Journal articles: 'Endotoxin glucans'

1

M. Marcelloni, Anna, Alessandra Chiominto, Simona Di Renzi, Paola Melis, Annarita Wirz, Maria C. Riviello, Stefania Massari, Renata Sisto, Maria D’Ovidio, and Emilia Paba. "How Working Tasks Influence Biocontamination in an Animal Facility." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112216.

Full text

Abstract:

The exposure to biocontaminants in animal facilities represents a risk for developing infectious, allergic and toxic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine what factors could be associated with a high level of exposure to biological agents through the measure and characterization of airborne fungi, bacteria, endotoxin, (1,3)-β-d-glucan and animal allergens. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an air sampler and identified by microscopic and biochemical methods. Endotoxin, (1,3)-β-d-glucan, Mus m 1, Rat n 1, Can f 1, Fel d 1, Equ c 4 allergens were detected on inhalable dust samples by Kinetic LAL, Glucatell, and ELISA assays, respectively. Our data evidenced that changing cages is a determinant factor in increasing the concentration of the airborne biocontaminants; the preparation of bedding and distribution of feed, performed in the storage area, is another critical working task in terms of exposure to endotoxins (210.7 EU/m3) and (1,3)-β-d-glucans (4.3 ng/m3). The highest concentration of Mus m 1 allergen (61.5 ng/m3) was observed in the dirty washing area. The detection of expositive peaks at risk of sensitization (>2 μg/g) by Fel d 1 in animal rooms shows passive transport by operators themselves, highlighting their role as vehicle between occupational and living environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Rao, Carol Y., Margaret A. Riggs, Ginger L. Chew, Michael L. Muilenberg, Peter S. Thorne, David Van Sickle, Kevin H. Dunn, and Clive Brown. "Characterization of Airborne Molds, Endotoxins, and Glucans in Homes in New Orleans after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 5 (January 5, 2007): 1630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01973-06.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT In August and September 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused breeches in the New Orleans, LA, levee system, resulting in catastrophic flooding. The city remained flooded for several weeks, leading to extraordinary mold growth in homes. To characterize the potential risks of mold exposures, we measured airborne molds and markers of molds and bacteria in New Orleans area homes. In October 2005, we collected air samples from 5 mildly water-damaged houses, 15 moderately to heavily water-damaged houses, and 11 outdoor locations. The air filters were analyzed for culturable fungi, spores, (1→3,1→6)-β-d-glucans, and endotoxins. Culturable fungi were significantly higher in the moderately/heavily water-damaged houses (geometric mean = 67,000 CFU/m3) than in the mildly water-damaged houses (geometric mean = 3,700 CFU/m3) (P = 0.02). The predominant molds found were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Trichoderma, and Paecilomyces. The indoor and outdoor geometric means for endotoxins were 22.3 endotoxin units (EU)/m3 and 10.5 EU/m3, respectively, and for (1→3,1→6)-β-d-glucans were 1.7 μg/m3 and 0.9 μg/m3, respectively. In the moderately/heavily water-damaged houses, the geometric means were 31.3 EU/m3 for endotoxins and 1.8 μg/m3 for (1→3,1→6)-β-d-glucans. Molds, endotoxins, and fungal glucans were detected in the environment after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in New Orleans at concentrations that have been associated with health effects. The species and concentrations were different from those previously reported for non-water-damaged buildings in the southeastern United States.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

SHERWOOD, Edward R., Tushar K. VARMA, Ricki Y. FRAM, Cheng Y. LIN, Aristides P. KOUTROUVELIS, and Tracy E. TOLIVER-KINSKY. "Glucan phosphate potentiates endotoxin-induced interferon-γ expression in immunocompetent mice, but attenuates induction of endotoxin tolerance." Clinical Science 101, no. 6 (October 24, 2001): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1010541.

Full text

Abstract:

