Journal articles on the topic 'Endophytic'
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1
Hata, Kunihiko, Kazuyoshi Futai, and Mitsuya Tsuda. "Seasonal and needle age-dependent changes of the endophytic mycobiota in Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora needles." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-177.
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Monthly changes in the endophytic mycobiota in Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. needles were detected by tissue culture. Endophytic mycobiota of these pine needles were dominated by four taxa: the Leptostroma anamorph of the Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev. complex, Phialocephala sp., Cenangium ferruginosum Fr.:Fr., and an unidentified hyphomycete species (BrS). The mycobiota differed with host pine species, position on the needle, and needle age. Virtually no endophytes were detected in needles just after emergence, but most segments of the older needles harbored endophytes. The endophytic mycobiota changed slowly with needle aging, except for the periods of rapid increase in the detection frequency of Leptostroma and Phialocephala sp. Detection frequency of Leptostroma, the most frequently detected endophyte taxon in the needles of the two pine species, continuously increased with needle aging, while that of Phialocephala sp., the endophyte mainly detected from the basal segments of Pinus densiflora, slowly decreased with needle aging after a massive emergence in current-year needles.Key words: Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, pine needle, endophytic fungi.
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Arnold, A. Elizabeth, Alison H. Harrington, Jana M. U'Ren, Shuzo Oita, and Patrik Inderbitzin. "Two new endophytic species enrich the Coniochaeta endophytica / C. prunicola clade: Coniochaeta lutea sp. nov. and C. palaoa sp. nov." Plant and Fungal Systematics 66, no. 1 (July 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0006.
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Coniochaeta (Coniochaetaceae, Ascomycota) is a diverse genus that includes a striking richness of undescribed species with endophytic lifestyles, especially in temperate and boreal plants and lichens. These endophytes frequently represent undescribed species that can clarify evolutionary relationships and trait evolution within clades of previously classified fungi. Here we extend the geographic, taxonomic, and host sampling presented in a previous analysis of the clade containing Coniochaeta endophytica, a recently described species occurring as an endophyte from North America; and C. prunicola, associated with necroses of stonefruit trees in South Africa. Our multi-locus analysis and examination of metadata for endophyte strains housed in the Robert L. Gilbertson Mycological Herbarium at the University of Arizona (ARIZ) (1) expands the geographic range of C. endophytica across a wider range of the USA than recognized previously; (2) shows that the ex-type of C. prunicola (CBS 120875) forms a well-supported clade with endophytes of native hosts in North Carolina and Michigan, USA; (3) reveals that the ex-paratype for C. prunicola (CBS 121445) forms a distinct clade with endophytes from North Carolina and Russia, is distinct morphologically from the other taxa considered here, and is described herein as Coniochaeta lutea; and (4) describes a new species, Coniochaeta palaoa, here identified as an endophyte of multiple plant lineages in the highlands and piedmont of North Carolina. Separation of CBS 120875 and CBS 121445 into C. prunicola sensu stricto and C. lutea is consistent with previously described genomic differences between these isolates, and morphological and functional differences among the four species (C. endophytica, C. prunicola, C. palaoa, and C. lutea) underscore the phylogenetic relationships described here. The resolving power of particular loci and the emerging perspective on the host- and geographic range of Coniochaeta and the C. endophytica / C. prunicola clade are discussed.
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Torres, M. S., A. P. Singh, N. Vorsa, T. Gianfagna, and J. R. Author. "Were endophytes pre-adapted for defensive mutualism?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3087.
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Defensive mutualism in many grass endophytes involves herbivore deterrence, enhanced disease suppression and drought tolerance. According to our current understanding of the mechanisms, these defensive effects are unique features of the fungi and specific fungal qualities are responsible for each. We examined a selection of species of family Clavicipitaceae for defensive traits including ergot alkaloids and loline production and development of endophytic and epiphytic mycelial states. When features responsible for defensive effects are mapped onto phylogenetic trees showing relationships in the family, it is apparent that all defensive features of endophytic fungi pre-existed evolution of endophytism. We suggest that once endophytism evolved, the alkaloids and other fungal-mediated defensive features switched from previous functions to serve host defense functions. Defensive mutualism in the Clavicipitaceae endophytes naturally evolved through use of pre-existing fungal features after the step to endophytism was made. Keywords: Clavicipitaceae, defensive mutualism, endophytes, ergot alkaloids, loline alkaloids
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Helander, M. L., T. N. Sieber, O. Petrini, and S. Neuvonen. "Endophytic fungi in Scots pine needles: spatial variation and consequences of simulated acid rain." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-135.
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Within- and among-tree variation in assemblages of endophytic fungi in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles were studied in a subarctic area where background pollution values are low; the effects of tree density and prolonged simulated acid rain on the occurrence of endophytic fungi were investigated. The needle endophyte most frequently isolated was Cenangium ferruginosum, accounting for 64% of all fungal individuals, followed by Cyclaneusma minus (12% of all individuals). Old needles were colonized more frequently by endophytes than young ones. In young needles the colonization by endophytes increased during the summer, whereas in old ones no seasonal variation was detected. Endophyte colonization was positively correlated with stand density and was reduced on pines treated with spring water acidified with either sulphuric acid alone or in combination with nitric acid. In contrast, nitric acid alone did not affect endophyte colonization. Key words: endophytes, needles, pine, Pinus, simulated acid rain, stand density.
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Ancheeva, Elena, Georgios Daletos, and Peter Proksch. "Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 11 (April 23, 2020): 1836–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190916144709.
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Background: Endophytes represent a complex community of microorganisms colonizing asymptomatically internal tissues of higher plants. Several reports have shown that endophytes enhance the fitness of their host plants by direct production of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in protecting the host against herbivores and pathogenic microbes. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that endophytes are able to biosynthesize medicinally important “phytochemicals”, originally believed to be produced only by their host plants. Objective: The present review provides an overview of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi with pronounced biological activities covering the literature between 2010 and 2017. Special focus is given on studies aiming at exploration of the mode of action of these metabolites towards the discovery of leads from endophytic fungi. Moreover, this review critically evaluates the potential of endophytic fungi as alternative sources of bioactive “plant metabolites”. Results: Over the past few years, several promising lead structures from endophytic fungi have been described in the literature. In this review, 65 metabolites are outlined with pronounced biological activities, primarily as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. Some of these metabolites have shown to be highly selective or to possess novel mechanisms of action, which hold great promises as potential drug candidates. Conclusion: Endophytes represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pharmacologically important compounds. Moreover, endophytic fungi could be exploited for the sustainable production of bioactive “plant metabolites” in the future. Towards this aim, further insights into the dynamic endophyte - host plant interactions and origin of endophytic fungal genes would be of utmost importance.
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Hata, Kunihiko, and Kazuyoshi Futai. "Endophytic fungi associated with healthy pine needles and needles infested by the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-040.
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The endophytic mycobiota of the galls of pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, and healthy current-year needles of Pinus densiflora and the F2 hybrid pine (Pinus thunbergii × (P. thunbergii × P. densiflora)) was compared. Phialocephala sp. was the dominant endophyte isolated from the galls and from the basal regions of healthy needles. Species richness in endophytes was facilitated in galls compared to the basal region of healthy needles, and the commencement of their colonization was hastened in galls. In the early stages of gall formation, however, no endophyte was isolated, suggesting that gall endophytes are not carried into the galls by the midge. Endophytes of healthy and galled pine needles were divided into two groups: position-specific fungi, which showed intrinsically restricted distributions on needles; and gall-specific fungi. These two groups might represent different ecological groups of endophytes. Possible interactions between endophytes and the pine needle gall midge are also discussed. Key words: endophytic fungi, Pinus densiflora, F2 hybrid pine, pine needle gall midge.
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Baroncelli, Riccardo, Daniele Da Lio, Giovanni Vannacci, and Sabrina Sarrocco. "Genome Resources for the Endophytic Fungus Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 9 (September 2020): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0097-a.
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Paraphaeosphaeria genus includes plant pathogens or biocontrol agents as well as bioremediators and endophytic fungi. Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa 10515 was isolated in 2013 as an endophyte of Festuca spp. collected on Mount Etna at 1,832 meters above sea level. Here, we present the first-draft whole-genome sequence of a P. sporulosa endophytic isolate. This data will be useful for future research on understanding the genetic bases of endophytism.
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Heviefo, Gabriel A., Seth W. Nyamador, Seth W. Nyamador, Benjamin D. Datinon, Isabelle A. Glitho, and Manuele Tamò. "Comparative efficacy of endophytic versus foliar application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against the crucifer diamondback moth larvae for sustainable cabbage protection." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.22.
