemical tomography, although the technique has to be developed and evaluated (performance and complexity). We have worked on a Tecnai Osiris which acquires EDX chemical mapping of hundreds of thousands of pixels with resolution of one nanometer and in a few minutes. We chose to prepare the rod-shaped samples by FIB and use a sample holder allowing an angle of exploration of 180° without shadowing effects. Then, using model samples (SiO2 balls in resin), we evaluated the sample deformation due to the electron beam irradiation. This allowed us to propose a method to reduce this effect by depositing a 20 nm chromium layer. Images simulations were used to evaluate the software and the reconstruction methods. The methodology of each step of the STEM EDX tomography analysis is then explained and the technique interest is demonstrated by comparing the 2D and the 3D analysis of a transistor 28 nm FDSOI. The quality of the reconstructions (signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution) was evaluated, in function of experimental parameters, using simulations and experiments. A resolution of 4 nm is demonstrated through the analysis of a test pattern and a "gate all around” transistor. For the same transistor, the possibility and the interest of a failure analysis at the nanoscale is proven. Analyses of a SRAM gate fail or of the holes in a copper pillar explain the benefits of a combination between a HAADF volume (morphology and resolution < 4 nm) and an EDX volume (chemical information). To conclude, this technique, which still needs to be improved in terms of simplicity, is already showing its usefulness for the analysis and the development of advanced technologies (20nm node and beyond)
Guitard, Romain. "Oxidation of omega-3 oils and preservation by natural phenolic antioxidants." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10086.
Full textOmega-3 has been known as essential fatty acids to health. They are particularly sensitive to oxygen leading to a deterioration of their organoleptic and nutraceutical properties. Protecting omega-3 oils against oxidation is then crucial and requires the addition of highly effective antioxidants but safe for consumers. In order to prevent oxidative degradation, synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA are widely used but they provoke safety concern from the consumer side. Therefore, the current tendency is to replace them by natural compounds used alone or in mixture, which leads to synergistic effects, often observed but rarely understood. Adding this to the complex mechanism occurring in the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, this thesis was composed by 3 objectives: the detection and identification of traces of oxidation products in oils, the highlight of the requirements of the chemical structures of efficient phenols and the clarification of the mechanisms of action between antioxidants. The electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) appears as the most suitable technique for the selective and sensitive ionization of intact hydroperoxides which are the primary oxidation products. In addition, the linseed oil, known as the richest vegetable oil in omega-3, was our substrate of study. Over than 70 phenols which inhibit the radical chain oxidation by hydrogen transfer to peroxyl radicals were tested
Detoc-Karimi, Sylvie. "Traitement des fluides géothermaux du Dogger (Bassin parisien, France) par oxydation chimique des sulfures dissous et microfiltration tangentielle." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20297.
Full textMarty, Philippe. "Procédé et dispositif de génération d'hydrogène par conversion à haute température avec vapeur d'eau." Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP1140.
Full textThis work deals with the field of hydrogen generation by non catalytic fuel reforming, at high temperature, with the aim to feed a PEM type H2/02 fuel cell for transport applications. It appears as an interesting alternative to the use of catalysts. Indeed, the proposed thermal reforming eliminates the poisoning and coke formation problems associated with catalytic reformers. Besides, it enables the realisation of a reforming system that accepts all types of fuels, without the need to adapt a specific catalyst to the fuel molecules to be reformed. The comparison of the different hydrogen production processes (partial oxidation, steam-reforming and autothermal reforming) is done considering the constraints imposed by the PEM fuel cell and the results of calculations on stoichiometric reactions. It results in the choice of the hybrid steam-reforming (HSR) process, which fits very well to the characteristics of the PEM fuel cell and enables an energetic optimisation of the whole system. A chemical kinetic model adapted to the propane HSR process is used to identify the temperature levels and residence times necessary to proceed the HSR reaction withou catalyst and to avoid the persistence of methane, non methanic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the hydrogen-rich mixture. From the results, a procedure is given to define a non catalytic reformer. This procedure is applied for the design of a first laboratory-scale HSR reactor fed with propane. Experimental results (chemical composition, reformate and wall temperatures) are presented and compared with the results of the calculations done during the design phase
Bordet, Alexis. "Une nouvelle génération de nano-catalyseurs à base de carbure de fer pour le stockage chimique de l'énergie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAT0017/document.