Glucan phosphate has been shown to enhance antimicrobial immunity in a variety of experimental models. However, the mechanisms by which glucans enhance resistance to infection remain largely unknown. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key regulator of both innate and acquired immunity. Suppression of IFN-γ production is a prominent feature of the altered immune response that follows major trauma or sepsis. The present studies were designed to determine the effect of glucan phosphate on IFN-γ expression in normal mice and endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]-tolerant mice. The model of LPS tolerance was used because it results in patterns of cytokine expression similar to those commonly observed following severe trauma or sepsis. Glucan treatment potentiated LPS-induced IFN-γ expression in control mice. The induction of LPS tolerance resulted in marked suppression of LPS-induced IFN-γ production. However, co-administration of glucan with LPS, during the tolerance induction phase, attenuated the LPS-tolerant response. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are important mediators of LPS-induced IFN-γ production. LPS-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA expression was increased in the spleens of glucan-treated mice compared with controls. Induction of LPS tolerance caused marked suppression of IL-12 production, a response that was attenuated by glucan treatment. IL-18 was constitutively expressed in both control and LPS-tolerant mice, and LPS-induced serum levels of IL-18 were increased in mice treated with glucan. T cells isolated from glucan-treated mice exhibited increased IFN-γ expression in response to IL-12 and IL-18, as well as increased expression of the IL-12 and IL-18 receptors. The ability of glucan to potentiate IFN-γ expression in control mice provides a potential mechanism by which glucan enhances antimicrobial immunity. The ability of glucan to attenuate suppressed IFN-γ expression in LPS-tolerant mice denotes its potential benefit for the treatment of trauma and sepsis-induced immunosuppression.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Hansen, Vinni Mona, Anne Winding, and Anne Mette Madsen. "Exposure to Bioaerosols during the Growth Season of Tomatoes in an Organic Greenhouse Using Supresivit (Trichoderma harzianum) and Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 17 (July 9, 2010): 5874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00446-10.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT In working environments, especially in confined spaces like greenhouses, elevated concentrations of airborne microorganisms may become a problem for workers' health. Additionally, the use of microbial pest control agents (MPCAs) may increase exposure to microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate tomato growers' exposure to naturally occurring bioaerosol components [dust, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, (1→3)-β-d-glucans, and endotoxin] and MPCAs applied by drip irrigation. Airborne dust was collected with filter samplers and analyzed for microorganisms by plate counts and total counts using a microscope. Analysis of (1→3)-β-d-glucan and endotoxin content was performed by kinetic, chromatic Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests. The fungal strain (Trichoderma harzianum) from the biocontrol product Supresivit was identified by PCR analysis. Measurements were performed on the day of drip irrigation and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the irrigation. T. harzianum from Supresivit could be detected only on the day of treatment. Streptomyces griseoviridis, an applied MPCA, was not detected in the air during this investigation. We found that bioaerosol exposure increases during the growth season and that exposure to fungi, bacteria, and endotoxin can reach levels during the harvest period that may cause respiratory symptoms in growers. The collected data indicate that MPCAs applied by drip irrigation do not become airborne later in the season.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Wouters, Inge M., Jeroen Douwes, Gert Doekes, Peter S. Thorne, Bert Brunekreef, and Dick J. J. Heederik. "Increased Levels of Markers of Microbial Exposure in Homes with Indoor Storage of Organic Household Waste." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.2.627-631.2000.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT As part of environmental management policies in Europe, separate collection of organic household waste and nonorganic household waste has become increasingly common. As waste is often stored indoors, this policy might increase microbial exposure in the home environment. In this study we evaluated the association between indoor storage of organic waste and levels of microbial agents in house dust. The levels of bacterial endotoxins, mold β(1→3)-glucans, and fungal extracullar polysaccharides (EPS) of Aspergillus andPenicillium species were determined in house dust extracts as markers of microbial exposure. House dust samples were collected in 99 homes in The Netherlands selected on the basis of whether separated organic waste was present in the house. In homes in which separated organic waste was stored indoors for 1 week or more the levels of endotoxin, EPS, and glucan were 3.2-, 7.6-, and 4.6-fold higher, respectively (all P < 0.05), on both living room and kitchen floors than the levels in homes in which only nonorganic residual waste was stored indoors. Increased levels of endotoxin and EPS were observed, 2.6- and 2.1-fold (P < 0.1), respectively, when separated organic waste was stored indoors for 1 week or less, whereas storage of nonseparated waste indoors had no effect on microbial agent levels (P > 0.2). The presence of textile floor covering was another major determinant of microbial levels (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that increased microbial contaminant levels in homes are associated with indoor storage of separated organic waste. These increased levels might increase the risk of bioaerosol-related respiratory symptoms in susceptible people.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Nag, Dr Anu, Dr R. S. Sethi, and Dr Akashdeep Singh. "Organic dust exposure induced pulmonary damage among livestock workers." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (2022): 062–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.73.7.

Full text

Abstract:

Livestock dust contains immunologically potent substances including allergens, endotoxins, microbial compounds, bacteria, fungi, viruses, pathogenic infectious organisms, particulate matter (PM), various poisonous gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl acetate, propanoic acid, heptane etc.It stimulates the immune system through inflammatory and allergenic microbial agents (molds, bacteria, virus and allergens) and microbial-associated molecular patterns (e.g., endotoxin, glucans and peptidoglycans), to result in inflammatory reactions. Farmers are at the risk of developing airway diseases resulting from repeatedly exposures on the livestock farms. There is a paucity of data on in vivo and in vitro cellular and molecular changes following multiple exposures to these livestock contaminants and their long-term impact on the environment as well as human health. The mechanisms of lung dysfunction are still largely unknown. So, there is strong need to look at the combined effect of all the components of livestock dust as stimulatory factors for respiratory hazards. The development of preventive strategies to reduce exposure will be required- in-depth and identification of factors that affect day-to-day variability in exposure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Bertelsen, R. J., K. C. Lødrup Carlsen, K. H. Carlsen, B. Granum, G. Doekes, G. Håland, P. Mowinckel, and M. Løvik. "Childhood asthma and early life exposure to indoor allergens, endotoxin and β(1,3)-glucans." Clinical & Experimental Allergy 40, no. 2 (February 2010): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03424.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ruran, H., L. Tourigny, P. Thorne, and N. Metwali. "INNOVATIVE COMPOUNDS TO REDUCE SS-D-GLUCANS, ENDOTOXIN, AND ALLERGENS NEWLY DISCOVERED ON SMARTPHONES." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 129, no. 5 (November 2022): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2022.08.565.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Alwis, K. Udeni, and Donald K. Milton. "Recombinant factor C assay for measuring endotoxin in house dust: Comparison with LAL, and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 49, no. 4 (2006): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20264.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Yao, Maosheng, Huili Zhang, Shuofei Dong, Shiqi Zhen, and Xiaodong Chen. "Comparison of electrostatic collection and liquid impinging methods when collecting airborne house dust allergens, endotoxin and (1,3)-β-d-glucans." Journal of Aerosol Science 40, no. 6 (June 2009): 492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.02.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Milton, Donald K., K. Udeni Alwis, Leslie Fisette, and Michael Muilenberg. "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Specific for (1→6) Branched, (1→3)-β-d-Glucan Detection in Environmental Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 5420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5420-5424.2001.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT (1→3)-β-d-Glucans have been recognized as a potential causative agent responsible for bioaerosol-induced respiratory symptoms observed in both indoor and occupational environments. A specific enzyme immunoassay was developed to quantify (1→6) branched, (1→3)-β-d-glucans in environmental samples. The assay was based on the use of a high-affinity receptor (galactosyl ceramide) specific for (1→3)-β-d-glucans as a capture reagent and a monoclonal antibody specific for fungal cell wall β-d-glucans as a detector reagent. The assay was highly specific for (1→6) branched, (1→3)-β-d-glucans (such as that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and did not show any response at 200 ng/ml to curdlan, laminarin, pustulan, dextran, mannan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and endotoxins. The detection level was 0.8 ng/ml for baker's yeast glucan and Betafectin. A coefficient of variation of 7.8% was obtained for (1→3)-β-d-glucans in house dust samples. Metal working fluids spiked with (1→3)-β-d-glucans inhibited the glucan assay. Because the assay is specific for (1→6) branched, (1→3)-β-d-glucans and is sensitive and reproducible, it will be useful for the investigation of health effects from exposure to this class of biologically active molecules.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Anderson, J., M. Eller, M. Finkelman, D. Birx, S. Schlesinger-Frankel, and M. Marovich. "False positive endotoxin results in a DC product caused by (1→3)-β–d-glucans acquired from a sterilizing cellulose filter." Cytotherapy 4, no. 6 (October 2002): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146532402761624728.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Rathnayake, Chathurika M., Nervana Metwali, Thilina Jayarathne, Josh Kettler, Yuefan Huang, Peter S. Thorne, Patrick T. O'Shaughnessy, and Elizabeth A. Stone. "Influence of rain on the abundance of bioaerosols in fine and coarse particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 2459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2459-2017.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Assessing the environmental, health, and climate impacts of bioaerosols requires knowledge of their size and abundance. These two properties were assessed through daily measurements of chemical tracers for pollens (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), fungal spores (mannitol and glucans), and Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins in two particulate matter (PM) size modes: fine particles (< 2.5 µm) and coarse particles (2.5–10 µm) as determined by their aerodynamic diameter. Measurements were made during the spring tree pollen season (mid-April to early May) and late summer ragweed season (late August to early September) in the Midwestern US in 2013. Under dry conditions, pollen, and fungal spore tracers were primarily in coarse PM (> 75 %), as expected for particles greater than 2.5 µm. Rainfall on 2 May corresponded to maximum atmospheric pollen tracer levels and a redistribution of pollen tracers to the fine PM fraction (> 80 %). Both changes were attributed to the osmotic rupture of pollen grains that led to the suspension of fine-sized pollen fragments. Fungal spore tracers peaked in concentration following spring rain events and decreased in particle size, but to a lesser extent than pollens. A short, heavy thunderstorm in late summer corresponded to an increase in endotoxin and glucose levels, with a simultaneous shift to smaller particle sizes. Simultaneous increase in bioaerosol levels and decrease in their size have significant implications for population exposures to bioaerosols, particularly during rain events. Chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment modeling and regionally specific pollen profiles were used to apportion PM mass to pollens and fungal spores. Springtime pollen contributions to the mass of particles < 10 µm (PM10) ranged from 0.04 to 0.8 µg m−3 (0.2–38 %, averaging 4 %), with maxima occurring on rainy days. Fungal spore contributions to PM10 mass ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 µg m−3 (0.8–17 %, averaging 5 %), with maxima occurring after rain. Overall, this study defines changes to the fine- and coarse-mode distribution of PM, pollens, fungal spores, and endotoxins in response to rain in the Midwestern United States and advances the ability to apportion PM mass to pollens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Zahradnik, E., I. Thullner, V. Liebers, I. Sander, C. Walther, N. Schäl, T. Brüning, and M. Raulf. "Exposition gegenüber Allergenen, Endotoxin und (1-3)-β-Glucan in verschiedenen Bereichen einer veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät/Exposure to allergens, endotoxin and (1–3)-β-glucan in various areas of a veterinary faculty." Gefahrstoffe 79, no. 09 (2019): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0949-8036-2019-09-29.

