Relevant bibliographies by topics / Endosymbiosis

Academic literature on the topic 'Endosymbiosis'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

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Nowack, Eva C. M., and Michael Melkonian. "Endosymbiotic associations within protists." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1541 (March 12, 2010): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0188.

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The establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship typically seems to be driven through complementation of the host's limited metabolic capabilities by the biochemical versatility of the endosymbiont. The most significant examples of endosymbiosis are represented by the endosymbiotic acquisition of plastids and mitochondria, introducing photosynthesis and respiration to eukaryotes. However, there are numerous other endosymbioses that evolved more recently and repeatedly across the tree of life. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have led to a better understanding of the physiological basis of many endosymbiotic associations. This review focuses on endosymbionts in protists (unicellular eukaryotes). Selected examples illustrate the incorporation of various new biochemical functions, such as photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and recycling, and methanogenesis, into protist hosts by prokaryotic endosymbionts. Furthermore, photosynthetic eukaryotic endosymbionts display a great diversity of modes of integration into different protist hosts. In conclusion, endosymbiosis seems to represent a general evolutionary strategy of protists to acquire novel biochemical functions and is thus an important source of genetic innovation.
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Takahashi, Toshiyuki. "Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061248.

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Endosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalga often breaks down because of environmental conditions, such as temperature change and exposure to toxic substances. By the time of the apparent breakdown of endosymbiosis, it is often too late for the endosymbiotic system to recover. In this study, I developed a technique for the stress assessment of endosymbiotic algae using Paramecium bursaria as an endosymbiosis model, after treatment with the herbicide paraquat, an endosymbiotic collapse inducer. Microcapillary flow cytometry was employed to evaluate a large number of cells in an approach that is more rapid than microscopy evaluation. In the assay, red fluorescence of the chlorophyll reflected the number of endosymbionts within the host cell, while yellow fluorescence fluctuated in response to the deteriorating viability of the endosymbiont under stress. Hence, the yellow/red fluorescence intensity ratio can be used as an algal stress index independent of the algal number. An optical evaluation revealed that the viability of the endosymbiotic algae within the host cell decreased after treatment with paraquat and that the remaining endosymbionts were exposed to high stress. The devised assay is a potential environmental monitoring method, applicable not only to P. bursaria but also to multicellular symbiotic units, such as corals.
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Souza, Lucas Santana, Josephine Solowiej-Wedderburn, Adriano Bonforti, and Eric Libby. "Modeling endosymbioses: Insights and hypotheses from theoretical approaches." PLOS Biology 22, no. 4 (April 10, 2024): e3002583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002583.

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Endosymbiotic relationships are pervasive across diverse taxa of life, offering key avenues for eco-evolutionary dynamics. Although a variety of experimental and empirical frameworks have shed light on critical aspects of endosymbiosis, theoretical frameworks (mathematical models) are especially well-suited for certain tasks. Mathematical models can integrate multiple factors to determine the net outcome of endosymbiotic relationships, identify broad patterns that connect endosymbioses with other systems, simplify biological complexity, generate hypotheses for underlying mechanisms, evaluate different hypotheses, identify constraints that limit certain biological interactions, and open new lines of inquiry. This Essay highlights the utility of mathematical models in endosymbiosis research, particularly in generating relevant hypotheses. Despite their limitations, mathematical models can be used to address known unknowns and discover unknown unknowns.
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Archibald, John M. "Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (April 20, 2015): 10147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421374112.

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The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria was a landmark event in the history of eukaryotic life. Subsequent to the evolution of primary plastids, photosynthesis spread from red and green algae to unrelated eukaryotes by secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis. Although the movement of cyanobacterial genes from endosymbiont to host is well studied, less is known about the migration of eukaryotic genes from one nucleus to the other in the context of serial endosymbiosis. Here I explore the magnitude and potential impact of nucleus-to-nucleus endosymbiotic gene transfer in the evolution of complex algae, and the extent to which such transfers compromise our ability to infer the deep structure of the eukaryotic tree of life. In addition to endosymbiotic gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer events occurring before, during, and after endosymbioses further confound our efforts to reconstruct the ancient mergers that forged multiple lines of photosynthetic microbial eukaryotes.
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O’Malley, Maureen A. "Endosymbiosis and its implications for evolutionary theory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (April 16, 2015): 10270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421389112.

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Historically, conceptualizations of symbiosis and endosymbiosis have been pitted against Darwinian or neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. In more recent times, Lynn Margulis has argued vigorously along these lines. However, there are only shallow grounds for finding Darwinian concepts or population genetic theory incompatible with endosymbiosis. But is population genetics sufficiently explanatory of endosymbiosis and its role in evolution? Population genetics “follows” genes, is replication-centric, and is concerned with vertically consistent genetic lineages. It may also have explanatory limitations with regard to macroevolution. Even so, asking whether population genetics explains endosymbiosis may have the question the wrong way around. We should instead be asking how explanatory of evolution endosymbiosis is, and exactly which features of evolution it might be explaining. This paper will discuss how metabolic innovations associated with endosymbioses can drive evolution and thus provide an explanatory account of important episodes in the history of life. Metabolic explanations are both proximate and ultimate, in the same way genetic explanations are. Endosymbioses, therefore, point evolutionary biology toward an important dimension of evolutionary explanation.
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Veloz, Tomas, and Daniela Flores. "Reaction Network Modeling of Complex Ecological Interactions: Endosymbiosis and Multilevel Regulation." Complexity 2021 (August 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8760937.