Full textAfter several decades of oblivious fossil resources consumption, humanity is now facing major issues regarding global warming and energy production and storage. In the double context of intermittent renewable energy storage and CO2 recovery, the power-to-gas approach, and especially the Sabatier reaction (catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methane + water) is of special interest. The main goal of this thesis is to perform the Sabatier reaction using magnetically activated nano-catalysts. The use of magnetic nanoparticles to convert electromagnetic energy into heat is indeed an approach of growing interest in catalysis, even if the field of biomedicine obviously concentrate most of the applications (magnetic hyperthermia, drug delivery, etc.). In this respect, the interest of the synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical applications is studied and discussed. We describe herein a pathway to iron carbide nanoparticles allowing a fine tuning of their carbon content and magnetic properties. We show that the carbon content and the crystallinity of the synthesized nanoparticles greatly impact their magnetic heating efficiency. The Fe2.2C crystallographic phase especially appears to be the key to highly enhanced specific absorption rates (SARs). We took advantage of these exceptional heating properties to investigate the Sabatier reaction in a continuous flow reactor, the catalyst being activated through magnetic induction. The SAR of synthesized iron carbide nanoparticles appeared to be sufficient to reach the temperature required for the activation of the Sabatier reaction (typically > 250°C), and promising results were obtained in a continuous flow reactor. We were thus able to demonstrate that the concept of magnetically induced catalysis can be successfully applied to the CO2 methanation reaction and represents an approach of strategic interest in the double context of intermittent energy storage and CO2 valorization
Pastre, Aymeric. "Élaboration d’électrodes à base de films d’or nanoporeux et conception de micro-supercondensateurs intégrés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10187/document.
Full textThe thesis work aims at the design of nanoporous gold-based all-solid state micro-supercapacitors, integrated on a silicon substrate. In a first step, we have developed a process for the formation of gold films by auto-catalytic chemical reduction. In order to enhance the adhesion of the gold film to the silicon substrate, an original seed layer was produced by a sol-gel process. It consists in a thin film of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) doped with gold nanoparticles. The porosity of these gold films was controlled by a templating method using polystyrene microspheres (Ø ≈ 20 nm). Nanoporous gold films can reach a 1.2 μm thickness in the absence of delamination. The porosity is completely interconnected and the pore size (20 nm) was chosen in order to be compatible with the used electrolyte. The method only involves wet chemistry processes and is fully compatible with conventional micro-manufacturing processes. The nanoporous gold films constituting the electrode material of the micro-supercapacitor have been structured by photolithography in the form of interdigitated combs. The impregnation of a gelled polymer electrolyte (PVA / KOH) made it possible to finalize the manufacture of the all-solid state micro-supercapacitor. Electrochemical characterizations show that the micro-device reaches a surface capacitance of 240 μF/cm² at 20 mV/s, and can endure more than 8000 cycles, while losing only 5% of its initial capacitance. These performances are comparable to those of the all-solid state integrated micro-supercapacitors reported in the literature
Mermoud, Floriane. "Gazéification de charbon de bois à la vapeur d'eau : de la particule isolée au lit fixe continu." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7498/1/mermoud.pdf.
