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Journal articles on the topic 'Endosymbiosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Nowack, Eva C. M., and Michael Melkonian. "Endosymbiotic associations within protists." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1541 (2010): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0188.

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The establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship typically seems to be driven through complementation of the host's limited metabolic capabilities by the biochemical versatility of the endosymbiont. The most significant examples of endosymbiosis are represented by the endosymbiotic acquisition of plastids and mitochondria, introducing photosynthesis and respiration to eukaryotes. However, there are numerous other endosymbioses that evolved more recently and repeatedly across the tree of life. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have led to a better understanding of the physiologi

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2

Takahashi, Toshiyuki. "Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (2022): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061248.

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Endosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalga often breaks down because of environmental conditions, such as temperature change and exposure to toxic substances. By the time of the apparent breakdown of endosymbiosis, it is often too late for the endosymbiotic system to recover. In this study, I developed a technique for the stress assessment of endosymbiotic algae using Paramecium bursaria as an endosymbiosis model, after treatment with the herbicide paraquat, an endosymbiotic collapse inducer. Microcapillary flow cytometry was employed to evaluate a large number of cells in an appro

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3

Souza, Lucas Santana, Josephine Solowiej-Wedderburn, Adriano Bonforti, and Eric Libby. "Modeling endosymbioses: Insights and hypotheses from theoretical approaches." PLOS Biology 22, no. 4 (2024): e3002583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002583.

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Endosymbiotic relationships are pervasive across diverse taxa of life, offering key avenues for eco-evolutionary dynamics. Although a variety of experimental and empirical frameworks have shed light on critical aspects of endosymbiosis, theoretical frameworks (mathematical models) are especially well-suited for certain tasks. Mathematical models can integrate multiple factors to determine the net outcome of endosymbiotic relationships, identify broad patterns that connect endosymbioses with other systems, simplify biological complexity, generate hypotheses for underlying mechanisms, evaluate d

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Archibald, John M. "Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (2015): 10147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421374112.

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The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria was a landmark event in the history of eukaryotic life. Subsequent to the evolution of primary plastids, photosynthesis spread from red and green algae to unrelated eukaryotes by secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. Although the movement of cyanobacterial genes from endosymbiont to host is well studied, less is known about the migration of eukaryotic genes from one nucleus to the other in the context of serial endosymbiosis. Here I explore the magnitude and potential impact of nucleus-to-nucleus endosymbiotic gene transfer in the evoluti

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O’Malley, Maureen A. "Endosymbiosis and its implications for evolutionary theory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (2015): 10270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421389112.

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Historically, conceptualizations of symbiosis and endosymbiosis have been pitted against Darwinian or neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. In more recent times, Lynn Margulis has argued vigorously along these lines. However, there are only shallow grounds for finding Darwinian concepts or population genetic theory incompatible with endosymbiosis. But is population genetics sufficiently explanatory of endosymbiosis and its role in evolution? Population genetics “follows” genes, is replication-centric, and is concerned with vertically consistent genetic lineages. It may also have explanatory limit

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Veloz, Tomas, and Daniela Flores. "Reaction Network Modeling of Complex Ecological Interactions: Endosymbiosis and Multilevel Regulation." Complexity 2021 (August 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8760937.

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Endosymbiosis is a type of symbiosis where one species of microscopic scale inhabits the cell of another species of a larger scale, such that the exchange of metabolic byproducts produces mutual benefit. These benefits can occur at different biological levels. For example, endosymbiosis promotes efficiency of the cell metabolism, cell replication, and the generation of a macroscopic layer that protects the organism from its predators. Therefore, modeling endosymbiosis requires a complex-systems and multilevel approach. We propose a model of endosymbiosis based on reaction networks, where speci

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Schreiber, Mona, and Sven B. Gould. "Antreiber evolutionärer Transformation: die Endosymbiose." BIOspektrum 27, no. 7 (2021): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1670-9.