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In recent investigations, Beauveria bassiana has been reported to be pathogenic to insect, endophytically colonize cabbage plants and may, therefore, be an alternative to chemical control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. In this study, the comparative efficacy of endophytic and foliar application of B. bassiana was assessed on different larval instars of P. xylostella. Cabbage plants were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia using seed coating and root soaking methods. Six weeks after plant endophytic inoculation, larval instars 2, 3 and 4 of P. xylostella were released on endophytic plant leaves without fungal spraying, on non-endophytic leaves sprayed immediately with fungal formulation and on untreated control leaves. Our results indicate that the average mortality rates of larval instars 2, 3 and 4 were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) on plants colonized by the endophyte than non-inoculated, untreated control plant. Similarly, significant differences were obtained between the foliar spraying of the fungus (corrected mortalities ≥ 96.72%) and the endophytic applications (corrected mortalities ≤ 57.61 %). In endophytic treatments, larval mortality rates varied with larval age. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of B. bassiana endophytism in cabbage.Keywords: Fungal endophyte, foliar application, cabbage plant, Plutella xylostella, larval mortality, cadaver sporulation.
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WA, Elkhateeb. "Actinotherapy: Highlights on the Pharmaceutical Potentials of Actinomycetes." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000194.
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Endophytes are microorganisms that are associated with the plant tissues without having any harmful effect on the host plant. Various medicinal plants are valuable sources of endophytic actinobacteria that exhibit high economic impact. The endophytic microbes can synthesis a wide range of novel compounds that found great applications in agricultural, pharmaceutical, as well as other industries. It is noteworthy to focus the current research on valuable applications of these microbial populations that could help in solving many problems related to the environment, agriculture, and health. Moreover, the characterization of different endophytic actinobacteria that are associated with valuable medicinal plants may help understanding plant- endophyte interactions. The current review discusses the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria rich in therapeutic agents that have been known for their medicinal applications.
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Conn, Vanessa M., and Christopher M. M. Franco. "Effect of Microbial Inoculants on the Indigenous Actinobacterial Endophyte Population in the Roots of Wheat as Determined by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6407-6413.2004.
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ABSTRACT The effect of single actinobacterial endophyte seed inoculants and a mixed microbial soil inoculant on the indigenous endophytic actinobacterial population in wheat roots was investigated by using the molecular technique terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Wheat was cultivated either from seeds coated with the spores of single pure actinobacterial endophytes of Microbispora sp. strain EN2, Streptomyces sp. strain EN27, and Nocardioides albus EN46 or from untreated seeds sown in soil with and without a commercial mixed microbial soil inoculant. The endophytic actinobacterial population within the roots of 6-week-old wheat plants was assessed by T-RFLP. Colonization of the wheat roots by the inoculated actinobacterial endophytes was detected by T-RFLP, as were 28 to 42 indigenous actinobacterial genera present in the inoculated and uninoculated plants. The presence of the commercial mixed inoculant in the soil reduced the endophytic actinobacterial diversity from 40 genera to 21 genera and reduced the detectable root colonization by approximately half. The results indicate that the addition of a nonadapted microbial inoculum to the soil disrupted the natural actinobacterial endophyte population, reducing diversity and colonization levels. This was in contrast to the addition of a single actinobacterial endophyte to the wheat plant, where the increase in colonization level could be confirmed even though the indigenous endophyte population was not adversely affected.
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THAMBUGALA, KASUN, DINUSHANI DARANAGAMA, SAGARIKA KANNANGARA, and THENUKA KODITUWAKKU. "Revealing the endophytic mycoflora in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves in Sri Lanka: the first comprehensive study." Phytotaxa 514, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.514.3.5.
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Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that live asymptomatically in healthy tissues of host and they have been reported from all kinds of plant tissues such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. In this study, fungal endophytes associated with tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) were collected from Kandy, Kegalle, and Nuwara Eliya districts in Sri Lanka and were isolated, characterized, and identified. A total of twenty endophytic fungal isolates belonging to five genera were recovered and ITS-rDNA sequence data were used to identify them. All isolated endophytic fungal strains belong to the phylum Ascomycota and the majority of these isolates were identified as Colletotrichum species. Phyllosticta capitalensis was the most commonly found fungal endophyte in tea leaves and was recorded in all three districts where the samples were collected. This is the very first investigation on fungal endophytes associated with C. sinensis in Sri Lanka based on molecular sequence data. In addition, a comprehensive account of known endophytic fungi reported worldwide on Camellia sinensis is provided.
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Istifadaha, Noor, Dewi Nurma Yanti Ningtyasb, Pujawati Suryatmana, and Betty Natalie Fitriatin. "The Abilities of Endophytic and Biofertilizing Bacteria and Their Combinations to Suppress Bacterial Wilt Disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) of Chili." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1052.
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Bacterial wilt disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) is one of the most important diseases in Solanaceae, including chili. Biological control is one of environmentally-friendly method for controlling plant diseases. Microbes that are potential as biological control agents include bacterial endophytes and bacteria that are usually used as biofertilizer. This paper discusses the result of the study that examined the abilities of endophytic and biofertilizing bacteria solely or in combination to suppress bacterial wilt disease (R. solanacearum). The endophytic bacteria isolates tested were Lysinibacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, while biofertilizing bacteria used were N-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chrococcum) and P-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas cepacea). The results showed that the endophytic bacteria, biofertilizing bacteria and their combination inhibited wilt disease incidence in chili by 46.7-80 %. The highest disease suppression (80 %) showed by the endophytic bacteria, B. subtilis. This endophyte was also able to promote a significant chili growth. Keywords: Ralstonia solanacearum, Endophytic bacteria, Biofertilizer, Biological control, Chili.
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OKUNGBOWA, Francisca I., Hakeem O. SHITTU, and Henry O. OBIAZIKWOR. "Endophytic Bacteria: Hidden Protective Associates of Plants against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11210423.
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An endophyte is a microorganism, usually bacterium or fungus, which lives within the internal tissue of a host plant, causing no apparent harm. Some characteristics of an endophyte include ability to promote plant growth and to confer plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Endophytic bacteria spread across many phyla including the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Endophytic bacteria are recruited by hosts and they get attached to the surface and eventually find their way into the internal tissues where they spread to the intercellular spaces of host plants. These bacteria have been isolated and characterized from different plants. Currently, culture-independent methods such as sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene or metalogenomics are used for identification and characterization of endophytes. The mechanisms by which the endophyte-induced plant protection is brought about can be through direct and/or indirect methods. The direct strategy antagonizes phytopathogens by the production of chemical substances while the indirect mechanisms improve resistance of hosts to pathogens. Global gene expression studies on some common endophytic bacteria implicated these direct and indirect strategies of bacterial-induced protection. More research should be geared towards how the economic importance of endophytic bacteria could be utilized to enhance global food security.
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Viljoen, Altus, Nico Labuschagne, Thomas Dubois, Shahasi Athman, Daniel Coyne, and Clifford S. Gold. "Effect of endophytic Fusarium oxysporum on root penetration and reproduction of Radopholus similis in tissue culture-derived banana (Musa spp.) plants." Nematology 9, no. 5 (2007): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107782024839.
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AbstractIn Uganda, banana (Musa spp.) production is constrained by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis. Non-pathogenic, endophytic Fusarium oxysporum has been isolated from healthy banana plants, and several strains have shown potential as biological control agents against R. similis. Plant infection by R. similis can be characterised in three steps: host searching, root penetration and reproduction. In this study, we investigated the effects of three endophytic F. oxysporum strains (Eny1.31i, Eny7.11o and V5w2) on root penetration and reproduction of R. similis in tissue culture-derived banana plants. The number of R. similis that penetrated roots of endophyte-inoculated and untreated plants was not influenced by the endophytes in either laboratory or screenhouse experiments. However, R. similis reproduction was reduced by endophytes. Strain V5w2 gave the greatest suppression of R. similis reproduction. The results of this study imply that antagonism of endophytic F. oxysporum against R. similis in banana plants is post-infectional and mediated through disruption of nematode reproduction.
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Oliveira, João Arthur dos Santos, Andressa Domingos Polli, Julio Cesar Polonio, Ravely Casarotti Orlandelli, Hélio Conte, João Lúcio Azevedo, and João Alencar Pamphile. "Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (July 1, 2020): e48321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.48321.
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Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitro antagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichum as the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvularia endophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichum sp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plants and other treatments. Despite many fungi of Colletotrichum genus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichum endophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way, we come across a Colletotrichum sp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichum sp. pathogen.