Full text

Abstract:

Die Veterinärmedizin und die praktischen Ausbildungen der Studierenden der Veterinärmedizin sind ein Arbeitsbereich mit vielfältigen Expositionen gegenüber diversen Säugetierallergenen, Milbenallergenen sowie mikrobiellen Bestandteilen von Bioaerosolen. Insbesondere die unvermeidbaren Allergenexpositionen stellen ein Risiko für eine Sensibilisierung und allergische Beschwerden dar. Allerdings liegen über die Höhe der Allergenbelastung keine ausreichenden Daten vor. Deshalb wurden Luftstaubmessungen an verschiedenen Orten der veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät und deren Ausbildungsbereichen in einem landwirtschaftlichen Forschungsbetrieb einschließlich einer Quantifizierung der Hauptallergene von Katze (Fel d 1), Hund (Can f 1), Pferd (Equ c 1), Rind (Bos d 2), Maus (Mus m 1) sowie Milbenallergenen verschiedener Spezies durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden Endotoxine und (1-3)-β-Glucane als Marker für Schimmelpilz- bzw. Bakterienbelastung bestimmt. Die Tierallergene wurden vor allem dort detektiert, wo die entsprechenden Tiere behandelt (Untersuchungsräume) oder untergebracht wurden (Tierställe). Die Maximum-Werte betrugen 0,5 ng/m³ für Fel d 1, 11,4 ng/m³ für Can f 1, 729 ng/m³ für Equ c 1 und 1 439 ng/m³ für Bos d 2. Neben dem erwartungsgemäßen Nachweis von Tierallergenen in Bereichen mit Tierpräsenz konnte durch Verwendung von sensitiven Immunoassays der Transfer von Allergenen an Orte ohne Anwesenheit von Tieren detektiert werden (z. B. Fachschaft und Chemielabor). Milbenallergene verschiedener Spezies wurden hauptsächlich in Tierställen gefunden, die höchsten Konzentrationen traten im Hühnerstall auf. Endotoxin und (1-3)-β-Glucan wurden in allen Proben nachgewiesen und korrelierten signifikant miteinander. Die höchsten Konzentrationen beider Parameter wurden im Hühner- und Schweinestall gemessen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Ewaldsson, B., B. Fogelmark, R. Feinstein, L. Ewaldsson, and R. Rylander. "Microbial cell wall product contamination of bedding may induce pulmonary inflammation in rats." Laboratory Animals 36, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367702320162397.