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AbstractEndosymbiosis is a transformative force of evolution. Endosymbionts established billions of years ago shaped the face of earth and more recent ones take up intriguing new duties. Benefits of exploring endosymbioses are manyfold: we gain a better understanding of fundamental biological principles such as why prokaryotes fail to frequently evolve eukaryote-like complexity and can learn how beneficial partnerships are established. 50 years ago, endosymbiosis was met with scepticism, but is now accepted as a phenomenon responsible for some of life’s biggest transitions.

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Román-Escrivá, Pablo, Moisès Bernabeu, Eleonora Paganin, et al. "Metrics of Genomic Complexity in the Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbiosis." Biology 14, no. 4 (2025): 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14040338.

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Endosymbiosis can be considered a regressive or degenerative evolutionary process characterized at the genomic level by genome erosion and degeneration due to high mutational pressure toward AT (adenine and thymine) bases. The genomic and biological complexity of endosymbionts must be lower than that of the free-living bacteria from which they evolved. In the present work, we contrasted whether two proposed metrics for measuring genomic complexity in both types of bacteria, GS and BB, reflect their complexity, expecting higher values in free-living bacteria than in endosymbionts. On the other

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Jenkins, Benjamin H., Finlay Maguire, Guy Leonard, et al. "Emergent RNA–RNA interactions can promote stability in a facultative phototrophic endosymbiosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (2021): e2108874118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108874118.

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Eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbiosis was responsible for the spread of chloroplast (plastid) organelles. Stability is required for the metabolic and genetic integration that drives the establishment of new organelles, yet the mechanisms that act to stabilize emergent endosymbioses—between two fundamentally selfish biological organisms—are unclear. Theory suggests that enforcement mechanisms, which punish misbehavior, may act to stabilize such interactions by resolving conflict. However, how such mechanisms can emerge in a facultative endosymbiosis has yet to be explored. Here, we propose that end

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Radzvilavicius, Arunas L., and Neil W. Blackstone. "Conflict and cooperation in eukaryogenesis: implications for the timing of endosymbiosis and the evolution of sex." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 111 (2015): 20150584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0584.

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Roughly 1.5–2.0 Gya, the eukaryotic cell evolved from an endosymbiosis of an archaeal host and proteobacterial symbionts. The timing of this endosymbiosis relative to the evolution of eukaryotic features remains subject to considerable debate, yet the evolutionary process itself constrains the timing of these events. Endosymbiosis entailed levels-of-selection conflicts, and mechanisms of conflict mediation had to evolve for eukaryogenesis to proceed. The initial mechanisms of conflict mediation (e.g. signalling with calcium and soluble adenylyl cyclase, substrate carriers, adenine nucleotide t

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Maire, Justin, Nicolas Parisot, Mariana Galvao Ferrarini, et al. "Spatial and morphological reorganization of endosymbiosis during metamorphosis accommodates adult metabolic requirements in a weevil." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (2020): 19347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007151117.

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Bacterial intracellular symbiosis (endosymbiosis) is widespread in nature and impacts many biological processes. In holometabolous symbiotic insects, metamorphosis entails a complete and abrupt internal reorganization that creates a constraint for endosymbiont transmission from larvae to adults. To assess how endosymbiosis copes—and potentially evolves—throughout this major host-tissue reorganization, we used the association between the cereal weevilSitophilus oryzaeand the bacteriumSodalis pierantoniusas a model system.S. pierantoniusare contained inside specialized host cells, the bacteriocy

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12

Contag, Christopher H., and Roksana Riddle. "Tracing evolution’s blueprint: Minimal genome life and the engineering of synthetic endosymbiosis." Open Access Government 46, no. 1 (2025): 28–31. https://doi.org/10.56367/oag-046-11881.

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Tracing evolution’s blueprint: Minimal genome life and the engineering of synthetic endosymbiosis Roksana Riddle and Christopher H. Contag from Michigan State University discuss the concept of endosymbiosis, how it has evolved, and present strategies to engineering endosymbionts and their applications in developing innovative therapies. Endosymbiogenesisis is the emergence of mutually beneficial relationships between cells in which one lives inside the other to become a holobiont. Endosymbiosis has occurred naturally when intracellular parasites, dependent on host health, begin providing benef

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Wernegreen, Jennifer J. "Endosymbiosis." Current Biology 22, no. 14 (2012): R555—R561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.010.