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Endosymbiosis is a type of symbiosis where one species of microscopic scale inhabits the cell of another species of a larger scale, such that the exchange of metabolic byproducts produces mutual benefit. These benefits can occur at different biological levels. For example, endosymbiosis promotes efficiency of the cell metabolism, cell replication, and the generation of a macroscopic layer that protects the organism from its predators. Therefore, modeling endosymbiosis requires a complex-systems and multilevel approach. We propose a model of endosymbiosis based on reaction networks, where species of the reaction network represent either ecological species, resources, or conditions for the ecological interactions to happen, and the endosymbiotic interaction mechanisms are represented by different sequences of reactions (processes) in the reaction network. As an example, we develop a toy model of the coral endosymbiotic interaction. The model considers two reaction networks, representing biochemical traffic and cellular proliferation levels, respectively. In addition, the model incorporates top-down and bottom-up regulation mechanisms that stabilizes the endosymbiotic interaction.
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Schreiber, Mona, and Sven B. Gould. "Antreiber evolutionärer Transformation: die Endosymbiose." BIOspektrum 27, no. 7 (November 2021): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1670-9.

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AbstractEndosymbiosis is a transformative force of evolution. Endosymbionts established billions of years ago shaped the face of earth and more recent ones take up intriguing new duties. Benefits of exploring endosymbioses are manyfold: we gain a better understanding of fundamental biological principles such as why prokaryotes fail to frequently evolve eukaryote-like complexity and can learn how beneficial partnerships are established. 50 years ago, endosymbiosis was met with scepticism, but is now accepted as a phenomenon responsible for some of life’s biggest transitions.
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Jenkins, Benjamin H., Finlay Maguire, Guy Leonard, Joshua D. Eaton, Steven West, Benjamin E. Housden, David S. Milner, and Thomas A. Richards. "Emergent RNA–RNA interactions can promote stability in a facultative phototrophic endosymbiosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 14, 2021): e2108874118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108874118.

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Eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbiosis was responsible for the spread of chloroplast (plastid) organelles. Stability is required for the metabolic and genetic integration that drives the establishment of new organelles, yet the mechanisms that act to stabilize emergent endosymbioses—between two fundamentally selfish biological organisms—are unclear. Theory suggests that enforcement mechanisms, which punish misbehavior, may act to stabilize such interactions by resolving conflict. However, how such mechanisms can emerge in a facultative endosymbiosis has yet to be explored. Here, we propose that endosymbiont–host RNA–RNA interactions, arising from digestion of the endosymbiont population, can result in a cost to host growth for breakdown of the endosymbiosis. Using the model facultative endosymbiosis between Paramecium bursaria and Chlorella spp., we demonstrate that this mechanism is dependent on the host RNA-interference (RNAi) system. We reveal through small RNA (sRNA) sequencing that endosymbiont-derived messenger RNA (mRNA) released upon endosymbiont digestion can be processed by the host RNAi system into 23-nt sRNA. We predict multiple regions of shared sequence identity between endosymbiont and host mRNA, and demonstrate through delivery of synthetic endosymbiont sRNA that exposure to these regions can knock down expression of complementary host genes, resulting in a cost to host growth. This process of host gene knockdown in response to endosymbiont-derived RNA processing by host RNAi factors, which we term “RNAi collisions,” represents a mechanism that can promote stability in a facultative eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbiosis. Specifically, by imposing a cost for breakdown of the endosymbiosis, endosymbiont–host RNA–RNA interactions may drive maintenance of the symbiosis across fluctuating ecological conditions.
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Radzvilavicius, Arunas L., and Neil W. Blackstone. "Conflict and cooperation in eukaryogenesis: implications for the timing of endosymbiosis and the evolution of sex." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 111 (October 2015): 20150584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0584.

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Roughly 1.5–2.0 Gya, the eukaryotic cell evolved from an endosymbiosis of an archaeal host and proteobacterial symbionts. The timing of this endosymbiosis relative to the evolution of eukaryotic features remains subject to considerable debate, yet the evolutionary process itself constrains the timing of these events. Endosymbiosis entailed levels-of-selection conflicts, and mechanisms of conflict mediation had to evolve for eukaryogenesis to proceed. The initial mechanisms of conflict mediation (e.g. signalling with calcium and soluble adenylyl cyclase, substrate carriers, adenine nucleotide translocase, uncouplers) led to metabolic homeostasis in the eukaryotic cell. Later mechanisms (e.g. mitochondrial gene loss) contributed to the chimeric eukaryotic genome. These integral features of eukaryotes were derived because of, and therefore subsequent to, endosymbiosis. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for conflict arose with the emergence of eukaryotic sex, involving whole-cell fusion. A simple model demonstrates that competition on the lower level severely hinders the evolution of sex. Cytoplasmic mixing, however, is beneficial for non-cooperative endosymbionts, which could have used their aerobic metabolism to manipulate the life history of the host. While early evolution of sex may have facilitated symbiont acquisition, sex would have also destabilized the subsequent endosymbiosis. More plausibly, the evolution of sex and the true nucleus concluded the transition.
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Maire, Justin, Nicolas Parisot, Mariana Galvao Ferrarini, Agnès Vallier, Benjamin Gillet, Sandrine Hughes, Séverine Balmand, Carole Vincent-Monégat, Anna Zaidman-Rémy, and Abdelaziz Heddi. "Spatial and morphological reorganization of endosymbiosis during metamorphosis accommodates adult metabolic requirements in a weevil." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (July 28, 2020): 19347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007151117.