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Caruso, Gianluca, Magdi T. Abdelhamid, Andrzej Kalisz, and Agnieszka Sekara. "Linking Endophytic Fungi to Medicinal Plants Therapeutic Activity. A Case Study on Asteraceae." Agriculture 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070286.
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Endophytes are isolated from every plant species investigated to date, so the metabolome coevolution has been affecting the plants’ (microbiota) ethnobotanic, especially therapeutic, usage. Asteraceae fulfill the rationale for plant selection to isolate endophytes since most of the species of this family have a long tradition of healing usage, confirmed by modern pharmacognosy. The present review compiles recent references on the endophyte−Asteraceae spp. interactions, targeting the secondary metabolites profile as created by both members of this biological system. Endophyte fungi associated with Asteraceae have been collected globally, however, dominant taxa that produce bioactive compounds were specific for the plant populations of different geographic origins. Endophytic fungi richness within the host plant and the biological activity were positively associated. Moreover, the pharmacological action was linked to the plant part, so differential forms of biological interactions in roots, stem, leaves, inflorescences were developed between endophytic fungi and host plants. The comparative analysis of the Asteraceae host and/or fungal endophyte therapeutic activity showed similarities that need a future explanation on the metabolome level.
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Chen, Dawei, Lingyun Jia, Qinzheng Hou, Xiang Zhao, and Kun Sun. "Analysis of Endophyte Diversity of Rheum palmatum from Different Production Areas in Gansu Province of China and the Association with Secondary Metabolite." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050978.
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Investigations of the differences in the metabolites of medicinal plants have typically focused on the effects of external environmental factors. However, little is known about the relationship between endophytes diversity and host metabolites. We used high-throughput sequencing methods to compare the endophyte diversity of Rheum palmatum from eight different production areas in Gansu Province of China and to analyze the association between those areas and five secondary metabolites (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion). The results show that the diversity and OTUs (Operational taxonomic units) abundance of endophytic fungi and bacteria of R. palmatum differed according to production area. Spearman analysis showed that the five secondary metabolites of R. palmatum were positively correlated with the diversity and abundance of endophytic fungi. Comparing both space and environmental differences to determine influences on community structure, VPA analysis revealed that geographic factors explained more difference in community composition of fungal and bacterial endophytes than climate factors. PICRUSt and FUNGuild predictive analysis indicated that metabolites were the primary components of endophytic bacteria in all samples, while the function of endophytic fungi was composed of dominant trophic modes (saprotroph and pathotroph), and relative abundances were different. Our results help elucidate the correlation of plant–microbe interactions and offer pivotal information to reveal the role of endophytes in the production of R. palmatum and its important secondary metabolite.
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Yang, Hongjun, Wenwu Ye, Jiaxin Ma, Dandan Zeng, Zhenyang Rong, Miao Xu, Yuanchao Wang, and Xiaobo Zheng. "Endophytic fungal communities associated with field-grown soybean roots and seeds in the Huang-Huai region of China." PeerJ 6 (April 30, 2018): e4713. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4713.
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Plants depend on beneficial interactions between roots and fungal endophytes for growth, disease suppression, and stress tolerance. In this study, we characterized the endophytic fungal communities associated with the roots and corresponding seeds of soybeans grown in the Huang-Huai region of China. For the roots, we identified 105 and 50 genera by culture-independent and culture-dependent (CD) methods, respectively, and isolated 136 fungal strains (20 genera) from the CD samples. Compared with the 52 soybean endophytic fungal genera reported in other countries, 28 of the genera we found were reported, and 90 were newly discovered. Even though Fusarium was the most abundant genus of fungal endophyte in every sample, soybean root samples from three cities exhibited diverse endophytic fungal communities, and the results between samples of roots and seeds were also significantly different. Together, we identified the major endophytic fungal genera in soybean roots and seeds, and revealed that the diversity of soybean endophytic fungal communities was influenced by geographical effects and tissues. The results will facilitate a better understanding of soybean–endophytic fungi interaction systems and will assist in the screening and utilization of beneficial microorganisms to promote healthy of plants such as soybean.
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Vandana, Udaya Kumar, Jina Rajkumari, L. Paikhomba Singha, Lakkakula Satish, Hemasundar Alavilli, Pamidimarri D. V. N. Sudheer, Sushma Chauhan, et al. "The Endophytic Microbiome as a Hotspot of Synergistic Interactions, with Prospects of Plant Growth Promotion." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020101.
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The plant root is the primary site of interaction between plants and associated microorganisms and constitutes the main components of plant microbiomes that impact crop production. The endophytic bacteria in the root zone have an important role in plant growth promotion. Diverse microbial communities inhabit plant root tissues, and they directly or indirectly promote plant growth by inhibiting the growth of plant pathogens, producing various secondary metabolites. Mechanisms of plant growth promotion and response of root endophytic microorganisms for their survival and colonization in the host plants are the result of complex plant-microbe interactions. Endophytic microorganisms also assist the host to sustain different biotic and abiotic stresses. Better insights are emerging for the endophyte, such as host plant interactions due to advancements in ‘omic’ technologies, which facilitate the exploration of genes that are responsible for plant tissue colonization. Consequently, this is informative to envisage putative functions and metabolic processes crucial for endophytic adaptations. Detection of cell signaling molecules between host plants and identification of compounds synthesized by root endophytes are effective means for their utilization in the agriculture sector as biofertilizers. In addition, it is interesting that the endophytic microorganism colonization impacts the relative abundance of indigenous microbial communities and suppresses the deleterious microorganisms in plant tissues. Natural products released by endophytes act as biocontrol agents and inhibit pathogen growth. The symbiosis of endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects plant symbiotic signaling pathways and root colonization patterns and phytohormone synthesis. In this review, the potential of the root endophytic community, colonization, and role in the improvement of plant growth has been explained in the light of intricate plant-microbe interactions.
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Harrington, Alison H., Mariana del Olmo-Ruiz, Jana M. U’Ren, Kayla Garcia, Daniela Pignatta, Nichole Wespe, Dustin C. Sandberg, Yu-Ling Huang, Michele T. Hoffman, and A. Elizabeth Arnold. "Coniochaeta endophytica sp. nov., a foliar endophyte associated with healthy photosynthetic tissue of Platycladus orientalis (Cupressaceae)." Plant and Fungal Systematics 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pfs-2019-0008.
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AbstractThe ecologically diverse genus Coniochaeta (Coniochaetaceae, Ascomycota) contains numerous endophytic strains that occur in healthy leaves and lichen thalli in temperate and boreal North America. These endophytes frequently represent undescribed species. Here we examine two endophytic isolates of Coniochaeta from healthy photosynthetic tissue of Platycladus orientalis (Cupressaceae), a conifer cultivated for horticultural use in Arizona, USA. On the basis of morphology, in vitro assays, phylogenetic analyses of two loci, and analyses of whole genome data, we designate these endophytes as a novel species, Coniochaeta endophytica sp. nov. Strains of C. endophytica are closely related to an isolate from a native lichen in North Carolina, which we also characterize here. We compare C. endophytica with two known species that appear to be close relatives: C. prunicola, associated with wood necrosis in stonefruit trees in South Africa, and C. cephalothecoides, isolated from soil in Asia. The new species is distinct in phylogenetic, in vitro, and whole-genome analyses from C. prunicola, and differs slightly in conidiophore morphology from that species. Although available sequence data for C. cephalothecoides are of uncertain relation to the type specimen for that species, our results support the distinctiveness of C. endophytica on the basis of morphology, perithecial formation, and phylogenetic analyses. We discuss the challenge of identifying new species in the context of fungal ecology surveys, such as those for endophytes, which often rely only on a single locus and can misidentify taxa based on their closest matches in public databases or simple comparisons of barcode sequences alone.
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Amiri, Nana, and Donatha D. Tibuhwa. "Antimicrobial Activities of Endophytic Fungal Crude Extracts Isolated from Cashew Tree (Anacardium occidentale)." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 3 (August 14, 2021): 1102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i3.20.
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This study presents the antimicrobial activities of endophytic fungal crude extracts isolated from leaves, stems and roots of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale) which showed disease symptoms and those resistant from Fusarium wilt in Mtwara region. Sections of the cashew trees were made and cultured to isolate endophytes. Eight endophytes were isolated and characterized by using morphological and molecular markers. Neopestalotiopsis, Penicillium, Lasidioplodia and Daldinia sp isolated from resistant tree and Auxarthron and Aspergillus sp from diseased tree. Antimicrobial activities of the isolated endophytic fungal crude extracts were done against pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and three human pathogens namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis. Results showed that all endophytic fungal crude extracts isolated from resistant plants and one from diseased plants exhibited positive antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungus Candida tropicalis but they had no antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum. This study could contribute to the discovery and innovation of therapeutics. This study also implied that the resistance against Fusarium wilt disease might be caused by other unknown factors. More research work is recommended for establishing other possible factors including endophytic bacteria, biotic and abiotic factors that could contribute to resistance of cashew plants to Fusarium oxysporum.