Full text

Abstract:

To test the hypothesis that airborne microbial cell wall components could induce an inflammatory response in the lungs, measurements were made of the amounts of bacterial endotoxin and (1→3)-ß→-D-glucan in laboratory animal bedding materials. Groups of rats were exposed by inhalation to airborne endotoxin, (1→3)-ß-D-glucan or a combination of the two for 5 weeks. The results demonstrated that measurable amounts of endotoxin and (1→3)-ß-D-glucan could be detected in the different bedding materials. In contrast to animals at delivery, those kept on bedding for 5 weeks showed moderate inflammatory reactions in the lung. These were most pronounced among animals exposed to endotoxin and (1→3)-ß-D-glucan. The results suggest that further studies need to be undertaken to elucidate the role of microbial cell wall products in the development of inflammatory lung responses among research animals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lim, F. L., Z. Hashim, L. T. L. Than, S. Md Said, J. H. Hashim, and D. Norbäck. "Respiratory health among office workers in Malaysia and endotoxin and (1,3)-β-glucan in office dust." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 23, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.18.0668.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between endotoxin and (1,3)-β-glucan concentrations in office dust and respiratory symptoms and airway inflammation among 695 office workers in Malaysia.METHODS: Health data were collected using a questionnaire, sensitisation testing and measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Indoor temperature, relative air humidity (RH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured in the offices and settled dust was vacuumed and analysed for endotoxin and (1,3)-β-glucan concentrations. Associations were analysed by two level multiple logistic regression.RESULTS: Overall, 9.6% of the workers had doctor-diagnosed asthma, 15.5% had wheeze, 18.4% had daytime attacks of breathlessness and 25.8% had elevated FeNO (≥25 ppb). The median levels in office dust were 11.3 EU/mg endotoxin and 62.9 ng/g (1,3)-β-glucan. After adjusting for personal and home environment factors, endotoxin concentration in dust was associated with wheeze (P = 0.02) and rhinoconjunctivitis (P = 0.007). The amount of surface dust (P = 0.04) and (1,3)-β-glucan concentration dust (P = 0.03) were associated with elevated FeNO.CONCLUSION: Endotoxin in office dust could be a risk factor for wheeze and rhinoconjunctivitis among office workers in mechanically ventilated offices in a tropical country. The amount of dust and (1,3)-β-glucan (a marker of indoor mould exposure) were associated with Th2 driven airway inflammation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Hessam, Nowzari, Tuan Mao-Chi, Jorgensen Michael, Michel Marie-Grace, and Michel Jean-Francois. "Dead sea salt solution: composition, lack of cytotoxicity and in vitro efficacy against oral leukotoxins, endotoxins and glucan sucrose." Insights in Biology and Medicine 6, no. 1 (July 23, 2022): 009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ibm.1001021.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Dead Sea Salt, rich in minerals and ionic compositions and low in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) has many reported unique properties that set it apart from other salts. Objectives: To evaluate the composition of Dead Sea Salt and assess its in vitro cytotoxicity, and efficacy against oral bacterial leukotoxins, oral endotoxins and oral glucan sucrase. Methods: The cytotoxicity was evaluated in an established cell line (solution at 5000 µg/mL of culture medium) using positive and negative control groups. The effect on oral bacterial leukotoxin (LtxA) and different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and glucan sucrase was established at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours using the HPLC method (high-performance liquid chromatography). Results: The most predominant elements detected were the water of crystallization (H2O, water that is found in the crystalline framework of salt and which is not directly bonded ), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), bromide (Br -) and sulfates (SO4). In vitro, Dead Sea Salt presented no cytotoxicity and was highly effective against leukotoxin, endotoxin, and glucan sucrase enzyme. Conclusion and clinical significance: We believe that rinsing with Dead Sea Salt has the potential to contribute to the prevention of periodontal, peri-implant and dental disease and merits clinical research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Fogelmark, Birgitta, Margareta Sjöstrand, David Williams, and Ragnar Rylander. "Inhalation toxicity of (1→3)-β-D glucan: recent advances." Mediators of Inflammation 6, no. 4 (1997): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629359791587.

Full text

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of (1→3)-β-D-glucan after inhalation, animals were exposed to different forms of glucan and the number of lung lavage cells was determined 24 h after exposure. None of the different forms assayed caused any increase in cell numbers. In animals exposed to endotoxin, all types of cells were increased after 24 h. A simultaneous exposure to curdlan reduced this increase in a dose-related fashion. The results suggest that (1→3)-β-D-glucan-related acute injury to the lung is induced by mechanisms other than those induced by inflammagenic agents such as endotoxin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Tamura, Hiroshi, and Yoshiyuki Adachi. "Diagnostic Challenge and Therapeutic Approaches in Human Sepsis Based on the Appearance of Endotoxemia and Beta-d-Glucanemia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 12900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312900.

Full text

Abstract:

Circulating endotoxin, also called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1→3)-β-d-Glucan (β-d-glucan), major constituents of bacterial and fungal cell walls, respectively, are determined as biomarkers for Gram-negative sepsis and invasive fungal diseases [...]

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Tamura, Hiroshi, Johannes Reich, and Isao Nagaoka. "Outstanding Contributions of LAL Technology to Pharmaceutical and Medical Science: Review of Methods, Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives in Early Detection and Management of Bacterial Infections and Invasive Fungal Diseases." Biomedicines 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9050536.

Full text

Abstract:

The blue blood of the horseshoe crab is a natural, irreplaceable, and precious resource that is highly valued by the biomedical industry. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) obtained from horseshoe crab blood cells functions as a surprisingly sophisticated sensing system that allows for the extremely sensitive detection of bacterial and fungal cell-wall components. Notably, LAL tests have markedly contributed to the quality control of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices as successful alternatives to the rabbit pyrogen test. Furthermore, LAL-based endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) assay techniques are expected to have optimal use as effective biomarkers, serving as adjuncts in the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis and fungal infections. The innovative β-glucan assay has substantially contributed to the early diagnosis and management of invasive fungal diseases; however, the clinical significance of the endotoxin assay remains unclear and is challenging to elucidate. Many obstacles need to be overcome to enhance the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the LAL assay in detecting circulating levels of endotoxin in human blood. Additionally, there are complex interactions between endotoxin molecules and blood components that are attributable to the unique physicochemical properties of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this regard, while exploring the potential of new LPS-sensing technologies, a novel platform for the ultrasensitive detection of blood endotoxin will enable a reappraisal of the LAL assay for the highly sensitive and reliable detection of endotoxemia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Lai, Ka Man, Ka Man Lee, and William Yu. "Air and hygiene quality in crowded housing environments – a case study of subdivided units in Hong Kong." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15600042.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to explore the environmental quality and hygiene in crowded living environments, subdivided units in Hong Kong. Subdivided units are an emerging form of housing environment for the urban poor. It is hypothesised that subdivided unit residents have a higher risk of exposure to poor hygiene conditions but no measurement has ever been taken to test this hypothesis. Twenty questionnaires and environmental assessments were conducted. Dominant bacterial species were identified as Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus spp., and the microbial counts were correlated with building, occupants and environmental parameters. Driven by the high bacterial counts and poor hygiene observation, eight subdivided units were selected for endotoxin, glucan and allergen analysis in bed and floor dust. Total airborne bacterial counts and endotoxin and glucan in dust were found at very high levels in some subdivided units, while unexpectedly, the allergen and mould levels were low. In crowded environments the skin bacteria may mislead the environmental and atmospheric bacterial contamination. Outdoor microbial pollution and deteriorated building conditions can be the main source of indoor contamination. ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ class of bacterial counts satisfying the Indoor Air Quality Objective does not guarantee a low endotoxin and glucan level.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Wouters, Inge M., Jeroen Douwes, Peter S. Thorne, Dick Heederik, and Gert Doekes. "Inter- and intraindividual variation of endotoxin- and β(1 → 3)-glucan-induced cytokine responses in a whole blood assay." Toxicology and Industrial Health 18, no. 1 (February 2002): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233702th126oa.