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Bacterial intracellular symbiosis (endosymbiosis) is widespread in nature and impacts many biological processes. In holometabolous symbiotic insects, metamorphosis entails a complete and abrupt internal reorganization that creates a constraint for endosymbiont transmission from larvae to adults. To assess how endosymbiosis copes—and potentially evolves—throughout this major host-tissue reorganization, we used the association between the cereal weevilSitophilus oryzaeand the bacteriumSodalis pierantoniusas a model system.S. pierantoniusare contained inside specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, that group into an organ, the bacteriome. Cereal weevils require metabolic inputs from their endosymbiont, particularly during adult cuticle synthesis, when endosymbiont load increases dramatically. By combining dual RNA-sequencing analyses and cell imaging, we show that the larval bacteriome dissociates at the onset of metamorphosis and releases bacteriocytes that undergo endosymbiosis-dependent transcriptomic changes affecting cell motility, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton organization. Remarkably, bacteriocytes turn into spindle cells and migrate along the midgut epithelium, thereby conveying endosymbionts to midgut sites where future mesenteric caeca will develop. Concomitantly, endosymbiont genes encoding a type III secretion system and a flagellum apparatus are transiently up-regulated while endosymbionts infect putative stem cells and enter their nuclei. Infected cells then turn into new differentiated bacteriocytes and form multiple new bacteriomes in adults. These findings show that endosymbiosis reorganization in a holometabolous insect relies on a synchronized host–symbiont molecular and cellular “choreography” and illustrates an adaptive feature that promotes bacteriome multiplication to match increased metabolic requirements in emerging adults.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

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Ponce, Toledo Rafael Isaac. "Origins and early evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS047/document.

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Les plastes primaires proviennent d'une cyanobactérie qui a établi une relationendosymbiotique avec un hôte eucaryote. Cet événement a donné naissance au super-groupeArchaeplastida qui inclut les Viridiplantae (algues vertes et plantes terrestres), les Rhodophyta (alguesrouges) et les Glaucophyta. Suite à l'endosymbiose primaire, les algues rouges et vertes ont étendu lacapacité de photosynthèse à d'autres lignées eucaryotes via des endosymbioses secondaires. Bien quedes progrès considérables aient été réalisés dans la compréhension de l'évolution des eucaryotesphotosynthétiques, d'importantes questions sont restées ouvertes, telles que l’identité de la lignéecyanobactérienne la plus proche des plastes primaires ainsi que le nombre et l'identité des partenairesdans les endosymbioses secondaires.Ma thèse a consisté à étudier l'origine et l'évolution précoce des eucaryotes photosynthétiques enutilisant des approches phylogénétiques et phylogénomiques. Je montre par mon travail que les plastesprimaires ont évolué à partir d'un symbiote phylogénétiquement proche de Gloeomargarita lithophora,une cyanobactérie représentant un clade s’étant diversifié précocement et qui a été détectéeuniquement dans les milieux terrestres. Ce résultat fournit des pistes nouvelles sur le contexteécologique dans lequel l'endosymbiose primaire a probablement eu lieu. En ce qui concerne l'évolutiondes lignées eucaryotes avec des plastes secondaires, je montre que les génomes nucléaires deschlorarachniophytes et des euglénophytes, deux lignées photosynthétiques avec des plastes dérivésd'algues vertes, encodent un grand nombre de gènes acquis par transferts depuis des algues rouges.Enfin, je mets en évidence que SELMA, la machinerie de translocation des protéines à travers laseconde membrane externe des plastes rouges secondaires à quatre membranes, a une histoireétonnamment compliquée aux implications évolutives importantes : les cryptophytes ont recruté unensemble de composants de SELMA différent de ceux des haptophytes, straménopiles et alvéolés.Ainsi, ma thèse a permis d’identifier pour la première fois la lignée cyanobactérienne la plus proche desplastes primaires et apporte de nouvelles pistes pour éclaircir les événements complexes qui ontjalonné l’évolution des eucaryotes photosynthétiques secondaires
Primary plastids derive from a cyanobacterium that entered into an endosymbioticrelationship with a eukaryotic host. This event gave rise to the supergroup Archaeplastida whichcomprises Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta. Afterprimary endosymbiosis, red and green algae spread the ability to photosynthesize to other eukaryoticlineages via secondary endosymbioses. Although considerable progress has been made in theunderstanding of the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes, important questions remained debatedsuch as the present-day closest cyanobacterial lineage to primary plastids as well as the number andidentity of partners in secondary endosymbioses.The main objectives of my PhD were to study the origin and evolution of plastid-bearing eukaryotesusing phylogenetic and phylogenomic approaches to shed some light on how primary and secondaryendosymbioses occurred. In this work, I show that primary plastids evolved from a close relative ofGloeomargarita lithophora, a recently sequenced early-branching cyanobacterium that has been onlydetected in terrestrial environments. This result provide interesting hints on the ecological setting whereprimary endosymbiosis likely took place. Regarding the evolution of eukaryotic lineages with secondaryplastids, I show that the nuclear genomes of chlorarachniophytes and euglenids, two photosyntheticlineages with green alga-derived plastids, encode for a large number of genes acquired by transfersfrom red algae. Finally, I highlight that SELMA, the translocation machinery putatively used to importproteins across the second outermost membrane of secondary red plastids with four membranes, has asurprisingly complex history with strong evolutionary implications: cryptophytes have recruited a set ofSELMA components different from those present in haptophytes, stramenopiles and alveolates.In conclusion, during my PhD I identified for the first time the closest living cyanobacterium to primaryplastids and provided new insights on the complex evolution that have undergone secondary plastid-bearing eukaryotes
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Moustafa, Ahmed Bhattacharya Debashish. "Evolutionary and functional genomics of photosynthetic eukaryotes." Iowa City : University of Iowa, 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/311.

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Hraber, Peter T. "Discovering molecular mechanisms of mututalism with computational approaches to endosymbiosis /." Color figures, full content, and supplementary materials are available online, 2001.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New Mexico, 2001.
"July, 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-121). Color figures, full content, and supplementary materials are available online via www.santafe.edu/p̃th/dss.
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Wisecaver, Jennifer Hughes. "Horizontal Gene Transfer and Plastid Endosymbiosis in Dinoflagellate Gene Innovation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265594.

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Recent studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in niche adaptation in some eukaryotes and may be a major evolutionary force in unicellular lineages. One subcategory of HGT is endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT), which is characterized by a large influx of genes from endosymbiont to host nuclear genome and is a critical step in the establishment of permanent organelles, such as plastids. The dinoflagellates are a diverse group of mostly marine eukaryotes that have a propensity for both HGT and plastid endosymbiosis. Many dinoflagellates are predators and can acquire both genes and plastids from prey, blurring the distinction between HGT and EGT. Here, I measure genome mosaicism in dinoflagellates to investigate how HGT has impacted gene innovation and plastid endosymbiosis in this group. Because analysis of HGT depends on accurate phylogenetic trees, I first assessed the sensitivity of automated phylogenomic methods to variation in taxon sampling due to homolog selection parameters. Using methods based on this analysis, I showed that a large amount of HGT has occurred in dinoflagellates, particularly from bacterial donors. Further, I demonstrated that the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense has the largest number of genes gained relative to related eukaryotes using ancestral gene content reconstruction. Additionally, dinoflagellates have lost several ubiquitous eukaryotic metabolic genes, but missing genes have been functionally replaced by xenologs from many evolutionarysources. Other transferred genes are involved in diverse functions. These results suggest that dinoflagellate genomes are heavily impacted by HGT. Also, I investigated the timing and consequences of HGT in plastid endosymbiosis. Using the dinflagellate Dinophysis acuminata, a mixotrophic species that sequesters and maintains prey plastids, I identified plastid-targeted proteins that function in photosystem stabilization and metabolite transport. Dinophysis acuminate may be able to extend the useful life of the stolen plastid by protecting the photosystem and replacing damaged transporters. Phylogenetic analyses showed that genes are derived from multiple sources indicating a complex evolutionary history involving HGT. Dinophysis acuminate can acquire both genes and plastids from prey, which suggests that HGT could play an important role in plastid acquisition during the earliest stages of this transition.
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Truitt, Amy Michelle. "Wolbachia-Host Interactions and the Implications to Insect Conservation and Management." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3643.

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Parasitic reproductive endosymbionts are emerging as formidable threats to insect biodiversity. Wolbachia are prevalent maternally inherited intra-cellular bacteria found in >50% of arthropod species. These symbiotic bacteria interact with their hosts in diverse ways, most often they alter host reproduction causing four conditions that all selectively favor infected females: feminization, male killing, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Furthermore, depending on strain-type and host genetic background, Wolbachia are known to affect insect behavior, expand or shift host thermal tolerance ranges, and confer anti-viral protection to their hosts. Because Wolbachia both reside in and are transmitted with host cell cytoplasm, mitochondria and other cytoplasmically inherited genetic elements become linked with the bacteria. Thus, by enhancing their own transmission, Wolbachia-induced phenotypes can lead to mitochondrial selective sweeps, which may have profound impacts on vulnerable and small insect populations. Elucidating the extent to which endosymbionts influence biological and ecological functions is pivotal to making management decisions regarding imperiled insect species. My dissertation investigates biological and ecological impacts of host-endosymbiont interactions by examining Wolbachia infections in three different host systems. First, I used the federally threatened butterfly species Speyeria zerene hippolyta to determine whether the general reproductive success of local populations was affected by the introduction of CI-inducing Wolbachia-infected butterflies through implemented species recovery programs. Next, by characterizing the Wolbachia infections of parasitoids associated with the Eurema butterfly clade, I analyzed whether host-parasitoid interactions provide a path for interspecies horizontal transmission. Finally, I conducted a laboratory experiment using an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster line to determine whether Wolbachia influence host temperature preference. Together, my research examines how the individual level effects of host-endosymbiont interactions can expand into populations, have broader impacts on insect communities, and potentially impede the conservation and management of insects in nature. In chapter one, I screened S. z. hippolyta samples from three extant populations for Wolbachia infection. To examine the impacts of Wolbachia on small populations, I analyzed and compared infected and uninfected S. z. hippolyta reproductive data and showed that, in a population composed of infected and uninfected S. z. hippolyta, uninfected butterflies had reduced reproductive success (GLMM z = -8.067, P < 0.0001). I then developed a single-population demographic theoretical model using these same reproductive data to simulate and analyze different potential dynamics of small populations resulting from population supplementation with uninfected, CI-Wolbachia infected, or combined uninfected and infected butterflies. Analysis of model simulations revealed that supplementation with CI-inducing butterflies significantly suppressed host-population size (ANOVA F5,593 = 3349, PWolbachia-infected individuals (Tukey's post-hoc test P < 0.0001). In addition, supplementation by multiple releases using a combination of 50 infected and 300 uninfected butterflies has a less severe suppression effect, reducing the population by 75.8%, but the reduction occurs 42.6% faster than with the single release of 50 Wolbachia-infected butterflies (Tukey's post-doc test P < 0.0001). Parasitoid-host interactions have emerged as probable ecological relationships to facilitate horizontal transmission of Wolbachia. In chapter two, I addressed horizontal transmission using Eurema butterflies and their associated parasitoids. From four locations in Northern Queensland, Australia, I collected a total of 404 Eurema hecabe butterfly larvae. Twenty-three parasitoids emerged from the larvae of which 21 were Diptera and two were Hymenoptera. I amplified COI loci fragments from each parasitoid for BLAST query searches and found that 20 individual Diptera parasitoids matched to the genus Exorista and one to the genus Senometopia. One of the Hymenoptera parasitoids matched to the genus Microoplitis and the other to the genus Cotesia. To characterize Wolbachia infections, I used Wolbachia Multi Locus Sequencing Technique (MLST) and discovered that all 20 Exorista parasitoids were infected with an identical Wolbachia strain (ST-41), which is the same strain infecting their Eurema hecabe butterfly hosts. Although, further experiments are necessary to definitively determine that ST-41 Wolbachia are incorporated into germline cells of the parasitoids, this is the first study to provide ecological evidence for inter-ordinal Wolbachia transmission between Lepidoptera and Diptera. Furthermore, this discovery exposes the risk of population augmentation programs that move insects, potentially facilitating the spread of Wolbachia between species within a community through the accidental introduction of new Wolbachia-infected parasitoids. Finally, both Wolbachia and their insect hosts are temperature sensitive organisms. Wolbachia's replication behavior in their hosts is positively-temperature dependent, while environmental variation can have profound effects on insect's immune function, fitness, and fecundity. In chapter three, I conducted a laboratory experiment using a thermal gradient choice assay and an isogenic Drosophila melanogaster line with four different Wolbachia infection statuses -- uninfected, wMel, wMelCS, and wMelPop - to assess whether a relationship existed between Wolbachia infection and host temperature preference. Results from my laboratory experiment revealed that Wolbachia-infected flies preferred cooler temperatures compared to uninfected flies. Moreover, D. melanogaster temperature preferences varied depending on the Wolbachia strain variant with which they were infected; flies infected with the wMel strain had temperature preferences 2°C cooler compared to uninfected flies; flies infected with either wMelCS or wMelPop strains had preferred temperatures 8°C cooler compared to uninfected flies. Wolbachia-associated temperature preference variation within a species can lead to conspecifics occupying different microclimates, genetically adapting to different sets of specific environmental conditions, and may eventually result in ecological and reproductive isolation. While, reproduction isolation is recognized as one of the first stages in speciation, in small populations of endangered and threatened species, the inability to reproduce between conspecifics can drive species to extirpation or extinction. Collectively, the three chapters of my dissertation set precedent for future integration of host-endosymbiont research prior to implementing population supplementation or translocation programs for the conservation of imperiled insects.
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Teberobsky, Debora Yurman. "Aphis fabae (Scopoli) subspecies their host plant utilization, endosymbiosis and taxonomy (Homoptera: Aphididae)." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245896.

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Garrido, Clotilde. "De l’origine des peptides d’adressage aux organites (mitochondries et chloroplastes)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS280.pdf.

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Les mitochondries et les chloroplastes sont des organites de cellules eucaryotes issus d’événements endosymbiotiques impliquant une bactérie et une cellule hôte il y a plus d’un milliard d’années. Aujourd’hui la très grande majorité des protéines présentes dans ces organites sont codées dans le noyau. Le ciblage des protéines cytosoliques vers les mitochondries et les chloroplastes pourrait dériver d’un mécanisme de résistance bactérienne aux attaques de peptides antimicrobiens, ces acteurs majeurs de l’immunité innée, présents dans tous les domaines du vivant. Cette hypothèse se base sur les similarités frappantes entre ces deux mécanismes. Au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai mis à l’épreuve cette hypothèse. Dans une première partie, j’ai pu montrer qu’un sous-ensemble de peptides antimicrobiens se structurant en hélice ↵-amphipathique et les peptides d’adressage possédaient des propriétés physico-chimiques communes, qui sont distinctes de celles partagées entre les peptides signaux de sécrétion bactériens et eucaryotes dont l’origine évolutive commune est bien établie. De plus, ils peuvent se complémenter fonctionnellement in vivo, confortant l’hypothèse de leur origine commune (Garrido et al. 2020). La transition moléculaire nécessaire pour passer d’un peptide antimicrobien à un peptide d’adressage comporte trois étapes cruciales : i) le remplacement des lysines par des arginines qui permet de diminuer l’activité microbienne et de favoriser l’activité d’adressage, ii) l’acquisition d’un site de clivage au sein des peptides d’adressage, iii) l’acquisition d’un domaine N-terminal peu structuré afin d’orienter l’adressage vers le chloroplaste et non vers la mitochondrie au sein des eucaryotes photosynthétiques (Caspari, Garrido et al., article soumis). Dans une deuxième partie, j’ai établi le catalogue exhaustif des familles d’homologues des peptidases impliquées dans la dégradation des peptides d’adressage dans l’arbre du vivant. J’ai pu démontrer que chacune de ces peptidases a été acquise via un évènement de transfert horizontal depuis une bactérie. En accord avec notre hypothèse, on retrouve de nombreux homologues de bactéries résistantes aux peptides antimicrobiens proches des peptidases des organites (Garrido et al., article soumis)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are eukaryotic organelles that originated from endosymbiotic events betweena bacteria and a host cell more than a billion years ago. Today, the vast majority of proteins present in theseorganelles are encoded in the nucleus. Targeting of cytosolic proteins to mitochondria and chloroplasts couldderive from a mechanism of bacterial resistance to the attacks of antimicrobial peptides, major actors of theinnate immunity system, present in all domains of life. This hypothesis is based on the striking similaritiesbetween these two mechanisms. During my PhD, I challenged this hypothesis. In a first part, I showed thata subset of antimicrobial peptides structuring in ↵-amphipathic helix and organelle targeting peptides havecommon physico-chemical properties, distinct from those shared by bacterial and eukaryotic secretory signalpeptides whose common evolutionary origin is well established. Furthermore, they can functionally complementeach other, supporting the hypothesis of their common origin (Garrido et al. 2020). The molecular transitionrequired for the emergence of a targeting peptide from an antimicrobial peptide involves 3 crucial steps : (i)the replacement of lysines with arginines, which decreases microbial activity and promotes addressing activity,(ii) the acquisition of a cleavage site and (iii) the acquisition of a loosely structured N-terminal domain forchloroplast specific targeting within photosynthetic eukaryotes (Caspari, Garrido et al. , submitted). In asecond part, I established the exhaustive catalog of peptidase homologous families involved in the degradationof taregting peptides across the tree of life. I showed that each of these peptidases was acquired via a horizontaltransfer event from a bacterium; and consistent with the hypothesis, many homologs from antimicrobialpeptide-resistant bacterial are closely related to the organelle peptidases (Garrido et al., submitted)
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Roopin, Modi M. Chadwick Nanette Elizabeth. "Symbiotic benefits to sea anemones from the metabolic byproducts of anemonefish." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1331.

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Gerhart, Jonathan Graham. "Evolution and Metabolic Potential of Francisella-like Endosymbionts of Ticks." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3832.

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Endosymbiosis in arthropods involves intracellular bacteria that supply an array of benefits to the host. Endosymbionts likely enhance the health of ticks by provisioning amino acids such as cysteine and tyrosine, and cofactors such as biotin and folic acid that are not available in blood--the sole nutrient source of ticks. Endosymbionts of ticks are of special interest due to their close evolutionary relationship with tick-vectored pathogens that impact livestock and human health. For example, ticks typically contain Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) that are the closest relatives of the human pathogen Coxiella burnetii. In order to understand the evolutionary relationship between the mammalian pathogen Francisella tularensis, which is vectored by ticks, and the Francisella-like endosymbionts (FLEs) present in several ticks, we assembled the genomes of the FLEs in the hard tick Amblyomma maculatum and the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata using high-throughput sequencing. While this project was in progress, another group described the genome of an FLE in the soft tick Argus (Persicargas) arboreus. Utilizing the three genomes, we show that all FLEs evolved from a mammalian pathogen, a relationship that is converse to that of C. burnetii, which likely evolved from a tick-associated non-pathogenic ancestor. Additionally, our analyses indicate that FLEs are horizontally transferred between ticks, and due to their superior metabolic capabilities could replace ancestral endosymbionts with reduced genomes.
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Atyame, Nten Célestine Michelle. "Dynamique évolutive des bactéries endocellulaires Wolbachia et des incompatibilités cytoplasmiques chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20031/document.

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Les Wolbachia sont des α-Protéobactéries endocellulaires transmises maternellement et qui manipulent la reproduction des Arthropodes pour augmenter leur transmission. Chez le moustique Culex pipiens, Wolbachia induit l'incompatibilité cytoplasmique (IC) qui se traduit par une forte mortalité embryonnaire lors de croisements entre individus infectés par des souches incompatibles de Wolbachia. Ce moustique se caractérise par une forte diversité génétique de ses Wolbachia (nommées wPip) et par des patrons d'IC complexes. Nous avons examiné les mécanismes qui façonnent la dynamique de cette association symbiotique aux niveaux génomique, phénotypique et populationnel. Nous avons montré que les souches wPip ont une origine génétique commune récente et qu'elles s'organisent en groupes génétiques présentant une structuration géographique. Nous avons mis en évidence des évènements de recombinaison entre souches wPip qui pourraient jouer un rôle majeur dans la diversité génétique des Wolbachia et dans l'évolution rapide des patrons d'IC. En croisant des lignées de moustiques d'origines géographiques diverses et infectées par des souches de différents groupes génétiques, nous avons montré que les IC (i) évoluent très rapidement chez Cx. pipiens; (ii) sont contrôlées par plusieurs déterminants génétiques, et (iii) qu'il y a une relation entre les patrons d'IC et les groupes génétiques des Wolbachia. Dans les populations naturelles, il apparaît que les IC sont contre sélectionnées au sein d'une population mais qu'une zone de contact entre populations infectées par des souches incompatibles peut se maintenir de façon stable
Wolbachia are maternally inherited endocellular α-Proteobacteria that manipulate the reproduction of Arthropods to promote their own transmission. In the mosquito Culex pipiens, Wolbachia induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) which results in high embryonic mortality in crosses between mosquitoes infected with incompatible Wolbachia strains. This mosquito is characterized by high genetic diversity of its Wolbachia (referred as wPip strains) and by complex CI patterns. We examined mechanisms that shape the dynamics of this symbiotic association at genomic, phenotypic and field population levels to understand how it evolves. We showed that wPip strains have a unique and recent evolutionary origin and that their diversity clusters into distinct genetic groups with a geographic structure. We revealed the existence of extensive recombinations among wPip strains, which could influence their adaptive dynamics by creating new wPip strains and thus allow the rapid emergence of new CI patterns. The analysis of crossing relationships between mosquito lines from different geographic origins and infected with wPip strains belonging to different genetic groups showed that CIs (i) evolve rapidly in Cx. pipiens; (ii) are controlled by several genetic factors, and (iii) there is a significant relationship between CI patterns and genetic divergence of wPip strains. In field populations, it appears that CIs are selected against within a population but a contact zone between populations infected by incompatible Wolbachia strains can be stably maintained
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Books on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

1

Löffelhardt, Wolfgang, ed. Endosymbiosis. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5.

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Löffelhardt, W. Endosymbiosis. Wien: Springer, 2014.

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Saibōnai kyōsei. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 1985.

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Geus, Armin. Bakterienlicht & Wurzelpilz: Endosymbiosen in Forschung und Geschichte. Marburg: Basilisken-Presse, 1998.

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1940-, Schwemmler Werner, and Gassner George, eds. Insect endocytobiosis: Morphology, physiology, genetics, evolution. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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L, O'Neill Scott, Hoffmann Ary A, and Werren John H, eds. Influential passengers: Inherited microorganisms and arthropod reproduction. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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Manipulative tenants: Bacteria associated with arthropods. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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Shivokene, I͡A. Simbiotnoe pishchevarenie u gidrobiontov i nasekomykh: Monografii͡a. Vilʹni͡us: "Mokslas", 1989.

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Schenk, Hainfried E. A. 1934- and International Colloquium on Endocytobiology and Symbiosis (6th : 1995 : Tübingen, Germany), eds. Eukaryotism and symbiosis: Intertaxonic combination versus symbiotic adaptation. Berlin: Springer, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

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Latorre, Amparo. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 733–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_516.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 901. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_3842.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_3842-1.

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Latorre, Amparo. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 494–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_516.

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Reitner, Joachim, and Volker Thiel. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Geobiology, 355. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_82.

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Latorre, Amparo. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_516-4.

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Latorre, Amparo. "Endosymbiosis." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 901–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_516.

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Lang, B. Franz. "Mitochondria and the Origin of Eukaryotes." In Endosymbiosis, 3–18. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_1.

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Linares, Marjorie, Dee Carter, and Sven B. Gould. "Chromera et al.: Novel Photosynthetic Alveolates and Apicomplexan Relatives." In Endosymbiosis, 183–96. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_10.

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Tanifuji, Goro, and John M. Archibald. "Nucleomorph Comparative Genomics." In Endosymbiosis, 197–213. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

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Johnson, Kiara, Piper Welch, Emily Dolson, and Anya E. Vostinar. "Endosymbiosis or Bust: Influence of Ectosymbiosis on Evolution of Obligate Endosymbiosis." In The 2022 Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00488.

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Stadnichuk, I. N., and V. V. Kuznetsov. "Chloroplast endosymbiosis: historical aspect and current problems." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-410.

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MOUSTAFA, AHMED, CHEONG XIN CHAN, MEGAN DANFORTH, DAVID ZEAR, HIBA AHMED, NAGNATH JADHAV, TREVOR SAVAGE, and DEBASHISH BHATTACHARYA. "A PHYLOGENOMIC APPROACH FOR STUDYING PLASTID ENDOSYMBIOSIS." In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848163324_0014.

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Song, Na-Young, Xin Li, Jonathan H. Badger, Jami Willette Brown, Xhonghe Sun, Gongping Shi, Feng Zhu, et al. "Abstract B17: IKKα/STAT3 antagonistic signaling regulates fungi-bacteria endosymbiosis-associated carcinogenesis." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on the Microbiome, Viruses, and Cancer; February 21-24, 2020; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.mvc2020-b17.

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Johnson, Kiara, Sylvie Dirkswager, and Anya E. Vostinar. "Evolution of symbiotic task-based digital genomes: ectosymbiosis hastens the evolution of endosymbiosis." In The 2023 Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00661.

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"Genome assembly of a new Wolbachia pipientis strain: a promising source for studying Drosophila melanogaster endosymbiosis." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/Systems Biology (BGRS/SB-2022) :. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/sbb-2022-077.

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Rizo Rubalcava, Alicia Margarita, Mónica Margarita Arellano Lara, Rubén de Jesús Tovilla Quesada, María Guadalupe Carrillo Alejo, Miguel Ángel Villarreal Gutiérrez, and Argentina Minerva Madrigal González. "GRAPHIC DESIGN AND SCIENTIFIC DISSEMINATION OF THE THEORIES OF THE MOLECULAR ORIGIN OF LIFE (PANSPERMIA AND ENDOSYMBIOSIS)." In 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.1521.

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Chou, Pai H. "Endosymbiotic computing." In the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1629911.1630075.

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Pekarcik, Adrian J. "Endosymbionts ofMelanaphis sacchari." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108437.

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Todiraş, Vasile, Svetlana Prisacari, Serghei Corcimaru, and Tatiana Gutsul. "The potential of magnetite-based nanocomposites in nanophytoremediation of soils polluted by polyethylene." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.35.

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The Republic of Moldova suffers from the problem of environmental pollution by plastics, including by the low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The accumulation of plastics by plants has negative consequences for the food security and sustainable development of the agriculture. It is suggested that over time soil pollution by plastics can threaten the successful functioning of the entire agricultural system. The negative consequences of soil pollution by plastics impose the need of developing measures of remediation. Due to the lack of efficient chemical and physical methods for destroying plastics in soil, the attention has recently been directed towards developing biological degradation techniques, including the ones based on application of phytoremediation and nano-phytoremediation. However, the potential of these techniques in the cases of soil pollution by LDPE is understudied. The aim of this work was to estimate the potential of the magnetite-based nanocomposites in the nano-phytoremediation of soils contaminated by LDPE. According to the obtained results, under the conditions of the vegetative experiments the LDPE treated by different magnetite-based nanocomposites and then introduced into a soil collected from the landfill near Slobozia-Dușca (contaminated with different pollutants including LDPE) did not have toxic effects on the development of soybean plants. More than that, the plants from the variant where the soil was treated with the LDPE covered by the MgFe2/PVPmax nanocomposite and where the seeds were inoculated by a specific rhizobia strain had the highest dry mass that was statistically different from most variants: respectively, +44.4% and +19.4% as compared to the absolute and “inoculated” controls, and +38.0% as compared to the variant where the LDPE was without nanocomposites and the seeds – without inoculation. Also, the covering of LDPE by this nanocomposite significantly stimulated the root length (up to +62.2% comparing to the absolute control) and contributed to a 42.8% increase in the efficiency of seed inoculation by specific rhizobia (increased the mass of the root nodules). It was observed that the endosymbiosis with rhizobia was not possible without prior seed inoculation by a specific strain, implying that the soil was absolutely toxic to the aboriginal rhizobia.
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Reports on the topic "Endosymbiosis"

1

Fitzpatrick, Eileen. First Bacterial Endosymbionts Found in the Phylum Ascomycota. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.675.

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Fisher, Charles, and James Childress. Host-Symbiont Interactions between a Marine Mussel and Methanotrophic Bacterial Endosymbionts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235562.

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Fisher, Charles, and James Childress. Host-Symbiont Interactions Between a Marine Mussel and Methanotrophic Bacterial Endosymbionts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada244810.

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Gerhart, Jonathan. Evolution and Metabolic Potential of Francisella-like Endosymbionts of Ticks. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5726.

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Stern, David, and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.

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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.
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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown, and Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.
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