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14

von der Dunk, Samuel H. A., Paulien Hogeweg, and Berend Snel. "Intracellular signaling in proto-eukaryotes evolves to alleviate regulatory conflicts of endosymbiosis." PLOS Computational Biology 20, no. 2 (2024): e1011860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011860.

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The complex eukaryotic cell resulted from a merger between simpler prokaryotic cells, yet the role of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis with respect to other eukaryotic innovations has remained under dispute. To investigate how the regulatory challenges associated with the endosymbiotic state impacted genome and network evolution during eukaryogenesis, we study a constructive computational model where two simple cells are forced into an obligate endosymbiosis. Across multiple in silico evolutionary replicates, we observe the emergence of different mechanisms for the coordination of host and symb

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15

Bull, Lawrence, and Terence C. Fogarty. "Artificial Symbiogenesis." Artificial Life 2, no. 3 (1995): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.3.269.

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Symbiosis is the phenomenon in which organisms of different species live together in close association, resulting in a raised level of fitness for one or more of the organisms. Symbiogenesis is the name given to the process by which symbiotic partners combine and unify—forming endosymbioses and then potentially transferring genetic material—giving rise to new morphologies and physiologies evolutionarily more advanced than their constituents. In this article we begin by using the NKC model of coevolution to examine endosymbiosis and its effect on the evolutionary performance of the partners inv

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Nowack, Eva C. M. "Paulinella chromatophora – rethinking the transition from endosymbiont to organelle." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 4 (2014): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.049.

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Eukaryotes co-opted photosynthetic carbon fixation from prokaryotes by engulfing a cyanobacterium and stably integrating it as a photosynthetic organelle (plastid) in a process known as primary endosymbiosis. The sheer complexity of interactions between a plastid and the surrounding cell that started to evolve over 1 billion years ago, make it challenging to reconstruct intermediate steps in organelle evolution by studying extant plastids. Recently, the photosynthetic amoeba <em>Paulinella chromatophora</em> was identified as a much sought-after intermediate stage in the evolution

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Dinh, Christopher, Timothy Farinholt, Shigenori Hirose, Olga Zhuchenko, and Adam Kuspa. "Lectins modulate the microbiota of social amoebae." Science 361, no. 6400 (2018): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2058.

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The social amoebaDictyostelium discoideummaintains a microbiome during multicellular development; bacteria are carried in migrating slugs and as endosymbionts within amoebae and spores. Bacterial carriage and endosymbiosis are induced by the secreted lectin discoidin I that binds bacteria, protects them from extracellular killing, and alters their retention within amoebae. This altered handling of bacteria also occurs with bacteria coated by plant lectins and leads to DNA transfer from bacteria to amoebae. Thus, lectins alter the cellular response ofD. discoideumto bacteria to establish the am

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18

Tribe, Michael A. "Endosymbiosis revisited." Journal of Biological Education 22, no. 3 (1988): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1988.9654978.

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19

Geer Jr., Daniel E. "Digital Endosymbiosis." IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine 7, no. 3 (2009): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2009.63.

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20

Richardson, Susan L. "Endosymbiont change as a key innovation in the adaptive radiation of Soritida (Foraminifera)." Paleobiology 27, no. 2 (2001): 262–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0262:ecaaki>2.0.co;2.

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A phylogeny of 54 Recent and fossil species of Soritacea (Foraminifera) was used to test the hypothesis that endosymbiosis has driven the evolution of the clade. Endosymbiosis with photosynthetic eukaryotes is the plesiomorphic condition for the entire clade Soritacea. Living species dwell in tropical-subtropical, shallow-water habitats and are characterized by the possession of rhodophyte, chlorophyte, or dinophyte photosymbionts. Two distinct changes in endosymbiont type are recognized when endosymbiont type is mapped in the cladogram of Soritacea: (1) a change from rhodophyte to chlorophyte

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21

Zhao, Hongjie. "The Origin of Mitochondria and Its Role in the Cellular Energy Revolution of Life." Theoretical and Natural Science 117, no. 1 (2025): 26–31. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2025.ld24436.