Full text

Abstract:

Inflammatory airway responses to bioaerosols and to their active compounds, such as endotoxin and β(1 → 3)- glucan, vary between individuals. These differences may be explained by variation in cytokine responsiveness, which can be assessed by in vitro stimulation tests with isolated blood leukocytes or lung macrophages. In large- scale population studies, ex vivo induced cytokine production may also be tested with a more simple `whole blood assay’ (WBA). However, applicability of a WBA to characterize a subject’s responsiveness depends largely on its reproducibility. This study was conducted to: 1) assess the within- and between-subject variability in cytokine production in a WBA after stimulation with endotoxin or β(1 → 3)-glucan; and 2) to determine under which conditions this test is most discriminating between subjects and most reproducible within subjects. Blood was collected from 14 healthy volunteers, of whom 10 also participated on a second occasion. Each blood sample was used in two WBA tests; the first WBA was initiated two hours and the second 26 hours after venapuncture. The WBA test itself comprised overnight incubation with serial dilutions of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and curdlan (a β(1 → 3)-glucan), after which blood cell supernatant was collected. Interleukin(IL)-1, IL6, IL8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were determined in the supernatant. In all individuals, a dose-dependent production of cytokines was observed for both LPS and curdlan. For all cytokines, variation between subjects was higher than within subjects, and this was most pronounced for IL1 and IL6. There was moderate-to-high correlation in the induced release of all four cytokines, and between cytokine release induced by LPS or curdlan. Optimal stimulation concentrations were 6.25 and 12.5 ng/mL for endotoxin and 12 500 and 25 000 ng/mL for curdlan. Cytokine production in WBA initiated 26 hours after venapuncture showed lower between-subject and larger within-subject variance, thus favoring an early initiation of the assay. In conclusion, measuring endotoxin-or glucan-induced cytokine production in a WBA initiated within two hours after venapuncture appears to be an effective method to determine a person’s cytokine responsiveness, at least in healthy naive subjects. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2002; 18: 15-27.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Neun, Barry W., Edward Cedrone, Timothy M. Potter, Rachael M. Crist, and Marina A. Dobrovolskaia. "Detection of Beta-Glucan Contamination in Nanotechnology-Based Formulations." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 3367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153367.

Full text

Abstract:

Understanding the potential contamination of pharmaceutical products with innate immunity modulating impurities (IIMIs) is essential for establishing their safety profiles. IIMIs are a large family of molecules with diverse compositions and structures that contribute to the immune-mediated adverse effects (IMAE) of drug products. Pyrogenicity (the ability to induce fever) and activation of innate immune responses underlying both acute toxicities (e.g., anaphylactoid reactions or pseudoallergy, cytokine storm) and long-term effects (e.g., immunogenicity) are among the IMAE commonly related to IIMI contamination. Endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria are the best-studied IIMIs in that both methodologies for and pitfalls in their detection and quantification are well established. Additionally, regulatory guidance documents and research papers from laboratories worldwide are available on endotoxins. However, less information is currently known about other IIMIs. Herein, we focus on one such IIMI, namely, beta-glucans, and review literature and discuss the experience of the Nanotechnology Characterization Lab (NCL) with the detection of beta-glucans in nanotechnology-based drug products.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Yamamoto, Y., S. Sezai, S. Sakurabayashi, M. Hirano, K. Kamisaka, and H. Oka. "A Study of Endotoxaemia in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis." Journal of International Medical Research 22, no. 2 (March 1994): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059402200205.

Full text

Abstract:

Hepatic reticuloendothelial function may be diminished in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Endotoxin concentrations in peripheral blood and in the superior mesenteric vein were measured, by the β-glucan sensitive, factor-free, endotoxin-specific limulus assay, in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and liver cirrhosis (non-PBC cirrhosis). Endotoxaemia was detected in the peripheral blood of seven out of nine patients (78%) with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis, but in only two out of thirteen patients (15%) with non-PBC cirrhosis. The endotoxin level was significantly higher in the earlier stages of primary biliary cirrhosis than in the later stages ( P < 0.05). The endotoxin level in superior mesenteric vein blood was significantly lower in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in patients with non-PBC cirrhosis. Peripheral endotoxaemia in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis may be due to the diminished capacity of the hepatic reticuloendothelial system, for phagocytosis of endotoxin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Pratt, David, Maria Fernanda Carvalheiro, Jacek Dutkiewicz, Hajime Goto, Robert Jacobs, Jyrki Liesivuori, Eric Melbostad, Anna Rask-Andersen, and Deogratias Sekimpi. "Endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-glucan." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700250138.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Shendi, Ali M., Nathan Davies, and Andrew Davenport. "Systemic Endotoxin in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 38, no. 5 (September 2018): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00036.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous reports linked systemic endotoxemia in dialysis patients to increased markers of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Many peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients use acidic, hypertonic dialysates, which could potentially increase gut permeability, resulting in systemic endotoxemia. However, the results from studies measuring endotoxin in PD patients are discordant. We therefore measured systemic endotoxin in 55 PD outpatients attending for routine assessment of peritoneal membrane function; mean age 58.7 ± 16.4 years, 32 (58.2%) male, 21 (38.2%) diabetic, median duration of PD treatment 19.5 (13 – 31) months, 32 (58.2%) using 22.7 g/L dextrose dialysates, and 47 (85.5%) icodextrin. The median systemic endotoxin concentration was 0.0485 (0.0043 – 0.103) Eu/mL. We found no association between endotoxin levels and patient demographics, markers of inflammation, serum albumin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, extracellular volume measured by bioimpedance, blood pressure, PD prescriptions or peritoneal membrane transporter status, or medications. The measurement of endotoxin can be lowered by failure to effectively release protein-bound endotoxin prior to analysis and increased by contamination when taking blood samples and processing and storing the samples. Additionally, contamination with β–glucan from fungal cell walls and the use of different assays to analyze endotoxin can also give differing results. These factors may help to explain the disparate results reported in different studies. Our study would suggest that exposure to standard peritoneal dialysates does not substantially increase systemic endotoxin. However, until endotoxin assays can measure free and bound endotoxin separately, the role of endotoxin causing inflammation in PD patients remains to be determined.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Rylander, R., and P. G. Holt. "(1 →3)- β -D-Glucan and endotoxin modulate immune response to inhaled allergen." Mediators of Inflammation 7, no. 2 (1998): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629359891252.