Keywords: Antifungal; Phytopathology; Endophyte; Cashew nut disease
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West, E. R., E. J. Cother, C. C. Steel, and G. J. Ash. "The characterization and diversity of bacterial endophytes of grapevine." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 3 (March 2010): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-004.
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The diversity of culturable and nonculturable bacterial endophytes of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) was examined using a combination of cultivation and molecular methods. Entire grapevines were sampled to characterize bacterial diversity from different locations throughout the vine. Gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was used to identify culturable isolates prior to subsequent further microbiological characterization, whilst denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to profile the ribosomal DNA of the bacterial endophyte community extracted from grapevines. Gas chromatography of FAMEs identified 75% of culturable bacterial endophytes to genus level (similarity index >0.3). Many isolates were identified as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Curtobacterium spp. Additionally, actinomycetes are reported for the first time as endophytes of grapevines, with a number of isolates identified as Streptomyces spp. DGGE was successfully used to identify major bands present in samples and indicated a degree of homogeneity of bacterial endophyte community profiles within the grapevines sampled. The major bacterial bands were sequenced and used in identification. Comparison with bacterial markers produced from cultured bacterial endophytes suggested that bacteria in the DGGE profiles were not the species most commonly cultured. Additional research demonstrated similarities between epiphytic and endophytic populations and examined potential entry vectors. Endophyte entry was demonstrated in both field-grown and potted grapevines (‘Chardonnay’) using a rifampicin-resistant Bacillus cereus mutant. The possibility of grapevine epiphytes becoming endophytes, if the opportunity arises, was supported by comparison of gas chromatography of FAMEs from epiphytic and endophytic populations. This research adds grapevine bacterial endophyte communities to those that have been characterized by a multifaceted approach.
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Singh, Archana, Dheeraj K. Singh, Ravindra N. Kharwar, James F. White, and Surendra K. Gond. "Fungal Endophytes as Efficient Sources of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Prospective Applications in Natural Product Drug Discovery: Insights, Avenues, and Challenges." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010197.
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Fungal endophytes are well-established sources of biologically active natural compounds with many producing pharmacologically valuable specific plant-derived products. This review details typical plant-derived medicinal compounds of several classes, including alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, phenylpropanoids, quinones, saponins, terpenoids, and xanthones that are produced by endophytic fungi. This review covers the studies carried out since the first report of taxol biosynthesis by endophytic Taxomyces andreanae in 1993 up to mid-2020. The article also highlights the prospects of endophyte-dependent biosynthesis of such plant-derived pharmacologically active compounds and the bottlenecks in the commercialization of this novel approach in the area of drug discovery. After recent updates in the field of ‘omics’ and ‘one strain many compounds’ (OSMAC) approach, fungal endophytes have emerged as strong unconventional source of such prized products.
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Bittleston, L. S., F. Brockmann, W. Wcislo, and S. A. Van Bael. "Endophytic fungi reduce leaf-cutting ant damage to seedlings." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (July 7, 2010): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0456.
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Our study examines how the mutualism between Atta colombica leaf-cutting ants and their cultivated fungus is influenced by the presence of diverse foliar endophytic fungi (endophytes) at high densities in tropical leaf tissues. We conducted laboratory choice trials in which ant colonies chose between Cordia alliodora seedlings with high ( E high ) or low ( E low ) densities of endophytes. The E high seedlings contained 5.5 times higher endophyte content and a greater diversity of fungal morphospecies than the E low treatment, and endophyte content was not correlated with leaf toughness or thickness. Leaf-cutting ants cut over 2.5 times the leaf area from E low relative to E high seedlings and had a tendency to recruit more ants to E low plants. Our findings suggest that leaf-cutting ants may incur costs from cutting and processing leaves with high endophyte loads, which could impact Neotropical forests by causing variable damage rates within plant communities.
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Zanudin, Nur Afeeqah Binti Mohamed, Nor'Aishah Hasan, and Patahayah Binti Mansor. "Antagonistic Activity of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Garcinia atroviridis against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.3.209.
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The extensive use of synthetic fungicides in controlling plant disease generates detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. In response to this problem, an alternative method was developed, known as biological control using antagonistic microorganisms. Since investigation on fungal endophytes of Garcinia atroviridis is still unclear, it was chosen for the study. The aim of the present work was to evaluate biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi against Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, a phytopathogen that caused anthracnose disease. A total of 92 endophytic fungi were isolated from different tissue parts of Garcinia atroviridis including leaves, petioles, branches, and fruits. Results demonstrated that, most of endophytic fungal isolates showed some inhibitory action over the growth of C. gloeosporiodes during dual culture growth. Endophyte isolate F14 showed the highest antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes with 67.38% percentage inhibition radial growth (PIRG). However, 7 out of 92 isolates showed no inhibitory effect against Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. In conclusion, endophytic fungi isolated from G. atroviridis indicate the potential as biocontrol agents. It is hoped that the finding of isolated endophytic fungi in this study with antagonistic activity against anthracnose pathogen may be used in biocontrol programmes of plant disease in the region.
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Hallmann, J., A. Quadt-Hallmann, W. F. Mahaffee, and J. W. Kloepper. "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 895–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-131.
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Endophytic bacteria are ubiquitous in most plant species, residing latently or actively colonizing plant tissues locally as well as systemically. Several definitions have been proposed for endophytic bacteria; in this review endophytes will be defined as those bacteria that can be isolated from surface-disinfested plant tissue or extracted from within the plant, and that do not visibly harm the plant. While this definition does not include nonextractable endophytic bacteria, it is a practical definition based on experimental limitations and is inclusive of bacterial symbionts, as well as internal plant-colonizing nonpathogenic bacteria with no known beneficial or detrimental effects on colonized plants. Historically, endophytic bacteria have been thought to be weakly virulent plant pathogens but have recently been discovered to have several beneficial effects on host plants, such as plant growth promotion and increased resistance against plant pathogens and parasites. In general, endophytic bacteria originate from the epiphytic bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and phylloplane, as well as from endophyte-infested seeds or planting materials. Besides gaining entrance to plants through natural openings or wounds, endophytic bacteria appear to actively penetrate plant tissues using hydrolytic enzymes like cellulase and pectinase. Since these enzymes are also produced by pathogens, more knowledge on their regulation and expression is needed to distinguish endophytic bacteria from plant pathogens. In general, endophytic bacteria occur at lower population densities than pathogens, and at least some of them do not induce a hypersensitive response in the plant, indicating that they are not recognized by the plant as pathogens. Evolutionarily, endophytes appear to be intermediate between saprophytic bacteria and plant pathogens, but it can only be speculated as to whether they are saprophytes evolving toward pathogens, or are more highly evolved than plant pathogens and conserve protective shelter and nutrient supplies by not killing their host. Overall, the endophytic microfloral community is of dynamic structure and is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, with the plant itself constituting one of the major influencing factors. Since endophytic bacteria rely on the nutritional supply offered by the plant, any parameter affecting the nutritional status of the plant could consequently affect the endophytic community. This review summarizes part of the work being done on endophytic bacteria, including their methodology, colonization, and establishment in the host plant, as well as their role in plant–microbe interactions. In addition, speculative conclusions are raised on some points to stimulate thought and research on endophytic bacteria.Key words: endophytic bacteria, methods, localization, diversity, biological control.
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Seena, S., and K. R. Sridhar. "Endophytic fungal diversity of 2 sand dune wild legumes from the southwest coast of India." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w04-094.
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Endophytic fungi of 3 age classes (seeds, seedlings, and mature plants) and 5 tissue classes (cotyledons, seed coats, roots, stems, and leaves) of coastal sand dune legumes Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima were assessed by plating surface-sterilized segments on malt extract agar. Forty-six fungal taxa comprising 6 ascomycetes, 33 mitosporic fungi, 2 zygomycetes, and 5 sterile morphospecies were recovered. There was no significant difference in the colonization frequency of endophytes between plant species (p = 0.4098, Student's t test). Among the age classes, endophytic fungi colonized over 90% of seedlings and mature plants. Similarly, among tissue classes, endophytic fungi colonized over 90% of root, stem, and leaf segments. Diversity and richness of endophytic fungi were higher in C. cathartica than in C. maritima. Rarefaction curves revealed a "higher expected number of species" in mature plants of C. cathartica and seedlings of C. maritima, whereas it was highest in leaves of both plant species. The most dominant endophyte, Chaetomium globosum, colonized over 50% of the root, stem, and leaf segments of C. maritima and over 50% of the root segments of C. cathartica. The colonization frequency of C. globosum was found to be 5%–12.5% in seeds and increased up to 40%–64.4% in seedlings or mature plants. Halosarpheia sp. was the only marine fungus recovered among the endophytes.Key words: sand dunes, coast, legumes, Canavalia, diversity, endophytes, fungi, Chaetomium globosum.
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Gottel, Neil R., Hector F. Castro, Marilyn Kerley, Zamin Yang, Dale A. Pelletier, Mircea Podar, Tatiana Karpinets, et al. "Distinct Microbial Communities within the Endosphere and Rhizosphere of Populus deltoides Roots across Contrasting Soil Types." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 17 (July 15, 2011): 5934–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05255-11.
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ABSTRACTThe root-rhizosphere interface ofPopulusis the nexus of a variety of associations between bacteria, fungi, and the host plant and an ideal model for studying interactions between plants and microorganisms. However, such studies have generally been confined to greenhouse and plantation systems. Here we analyze microbial communities from the root endophytic and rhizospheric habitats ofPopulus deltoidesin mature natural trees from both upland and bottomland sites in central Tennessee. Community profiling utilized 454 pyrosequencing with separate primers targeting the V4 region for bacterial 16S rRNA and the D1/D2 region for fungal 28S rRNA genes. Rhizosphere bacteria were dominated byAcidobacteria(31%) andAlphaproteobacteria(30%), whereas most endophytes were from theGammaproteobacteria(54%) as well asAlphaproteobacteria(23%). A singlePseudomonas-like operational taxonomic unit (OTU) accounted for 34% of endophytic bacterial sequences. Endophytic bacterial richness was also highly variable and 10-fold lower than in rhizosphere samples originating from the same roots. Fungal rhizosphere and endophyte samples had approximately equal amounts of thePezizomycotina(40%), while theAgaricomycotinawere more abundant in the rhizosphere (34%) than endosphere (17%). Both fungal and bacterial rhizosphere samples were highly clustered compared to the more variable endophyte samples in a UniFrac principal coordinates analysis, regardless of upland or bottomland site origin. Hierarchical clustering of OTU relative abundance patterns also showed that the most abundant bacterial and fungal OTUs tended to be dominant in either the endophyte or rhizosphere samples but not both. Together, these findings demonstrate that root endophytic communities are distinct assemblages rather than opportunistic subsets of the rhizosphere.
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Sudarma, I. Made, Ni Made Puspawati, and I. Ketut Suada. "The Potency of Endofit Fungi in Cocoa as Biological Agent to Control Cocoa Pod Disease Caused by Phytophthota Palmivora (Butler) Butler." Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 1, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2017.v01.i01.p02.
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Cocoa pod disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora has resulted in loss of cacao in Indonesia, especially in Bali. So far the disease control strategy is not fully understood. So there is a need to find an alternative by using endophytic fungi associated with cocoa plant. Endophytic fungi are needed to be explored in all parts of the cocoa plant such as stems, leaves and husks. The prevalence of fungal endophyte was determined by the size of its domination on the surface tissue for protection against pathogen. The exploration of the endophytic fungi benefits is aimed at finding biological agent s that could control of pathogenic P. palmivora. The results showed that 15 types of endophyte fungi have been found in the healthy leaves, stem and pod husks, with the prevalence of fungal endophyte originated from healthy leaf Mecelia sterilia (hyphae sterile) around 30%, the endophyte fungi originated from the healthy cocoa stem are Mycelia sterilia, Neurospora spp and Trichoderma spp around 25%. While the endophytic fungi originated from healthy skin fruit is Trichoderma spp. around 35%. The in vitro test results of endophytic fungi antagonistic against P. palmivora indicated that the endophyte fungi originated from the leaf namely Aspergillus spp was obtained at 80 ± 2%, A. niger 90 ± 2%, A. flavus 100%, and Trichoderma spp. 90 ± 1.5%, the endophytic fungus originated from rods namely Neurospora spp. was 95 ± 2%, and Trichoderma spp. was 90 ± 2%. While the endophytic originated from rind namely Neurospora spp . was 95 ± 1.5 % and Trichoderma spp. was 80 ± 2%. The results of in vivo test of antagonistic endophytic fungi against P. palmivora showed that all of endophytic fungi (Aspergillus sp., A. niger, A. flavus, Neurospora sp., and Trichoderma sp.) have a significant effect in suppressing the growth of mycelium P. palmivora.Keywords: Endophytic Fungus, Phytophthora Palmivora, Inhibition, Prevalence, Biological Agents
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MURPHY, B. R., F. M. DOOHAN, and T. R. HODKINSON. "Fungal endophytes of barley roots." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 4 (June 13, 2013): 602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000348.
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SUMMARYFungal infections of barley have tremendous agricultural significance, and can be detrimental or beneficial. Beneficial root infections often involve endophytic fungi, but endophytic associations do not always confer benefits on their hosts. Endophyte infection can be negative, positive or neutral for the host. Benefits to barley and other plants infected with endophytic root fungi include an increase in seed yield, enhanced resistance to pathogens and improved stress tolerance. Even if an endophyte is never pathogenic, it is not always beneficial. The most important factors that determine the nature of the relationship are the specific combination of partner genotypes and developmental stage, and the ecological and environmental setting. The nutrient status of the plant and the availability of soil nutrients may have little effect on the degree of beneficial endophyte colonization and, unlike mycorrhizae, there is no apparent increase in endophyte-associated phosphorous transfer. There are indications of an association between successful endophyte colonization and high soil pH and clay content. The greatest benefits to the barley plant resulting from the associations seem to be obtained in abiotically stressed environments. Fungal infection may give the plant a greater ability to cope with the stress if the partners are in a balanced relationship. Each new study reveals an increasing diversity of beneficial fungal root endophytes and the full potential of these organisms is still to be determined. Further studies are urgently required to develop specific beneficial root–endophyte associations, or combination of them, that are tailored to individual barley varieties for maximum impact in agriculture.
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Fan, Shipeng, Liyun Miao, Haodong Li, Aihua Lin, Fajun Song, and Peng Zhang. "Illumina-based analysis yields new insights into the diversity and composition of endophytic fungi in cultivated Huperzia serrata." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): e0242258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242258.
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Endophytic fungi play an important role in plant growth. The composition and structure of endophytes vary in different plant tissues, which are specific habitats for endophyte colonization. To analyze the diversity and structural composition of endophytic fungi from toothed clubmoss (Huperzia serrata) that was artificially cultivated for 3 years, we investigated endophytic fungi from the roots, stems and leaves using comparative sequence analysis of the ITS2 region of the fungal rRNA genes sequenced with high-throughput sequencing technology. Seven fungal phyla were identified, and fungal diversity and structure varied across different tissues, with the most distinctive community features found in the roots. A total of 555 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, and 198 were common to all samples, and 43, 16, 16 OTUs were unique to the root, stem, leaf samples, respectively. Taxonomic classification showed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant phyla, and Cladosporium, Oidiodendron, Phyllosticta, Sebacina and Ilyonectria were dominant genera. The relative abundance heat map at the genus level suggested that H. serrata had characteristic endophytic fungal microbiomes. Line discriminant analysis effect size analysis and principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that fungal communities were tissue-type and tissue-site specific. Overall, our study provides new insights into the complex composition of endophytic fungi in H. serrata.
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Lu, Hongyun, Tianyu Wei, Hanghang Lou, Xiaoli Shu, and Qihe Chen. "A Critical Review on Communication Mechanism within Plant-Endophytic Fungi Interactions to Cope with Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090719.
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Endophytic fungi infect plant tissues by evading the immune response, potentially stimulating stress-tolerant plant growth. The plant selectively allows microbial colonization to carve endophyte structures through phenotypic genes and metabolic signals. Correspondingly, fungi develop various adaptations through symbiotic signal transduction to thrive in mycorrhiza. Over the past decade, the regulatory mechanism of plant-endophyte interaction has been uncovered. Currently, great progress has been made on plant endosphere, especially in endophytic fungi. Here, we systematically summarize the current understanding of endophytic fungi colonization, molecular recognition signal pathways, and immune evasion mechanisms to clarify the transboundary communication that allows endophytic fungi colonization and homeostatic phytobiome. In this work, we focus on immune signaling and recognition mechanisms, summarizing current research progress in plant-endophyte communication that converge to improve our understanding of endophytic fungi.
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Bussaban, Boonsom, Saisamorn Lumyong, Pipob Lumyong, Eric HC McKenzie, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Endophytic fungi from Amomum siamense." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-098.
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Endophytic fungi were isolated from apparently healthy organs of the wild ginger Amomum siamense Criab., including leaves, pseudostems, and rhizomes, collected from two sites in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Thailand. Endophytes were relatively common with an isolate prevalence of 70%83% at the two sites sampled in the wet and dry seasons. The endophyte assemblages from the two sites were diverse and comprised 7 Ascomycetes and 26 mitosporic fungi. Colletotrichum "gloeosporioides" (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz., Glomerella spp., xylariaceous fungi, and Phomopsis spp. were consistently dominant as endophytes on Amomum siamense, but many rare species and mycelia sterilia were also recorded. There was no significant difference between the number of isolates recovered from leaves containing vein tissues and those containing intervein tissues, independent of leaf age. Most taxa showed a preference for either leaf tissue or pseudostems. Two new Ascomycetes species, Gaeumannomyces amomi and Leiosphaerella amomi, were discovered from leaves and rhizomes, respectively, and four species of Pyricularia, including three new species, were isolated from leaves.Key words: Zingiberaceae endophytes, isolate prevalence, tissue specificity, seasonal effects.
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Hilarino, Mariana Patrícia Amorim, Fernando Augusto de Oliveira e. Silveira, Yumi Oki, Leonardo Rodrigues, Jean Carlos Santos, Ary Corrêa Junior, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, and Carlos Augusto Rosa. "Distribution of the endophytic fungi community in leaves of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000400008.
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Endophytic fungi represent large, yet unexplored components of biodiversity. This work evaluated the richness and the distribution of endophytes in the leaves of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae). A total of 1110 colonies were recovered from the samples and grouped by their morphological traits into 126 taxa. The total number of taxa according to leaf development was: 102 in mature leaves, 93 in recently expanded leaves and 79 for unfolded leaves. The major endophyte genera were Phomopsis, followed by Dothiorella, Pestalotiopsis and Acremonium. The richness and the isolate numbers of endophytes were not statistically affected by leaf region. However, some taxa were leaf-age specific; six were isolated only from unfolded leaves, nine from recently expanded leaves and 17 were exclusively found in mature leaves. The composition of endophytes varied with leaf region; the similarities (Jaccard's Index) among the leaf regions of different leaf ages ranged from 0.36 to 0.46, indicating a high spatial variation in the community of endophytic fungi inside the leaves. The high richness of endophytes in this host plant highlights a significant contribution of fungi to tropical biodiversity and the need for further research in this area.
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Saputri, Arum, Loekas Soesanto, Abu Umayah, and Agus Sarjito. "EKSPLORASI DAN UJI VIRULENSI BAKTERI Bacillus sp. ENDOFIT JAGUNG TERHADAP PENYAKIT BUSUK PELEPAH JAGUNG." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 22, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jipi.22.2.70-78.
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[EXPLORATION AND VIRULENT TEST OF MAIZE ENDOPHYTE Bacillus sp. AGAINST MAIZE SHEATH BLIGHT]. Capability of endophytic bacterial, effectivity, and its effect on R. solani. and on maize seedlings growth were investigated from April 2018 to January 2019. Exploration of endophytes bacteria in maize was taken from Banyumas Regency (Sumbang, Kembaran, Baturraden) and Purbalingga Regency (Padamara, Bojongsari, Pratin). Taking plant samples using Purposive Random Sampling and Diagonal Sampling methods. Completely randomized design was used in in vitro test with 16 treatments repeated twice. Completely randomized block design was used in in planta experiment with 5 treatments repeated 5 times. The treatment consisted of control, fungiside (mankozeb), and 2 isolates of endophytes bacteria performing the best in vitro result. Variables observed included characteristics of endophytic bacteria and pathogenic fungi, inhibition diameter, incubation period, disease intensity, incidence of disease, AUDPC, plant height, leaf number, root length, plant fresh weight, canopy fresh weight, and root fresh weight. Resultshowed that the exploration obtained 15 endophytic Bacillus sp. isolates. The PD A.4 and BK A.1 isolates werw able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi in-vitro by 56.93 and 51.5%, respectively. The soaking treatment using BK A1 was able to reduce disease intensity by 59.377%, and AUDPC value 34.19%. Endophytic bacteria influence plant height, plant fresh weight, canopy fresh weight, and fresh weight of roots respectively as 89.17 cm, 126.06 g, 106.67 g and 19.4 g.
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Okane, I., A. Nakagiri, and Tad Ito. "Identity of Guignardia sp. inhabiting ericaceous plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-136.
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An ascomycete belonging to the genus Guignardia with a Phyllosticta anamorph was frequently isolated from living leaves of several ericaceous plants. Ecological study on assemblages of endophytes suggested that this fungus is a dominant endophytic fungus of ericaceous plants. The Phyllosticta anamorph was morphologically similar to Phyllosticta capitalensis P. Henn., which can be a pathogen of orchids. An authentic culture of P. capitalensis IFO 32914 (= CBS 226.77) produced an ascigerous stage on potato dextrose agar, the morphology of which was identical to the Guignardia sp. from ericaceous plants. Sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS1 and ITS2, including 5.8S rDNA) supported the identity of the present fungus and P. capitalensis. Consequently, we describe this endophytic ascomycete found from ericaceous plants as Guignardia endophyllicola sp.nov., which has P. capitalensis as an anamorph. Previously known as a pathogen of orchids, the fungus was revealed to exist widely as an endophyte within ericaceous plants.Key words: endophytic fungus, Ericaceae, Guignardia endophyllicola, pathogenic fungus, Phyllosticta capitalensis, Orchidaceae.
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Ghasemi, Saied, Sima Khodaei, Kaivan Karimi, Majid Tavakoli, Illaria Pertot, and Mahdi Arzanlou. "Biodiversity study of endophytic fungi associated with two Quercus species in Iran." Forest Systems 28, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): e003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2019281-14528.
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Aim of study: In this study, frequency and diversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting twigs and branches of apparently healthy Q. macranthera and Q. brantii in East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces of Iran is presented.Area of study: East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces in Iran.Materials and methods: Culturable fungal endophytes were recovered from wood tissues using routine technique for isolation of fungal endophytes. The identity of fungal isolates were determined based on morphological characteristics and sequences data of ITS-rDNA region and Beta-tubulin gene. Frequency and diversity among fungal communities were analyzed using chi-square test and biodiversity indices.Main results: The highest frequency and diversity was detected for fungal endophyte community recovered from Q. macranthera and East Azerbaijan province. The assemblage of endophytic fungi characterized in this study in healthy tissues of oak trees indicates that some of the fungi are possible latent pathogens such as Biscogniauxia mediterranea with 18.28% frequency followed by Alternaria alternata and Trichothecium roseum respectively. Two fungal taxa of Pyronema domesticum and Valsa persoonii are reported for the first time in Iran. Overall, the results of this study show that the plant species and growth location influence frequency and diversity of culturable fungal endophytic communities of Quercus in Iran.Keywords: Quercus macranthera, Quercus brantii, Fungal endophytes, Molecular identification.Abbreviations used: CBS (Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures); CCTU (Culture Collection of University of Tabriz); GTR (General Time Reversible); HKY (Hasegawa Kishino Yano); ITS-rDNA (Internal Transcribed Space); km (kilometer) ; PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar); TUB (Tubulin).
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Shahrtash, Maryam, and Shawn P. Brown. "Drivers of Foliar Fungal Endophytic Communities of Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in the Southeast United States." Diversity 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050185.
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Fungal endophytes play important roles in plant fitness and plant–microbe interactions. Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) is a dominant, abundant, and highly aggressive invasive plant in the Southeast United States. Kudzu serves as a pathogen reservoir that impacts economically important leguminous crops. We conducted the first investigations on kudzu fungal endophytes (Illumina MiSeq—ITS2) to elucidate drivers of endophytic communities across the heart of the invasive range in the Southeast United States (TN, MS, AL, GA). We tested the impacts of multiple environmental parameters (Chlorophyll, NO3−, K+, soil pH, leaf area, host genotype, traffic intensity, and geographic location) on foliar endophyte communities. Endophytic communities were diverse and structured by many factors in our PerMANOVA analyses, but location, genotype, and traffic (proxy for pollution) were the strongest drivers of community composition (R2 = 0.152, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.129, p < 0.001, and R2 = 0.126, p < 0.001, respectively). Further, we examined the putative ecological interactions between endophytic fungi and plant pathogens. We identify numerous OTUs that are positively and strongly associated with pathogen occurrence, largely within the families Montagnulaceae and Tremellales incertae sedis. Taken together, these data suggest location, host genetics and local pollution play instrumental roles in structuring communities, and integrative plant management must consider these factors when developing management strategies.
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Elvira-Recuenco, M., and J. W. L. van Vuurde. "Natural incidence of endophytic bacteria in pea cultivars under field conditions." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-098.
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Pea plants grown in the field were used to study the natural incidence of endophytic bacteria in the stem. Eleven pea cultivars at the flowering stage were screened for the presence of endophytic bacteria using a printing technique with surface disinfested stem cross-sections on 5% Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA). Five cultivars showed colonization. Cultivar Twiggy showed the highest and most consistent colonization and was further investigated. Stems of cv. Twiggy at the pod stage were analyzed for endophytic bacterial types and populations. Cross-sections of surface disinfested stems were printed on 5% TSA. Endophytic bacterial populations decreased from the lower to the upper part of the stem. One section from the third and the fourth internode was surface disinfested, homogenized, and spiral plated on the media 5% TSA, R2A, and SC (Davis et al. 1980). Over a series of 30 samples, 5% TSA gave significantly better recovery of bacterial endophytes compared with R2A and SC media. For most stems, populations ranged from 104 to 105 CFU/g except in one of the field blocks in which endophyte populations were uniformly higher. Comparison of colony counts by spiral plating and printing showed a positive correlation. The most frequently recovered bacterial types were Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Less frequently isolated were Pseudomonas viridiflava and Bacillus megaterium.Key words: endophytic bacteria, pea, stem colonization, cultivar screening, biodiversity.
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Hampel, Lucas D., Naowarat Cheeptham, Nancy J. Flood, and Cynthia Ross Friedman. "Plants, fungi, and freeloaders: examining temporal changes in the “taxonomic richness” of endophytic fungi in the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum over its growing season." Botany 95, no. 3 (March 2017): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0240.
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Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. (lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe) is a dioecious plant parasitizing conifers in North America. Here, we documented changes in the “taxonomic richness” of culturable endophytic fungi in male and female A. americanum over the growing season. Endophytic fungi were isolated from vegetative stems of surface-sterilized aerial shoots from male and female A. americanum collected weekly from April to September. Isolated fungi were characterized macroscopically, generating a database of 48 morphologically unique forms that likely represented individual taxa. A random sample of endophytic fungi was sequenced to determine identity based on ITS rDNA. Richness increased throughout the growing season similarly in the stems of both sexes, suggesting that increased developmental age or time in the environment facilitates an increase in endophyte richness: male and female endophyte communities were 91% similar based on Sorensen’s coefficient. Sequenced endophytes came from many diverse taxa, including Serpula, Alternaria, and Tremella, which may function as mutualistic symbionts within the mistletoe. An increase in fungal richness throughout the growing season has been observed in all flowering plants examined to date, although our observation is the first for the genus and for parasitic plants in general, and has also contributed to knowledge of fungal diversity in dioecious plants.
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Murúa, Pedro, Frithjof C. Küpper, Liliana A. Muñoz, Miriam Bernard, and Akira F. Peters. "Microspongium alariae in Alaria esculenta: a widely-distributed non-parasitic brown algal endophyte that shows cell modifications within its host." Botanica Marina 61, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2017-0095.
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Abstract Alaria esculenta is an important kelp species in northern Europe, Atlantic Canada and USA and the Arctic, with high economic potential. Microspongium alariae, a brown algal endophyte using A. esculenta as host, is reported for the first time from Scotland (Great Britain) and Brittany (France), suggesting a wide distribution in NW Europe. The alga was found growing epi-endophytically in A. esculenta stipes and was occasionally associated with warts. Isolated Microspongium thalli grew in host-free cultures and formed plurilocular sporangia in a broad range of temperature and irradiance conditions. DNA barcoding using the nuclear ribosomal ITS1, the mitochondrial COI and the plastidial rbcL confirmed the identity of the endophyte as M. alariae. Electron microscopy was used to compare the alga when endophytic in Alaria with a host-free culture. As an endophyte, cell diameter, pyrenoid diameter and cell wall thickness were reduced. In contrast, there were more plasmodesma connections between endophyte cells, possibly to enhance nutrient transport along the endophytic thallus. In the light of this evidence, a parasitic life style is considered unlikely for the species and the adaptive value of endophytism in M. alariae remains to be elucidated.
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Sessitsch, A., P. Hardoim, J. Döring, A. Weilharter, A. Krause, T. Woyke, B. Mitter, et al. "Functional Characteristics of an Endophyte Community Colonizing Rice Roots as Revealed by Metagenomic Analysis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-08-11-0204.
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Roots are the primary site of interaction between plants and microorganisms. To meet food demands in changing climates, improved yields and stress resistance are increasingly important, stimulating efforts to identify factors that affect plant productivity. The role of bacterial endophytes that reside inside plants remains largely unexplored, because analysis of their specific functions is impeded by difficulties in cultivating most prokaryotes. Here, we present the first metagenomic approach to analyze an endophytic bacterial community resident inside roots of rice, one of the most important staple foods. Metagenome sequences were obtained from endophyte cells extracted from roots of field-grown plants. Putative functions were deduced from protein domains or similarity analyses of protein-encoding gene fragments, and allowed insights into the capacities of endophyte cells. This allowed us to predict traits and metabolic processes important for the endophytic lifestyle, suggesting that the endorhizosphere is an exclusive microhabitat requiring numerous adaptations. Prominent features included flagella, plant-polymer-degrading enzymes, protein secretion systems, iron acquisition and storage, quorum sensing, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Surprisingly, endophytes might be involved in the entire nitrogen cycle, as protein domains involved in N2-fixation, denitrification, and nitrification were detected and selected genes expressed. Our data suggest a high potential of the endophyte community for plant-growth promotion, improvement of plant stress resistance, biocontrol against pathogens, and bioremediation, regardless of their culturability.
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Bacon, C. W., D. M. Hinton, J. K. Porter, A. E. Glenn, and G. Kuldau. "Fusaric acid, aFusarium verticillioidesmetabolite, antagonistic to the endophytic biocontrol bacteriumBacillus mojavensis." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-067.
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An endophytic bacterium, Bacillus mojavensis Roberts, Nakamura & Cohan, was patented as a nonpathogenic biocontrol for plant diseases. However, before this bacterium can be used as a biocontrol agent, it must be evaluated against homologous competing organisms, some of which are equally successful endophytes, such as species of Fusarium that are symptomless endophytes, especially on maize. Preliminary field trials using this bacterium as a biocontrol agent against production of the fumonisin mycotoxins caused by infection of maize with Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (= Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) was less than that observed with greenhouse studies. Fusarium verticillioides and other species produce fusaric acid. Fusaric acid at concentrations as low as 22 µmol/L accounted for a 41% reduction in CFU compared with the control group, while concentrations of 223 µmol/L and higher resulted in total toxicity to the bacterium. Mutants of F. verticillioides that produced low concentrations of fusaric acid did not affect the endophytic CFU of the bacterium in seedlings. These results suggest that fusaric acid accounted for the reduction of bacterial colonization and the resulting poor biocontrol activity and suggested its importance to the fungus is as an antibiotic, which assists in the in planta competition for the intercellular niche colonized by F. verticillioides during its endotrophic state.Key words: Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium verticillioides, bacterial endophyte, fungal endophyte, fumonisin.
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Wu, Yougen, Sisay Girmay, Vitor Martins da Silva, Brian Perry, Xinwen Hu, and Ghee T. Tan. "The Role of Endophytic Fungi in the Anticancer Activity ofMorinda citrifoliaLinn. (Noni)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/393960.
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We hypothesize that the fungal endophytes of noni may possibly play a role in its overall pharmacological repertoire, especially since the perceived efficacy of the fruit in ethnomedicinal use is associated with the fermented juice. The foremost goal of this study is to explore the role of endophyte-derived secondary metabolites in the purported anticancer properties of noni. To that end, culturable endophytic fungi resident within the healthy leaves and fruit of the plant were isolated and identified by molecular sequence analysis of the 5.8S gene and internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Purified organisms were subjected toin vitrofermentation in malt extract broth for 8 weeks under anaerobic conditions at room temperature (25°C), in order to simulate the conditions under which traditional fermented noni juice is prepared. The cytotoxic potential of organic extracts derived from the fermented broths of individual endophytes was then tested against three major cancers that afflict humans. Twelve distinct endophytic fungal species were obtained from the leaves and 3 from the fruit. Three of the leaf endophytes inhibited the growth of human carcinoma cell lines LU-1 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), and MCF-7 (breast) with IC50values of ≤10 μg/mL.
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Barra-Bucarei, Lorena, Macarena Gerding González, Andrés France Iglesias, Gonzalo Silva Aguayo, Matías Guerra Peñalosa, and Pedro Vergara Vera. "Beauveria bassiana Multifunction as an Endophyte: Growth Promotion and Biologic Control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum, (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Tomato." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090591.
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The tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world; nevertheless, it is affected by biotic and abiotic factors that reduce its productivity. The whitefly is globally considered as the main pest under protected crop conditions, where biologic control using endophytic fungi emerges as a sustainable alternative. We evaluated the indirect effects of five native endophytic strains of Beauveria bassiana on the reproduction of greenhouse whiteflies and the growth of tomatoes. The plant growth substrate was inoculated with five strains of this endophyte and the resulting plants were then exposed to whiteflies afterwards. The effect that endophytic strains had on phosphate solubilization, iron siderophore production, plant height, and plant biomass were evaluated. The evaluated endophytes reduced the number of eggs per cm2 on leaflets compared to the control and behaved similarly to the commercial synthetic insecticide. Leaflets inoculated with strains RGM-557, RGM-644 and RGM-731 showed fewer nymphs than the control and those treated with insecticide. RGM-557 and RGM-731 produced the greatest plant heights; RGM-731 obtained the greatest plant biomass. Our study provides evidence that native endophytic strains of B. bassiana have a biocontrol effect on whiteflies and could be used to promote tomato growth.
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Sharma, Richa, Sumpam Tangjang, and Amritesh C. Shukla. "New Taxon of Fungal Endophytes from Phrynium capitatum Willd: A Promising Ethnomedicinal Plant in Northeast India and its Systematic and Phylogenetic Analysis." Science & Technology Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2019.07.01.04.
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The findings of the current study deal with the first time report on the diversity of fungal endophyte from the ethnomedicinal plant- Phrynium capitatum Willd., (Marantaceae). The plant is growing wildly in the forest of Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India, and traditionally been used for anti-diabetic, antihyperglycemic or analgesic effects. During the investigation, samples of the plant parts, viz., leaves, stem, and roots were collected for isolation of endophytic spp. The endophytic spp were identified based on the morphological, cultural, and reproductive structures (hyaline, ellipsoidal, aseptate, pycnidia, beta conidia, perithecia, asci, and ascospores). Further, the phylogenetic analysis of the isolated species was made, using the sequences of 5.8S and 28S rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence 1 and 4. The largest number of fungal endophytes (39%) were isolated from the leaves, followed by the roots (31%) and stems (30%). Overall 35 fungal species have been isolated, out of which, thirty-four belongs to the class Ascomycetes, and one from the class zygomycetes. The highest species richness and frequency of colonization were recorded in the leaf. The observations show that Pestalotiopsis longiseta was the most dominant endophytic species followed by Diplodina microsperma, Nodulisporium hinnuleum, Aspergillus flavus , Diaporthe sp., Nigrospora oryzae and Lasiodiplodia viticola. However, Pestalotiopsis neglecta, Sordaria fimicola, Diplodina microsperma, Fusarium incarnatum, Preussia sp., Diaporthe sp., Aureobasidium sp.were common fungal endophytes isolated from P. capitatum
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Ringelberg, D., K. Foley, and C. M. Reynolds. "Bacterial endophyte communities of two wheatgrass varieties following propagation in different growing media." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 1 (January 2012): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-122.
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Bacterial endophyte communities of two wheatgrass varieties currently being used in the revegetation of military training ranges were studied. Culturable and direct 16S rDNA PCR amplification techniques were used to describe bacterial communities present in Siberian and slender wheatgrass seeds, leaf tissues, and root tissues following propagation in either sand or a peat-based growing mix. Our hypothesis was that the resulting plant endophytic communities would be distinct, showing not only the presence of endophytes originating from the seed but also the characteristics of growth in the two different growing media. Both culture and culture-independent assays showed the likely translocation of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria from seed to mature plant tissues as well as subsequent colonization by exogenous organisms. Statistical analysis of 16S terminal restriction fragment profiles identified growing media as having a greater significant effect on the formation of the endpoint endophytic communities than either plant tissue or wheatgrass variety. In silico digests of the ribosomal database produced putative identifications indicating an increase in overall species diversity and increased relative abundances of Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria following propagation in sand and Betaproteobacteria following propagation in the peat-based growing mix. Results indicated a substantial translocation of endophytes from seed to mature plant tissues for both growing media and that growing medium was a dominant determinant of the final taxonomy of the endpoint plant endophytic communities.
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Safitri, Lydia Yohana. "Isolasi Cendawan Endofit pada Daun Bambu Betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer.) dan Potensi sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus." BioScience 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/02017117188-0-00.
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Endophytic fungi are microorganisms found in healthy plant tissue but not pathogenic to plants, and produce secondary metabolites same host plant. Secondary metabolites can be used as a drug. The possibility of endophytic fungi are found in bamboo, because bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper Backer.) Has high potential as a drug, because it contains flavonoids, and phenolic coumarin. These compounds are secondary metabolites that produce antimicrobial substances that are used in the pharmaceutical field and are found in plant tissue. To avoid excessive use of medicinal plants that could lead to the extinction of these plants, then used the role of endophytic fungi are capable of producing secondary metabolites to the fullest. In addition, the endophytic fungus in plant tissue can be more than one type of fungal endophyte that the higher production of secondary metabolites. This study aims to determine the types of isolates of endophytic fungi on the leaves of Dendrocalamus asper and know the antibacterial potency against bacterial endophyte fungus Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that there were thirteen isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Dendrocalamus asper. Ten isolates of endophytic fungi have potential as an antibacterial against S. aureus and three isolates of endophytic fungi did not show any antibacterial activity. Key Word: Endophytic fungi, Secondary metabolites, antibacterial activity.
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Del Olmo-Ruiz, Mariana, and A. Elizabeth Arnold. "Community structure of fern-affiliated endophytes in three neotropical forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 1 (November 2, 2016): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000535.
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Abstract:From the saprotrophs that decay plant material to the pathogens and mutualists that shape plant demography at local and regional scales, fungi are major drivers of tropical forest dynamics. Although endophytic fungi are abundant and diverse in many biomes, they reach their greatest diversity in tropical forests, where they can influence plant physiology, performance and survival. The number of quantitative studies regarding endophytes has increased dramatically in the past two decades, but general rules have not yet emerged regarding the biogeography, host affiliations, local or regional distributions, or phylogenetic diversity of endophytes in most tropical settings. Here, endophytic fungal communities associated with 18 species of eupolypod fern were compared among forest reserves in Panama, Costa Rica and Mexico. Molecular sequence data for >2000 isolates were used to determine the relationships of host taxonomy, forest (site), and environmental dissimilarity to endophyte community composition. Communities in related ferns differed significantly among forests, reflecting the interplay of geographic distance and environmental dissimilarity. Although the same phyla and classes of fungi were prevalent at each site, they differed in relative abundance. All sites were dominated by the same order (Xylariales), but sites differed in the phylogenetic clustering vs. evenness of their endophyte communities. By addressing the relationship of endophyte communities to host taxonomy, geographic distance and environmental factors, this study complements previous work on angiosperms and contributes to a growing perspective on the factors shaping communities of ecologically important fungi in tropical forests.
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Newcomb, William, Dwight Baker, and John G. Torrey. "Ontogeny and fine structure of effective root nodules of the autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-012.
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An ultrastructural study of effective root nodules of the autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) demonstrated the presence of hyphal and vesicular forms of the actinomycete endophyte. No sporangial forms of the endophyte were observed within these nodules. The hyphae contained septa, prominent nucleoid regions, and many ribosomes. The endophytic vesicles were initially nonseptate and then became multichambered as a result of the inward growth of complete and incomplete septa. Glycogen particles were numerous in nonseptate and early stages of septate endophytic vesicle formation and in adjacent hyphae but were absent in more developed stages of septate endophytic vesicles. The endophytic vesicles also contained prominent nucleoid areas, vesicular mesosomes, and crystalline-like striated bodies. A capsule, probably derived from host Golgi cisternae and profiles of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, surrounded both forms of the endophyte. The endophytic vesicle cell walls consisted of an outer layer continuous with the hyphal cell wall, a middle clear area or “void space,” and an electron-dense inner layer. The “void space” of the endophyte cell wall was resolved into many thin laminae by freeze–fracture microscopy. The laminae were presumed to be different from the outermost cell wall layer because they were washed out in the solvents used in preparing specimens for the TEM.