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The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria is widely regarded as a defining moment in eukaryotic evolution, though its details and broader implications remain subjects of debate. This dissertation investigates the mitochondrial genesis and its pivotal function in transforming cellular energy dynamics and complexity, utilizing phylogenetic, bioenergetic, and theoretical paradigms. It tackles ongoing controversies, including the phylogenetic placement of mitochondria within Alphaproteobacteria and the relationship between enhanced energy availability and eukaryotic complexity. The analysis confirm

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22

Keeling, Patrick J. "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1541 (2010): 729–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0103.

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Plastids and mitochondria each arose from a single endosymbiotic event and share many similarities in how they were reduced and integrated with their host. However, the subsequent evolution of the two organelles could hardly be more different: mitochondria are a stable fixture of eukaryotic cells that are neither lost nor shuffled between lineages, whereas plastid evolution has been a complex mix of movement, loss and replacement. Molecular data from the past decade have substantially untangled this complex history, and we now know that plastids are derived from a single endosymbiotic event in

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Gornik, Sebastian G., Febrimarsa, Andrew M. Cassin, et al. "Endosymbiosis undone by stepwise elimination of the plastid in a parasitic dinoflagellate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 18 (2015): 5767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423400112.

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Organelle gain through endosymbiosis has been integral to the origin and diversification of eukaryotes, and, once gained, plastids and mitochondria seem seldom lost. Indeed, discovery of nonphotosynthetic plastids in many eukaryotes—notably, the apicoplast in apicomplexan parasites such as the malaria pathogen Plasmodium—highlights the essential metabolic functions performed by plastids beyond photosynthesis. Once a cell becomes reliant on these ancillary functions, organelle dependence is apparently difficult to overcome. Previous examples of endosymbiotic organelle loss (either mitochondria

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Thornhill, Daniel J., Kevin T. Fielman, Scott R. Santos, and Kenneth M. Halanych. "Siboglinid-bacteria endosymbiosis." Communicative & Integrative Biology 1, no. 2 (2008): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.1.2.7108.

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Harmer, Jane, Vyacheslav Yurchenko, Anna Nenarokova, Julius Lukeš, and Michael L. Ginger. "Farming, slaving and enslavement: histories of endosymbioses during kinetoplastid evolution." Parasitology 145, no. 10 (2018): 1311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018000781.

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AbstractParasitic trypanosomatids diverged from free-living kinetoplastid ancestors several hundred million years ago. These parasites are relatively well known, due in part to several unusual cell biological and molecular traits and in part to the significance of a few – pathogenic Leishmania and Trypanosoma species – as aetiological agents of serious neglected tropical diseases. However, the majority of trypanosomatid biodiversity is represented by osmotrophic monoxenous parasites of insects. In two lineages, novymonads and strigomonads, osmotrophic lifestyles are supported by cytoplasmic en

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26

FUKATSU, TAKEMA. "Endosymbiosis of Aphids with Microorganisms: a Model Case of Dynamic Endosymbiotic Evolution." Plant Species Biology 9, no. 3 (1994): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1994.tb00095.x.

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27

Inagaki, Y., J. B. Dacks, W. F. Doolittle, K. I. Watanabe, and T. Ohama. "Evolutionary relationship between dinoflagellates bearing obligate diatom endosymbionts: insight into tertiary endosymbiosis." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50, no. 6 (2000): 2075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-50-6-2075.

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28

Deschamps, Philippe. "Primary endosymbiosis: have cyanobacteria and Chlamydiae ever been roommates?" Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 4 (2014): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.048.

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Eukaryotes acquired the ability to process photosynthesis by engulfing a cyanobacterium and transforming it into a genuine organelle called the plastid. This event, named primary endosymbiosis, occurred once more than a billion years ago, and allowed the emergence of the Archaeplastida, a monophyletic supergroup comprising the green algae and plants, the red algae and the glaucophytes. Of the other known cases of symbiosis between cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, none has achieved a comparable level of cell integration nor reached the same evolutionary and ecological success than primary endosymb

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29

Mackiewicz, Paweł, and Przemysław Gagat. "Monophyly of Archaeplastida supergroup and relationships among its lineages in the light of phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. Are we close to a consensus?" Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 4 (2014): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.044.

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One of the key evolutionary events on the scale of the biosphere was an endosymbiosis between a heterotrophic eukaryote and a cyanobacterium, resulting in a primary plastid. Such an organelle is characteristic of three eukaryotic lineages, glaucophytes, red algae and green plants. The three groups are usually united under the common name Archaeplastida or Plantae in modern taxonomic classifications, which indicates they are considered monophyletic. The methods generally used to verify this monophyly are phylogenetic analyses. In this article we review up-to-date results of such analyses and di

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30

Hehenberger, Elisabeth, Rebecca J. Gast, and Patrick J. Keeling. "A kleptoplastidic dinoflagellate and the tipping point between transient and fully integrated plastid endosymbiosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (2019): 17934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910121116.

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Plastid endosymbiosis has been a major force in the evolution of eukaryotic cellular complexity, but how endosymbionts are integrated is still poorly understood at a mechanistic level. Dinoflagellates, an ecologically important protist lineage, represent a unique model to study this process because dinoflagellate plastids have repeatedly been reduced, lost, and replaced by new plastids, leading to a spectrum of ages and integration levels. Here we describe deep-transcriptomic analyses of the Antarctic Ross Sea dinoflagellate (RSD), which harbors long-term but temporary kleptoplasts stolen from

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van der Giezen, M. "Endosymbiosis: past and present." Heredity 95, no. 5 (2005): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800703.

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Jeon, Kwang W. "Bacterial endosymbiosis in amoebae." Trends in Cell Biology 5, no. 3 (1995): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(00)88966-7.

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Whitfield, J. B. "Parasitoids, polydnaviruses and endosymbiosis." Parasitology Today 6, no. 12 (1990): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(90)90146-u.

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Valdivia, Raphael H., and Joseph Heitman. "Endosymbiosis: The Evil within." Current Biology 17, no. 11 (2007): R408—R410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.001.

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Ibañez-Escribano, Alexandra, Maria Teresa Gomez-Muñoz, Marta Mateo, et al. "Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (Family Totiviridae)." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 7 (2024): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11070321.

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Three genera of viruses of the family Totiviridae establish endosymbiotic associations with flagellated protozoa responsible for parasitic diseases of great impact in the context of One Health. Giardiavirus, Trichomonasvirus, and Leishmaniavirus infect the protozoa Giardia sp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and Leishmania sp., respectively. In the present work, we review the characteristics of the endosymbiotic relationships established, the advantages, and the consequences caused in mammalian hosts. Among the common characteristics of these double-stranded RNA viruses are that they do not integrate

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Ishikawa, Masakazu, Ikuko Yuyama, Hiroshi Shimizu, Masafumi Nozawa, Kazuho Ikeo, and Takashi Gojobori. "Different Endosymbiotic Interactions in Two Hydra Species Reflect the Evolutionary History of Endosymbiosis." Genome Biology and Evolution 8, no. 7 (2016): 2155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw142.

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Moon, Eun-Kyung, So-Min Park, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan, and Hyun-Hee Kong. "Differentially Expressed Gene Profile of Acanthamoeba castellanii Induced by an Endosymbiont Legionella pneumophila." Korean Journal of Parasitology 59, no. 1 (2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.67.

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Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen that survives and proliferates within protists such as Acanthamoeba spp. in environment. However, intracellular pathogenic endosymbiosis and its implications within Acanthamoeba spp. remain poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing analysis was used to investigate transcriptional changes in A. castellanii in response to L. pneumophila infection. Based on RNA sequencing data, we identified 1,211 upregulated genes and 1,131 downregulated genes in A. castellanii infected with L. pneumophila for 12 hr. After 24 hr, 1,321 upregulated genes

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Govender, Rowen, Nonkululeko Mabaso, and Nathlee S. Abbai. "Investigating links between Trichomonas vaginalis, T. vaginalis virus, Mycoplasma hominis, and metronidazole resistance." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 18, no. 10 (2024): 1590–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.17592.

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Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the etiological agent of the common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI), trichomoniasis. TV can inherently harbour Mycoplasma hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) species. Endosymbiosis of TV with M. hominis and TVV may contribute to metronidazole resistance in this pathogen. This study determined the prevalence of TVVs across clinical isolates of TV, as well as the symbiosis between TV, TVV, and M. hominis in relation to metronidazole resistance. Methodology: Twenty-one clinical isolates of TV were analysed in this study. The iso

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DUCHATEAU-NGUYEN, GUILLEMETTE, GÉRARD WEISBUCH, and LUCA PELITI. "A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 03 (1995): 867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000782.

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In a previous paper we showed that emergence of mutualism is made possible by selective recognition processes which allow the host to discriminate true symbionts from commensalists. In hydra/algae associations, algae are first ingested in the apex of digestive cells and then migrate to their basis. Both processes are selective.We extend here the previous differential model to a compartmental model and study the role of the two selection processes.

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Wernegreen, Jennifer J. "Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution." PLoS Biology 2, no. 3 (2004): e68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068.

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SLABAS, T. "Galactolipid biosynthesis genes and endosymbiosis." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 5 (1997): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)01029-7.

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42

Aanen, Duur K., and Paul Eggleton. "Symbiogenesis: Beyond the endosymbiosis theory?" Journal of Theoretical Biology 434 (December 2017): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.08.001.

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Dodwell, Lucy. "Gallery: Colourful painting illustrates endosymbiosis." New Scientist 200, no. 2681 (2008): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62835-3.

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KUTSCHERA, U. "Endosymbiosis, cell evolution, and speciation." Theory in Biosciences 124, no. 1 (2005): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thbio.2005.04.001.

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Archibald, John M. "Endosymbiosis and Eukaryotic Cell Evolution." Current Biology 25, no. 19 (2015): R911—R921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.055.

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Keeling, Patrick J. "Endosymbiosis: Bacteria Sharing the Load." Current Biology 21, no. 16 (2011): R623—R624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.061.

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Oldroyd, G. E. D., M. J. Harrison, and U. Paszkowski. "Reprogramming Plant Cells for Endosymbiosis." Science 324, no. 5928 (2009): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171644.

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Wagner, Daniel, Xavier Pochon, Leslie Irwin, Robert J. Toonen, and Ruth D. Gates. "Azooxanthellate? Most Hawaiian black corals contain Symbiodinium." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1710 (2010): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1681.

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The ecological success of shallow-water reef-building corals (Hexacorallia: Scleractinia) is framed by their intimate endosymbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae). In contrast, the closely related black corals (Hexacorallia: Anthipatharia) are described as azooxanthellate (lacking Symbiodinium ), a trait thought to reflect their preference for low-light environments that do not support photosynthesis. We examined 14 antipatharian species collected between 10 and 396 m from Hawai'i and Johnston Atoll for the presence of Symbiodinium using molecular

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Sibbald, Shannon J., and John M. Archibald. "Genomic Insights into Plastid Evolution." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 7 (2020): 978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa096.

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Abstract The origin of plastids (chloroplasts) by endosymbiosis stands as one of the most important events in the history of eukaryotic life. The genetic, biochemical, and cell biological integration of a cyanobacterial endosymbiont into a heterotrophic host eukaryote approximately a billion years ago paved the way for the evolution of diverse algal groups in a wide range of aquatic and, eventually, terrestrial environments. Plastids have on multiple occasions also moved horizontally from eukaryote to eukaryote by secondary and tertiary endosymbiotic events. The overall picture of extant photo

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Kondo, Natsuko, Masakazu Shimada, and Takema Fukatsu. "Infection density of Wolbachia endosymbiont affected by co-infection and host genotype." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (2005): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0340.

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Infection density is among the most important factors for understanding the biological effects of Wolbachia and other endosymbionts on their hosts. To gain insight into the mechanisms of infection density regulation, we investigated the adzuki bean beetles Callosobruchus chinensis and their Wolbachia endosymbionts. Double-infected, single-infected and uninfected host strains with controlled nuclear genetic backgrounds were generated by introgression, and infection densities in these strains were evaluated by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique. Our study revealed previously unkn

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