Full text

Abstract:

Exposure to dust may involve co-exposure to agents which are allergens, together with those which are pro-inflamm atory. To study the effects of such a coexposure, the humoral and inflammatory responses were studied in guinea pigs inhaling the T-cell dependent antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and the inflammatory agents(1→3)-β -D-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects were evaluated as inflammatory cells in the lung and serum antibodies to OVA. LPS caused a stimulation of the OVA-induced antibody production which was abolished by simultaneous exposure to(1→3)-β-D-glucan. An increase of eosinophils after OVA exposure was decreased by coexposure to(1→3)-β-D-glucan. The results demonstrate a complex interaction between adaptive and innate immune mechanisms in the lung, determined by exposure to common contaminants in airborne dust.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Vysyaraju, Kranthi, Felix Rivera-Mariani, Jesse Negherbon, Helena Hogberg, and Thomas Hartung. "Whole Blood Assay detects endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens (P3098)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 125.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.125.22.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Pyrogenic contaminations may precipitate adverse effects that range from fever to death. There is limited surveillance on non-endotoxin pyrogens and a sensitive technique to detect them is essential. Cells of the immune system come in contact with pyrogens; this causes the release of mediators that induce fever. The Whole Blood Assay (WBA) exploits this human physiological response; human whole blood is incubated with test samples, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) induced in the presence of pyrogenic contamination is measured by ELISA. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of WBA to detect non-endotoxin pyrogens. Human whole blood was incubated with different doses of the following non-endotoxin pyrogenic stimuli: lipoteichoic acid (gram positive bacteria cell wall), Pam2CSK4, FSL-1 (bacterial diacylated lipoproteins), zymosan (fungal [1, 3] - beta glucan) and fungal spores. Levels of induced IL-1β were compared with endotoxin stimulated blood and unstimulated blood as positive and negative controls respectively. All tested stimuli showed pro-inflammatory response compared to the negative control (p < 0.05) confirming that WBA effectively detects non-endotoxin pyrogens. In conclusion, WBA is a sensitive and valuable assay relevant to the human response to a broad range of pyrogenic stimuli. It can also be easily adapted for application in quality assessment of biotherapeutics and immunotoxicology.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Issara-Amphorn, Jiraphorn, Saowapha Surawut, Navaporn Worasilchai, Arthid Thim-uam, Malcolm Finkelman, Ariya Chindamporn, Tanapat Palaga, Nattiya Hirankarn, Prapaporn Pisitkun, and Asada Leelahavanichkul. "The Synergy of Endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan, from Gut Translocation, Worsens Sepsis Severity in a Lupus Model of Fc Gamma Receptor IIb-Deficient Mice." Journal of Innate Immunity 10, no. 3 (2018): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486321.

Full text

Abstract:

We investigated the influence of spontaneous gut leakage upon polymicrobial sepsis in a lupus model with Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcGRIIb-/-) mice aged 8 and 40 weeks, as representing asymptomatic and symptomatic lupus, respectively. Spontaneous gut leakage, determined by (i) the presence of FITC-dextran, (ii) elevated serum endotoxin, and (iii) elevated serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), was demonstrated in symptomatic lupus but not in the asymptomatic group. In parallel, spontaneous gut leakage, detected by elevated serum BG without fungal infection, was demonstrated in patients with active lupus nephritis. Gut leakage induced by dextran sulfate solution (DSS) or endotoxin administration together with BG or endotoxin alone, but not BG alone, enhanced the severity of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis more prominently in 8-week-old FcGRIIb-/- mice. Additionally, the bone marrow-derived macrophages of FcGRIIb-/- mice produced higher cytokine levels when coexposed to endotoxin and BG, when compared to wild-type mice. In summary, spontaneous gut leakage was demonstrated in symptomatic FcGRIIb-/- mice and the induction of gut permeability worsened sepsis severity. Gut translocation of endotoxin and BG had a minor effect on wild-type mice, but the synergistic effect of BG and endotoxin was prominent in FcGRIIb-/- mice. The data suggest that therapeutic strategies addressing gut leakage may be of interest in sepsis conditions in patients with lupus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Vereschagin, Eugene I., Antonie A. van Lambalgen, Mikhail I. Dushkin, Yakov Sh Schwartz, Lev Polyakov, Astrid Heemskerk, Evelien Huisman, Lambert G. Thijs, and Gerard C. van den Bos. "SOLUBLE GLUCAN PROTECTS AGAINST ENDOTOXIN SHOCK IN THE RAT." Shock 9, no. 3 (March 1998): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199803000-00006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Roslansky, P. F., and T. J. Novitsky. "Glucan as a synergist in the endotoxin-LAL reaction." International Journal of Immunopharmacology 13, no. 6 (January 1991): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(91)90190-i.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Fogelmark, Birgitta, Hajime Goto, Kazumi Yuasa, Brigitte Marchat, and Ragnar Rylander. "Acute pulmonary toxicity of inhaledβ-1,3-glucan and endotoxin." Agents and Actions 35, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01990951.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Soltys, Jindrich, and Mark T. Quinn. "Modulation of Endotoxin- and Enterotoxin-Induced Cytokine Release by In Vivo Treatment with β-(1,6)-Branched β-(1,3)-Glucan." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.244-252.1999.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Leukocytes activated by endotoxin or enterotoxins release proinflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the cascade of events leading to septic shock. In the present studies, we analyzed the effects of in vivo administration of a soluble immunomodulator, β-(1,6)-branched β-(1,3)-glucan (soluble β-glucan), on toxin-stimulated cytokine production in monocytes and lymphocytes isolated from treated mice. In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes isolated from soluble β-glucan-treated mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in enhanced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), while stimulation of these cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) resulted in enhanced production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and suppressed production of IL-2 and TNF-α compared to that in cells isolated from untreated mice. In vitro stimulation of monocytes isolated from soluble β-glucan-treated mice with LPS also resulted in suppressed TNF-α production, while stimulation of these cells with SEB or TSST-1 resulted in suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α production compared to that in cells isolated from untreated mice. Thus, the overall cytokine pattern of leukocytes from soluble β-glucan-treated mice reflects suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α. Taken together, our results suggest that treatment with soluble β-glucan can modulate the induction cytokines during sepsis, resulting in an overall decrease in host mortality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Wan, G. H., and C. S. Li. "Indoor endotoxin and glucan in association with sick building syndrome." Journal of Aerosol Science 29 (September 1998): S1309—S1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)90837-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Tischer, Christina, Lidia Casas, Inge M. Wouters, Gert Doekes, Raquel Garcia-Esteban, Ulrike Gehring, Anne Hyvärinen, et al. "Early exposure to bio-contaminants and asthma up to 10 years of age: results of the HITEA study." European Respiratory Journal 45, no. 2 (September 3, 2014): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00060214.