Full textBounaceur, Roda. "Modélisation cinétique de l'évolution thermique des pétroles dans les gisements." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2001_BOUNACEUR_R.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is to obtain a better understanding of the reactions involved in the thermal cracking of crude oil in sedimentary basins, and to study its kinetics as a function of temperature and pressure. We study the kinetics of pyrolysis of alkanes at low temperature, high pressure and high conversion and we propose three methods of reduction of the corresponding mechanisms. Several compounds having an inhibiting or accelerating effect on the rate of decomposition of alkanes were also studied. This research led to the construction of a general kinetic model of 5200 elementary steps representing the pyrolysis of a complex mixture of 52 molecules belonging to various chemical families: 30 linear alkanes (from CH4 to C30H62), 10 branched-chain alkanes (including pristane and phytane), 2 naphtenes (propylcyc1opentane and propycyclohexane), tetralin, l-methylindan, 4 aromatics (benzene, toluene, butylbenzene and decylbenzene), 3 heteroatomic compounds (a disulfide, a mercaptan and H2S). This model is compared to experimental data coming from the pyrolysis of two oils: one from the North Sea and the other from Pematang. The results obtained show a good agreement between the experimental and simulated values. Then, we simulated the cracking of these two oils by using the following burial scenario: initial temperature of 160°C, 50 m per million years (ma) in a constant geothermal gradient of 30°C/km, implying a heating rate of 1. 5°C/ma. Under these conditions, our model shows that these two oils start to crack only towards 210-220°C and that their time ofhalf-life corresponds to a temperature around 230- 240°C. The model also makes it possible to simulate the evolution of geochemical parameters such as the GOR, the API degree. .
Sampaio, Mergulhão Carolina. "Étude expérimentale de la cinétique de combustion de biocarburants issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique à hautes pressions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R045.
Full textIn 2019, nearly 30% of the CO2 emissions in the EU come from the transport sector. Electrification is one of the possible and stringent alternatives towards reducing CO2 emissions from the mobility; nevertheless, its wide availability would cost an enormous budget and decades to replace more than 300 million passenger cars powered by internal combustion engines. Moreover, some domains such as aviation and marine transport are still far from adopting electrification due to the comparably lower energy density of the batteries and carbon-free energy provision. Considering these situations and limitations, renewable biofuels emerge as a promising way to decarbonize the transport sector promptly. Biofuels are currently blended as additives, and can be produced by transformation of lignocellulosic biomass; inedible and renewable feedstock utilized for second-generation biofuel production. The newly introduced biofuels would demonstrate different combustion characteristics than the conventional fossil-based fuels, which need to be investigated in detail. The implementation of such substances requires precise operation strategy to avoid engine knock from spark-ignition (SI) engines, which is a major obstacle against increasing the thermal efficiency in highly turbocharged engines. Taking into account that the engine knock, or in general the autoignition of the unburned end-gas under low temperature conditions, is governed by the autoignition chemistry of fuel, it is, necessary to ensure their compatibility with the new engines by looking into their reaction pathways in engine-relevant conditions. This study aims to present a benchmark of potential new biofuels and/or additives to be used in (SI) engines, as well as provide useful discussions from a kinetics perspective on the co-oxidation of these compounds along with conventional fuels. Four oxygenated lignocellulosic derived compounds (LDCs) were investigated; anisole, o-cresol, prenol, and cyclopentanone (CPN), which are either potential automotive fuels or additives. Isooctane, which has often been used as the reference gasoline surrogate, was also tested to compare the acquired data with literature and validate the methodology used in this study. Ignition delay times (IDTs) were measured using ULille Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), and the mixtures of isooctane/LDC/O2/inert were evaluated at stoichiometric fuel-in-air conditions. The composition effect was investigated, varying the amount of LDC within isooctane mixtures and also varying the compression pressure from 14 to 25 bar. The effect of temperature on the IDT was investigated at 20 bar, and core gas temperatures from 665 to 870 K. The surrogates were formulated at stoichiometric conditions and prepared until the LDC fraction reached the maximum reasonable value given their volatility. The limits were 20% for o-cresol, 40% for anisole and CPN, and 50% for prenol. Overall, the LDC addition inhibits the isooctane reactivity, which can be ranked in descending order for reactivity: pure isooctane, o-cresol, anisole, and cyclopentanone. On the other hand, prenol surrogate was the only one to show limited reactivity at low temperatures and promote the isooctane reactivity at high temperatures, i.e., from 800 to 870 K
Saint-Martin, Sabine. "Apport de la technologie fluide supercritique pour l'obtention de matériaux énergétiques de sensibilité réduite." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14153.
Full textThe development of new compositions of propellants, for strategic and space applications for instance, leads to synthesis of more and more powerful energetic materials
Chen, Chi-Wei. "Etude physico-chimique des possibilités de valorisation des sables argileux non conformes dans des mélanges bitumineux routiers." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1004/document.
Full textSiliceous fines (clays) in fine aggregates used for AC pavement stimulate the moisture entering the bitumen-aggregates interface in AC mixture and create channels for water penetration. MB adsorption for qualifying fine aggregates is in accordance with the layer charge and the accessibility of consisted mineralogy in fine aggregates. However, the correlation between MB qualification for fine aggregates and fine aggregates triggering moisture susceptibility of AC mixture has not ever been addressed; moreover, the questions from MB adsorption still remain to be solved. In order to evaluate the stripping and to clarify MB adsorption on fine aggregates from a mineralogical perspective, the most common clays in natural aggregates, kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite, were extracted from their clay rocks, and used to prepare thin clay film, artificial fine aggregates and asphalt concrete mixtures consist of artificial fine aggregates. Moreover, the 5 blinded fine aggregates received from quarries without any given information were applied as the blinded experiments to confirm the practicability with mineralogical diversity. The mineralogical analysis was identifying and quantifying the mineral phases in extracted clay and fine aggregates by using X-Ray diffraction, and the quantitative results were judged by complementary test. MB adsorption was studied using drop method, UV-Photometer method and cation exchange capacity from clays and aggregates. Water-bitumen-clay interaction was studied using the sessile drop and the Oliensis spot tests on those thin clay films. The water intrusion routes in AC mixture was investigated immersing AC mixture in solution with chemical probe, whereas Duriez tests allowed measuring the moisture susceptibility of AC mixtures containing varied clay mineralogy in fine aggregates. The results show that clay mineralogy is in relation to water-bitumen-clay interaction, and it is agreed by moisture susceptibility of AC mixture indicated by Duriez test. With the dispersive nature bitumen used in this study, cohesive failure is in the light of kaolinite-AC mixture in the presence of water, whereas swelling property is responsible for the stripping in illite- and montmorillonite- AC mixture. In order to exclude the physical interferences on MB adsorption, the vale of 100% of MB adsorption on fine aggregates referred to CEC value is necessary to apply, and MB value measured from drop method efficiently excludes the significant impacts from layer charge, pH value and exchangeable cations. Although MB adsorption is in relation to clay mineralogy, this test does not sufficiently indicate the stripping of AC mixture occurred by clay in fine aggregates. There are still rooms to use the non-qualified fine aggregates for the use of AC pavement. As Rietveld method from X-Ray diffraction derives the most reasonable quantitative results, the X-Ray powder diffraction and the X-Ray orientated EG treated K-saturated clay diffraction are proposed for analyzing clay mineralogy and its swelling property for judging the use of non-qualified fine aggregates for AC mixture.MB2 and Duriez0.8 surfaces can be established on clay mineralogical map since we discovered MB adsorption and moisture susceptibility are related to clay mineralogy in fine aggregates. The fine aggregates which is not qualified by MB adsorption is going to confirm the possibility for the use of AC pavement by the mineralogical analysis through X-Ray diffraction. By adopting the quantitative results of clay on mineralogical map with Duriez0.8 surface and the swelling property of clays in fine aggregates, the use of fine aggregates for AC pavement can be properly judged according to water-bitumen-aggregates interaction and stripping which has been proved in this study
Chouchene, Ajmia. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de procédés de valorisation de sous-produtis oléicoles par voies thermique et physico-chimique." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703759.
Full textKassab, Emile. "Contribution à l'étude théorique de la réactivité des états excités de Rydberg de plus basse énergie de petits systèmes polyatomiques par des méthodes quantiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066450.
Full textBenoit, Corentin. "Impact de la texture de matériaux carbonés poreux sur la modification chimique d’électrodes de supercondensateurs : vers une meilleure intégration des molécules dans les dispositifs hybrides." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0002/document.
Full textThe integration of renewable energy into the production of electricity, forces us to conceive innovative charge storage systems to deal with the issue of the intermittent supply of wind and solar-generated electricity. At present, electric storage devices range from electrochemical capacitors, which can supply high power densities but suffer from low energy densities, to batteries, which are considered as a high-energydensity and low-power-density technology. The difficulty of combining the high power density of supercapacitors with the high energy density of batteries creates a large free area in the Ragone diagram that is targeted by new hybrid energy systems. A recent strategy consists in grafting fast redox-active small molecules onto the surface of porous carbons for producing organic storage devices at the frontier between electrochemical capacitors and batteries. This modular approach allows designing universal electrode materials applicable both for anode and cathode, but efforts are still needed for improving the integration of molecules in the microporous structure of carbons. In this thesis, we have studied the impact of textural properties of a series of carbons on the electrochemical performances of the corresponding carbon-molecules composite materials to rationalize the selection of carbons and enhancing the integration of molecules in the microposity of carbons. An novel approach, presented at the end of this work, for improving performance without decreasing the double-layer capacitance contribution and hindering the ionic transportation is to use the binder for the charge storage by grafting molecules onto its polymeric skeleton
Passicousset, Joël. "Descripteurs physico-chimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique en hydrolyse enzymatique : vers une caractérisation in-situ." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0004.
Full textOne of the paths that are envisioned to reduce the environmental footprint of human’s activities in the field of the transportation is about ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Amongst all the different processes that are projected to convert such substrates made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the bioconversion process into ethanol represents a promising option since it is quite mature, and ethanol is readily usable in the current gas-cars fleet. The pretreatment step that aims at making cellulose more accessible and more digestible to the enzymatic hydrolysis still needs improvements in order to make this process economically viable. To study the relations between operating conditions, physicochemical modifications, and their effects on substrates’ digestibility, a wide range of samples with a high variability of their physicochemical parameters was needed. Samples were produced from a wheat straw that was dilute-acid and steam exploded with a wide range of operating conditions. Multi-technique and multi-scale analyses led to a precise characterisation of the physicochemical effects provoked by the pretreatment. These results also allowed identifying key substrate parameters that are responsible for the substrate enzymatic digestibility. Based on the observations, an empirical model was proposed to express the substrate digestibility as a function of these critical parameters. Finally, in situ monitoring of tissue degradation and enzyme adsorption-desorption on plant tissues during saccharification was carried using UV-autofluorescence microscopy. Thanks tothese experiments, hydrolysis mechanisms on pretreated matrices are now better understood, and depend upon pretreatment operating conditions
Bernoux, Pierre. "Etude de la distribution d'un mélange liquide-vapeur à l'entrée des échangeurs de chaleur." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10075.
Full textMaldistribution of two-phase flow causes a significant decrease of thermal and hydraulic performance of heat exchangers. The objective of this work is the identification of the parameters which control the distribution of the phases. In order to do that, a specific experimental set-up has been designed to simulate a compact heat exchanger working in adiabatic conditions with refrigerant 113. The effects of the following parameters have been studied : inlet mass quality, mean mass velocity, nozzle inlet diameter and number of channels. The distribution of the phases and the pressure drops have been measured in each channel. Flow pattern at the inlet of the test-section and in the inlet manifold has been observed and has given information about the two-phase flow shucture evolution. Simultaneously, a separated phase model is proposed to describe the two-phase flow in this geometry. A first sensitivity study is presented
Messad-Challal, Djouhra. "Production (photo)catalytique de combustibles à partir d'eau, de dioxyde ou de monoxyde de carbone, en surface de minéraux argileux." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0215.
Full textLewon, Ivan. "Simulation par éléments finis du comportement mécanique d'un échangeur à plaques : conception et validation d'un logiciel métier." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10134.
Full textFrançois-Martin, Claire. "Mesure expérimentale de l'énergie d'activation de la fusion de membranes lipidiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066160/document.
Full textIn vivo, membrane fusion must not occur spontaneously. Thus, membrane fusion requires a large activation energy that is overcome through the action of multiple proteins. Even though biological fusion is very complex, it results in the coalescence of both lipid bilayers that constitute the cores of the involved membranes. Therefore, the activation energy that is necessary to disrupt the leaflet arrangement during lipid bilayer fusion should be similar to that of in vivo membrane fusion. In order to approach biological membrane fusion’s activation energy, we developed an experimental protocol which allows determining the activation energy and the Arrhenius factor of the reaction, thanks to Arrhenius’ law. The relative areas occupied by the polar head and hydrophobic tails of a lipid confers to it a preferential curvature, called spontaneous curvature. Investigating membranes with several lipid compositions, I found that a mismatch between the membrane curvature and the spontaneous curvature of the lipid affects both the Arrhenius factor and the activation energy. A more negative curvature generates more hydrophobic defects in the “flat” membrane which leads to an increase in the frequency of fusion nucleation, i.e. a larger Arrhenius factor. During the fusion process, membrane shapes are modified and adopt large positive and negative curvatures, each leaflet having opposite curvatures. A mismatch between the spontaneous curvature of the lipid and the one it should adopt in order for fusion to proceed can inhibit the process of fusion, i.e increase its activation energy
Pierre, Floran. "Traitement thermique du bois en vue de sa valorisation énergétique : effet de l'intensité de traitement sur la composition chimique, les propriétés énergétiques et la résilience mécanique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01066141.
Full textGaudin, Vincent. "Contribution à l'étude de micromuscles artificiels activables par pression osmotique et implantables en milieu biologique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10057.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the development of artificial micromuscles lays on an innovating “in-vivo” way of energy conversion. The idea is to use the osmotic process to convert a chemical energy into a mechanical one. This study is generic as the potential biomedical applications might be numerous; it is based on the design of an inflatable semipermeable membrane structure (joined osmotic) intended to avoid endoleaks occurring from abdominal aorta aneurysm endoprosthesis. After presenting the osmotic phenomenon and the considered applications, the study breaks up into two parts. The first part carries on the osmo-mechanical characterization of the osmotic system water/cellulose-acetate membrane/saccharose. This was made possible thanks to the development of original experimental devices. Regarding the targeted range of use, the membrane’s mechanical behavior is mainly elastoplastic and its permeability strongly depends on its strain state. In the second part, we develop a numerical model of the contact area between the aneurysm neck and the endoprosthesis equipped with an inflatable joint. The modeling of the membrane joint is based on the results of the first part. The mechanical behaviors of the endoprosthesis and the aorta are modelled on the basis of literature’s result, respectively by a simple linear elastic isotropic law and an isotropic hyperelastic potential of Rivlin series. A parametric study then underlines the feasibility of this endoprosthesis and the influences of few design parameters on its performances
Blanc, Florian. "Exploring chemo-mechanical transduction in the myosin molecular motor through computer simulations." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF066/document.
Full textLife relies on free energy conversions performed by molecular machines. Among them, myosin couples the hydrolysis of ATP to force production on actin through a swing of a « lever-arm ». Completing the cycle requires a regeneration step, the recovery stroke, in which the motor returns to its armed configuration and hydrolyzes ATP. Understanding this chemo-mechanical coupling is critical to unravel the functioning principles of molecular motors. In this thesis, we tackle the problem using molecular simulations. Capitalizing on a new crystal structure of myosin VI, we propose an original mechanism for the recovery stroke in which the re-priming of the lever arm is driven by thermal fluctuations and precedes the closure of the active site, unlike previously accepted models
Nassoy, Fabien. "Développement et étude de la synthèse par CVD à basse température de nanotubes de carbone alignés sur substrat d’aluminium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS083.
Full textSupercapacitors, with fast charge / discharge cycles, represent an interest for energy storage. Carbon nanomaterial have a great potential as electrode as compared to common activated carbon based electrodes. CEA, Nawatechnologies, university Tours and Cergy develop electrodes based on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) on aluminium substrate in a joint laboratory. In this context, the aim of my thesis is to develop and understand the growth of VACNT on aluminum foil by aerosol assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). At the beginning of my thesis, this technique was mastered by the LEDNA (UMR-NIMBE), but only for relatively high temperatures (>800°C). The challenge was therefore to extend this method to respond to the use of aluminium as a substrate, which necessitated a lowering of the growth temperature of VACNT below the melting point of Al (660°C). In this case, the catalytic and carbonaceous precursors used at higher temperatures do not decompose effectively, so it was necessary to add two compounds : hydrogen which increases decomposition of the catalyst precursor [3] and acetylene with a catalytic and thermal decomposition more favorable around 600° C [5]. Therefore, the approach in this work is first to identify the most relevant synthesis parameters to reach VACNT growth at such a low temperature by varying them and analyzing subsequently the products obtained. Moreover, attention is paid on study of Al surface before growth or during the initial steps of VACNT growth, and of CNT / Al interface to understand VACNT formation mechanisms at lower temperatures
Li, Guanshu. "Etude du phénomène de l'expansion sulfatique dans les bétons : comportement des enrobés de déchets radioactifs sulfatés." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523043.
Full textSanchez, Sandrine. "Croissance par M. O. V. P. E. Et caractérisation d'hétérostructures ZnCdSe à gradient d'indice et à confinement séparé." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20085.
Full textGehin, Thomas. "Mise en oeuvre de l'épitaxie par jets moléculaires pour la synthèse de diamant monocristallin." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-179-180.pdf.
Full textLa nature des différentes espèces neutres et radicalaires formées a été analysée en spectrométrie de masse et les flux de radicaux méthyles mesurés. On a enfin étudié la réactivité de ces radicaux vis-à-vis des surfaces silicium (l00) et diamant (100), in-situ par diffraction d'électrons rasants de haute énergie et ex-situ par spectroscopie de photoélectrons excités par rayons X. La réactivité des radicaux carbonés a été analysée en observant la formation de carbures ou de dépôts de carbone amorphe. L'hydrogène atomique attaque préférentiellement le carbone Sp2 et stabilise la croissance de diamant. Sa réactivité en fonction de la température a été mesurée par érosion de films de carbone amorphe déshydrogénés et de surfaces diamant. On a enfin étudié la synergie entre l'hydrogène atomique et les radicaux carbonés, ainsi que l'activation de la réactivité des surfaces par l'hydrogène atomique. Ce dernier permet d'activer la condensation de C3H5° et de former des films de carbone amorphe (DLC). Par contre, dans nos conditions de pression et de température, le système H° / CH3° ne permet pas la croissance de diamant, ni celle d'autres formes condensées de carbone. Ces résultats sont discutés en considérant que les flux de H° sont trop faibles pour activer l'incorporation de carbone avant la désorption des groupements chimisorbés
Alloul, Haytham. "Surfaces moléculaires hétérogènes : un outil vers le control [i.e. contrôle] du mouillage et des morphologies d'auto-assemblage de nano objets." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0353/document.
Full textThe knowledge about interfacial free energy interactions and surface energy is necessary for understanding and modeling many surface and interface processes. The investigation of the surface properties of solids is very important in several applications such as wetting, spreading and adhesion processes. Such processes occur during the preparation of suspensions, emulsions, painting, printing and corrosion protection. Knowledge about surface free energy of solids appears as a very important parameter determining the interfacial properties in solid/liquid and solid/gas interfaces where many implementations are involved. We have studied the effect of the chemical modification on surface energy for two types of silica: Aerosil OX 50 is chosen as a nanometric substrate and the wafers of silicium chosen as micrometric substrate. For silica OX 50, the chemical modification was carried out using the hydrophobic hexadecyltrichlorosilane (HTS). Transmission infrared and the quantification of organic carbon were helpful in the estimation of increasing quantities of HTS grafted to the surface. Two adsorption isotherms were drawn. Then, continuous adsorption isotherm of argon and nitrogen was used to study the evolution of energetic heterogeneity in the course of the chemical reaction. This was achieved by applying an analysis strategy of the monolayer volume (Vm) of adsorbed argon and nitrogen. Results enabled the drawing of a third adsorption isotherm. The quantification of surface energy for various samples was realize using capillary rise (macroscopic technique) and inverse gas chromatography (IGC) (molecular technique). For silicon wafers, two types of surfaces were elaborated in this study. The first hydrophilic (OH grafting), was obtained by oxidation of silicon wafers (Piranha treatment), the second hydrophobic (CH3 grafting), was obtained by grafting HTS molecules to the surface. The quantification of the surface free energy was achieved using the wettability (macroscopic technique) and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) (nanoscopic technique). Finally the different values of surface free energy obtained for native silica are compared to those of hydrophilic (OH) flat surfaces. As for hydrophobic surfaces, the silica OX 50 modified with maximum quantity of HTS is compared to Hydrophobic (CH3) flat surfaces
El, Hajj Ahmad. "Nouveaux concepts d’élaboration de la pyrazolidine par la méthode Raschig et par voie indirecte, en transitant par la 1 et 2-pyrazoline, suivie d’une hydrogénation catalytique : synthèses et modélisations cinétiques, équilibres entre phases et schémas de procédés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10354.
Full textThis work, conducted as part of a research agreement with the Company ISOCHEM, aims to develop a new synthesis of pyrazolidine by the raschig method and by indirect way via 1 and 2-pyrazoline followed by catalytic hydrogenation. This hydrazine is very important, because of its many applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This thesis was funded by the National Center for Scientific Research as part of a doctoral fellowship engineer / PED. The first part is devoted to the study of the direct Raschig process resulting from the action of sodium hypochlorite in an excess of amine. The definition of the process involved the determination of the kinetic and reaction mechanisms to determine yields, residence time and to simulate numerically the overall operations of synthesis. The extraction conditions were established by exploiting the peculiarities of the phase equilibria in order to developed the flow-sheet. The second part relates to the indirect way. It is based on the synthesis of the 1 pyrazoline by double dehydrohalogenation of N,N-dichloro-1,3-diaminopropane. The pyrazolidine is then obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of the azo group. A global model for developing the pyrazolidine was established which allowed us to determine the optimum conditions and to identify segments syntheses and extractions as well as various unit operations of the process and the mass and energy balances
Wang, Junkang. "Novel Concepts in the PECVD Deposition of Silicon Thin Films : from Plasma Chemistry to Photovoltaic Device Applications." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX079/document.
Full textThis thesis describes the study of silicon thin film materials deposition and the resulting photovoltaic devices fabrication using different types of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) techniques.In the first part, we combine a SiF4/H2 plasma chemistry with the matrix-distributed electron cyclotron resonance (MDECR) PECVD to obtain high growth rate microcrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H). Due to the special design of MDECR system, careful investigation of the impact energy of impinging ions to material deposition can be accessible. We find that moderate ion energy conditions is beneficial to achieve a significant drop in the density of nano-voids, thus a higher quality material with better stability can be obtained. A two-step deposition method is introduced as an alternative way to eliminate the existence of amorphous incubation layer during film growth.The second part of work is dedicate to the exploration of the Tailored Voltage Waveforms (TVWs) excitation technique for capacitively coupled plasmas (CCP) processes. As an advantage over the conventional sinusoidal excitations, TVWs technique provide an elegant solution for the ion flux-energy decoupling in CCP discharges through the electrical asymmetry effect, which makes the independent study of the impact of ion energy for material deposition at relatively high process pressure possible. Based on this insight, we have studied the deposition of µc-Si:H and amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) from the SiF4/H2/Ar and SiH4/H2 plasma chemistry, respectively. From the structural and electronic properties analysis, we find that the variation of ion energy can be directly translated into the material quality. We have further applied these results to photovoltaic applications and established bottom-up links from the controllable plasma parameters via TVWs to the deposited material properties, and eventually to the resulting device quality.In the last part, as a further application of TVWs, an “electrode-selective” effect has been discovered in the CCP processes. In the case of silicon thin film deposition from the SiF4/H2/Ar plasma chemistry, one can achieve a deposition process on one electrode, while at the same time either no deposition or an etching process on the counter electrode. This is due to two effects: the multi-precursor nature of the resulting surface process and the asymmetric plasma response through the utilization of TVWs. Moreover, such deposition/etching balance can be directly controlled through H2 flow rate. From a temporal asymmetry point of view, we have further studied the impact of process pressure and reactor geometry to the asymmetric plasma response for both the single-gas and multi-gas plasmas using the sawtooth waveforms. The product of pressure and inter-electrode distance P·di is deduced to be a crucial parameter in determine the plasma heating mode, so that a more flexible control over the discharge asymmetry as well as the relating “electrode-selective” surface process can be expected