Full text

Abstract:

Inverse associations have been found between exposure to bio-contaminants and asthma and allergies. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess whether early exposure to bio-contaminants in dust is associated with asthma and allergy later in childhood among children from (sub)-urban areas.In subsets of three European birth cohorts (PIAMA: n=553; INMA: n=481; and LISAplus: n=395), endotoxin, (1,3,)-β-d-glucan and extracellular polysaccharide were measured in dust from living rooms shortly after birth. Current asthma at 6 years and 10 years of age and ever asthma up to 10 years of age were assessed by parental questionnaires. Specific IgE levels at 8 years (PIAMA) and 10 years (LISAplus) were available. Adjusted, cohort-specific logistic regression analyses were performed.Higher endotoxin concentrations were positively associated with current asthma at 6 years of age in PIAMA (adjusted OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.07–3.58), but were inversely related with ever asthma up to 10 years of age in INMA (adjusted OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.16–0.94). No associations with asthma were found for LISAplus. No associations were observed with atopic sensitisation in all cohorts. All associations with (1,3)-β-d-glucan and extracellular polysaccharide were statistically nonsignificant.The suggested immunological mechanisms of early exposure to bio-contaminants with regards to asthma and allergy might be different for children growing up in (sub)-urban environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Beijer, Lena, Jörgen Thorn, and Ragnar Rylander. "Effects after inhalation of (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan and relation to mould exposure in the home." Mediators of Inflammation 11, no. 3 (2002): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09622935020138181.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Damp conditions indoors favour the growth of microorganisms, and these contain several agents that may cause inflammation when inhaled. Moulds contain a polyglucose in their cell wall, defined as (1→3)-β-D-glucan, exhibiting effects on inflammatory cells.Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether an inhalation challenge to purified (1→3)-β-D-glucan (grifolan) in humans could induce effects on inflammatory markers in blood, and to evaluate whether the reactions were related to the home exposure to (1→3)-β-D-glucan.Methods: Seventeen subjects in homes with high levels of airborne (1→3)-β-D-glucan (G-high) and 18 subjects in homes with low levels of (1→3)-β-D-glucan (G-low) underwent two randomised, double-blind inhalation challenges, one to (1→3)-β-D-glucan suspended in saline and one to saline alone. A blood sample was taken before and after the challenges, and differential cell count, granulocyte enzymes in serum and the secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured.Results: Inhalation challenge with (1→3)-β-D-glucan induced a decrease in the secretion of tumour necrosis factor α from endotoxin-stimulated PBMC in the G-high group as well as in the G-low group. In the G-high group, the inhalation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan induced an increase in blood lymphocytes that was significantly different from the saline-induced effect.Conclusions: The results suggest that an inhalation challenge to (1→3)-β-D-glucan has an effect on inflammatory cells and this effect may be related to a chronic exposure to moulds at home.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

SHERWOOD, Edward R., Tushar K. VARMA, Ricki Y. FRAM, Cheng Y. LIN, Aristides P. KOUTROUVELIS, and Tracy E. TOLIVER-KINSKY. "Glucan phosphate potentiates endotoxin-induced interferon-γ expression in immunocompetent mice, but attenuates induction of endotoxin tolerance." Clinical Science 101, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20010074.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Thorn, Jörgen, Lena Beijer, and Ragnar Rylander. "Effects after inhalation of (1→ 3)-β-D-glucan in healthy humans." Mediators of Inflammation 10, no. 4 (2001): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350124119.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and aim:This study was performed to assess the effects of an exposure to a pure (1→3)-β-D-glucan, a cell wall component of fungi, plants and certain bacteria.Methods:Twenty-one healthy subjects inhaled saline or (1→3)-β-D-glucan suspended in saline in a random, double-blind, cross-over design. They were examined before exposure and 24 and 72 h afterwards with spirometry, blood sampling and collection of induced sputum. Differential cell counts and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were determined in blood and sputum, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10 were determined in sputum supernatants. TNF-α was determined after cultivation of blood mononuclear cells.Results:In sputum, inhalation of saline caused a significant increase in ECP and TNF-α. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan inhalation caused a further increase in these cytokines, although not statistically significantly different from the increase induced by inhalation of saline alone. In blood, the number of eosinophils was significantly decreased 72 h after the challenge with (1→3)-β-D-glucan. This effect was not found after the inhalation of saline alone. TNF-α production from stimulated blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased 72 h after the (1→3)-β-D-glucan inhalation as compared with the increase induced by saline inhalation.Conclusions:The results suggest that (1→3)-β-D-glucan causes a different type of response as compared with inflammatory agents such as bacterial endotoxin that cause a neutrophil-dominated inflammatory response.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Sauvé, Jean-François, Sarah J. Locke, Pabitra R. Josse, Emma M. Stapleton, Nervana Metwali, Ralph W. Altmaier, Gabriella Andreotti, et al. "Characterization of inhalable endotoxin, glucan, and dust exposures in Iowa farmers." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 228 (July 2020): 113525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113525.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Nakae, Hajime, Gaku Takahashi, Ryo Sato, Shigehiro Shibata, and Shigeatsu Endo. "Determination of β-d-glucan and endotoxin levels in Kampo extracts." Acute Medicine & Surgery 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ams2.70.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

WICKENS, K. "367 Housing factors determining the distribution of endotoxins, (1,3)-glucans and extracellular polysaccharides." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 105, no. 1 (January 2000): S122—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90796-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Roy, Chad J., and Peter S. Thorne. "Exposure to Particulates, Microorganisms, β(1–3)-Glucans, and Endotoxins During Soybean Harvesting." AIHA Journal 64, no. 4 (July 2003): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15428110308984844.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Bowers, G. J., M. L. Patchen, T. J. MacVittie, R. Nelson, and M. P. Fink. "A comparative evaluation of particulate and soluble glucan in an endotoxin model." International Journal of Immunopharmacology 7, no. 3 (January 1985): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(85)90184-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Bowers, G. J., M. L. Patchen, T. J. MacVittie, E. F. Hirsch, and M. P. Fink. "A comparative evaluation of particulate and soluble glucan in an endotoxin model." International Journal of Immunopharmacology 8, no. 3 (January 1986): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(86)90113-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Samadi, Sadegh, Nancy N. J. Rietbroek, Roelof M. Dwars, Ali-Reza Jamshidifard, Dick J. J. Heederik, and Inge M. Wouters. "Endotoxin and β-(1 → 3)-glucan exposure in poultry and ruminant clinics." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13, no. 11 (2011): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10566c.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Wan, Gwo-Hwa, and Chih-Shan Li. "Indoor Endotoxin and Glucan in Association with Airway Inflammation and Systemic Symptoms." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 54, no. 3 (May 1999): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039899909602256.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Rylander, Ragnar, Hajime Goto, Kazumi Yuasa, Birgitta Fogelmark, and Barbara Polla. "Bird Droppings Contain Endotoxin and (1→3)-Beta-D-Glucan." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 103, no. 1 (1994): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000236612.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Rylander, Ragnar, and Birgitta Fogelmark. "Inflammatory responses by inhalation of endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700250126.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Timm, Michael, Anne Mette Madsen, Jørgen Vinsløv Hansen, Lise Moesby, and Erik Wind Hansen. "Assessment of the Total Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols by Using a Granulocyte Assay." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 24 (October 16, 2009): 7655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00928-09.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Occupational health symptoms related to bioaerosol exposure have been observed in a variety of working environments. Bioaerosols contain microorganisms and microbial components. The aim of this study was to estimate the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of bioaerosols using an in vitro assay based on granulocyte-like cells. A total of 129 bioaerosol samples were collected in the breathing zone of workers during their daily working routine at 22 biofuel plants. The samples were analyzed by traditional assays for dust, endotoxin, fungal spores, (1→3)-β-d-glucan, total number of bacteria, the enzyme N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase; primarily originating from fungi), Aspergillus fumigatus, and mesophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes; the samples were also assayed for TIP. In a multilinear regression four factors were significant for the TIP values obtained: endotoxin (P < 0.0001), fungal spores (P < 0.0001), (1→3)-β-d-glucan (P = 0.0005), and mesophilic actinomycetes (P = 0.0063). Using this model to estimate TIP values on the basis of microbial composition, the correlation to the measured values was r = 0.91. When TIP values obtained in the granulocyte assay were related to the primary working area, we found that bioaerosol samples from personnel working in straw storage facilities showed high TIP values (≈50 times the TIP of unstimulated controls). In contrast, bioaerosol samples from personnel with work functions in offices or laboratories showed low TIP values (≈5 times the TIP of the unstimulated control). This indicates, as expected, that these areas were less contaminated. In conclusion, the granulocyte assay reacts to multiple contaminants in the environmental samples and can be used to obtain a measurement of TIP. Therefore, potential occupational health effects related to inflammation of the airways in a working environment can be estimated using this assay.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Chancharoenthana, Wiwat, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Wassawon Ariyanon, Somratai Vadcharavivad, Suphasit Phatcharophaswattanakul, Supitcha Kamolratanakul, Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong, Weerapong Phumratanaprapin, and Polrat Wilairatana. "Leaky Gut Syndrome Is Associated with Endotoxemia and Serum (1→3)-β-D-Glucan in Severe Dengue Infection." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112390.

Full text

Abstract:

The hallmark of severe dengue infection is the increased vascular permeability and hemodynamic alteration that might be associated with an intestinal permeability defect. However, the mechanisms underlying the gastrointestinal-related symptoms of dengue are not well characterized. A prospective observational study was conducted on patients with dengue who were categorized according to: (i) febrile versus critical phase and (ii) hospitalized patients with versus without the warning signs to evaluate the gut barrier using lactulose-to-mannitol excretion ratio (LEMR). Serum endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), and inflammatory parameters were measured. A total of 48 and 38 patients were enrolled in febrile illness and critical phase, respectively, while 22 and 64 patients presented with or without the warning signs, respectively. At enrollment, a positive LEMR test was found in 20 patients (91%) with warning signs, regardless of phase of infection. Likewise, serum endotoxins and BG, the indirect biomarkers for leaky gut, prominently increased in patients who developed severe dengue when compared with the non-severe dengue (endotoxins, 399.1 versus 143.4 pg/mL (p < 0.0001); BG, 123 versus 73.8 pg/mL (p = 0.016)). Modest impaired intestinal permeability occurred in dengue patients, particularly those with warning signs, and were associated with endotoxemia and elevated BG. Thus, leaky gut syndrome might be associated with severity of dengue infection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Endotoxin glucans'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles