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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Endophytes

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Academic literature on the topic 'Endophytes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Endophytes"

1

Hata, Kunihiko, and Kazuyoshi Futai. "Endophytic fungi associated with healthy pine needles and needles infested by the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-040.

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The endophytic mycobiota of the galls of pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, and healthy current-year needles of Pinus densiflora and the F2 hybrid pine (Pinus thunbergii × (P. thunbergii × P. densiflora)) was compared. Phialocephala sp. was the dominant endophyte isolated from the galls and from the basal regions of healthy needles. Species richness in endophytes was facilitated in galls compared to the basal region of healthy needles, and the commencement of their colonization was hastened in galls. In the early stages of gall formation, however, no endophyte was isolated, suggesting that gall endophytes are not carried into the galls by the midge. Endophytes of healthy and galled pine needles were divided into two groups: position-specific fungi, which showed intrinsically restricted distributions on needles; and gall-specific fungi. These two groups might represent different ecological groups of endophytes. Possible interactions between endophytes and the pine needle gall midge are also discussed. Key words: endophytic fungi, Pinus densiflora, F2 hybrid pine, pine needle gall midge.

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Suresh Govindarao Borkar, A. N. Bhosale, and Ajayasree T. S. "Variability in bacterial endophytes in leaves of transgenic Bt and non-Bt cotton crop varieties and their role in suppression of bacterial leaf blight pathogen X. a. pv. malvacearum and the incited disease reaction." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.2.2216.

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Microbial epiphytes and endophytes are an integral part of the plant system and are known to play various roles in crop growth and crop health management. The transgenic crop plays an important role in crop pest management, however, environmentalists and ecologists have reservations about the cultivation of these crops. Whether the transgenic Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton vary in their microbial habitat ecology is not yet studied. In the present investigations, the leaf endophytic bacteria were detected in the leaves of both transgenic Bt and non-Bt cotton hybrids. However, there were differences in the endophytic bacterial types and their population densities i.e. bacterial colony-forming units (cfu) in the leaves of Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties. At least ten different leaf endophytic bacteria were detected from two cotton varieties i.e. RCH-2 and Bunny (of transgenic Bt and non-Bt versions). A maximum of four types of leaf endophytic bacteria was present in RCH-2 Bt cotton leaves. The population density of leaf endophytic bacteria ranged from 50 cfu/leaf to 5 x 103 cfu/leaf and varied with individual leaf endophyte and cotton variety. These bacterial leaf endophytes were observed to inhibit or suppress the growth of bacterial leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam) under in-vitro test. Leaf endophyte no.7 was more effective followed by leaf endophyte no.4 in suppressing the Xam population and population of other endophytes in the interaction studies. Interaction of leaf endophytes and Xam in cotton leaves suggested that endophytes of transgenic Bunny-Bt were effective on Xam in transgenic Bunny–Bt hybrid only and so these changed the induction of susceptible water-soaking disease reaction into hypersensitive browning resistance reaction (HR). However, these endophytes of Bt-cotton were not effective in the non-Bt version in changing the susceptible reaction of Xam into an HR reaction. This indicated that the endophytes of the respective Bt and non-Bt crops were able to change the susceptible reaction of Xam into a hypersensitive one in their respective host, indicating that the use of leaf endophytes can be effective in their own habitat crop as a biocontrol agent against Xam. The specificity of leaf endophytes has to be considered in biological disease management programs.

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Tiwari, Pragya, and Hanhong Bae. "Endophytic Fungi: Key Insights, Emerging Prospects, and Challenges in Natural Product Drug Discovery." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020360.

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Plant-associated endophytes define an important symbiotic association in nature and are established bio-reservoirs of plant-derived natural products. Endophytes colonize the internal tissues of a plant without causing any disease symptoms or apparent changes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in endophytes because of their beneficial effects on the production of novel metabolites of pharmacological significance. Studies have highlighted the socio-economic implications of endophytic fungi in agriculture, medicine, and the environment, with considerable success. Endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of well-known metabolites includes taxol from Taxomyces andreanae, azadirachtin A and B from Eupenicillium parvum, vincristine from Fusarium oxysporum, and quinine from Phomopsis sp. The discovery of the billion-dollar anticancer drug taxol was a landmark in endophyte biology/research and established new paradigms for the metabolic potential of plant-associated endophytes. In addition, endophytic fungi have emerged as potential prolific producers of antimicrobials, antiseptics, and antibiotics of plant origin. Although extensively studied as a “production platform” of novel pharmacological metabolites, the molecular mechanisms of plant–endophyte dynamics remain less understood/explored for their efficient utilization in drug discovery. The emerging trends in endophytic fungi-mediated biosynthesis of novel bioactive metabolites, success stories of key pharmacological metabolites, strategies to overcome the existing challenges in endophyte biology, and future direction in endophytic fungi-based drug discovery forms the underlying theme of this article.

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Helander, M. L., T. N. Sieber, O. Petrini, and S. Neuvonen. "Endophytic fungi in Scots pine needles: spatial variation and consequences of simulated acid rain." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-135.

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Within- and among-tree variation in assemblages of endophytic fungi in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles were studied in a subarctic area where background pollution values are low; the effects of tree density and prolonged simulated acid rain on the occurrence of endophytic fungi were investigated. The needle endophyte most frequently isolated was Cenangium ferruginosum, accounting for 64% of all fungal individuals, followed by Cyclaneusma minus (12% of all individuals). Old needles were colonized more frequently by endophytes than young ones. In young needles the colonization by endophytes increased during the summer, whereas in old ones no seasonal variation was detected. Endophyte colonization was positively correlated with stand density and was reduced on pines treated with spring water acidified with either sulphuric acid alone or in combination with nitric acid. In contrast, nitric acid alone did not affect endophyte colonization. Key words: endophytes, needles, pine, Pinus, simulated acid rain, stand density.

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Jing, Minyu, Xihui Xu, Jing Peng, Can Li, Hanchao Zhang, Chunlan Lian, Yahua Chen, Zhenguo Shen, and Chen Chen. "Comparative Genomics of Three Aspergillus Strains Reveals Insights into Endophytic Lifestyle and Endophyte-Induced Plant Growth Promotion." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8070690.

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Aspergillus includes both plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi. Although endophytes beneficial to plants have high potential for plant growth promotion and improving stress tolerance, studies on endophytic lifestyles and endophyte-plant interactions are still limited. Here, three endophytes belonging to Aspergillus, AS31, AS33, and AS42, were isolated. They could successfully colonize rice roots and significantly improved rice growth. The genomes of strains AS31, AS33, and AS42 were sequenced and compared with other Aspergillus species covering both pathogens and endophytes. The genomes of AS31, AS33, and AS42 were 36.8, 34.8, and 35.3 Mb, respectively. The endophytic genomes had more genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and small secreted proteins (SSPs) and secondary metabolism gene clusters involved in indole metabolism than the pathogens. In addition, these endophytes were able to improve Pi (phosphorus) accumulation and transport in rice by inducing the expression of Pi transport genes in rice. Specifically, inoculation with endophytes significantly increased Pi contents in roots at the early stage, while the Pi contents in inoculated shoots were significantly increased at the late stage. Our results not only provide important insights into endophyte-plant interactions but also provide strain and genome resources, paving the way for the agricultural application of Aspergillus endophytes.

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West, E. R., E. J. Cother, C. C. Steel, and G. J. Ash. "The characterization and diversity of bacterial endophytes of grapevine." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 3 (March 2010): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-004.

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The diversity of culturable and nonculturable bacterial endophytes of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) was examined using a combination of cultivation and molecular methods. Entire grapevines were sampled to characterize bacterial diversity from different locations throughout the vine. Gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was used to identify culturable isolates prior to subsequent further microbiological characterization, whilst denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to profile the ribosomal DNA of the bacterial endophyte community extracted from grapevines. Gas chromatography of FAMEs identified 75% of culturable bacterial endophytes to genus level (similarity index >0.3). Many isolates were identified as Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Curtobacterium spp. Additionally, actinomycetes are reported for the first time as endophytes of grapevines, with a number of isolates identified as Streptomyces spp. DGGE was successfully used to identify major bands present in samples and indicated a degree of homogeneity of bacterial endophyte community profiles within the grapevines sampled. The major bacterial bands were sequenced and used in identification. Comparison with bacterial markers produced from cultured bacterial endophytes suggested that bacteria in the DGGE profiles were not the species most commonly cultured. Additional research demonstrated similarities between epiphytic and endophytic populations and examined potential entry vectors. Endophyte entry was demonstrated in both field-grown and potted grapevines (‘Chardonnay’) using a rifampicin-resistant Bacillus cereus mutant. The possibility of grapevine epiphytes becoming endophytes, if the opportunity arises, was supported by comparison of gas chromatography of FAMEs from epiphytic and endophytic populations. This research adds grapevine bacterial endophyte communities to those that have been characterized by a multifaceted approach.

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Torres, M. S., A. P. Singh, N. Vorsa, T. Gianfagna, and J. R. Author. "Were endophytes pre-adapted for defensive mutualism?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3087.

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Defensive mutualism in many grass endophytes involves herbivore deterrence, enhanced disease suppression and drought tolerance. According to our current understanding of the mechanisms, these defensive effects are unique features of the fungi and specific fungal qualities are responsible for each. We examined a selection of species of family Clavicipitaceae for defensive traits including ergot alkaloids and loline production and development of endophytic and epiphytic mycelial states. When features responsible for defensive effects are mapped onto phylogenetic trees showing relationships in the family, it is apparent that all defensive features of endophytic fungi pre-existed evolution of endophytism. We suggest that once endophytism evolved, the alkaloids and other fungal-mediated defensive features switched from previous functions to serve host defense functions. Defensive mutualism in the Clavicipitaceae endophytes naturally evolved through use of pre-existing fungal features after the step to endophytism was made. Keywords: Clavicipitaceae, defensive mutualism, endophytes, ergot alkaloids, loline alkaloids

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Moricca, S., and A. Ragazzi. "Fungal Endophytes in Mediterranean Oak Forests: A Lesson from Discula quercina." Phytopathology® 98, no. 4 (April 2008): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-4-0380.

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Fungal endophytes that colonize forest trees are widespread, but they are less well known than endophytes infecting grasses. The few studies on endophytes in trees mainly concern the tropical areas and the northernmost latitudes, while similar investigations in the Mediterranean region have so far been scarce and incidental. Endophytes are studied mostly in economically important forests suffering from diseases, such as oak forests. One common endophyte that has received some study on oak is the mitosporic Discula quercina. This paper, after first addressing some basic problems on tree endophytes, examines the ecology of D. quercina in Mediterranean oak stands. D. quercina is usually viewed as a symptomless colonizer of healthy Quercus cerris, infecting new leaves early in the growing season, in an unstable equilibrium between transient mutualism/neutralism and latent pathogenesis. It is postulated here that climatic factors can change the endophytic nature of D. quercina, turning it into a weak pathogen or an opportunistic invader of senescing and indeed healthy trees. It is argued more generally that stochastic events can cause the lifestyle of an endophyte to switch from beneficial/neutral to pathogenic, transforming the tree–endophyte interaction, an interaction that depends in part on the matching genomes of the tree and endophyte, and on the environmental context.

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Oliveira, João Arthur dos Santos, Andressa Domingos Polli, Julio Cesar Polonio, Ravely Casarotti Orlandelli, Hélio Conte, João Lúcio Azevedo, and João Alencar Pamphile. "Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (July 1, 2020): e48321. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.48321.

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Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitro antagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichum as the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvularia endophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichum sp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plants and other treatments. Despite many fungi of Colletotrichum genus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichum endophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way, we come across a Colletotrichum sp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichum sp. pathogen.

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Liu, Yingxue, Wenpeng Lu, Yang Li, Boyu Zhai, Baoxiang Zhang, Hongyan Qin, Peilei Xu, et al. "Diversity of Endophytes of Actinidia arguta in Different Seasons." Life 14, no. 1 (January 19, 2024): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010149.

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The seasonal changes in environmental conditions can alter the growth states of host plants, thereby affecting the living environment of endophytes and forming different endophytic communities. This study employs Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencing to analyze the 16SrRNA and ITS rDNA of endophytes in 24 samples of Actinidia arguta stem tissues across different seasons. The results revealed a high richness and diversity of endophytes in Actinidia arguta, with significant seasonal variations in microbial community richness. This study identified 897 genera across 36 phyla for bacteria and 251 genera across 8 phyla for fungi. Notably, 69 bacterial genera and 19 fungal genera significantly contributed to the differences in community structure across seasons. A distinctive feature of coexistence in the endophytic community, both specific and conservative across different seasons, was observed. The bacterial community in winter demonstrated significantly higher richness and diversity compared to the other seasons. Environmental factors likely influence the optimal timing for endophyte colonization. Solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity significantly impact the diversity of endophytic bacteria and fungi. In addition, seasonal variations show significant differences in the nutritional modes of fungal endophytes and the degradation, ligninolysis, and ureolysis functions of bacterial endophytes. This study elucidates the potential role of endophytes in assisting Actinidia arguta in adapting to seasonal changes and provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of functional microbial strains.

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More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endophytes"

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Xin, Gang. "Diazotrophic endophytes of Populus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10104.

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Pincebourde, Sylvain. "Biophysique environnementale des insectes endophytes." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00108243.

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La physiologie et les traits d'histoire de vie des organismes ectothermes dépendent largement de la température de leur microclimat. Dans certaines relations insecte – plante, le phytophage manipule physiquement et/ou chimiquement son environnement végétal. Cependant, les effets de ces transformations sur le microclimat de l'herbivore sont encore inconnus. Nous avons détaillé précisément les modifications physiques induites par un lépidoptère mineur de feuille (Phyllonorycter blancardella, Gracillariidae) sur son environnement végétal (le pommier). Les impacts sur l'écologie thermique de la larve ont été quantifiés. La larve se nourrit et se développe au sein même des tissus de la feuille, dans une structure appelée mine.
Des mesures de spectrométrie optique ont démontré que la larve modifie profondément les propriétés optiques de la surface de la feuille au cours de son nourrissage. La structure mine absorbe bien plus de radiations dans le proche infrarouge que les tissus foliaires intacts. De plus, une quantité importante de radiations est transmise à l'intérieur de la mine par le tégument supérieur dans les zones prélevées par la larve. Ces radiations induisent une élévation importante de son activité respiratoire (rejet de CO2). En utilisant un analyseur de gaz par infrarouge, nous avons pu montrer par ailleurs que les stomates localisés dans le tégument inférieur de la mine réagissent à la présence de la larve en se fermant. Un modèle de diffusion de CO2 a révélé que les stomates réagissent directement aux variations d'émission de CO2 par la larve. Le budget thermique de la mine a ensuite été modélisé. Le modèle permet de prédire la température à l'intérieur de la mine à partir des modifications des propriétés optiques et de la physiologie des stomates, et à partir des variables climatiques. Ce modèle biophysique a été validé en comparant ses prédictions avec des mesures expérimentales de température de mines réalisées en environnement contrôlé. Le modèle à une précision de 0,8 °C dans l'intervalle de 12 °C à 42 °C. Le modèle prédit un important excès de température dans la mine, atteignant 10 °C au dessus de la température de l'air et 5 °C au dessus de la température des tissus foliaires intacts. Les deux types de modifications – propriétés optiques et comportement stomatiques – ont un impact équivalent sur l'excès de température. Cette approche démontre clairement que la larve contrôle son environnement physique en modifiant son environnement. Nos résultats sont finalement discutés dans une perspective d'écologie évolutive. Plus particulièrement, le rôle du microclimat des insectes endophages dans l'évolution de leurs sensibilités thermiques et de celles de leurs parasitoïdes est détaillé.

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Vandegrift, Andrew. "Ecological Roles of Fungal Endophytes." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20401.

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Endophytic fungi live within tissues of plant hosts without causing symptoms of disease. These fungi are broadly split into the taxonomically and ecologically cohesive Clavicipitaceous endophytes, which infect grasses, and the taxonomically diverse non-Clavicipitaceous endophytes, which are found in nearly all plants and have diverse ecological strategies. My dissertation has two sections: Section A investigates the intersection of Clavicipitaceous endophyte ecology with other ecological theory, including invasion ecology (Chapter II) and community ecology and climate change (Chapter III); Section B investigates the ecology of one group of non-Clavicipitaceous endophytes, the Xylariaceae, using a culture-based study in Ecuador (Chapter IV) and a next-generation sequencing based endophyte survey in Taiwan (Chapter V). Section B is centered on testing the Foraging Ascomycete (FA) hypothesis—the idea that some decomposer fungi may adapt an endophytic lifestyle to escape limitations in primary substrate in both time and space. In Chapter II, I utilized a host-specific Epichloë endophyte present ubiquitously in the European native range of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) invasive grass Brachypodium sylvaticum to test theories of invasion. In Chapter III, I examined the grass Agrostis capillaris in the context of a climate manipulation experiment in prairies in the PNW to elucidate patterns of interaction between multiple symbionts (Epichloë endophytes, dark septate root endophytes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) within single hosts across climatic variation. In Chapter IV, I began to test the FA hypothesis by examining spatial relationships of Xylaria endophytic fungi in the forest canopy with Xylaria decomposer fungi on the forest floor in a remote Ecuadorian cloud forest. In Chapter V, I build on the results from the previous study, using a novel technique to examine spatial ecology of the Xylariaceae, pairing traditional mycological collection with the preparation of a next-generation sequencing metabarcode library of endophytes over a much greater area. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished coauthored material.

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Beau, Jeremy. "Drug Discovery from Floridian Mangrove Endophytes." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4287.

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A significant challenge of the 21st century is the growing health threat stemming from drug-resistant infectious diseases. There is an undeniable need to discover new, safe and effective drugs with novel mechanisms of action to combat this threat. A study of drugs currently on the market showed that natural products account for approximately 75% of new anti-infective drugs, either as new agents or analogs based upon their structure. Unfortunately, major pharmaceutical companies have cut back tremendously in natural products research in part due to the frustrating obstacle of frequent rediscovery of compounds. Fungi in particular are difficult to work with in that they do not always produce the same variety and quantities of secondary metabolites under laboratory conditions. One of the groundbreaking discoveries evolving from genomics research is the observation that many fungi possess more gene clusters encoding for the production of secondary metabolites than the reported number of natural products isolated from those organisms. Simple epigenetic modifications such as DNA methlytransferase or histone deacetylase inhibition can activate silenced genes leading to the genesis of novel chemistry from the fungus. The work presented herein is a study of the isolation and characterization of anti-infective compounds from Floridian mangrove endophytes. In addition, epigenetic modifications were explored in order to increase the production of secondary metabolites as well as for the purpose of generating new analogs not found in the controls. Finally, structure activity relationship studies were performed in order to maximize the anti-malarial and antibiotic activity of cytosporone E.

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Arnold, Anne Elizabeth. "Neotropical fungal endophytes: Diversity and ecology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289841.

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Fungal endophytes associated with leaves of woody plants are thought to be diverse and abundant, especially in tropical forests. However, associations of endophytes with tropical woody angiosperms have not been characterized in detail. In this dissertation, I assess: (1) the scale of endophyte biodiversity in a tropical forest; (2) ecological, temporal, and host-mediated factors influencing endophyte abundance in leaves of tropical trees; (3) utility of endophyte morphospecies as functional taxonomic units; and (4) the nature of endophyte-host interactions. To characterize endophyte biodiversity, I measured endophyte richness in asymptomatic leaves of two distantly related, but co-occurring, host species in lowland forest in central Panama. I found that endophytes are highly diverse within leaves, plants, and host species, and that they demonstrate both host preference and spatial heterogeneity. To determine factors influencing abundance of tropical endophytes, I assessed effects of inoculum abundance, duration of exposure to inoculum, phylogenetic position of host, and leaf traits (e.g., chemical and structural defenses) on rates of endophyte infection. I found that endophyte abundance is sensitive to inoculum abundance in the short term, but to duration of exposure over the long term. In turn, inoculum abundance is sensitive to canopy cover, time of day, and time since precipitation. Generally, neither leaf traits nor phylogenetic position of hosts is related to rates of endophyte infection: endophytes occur with consistently high abundance and diversity among representatives of 14 orders of angiosperms. To assess utility of morphospecies as taxonomic units, I compared diversity and taxonomic composition among morphospecies of endophytes as delineated using several criteria, and among species as inferred using nrDNA data. I found that conservatively designated morphospecies can approximate species boundaries as defined by nrDNA data for diverse Ascomycota. Finally, I examined effects of endophytes on (1) minimum leaf conductance, a measure of water loss from leaves under drought conditions; and (2) leaf mortality and necrosis in the presence of a foliar pathogen for a focal host. I found that endophytes may cost their hosts by increasing water loss under conditions of severe drought, but that they also may play an important role in host defense against pathogens.

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Wilson, Wendolyn Louise. "Isolation of endophytes from seagrasses from Bermuda." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35540.pdf.

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Gunson, Helen Elizabeth. "Endophytes and microbial contaminents of micropropagated plants." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315314.

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Poinso, Alix. "Recherche d'inhibiteurs de la superoxyde dismutase à partir de substances naturelles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30378/document.

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Le but de ce travail de thèse était de rechercher de nouvelles molécules inhibitrices de la SOD dans des extraits de substances naturelles. Cette enzyme majeure du stress oxydant étant impliquée dans de nombreux mécanismes de défense des cellules cancéreuses contre l'apoptose représente une voie thérapeutique d'avenir. Nous en avons recherché dans les champignons endophytes de plantes péruviennes, ces micro-organismes produisant de nombreux métabolites de défense des plantes hôtes. Ce travail de thèse a d'abord porté sur l'isolement, la culture, l'identification, l'extraction et la caractérisation des souches de champignons endophytes. Les analyses statistiques effectuées sur ces extraits avec les résultats obtenus en HPLC ont confirmé les problèmes de variabilités qualitative et quantitative pouvant être rencontrés au cours de la culture des endophytes et décrites dans la littérature. La seconde partie expérimentale a porté sur la recherche de furocoumarines dans les extraits obtenus, en raison de leur potentiel effet inhibiteur sur la SOD. Nous avons dérépliqué ces composés dans les extraits d'endophytes au cours de deux stratégies de spectrométrie de masse réalisées en mode d'ionisation négatif. La première approche, à l'aide d'un QTOF, a abouti à l'identification de deux furocoumarines, la 5-Methyl-4H-furo[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-4-one et la déhydropachyrrhizone. La seconde, à l'aide d'un OrbiTrap, a vu l'identification de quatre autres furocoumarines : l'Ochrocarpine A, la Moellendorffiline, l'Anisolactone et l'Anhydrorutarétine .Afin de compléter cette approche métabolomique et identifier les molécules inhibitrices de la SOD, nous avons tenté de mettre au point un test d'activité de cette enzyme, rapide, peu coûteux et réalisable en routine. Nous avons sélectionné le test au pyrogallol, mais celui-ci n'a pas démontré les qualités recherchées tant au niveau de la sensibilité que de la reproductibilité. Nous orientons à présent les recherches vers des approches différentes, la recherche directe d'adduits sur la SOD par LC-MS
Superoxide dismutase is one of the major proteins controlling the oxidizing stress and cellular homeostasis. It is involved in numerous cancer cells proliferation processes. This protein is considered as major anti-cancer target for the development of new anti-cancer drugs. The goal of this work, was to research and identify an inhibitor of the SOD in endophytic fungi from Peruvian plants. These micro-organisms are known to produce numerous metabolites for host plants protection. During the preparation of endophytic extracts and their characterization by HPLC and statistical analyzes, we have pointed out a high quantitative and qualitative variability of the chemical content of endophytic extracts inside a same strain. Considering the literature we have focused our work on the identification of furocoumarins because of their potential inhibitory effect on the SOD. For this purpose two mass spectrometry strategies using negative ionization mode were carried out. With the QTOF mass spectrometer we have identified Methyl-4H-furo [2,3-b] [1] benzopyran-4-one and the déhydropachyrrhizone. With the OrbiTrap, the Ochrocarpine A, Moellendorffiline the Anisolactone and the Anhydrorutarétine were identified. Biological evaluation of the different extracts was performed using pyrogallol test. This investigation did not allow us to identify an inhibitor of the SOD. In the future we may consider seeking SOD inhibitors by looking at the formation SOD-chemical compound adducts using an LC-MS investigation

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Reivant, Munters Arielle. "The foliar bacterial endophyte community in native Pinus radiata: a role for protection against fungal disease?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234871.

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Pinus radiata is the most planted tree in the southern hemisphere. The planted trees are especially susceptible to pathogens, but even the native population, nowadays limited tomerely five locations, are threatened by diseases caused by arthropods, fungi and dehydration. Endophytes are bacteria or fungi that reside inside healthy plant tissue, and often have a beneficial effect on their hosts. Endophytes can help plants adapt to abiotic stress such as drought and protect them against pathogens and insect pests. Given the roles that endophytes play in host stress responses, it is possible that without studying endophytes we may not fully understand a plant’s response to increased temperatures and climate-induced disease.Using Illumina-sequencing of the 16S rRNA-gene the bacterial endophyte community in 15 trees from three of the remaining native populations were studied. By investigating trees from several sites geographical community differences were discovered. The three overall most dominating bacterial taxa can all be connected with genera known to contain members withanti-fungal properties.

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MICELI, Elisangela. "Bacterial Endophytes: Unexplored Sources Of Biotechnologically Relevant Molecules." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488023.

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Endophytes are microorganisms which colonize the internal tissues of the plants without causing any harm. Generally, endophytes are described as presenting beneficial functions to the plant host, such as plant growth promoting activity and protection against pathogens. The interaction between endophytes and plants is so close, that the term holobiont has been proposed to define the plant and its microbiome, as if they formed a unique organism. In the last decades, endophytes have gained more attention since there is growing evidence of their capacity to influence the plant’s physiology and to produce bioactive compounds. For example, it has been suggested that endophytes could synthesize compounds similar to the ones produced by the plant host, and modulate the production of plants secondary metabolites. In this context, endophytes appear as a powerful tool. On one hand, the exploration of endophytes allows to deepen our knowledge on the plant-microbiome interaction; on the other hand, the better comprehension of the holobiont can lead to a biotechnological application of endophytes. Thus, we decided to explore bacterial endophytes from different plants, to better comprehend the structure of their communities, to explore their phenotypic features, prospecting a possible biotechnological application. In this work, we have analyzed bacterial endophytes from medicinal plants tissues and seeds, and hyperaccumulator plants. Bacterial communities associated to the medicinal plants Echinacea purpurea and E. angustifolia were already described in our laboratory and showed very specific communities in association to different tissues of the plants (stem/leaves, roots) and rhizosphere. Then, we decided to furtherly explore such communities, mainly focusing on the possible forces that could determine the presence of different communities in different districts of the plants. The performed analysis indicated that bacterial strains themselves could be implied in determining the structure of their own community by means of antimicrobial production, which in turn determine the colonization by adaptive phenotypes. Endophytes exhibiting intriguing phenotypes, such as the inhibition of human opportunistic pathogens, were furtherly analyzed, by determining their genome sequences. The analysis of such sequences showed that the endophytic strains harbor many gene cluster which might be implied in inhibitory activities, confirming that endophytic bacterial strains are a promising field to investigate. Endophytic bacterial strains were also analyzed within E. purpurea seeds. In this case, endophytes were observed within the plant’s seeds, extracted, taxonomically and phenotypically characterized. More recently, we decided to explore endophytes which live in association with Phragmites australis plants, which are largely used in phytodepuration constructed wetlands. This part of the work was possible thanks to the collaboration with G.I.D.A. S.p.A., Gestione Impianti Depurazione Acque. The characterization of such endophytes has shown that they are able to grow in presence of critical elements for wastewater treatment, suggesting their possible application to obtain an enhancement of phytodepuration efficiency. Overall, the analyses performed in this work increased our knowledge on bacterial endophytes from different sources, their communities structure, and interaction with the host. As a consequence, it represents the starting point to a possible biotechnological application of endophytes, in order to address issues, such as antibiotic resistance and environmental cleanup.
Gli endofiti sono microrganismi che colonizzano i tessuti interni delle piante senza causare nessun danno. Generalmente, gli endofiti sono in grado di compiere funzioni come la promozione della crescita della pianta e la protezione contro patogeni. Il termine olobionte indica l’insieme costituito dalla pianta e dal suo microbiota, come se questi costituissero un unico grande organismo. Nelle ultime decadi, gli endofiti sono stati sempre più studiati, poiché è diventata sempre più evidente la loro capacità di influenzare la fisiologia della pianta e la produzione di molecole bioattive. Per esempio, è stato proposto che gli endofiti possono sintetizzare composti simili a quelli sintetizzati dalla pianta ospite e che possono modulare la produzione dei metaboliti secondari della pianta. In questo contesto, gli endofiti appaiono come strumenti di grande potenziale in campo biotecnologico. Per questi motivi, abbiamo deciso di analizzare batteri endofiti da piante diverse, allo scopo di capire meglio la struttura delle loro comunità e di esplorare le loro caratteristiche fenotipiche, prospettando così una possibile applicazione in campo biotecnologico. In questo lavoro, sono state analizzati batteri endofiti da piante medicinali, da semi di piante medicinali e da piante iperaccumulatrici di sostanze tossiche. Recentemente, comunità batteriche associate alle piante medicinali Echinacea purpurea and E. angustifolia sono state analizzate nel nostro laboratorio e hanno mostrato una struttura e composizione molto specifica nei vari tessuti delle piante (foglie/stelo, radici) e nella rizosfera. Successivamente, abbiamo deciso di studiare in modo più approfondito tali comunità, concentrandoci soprattutto nei fattori che potrebbero determinare la presenza di comunità così specifiche in diversi compartimenti delle piante. Le analisi effettuate hanno mostrato che le comunità batteriche stesse potrebbero prendere parte nella strutturazione delle proprie comunità, attraverso la produzione di molecule antimicrobiche, che determinano a loro volta la colonizzazione da parte di ceppi resistenti. Inoltre, alcuni ceppi batterici estratti da Echinacea purpurea e E. angustifolia sono stati ulteriormente analizzati dal punto di vista genetico, attraverso il sequenziamento dei loro genomi. Lo studio delle sequenze ha mostrato che i ceppi endofiti presentano diversi cluster genici presumibilmente coinvolti in attività antibiotica, confermando che tali ceppi potrebbero trovare un’applicazione in campo biotecnologico. Ceppi batterici endofiti sono stati analizzati anche all’interno di semi di E. purpurea. In questo caso, oltre ad osservare la presenza di endofiti all’interno dei semi, endofiti batterici sono stati estratti dai semi e caratterizzati dal punto di vista tassonomico e fenotipico. Recentemente, la nostra analisi degli endofiti si è estesa verso le piante iperaccumulatrici. Sono stati analizzati batteri endofiti in associazione alle piante di Phragmites australis, largamente utilizzate in impianti di fitodepurazione. Questa parte del lavoro è stata possibile grazie alla collaborazione con G.I.D.A. S.p.A, Gestione Impianti Depurazione Acque. La caratterizzazione di tali endofiti ha evidenziato la loro capacità di crescita in presenza di elementi, quali ferro, boro e selenio, che sono critici nel processo di depurazione delle acque. Queste evidenze rendono possibile ipotizzare l’applicazione di tali ceppi per un incremento dell’efficienza depurativa. In conclusione, le analisi effettuate in questo lavoro di tesi hanno permesso di appronfondire le nostre conoscenze riguardo batteri endofiti provenienti da diverse fonti. Questo lavoro rappresenta, inoltre, il punto d’inizio per un possibile utilizzo di tali batteri in campo biotecnologico, al fine di rispondere a precise richieste, quali la resistenza agli antibiotici e la necessità di diminuire l’inquinamento ambientale.

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Books on the topic "Endophytes"

1

Patil, Ravindra H., and Vijay L. Maheshwari, eds. Endophytes. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0.

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Verma, Satish Kumar, and James Francis White, Jr, eds. Seed Endophytes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4.

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Aroca, Ricardo, ed. Symbiotic Endophytes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4.

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W, Bacon Charles, White James F, and International Symbiosis Congress (2nd : 1997 : Woods Hole, Mass.), eds. Microbial endophytes. New York: M. Dekker, 2000.

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Schulz, Barbara J. E., Christine J. C. Boyle, and Thomas N. Sieber, eds. Microbial Root Endophytes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33526-9.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Veterinary Services. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health. and National Animal Health Monitoring System (U.S.), eds. Endophytes in U.S. horse pastures. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 1999.

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Pirttilä, Anna Maria, and A. Carolin Frank, eds. Endophytes of Forest Trees. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9.

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Ting, Adeline Su Yien. Endophytes of the Tropics. Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429061387.

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Jha, Sumita, ed. Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76900-4.

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Maheshwari, Dinesh K., ed. Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66541-2.

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Book chapters on the topic "Endophytes"

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Alwis, Y. Vindula, A. Nethma Wethalawe, Dinusha N. Udukala, and Priyani A. Paranagama. "Endophytic Microflora of Sri Lankan Plants: An Overview of the Therapeutic and Agricultural Applications of the Secondary Metabolites." In Endophytes, 153–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_8.

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Kantari, Sai Anand Kannakazhi, Malleswara Dharanikota, and Ashok Agraharam. "Strategies for Tapping into Hidden Potential of Endophytic Fungi as Sources of Novel Biomolecules: Need for an Integrated Approach." In Endophytes, 225–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_11.

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Midhun, Sebastian Jose, and Mathew Jyothis. "Pharmacological Applications of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytes." In Endophytes, 71–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_5.

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Samanta, Smriti, Suvranil Ghosh, and Narayan Chandra Mandal. "Endophytic Fungi: A Source of Novel Pharmaceutical Compounds." In Endophytes, 103–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_7.

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Preethi, K., V. Manon Mani, and N. Lavanya. "Endophytic Fungi: A Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for Commercial and Therapeutic Applications." In Endophytes, 247–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_12.

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Ilyas, Asma, Rabia Tanvir, and Yasir Rehman. "Indo-Pak Medicinal Plants and Their Endophytes: An Emphasis on Nutraceutical and Bioactive Potential." In Endophytes, 51–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_4.

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Mili, Chiranjib, Subham Roy, and Kumanand Tayung. "Endophytic Fungi of Wild and Domesticated Crop Plants and Their Prospect for Applications in Sustainable Agriculture." In Endophytes, 21–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_2.

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Singamaneni, Venugopal, Arushi Gupta, Vikash Babu, Upasana Sharma, and Prasoon Gupta. "Recent Update on Novel Anticancer Compounds from Endophytes." In Endophytes, 37–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_3.

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Patil, Samadhan Gopal, Mohini Panditrao Patil, Vijay Laxminarayan Maheshwari, and Ravindra Himmatrao Patil. "In Situ Probing of Endophyte Natural Products with DESI-Imaging Mass Spectrometry." In Endophytes, 177–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_9.

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Talukdar, Rajreepa, Sudem Wary, Rashmeeta Hajowary, Anindita Sarma, and Kumanand Tayung. "Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Some Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants of Assam, India." In Endophytes, 91–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Endophytes"

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Vasileva, E. N., A. M. Afonin, G. A. Akhtemova, V. A. Zhukov, and I. A. Tikhonovich. "Endophytic bacteria isolated from garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.265.

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Endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized aerial parts of pea. Taxonomic status of isolated strains was determined by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Moreover, genomes of growth-promoting endophytes were sequenced.

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Frolova, A. S., D. E. Kolpakova, N. N. Khoroshkina, M. N. Bezyazykova, and K. V. Karchin. "ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA AS PRODUCERS OF INDOLYL-3-ACETIC ACID." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-141.

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From the seeds of cereal crops (Avena sativa L., Triticum L., Secale cereale L. и Hordeum L.), 6 endophytic bacteria were isolated that can survive on poor soils that are resistant to salinity, herbicides and insecticides. The strains synthesize indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA), concentration from 4,49 to 9,00 mg/ml. The isolated endophytes are promising for compiling a consortium of microorganisms capable of stimulating plant growth.

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Aboobaker, Z., S. van Vuuren, A. Viljoen, and P. Crous. "South African endophytes- potential antimicrobial agents." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608034.

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Kumalasari, Yeni Indra, Agung Dian Kharisma, and Sri Yuwantiningsih. "Potential of Karimunjawa Island’s Plants as Antibiotic-Producing Endophytic Bacteria Sources." In The 2nd International Conference on Technology for Sustainable Development. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-kv25ou.

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Endophytic bacteria have a great potential to be applied as biofertilizers and biopesticides, but their information as a source of antibiotics still needs to be developed and explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential sources of antibiotics in endophytic bacteria isolated from the stems of Setigi, Wahong, Bongko, Kalimosodo, Dewandaru, and Legundi plants on Karimunjawa Island. Molecular approaches were performed to isolate, characterize, and identify bacterial endophytes as potential antibiotic sources by plate assay and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Dewandaru isolate was identified as gram-negative bacteria, whereas; gram-positive bacteria were detected in other isolates. Moreover, Setigi and Dewandaru isolates showed the highest level to inhibit the growth of Fusarium sp and displayed 99% similarity with antibiotic-producing bacteria, namely Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. These results indicate the possibility of antibiotic activities by Setigi and Dewandaru isolated. Therefore, it is assumed that both Setigi and Dewandaru isolates potentially appeared as new antibiotics sources from local plants. This study provides novel insight into the future production of novel antibiotics derived from plant-associated endophytic bacterial as a strategy for increasing the application of natural compounds to control plant diseases in agriculture.

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Pham, Thu Q. "Microbial agents as endophytes to protect plants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94399.

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Nan, Lijun, Kaifeng Wang, Bo Pang, Yingxue Zhong, Xiaofang Zhang, Yashan Li, Fang Tao, Ruiqun Yang, and Ya Liu. "Isolation and identification of endophytes from carrots." In 2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING (8TH ICBB). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5092396.

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Lutfia, Anisa, Yurnaliza, and Erman Munir. "Preliminary Screening of Antagonistic Fungal Endophytes from Zingiberaceae." In International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010082300420046.

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Tyukavina, Olga. "BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES FROM POPLAR IN THE CONDITIONS OF ARKHAGELSK." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/6.2/s25.009.

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Affina-Eliya, A. A., T. Noraini, I. Nazlina, and A. R. Ruzi. "Fungal endophytes characterization from four species of Diplazium Swartz." In THE 2014 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2014 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895292.

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Caradus, J. R., and D. E. Hume. "Future Role of Epichloë Endophytes in Temperate Pasture Environments." In XXV International Grassland Congress. Berea, KY 40403: International Grassland Congress 2023, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/071171-0259.

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Reports on the topic "Endophytes"

1

Kloepper, Joseph W., and Ilan Chet. Endophytic Bacteria of Cotton and Sweet Corn for Providing Growth Promotion and Biological Disease Control. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613039.bard.

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Endophytes were isolated from 16.7% of surface-disinfested seeds and 100% of stems and roots of field-growth plants. Strains from Israel with broad-spectrum in vitro antibiosis were mainly Bacillus spp., and some were chitinolytic. Following dipping of cut cotton roots into suspensions of these strains, endophytes were detected up to 72 days later by isolation and by autoradiograms of 14C-labelled bacteria. Selected endophytes exhibited biological control potential based on significant reductions in disease severity on cotton inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum as well as control of Sclerotium rolfsii on bean. Neither salicylic acid nor chitinase levels increased in plants as a result of endophytic colonization, suggesting that the observed biocontrol was not accounted for by PR protein production. Some biocontrol endophytes secreted chitinolytic enzymes. Model endophytic strains inoculated into cotton stems via stem injection showed only limited movement within the stem. When introduced into stems at low concentrations, endophytes increased in population density at the injection site. After examining several experimental and semi-practical inoculation systems, seed treatment was selected as an efficient way to reintroduce most endophytes into plants.

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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.

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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.

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Younginger, Brett. Fungal Endophytes in a Seed-Free Host: New Species That Demonstrate Unique Community Dynamics. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6271.

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Mei, Chuansheng, Jerzy Nowak, and John Seiler. Development of a Low Input and sustainable Switchgrass Feedstock Production System Utilizing Beneficial Bacterial Endophytes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1160229.

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Freeman, Stanley, and Russell J. Rodriguez. The Interaction Between Nonpathogenic Mutants of Colletotrichum and Fusarium, and the Plant Host Defense System. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573069.bard.

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The intent of this proposal was to study the interaction between nonpathogenic mutants of Colletotrichum magna and Fusarium oxysporum, and the cucurbit host defense system. We had shown previously that a nonpathogenic endophytic mutant path- 1 of C. magna, caused no visible disease symptoms but protected watermelon seedlings from disease caused by the wildtype isolate and F. o. niveum. Objectives were: 1) Determine the microscopic, biochemical and molecular genetic interaction between "protected" (path- 1 colonized) cucurbit hosts and wildtype isolates of C. magna; 2) Isolate non-pathogenic mutants of F.o. melonis and test feasibility for protecting plants against fungal diseases. We found that path-1 caused no visible disease symptoms in cucurbit seedlings but conferred disease resistance against pathogenic isolates of C. magna, C. orbiculare, and F. oxysporum. Disease resistance conferred by path-1 correlated to a decrease in the time of activation of host defense systems after exposure of path-1 colonized plants to virulent pathogens. This was determined by monitoring the biochemical activity of PAL and peroxidase, and the deposition of lignin. It appears that path-1-conferred disease resistance is a multigenic phenomenon which should be more difficult for pathogen to overcome than single gene conferred resistance. Based on the benefits conferred by path-1, we have defined this mutant as expressing a mutualistic lifestyle. REMI (restriction enzyme-mediated integration) nonpathogenic mutants were also isolated using pHA1.3 plasmid linearized with Hind III and transformed into wildtype C. magna. The integrated vector and flanking genomic DNA sequences in REMI mutant R1 was re-isolated and cloned resulting in a product of approximately 11 kb designated pGMR1. Transformations of wildtype C. magna with pGMR1 resulted in the same non-pathogenic phenotype. A nonpathogenic mutant of F.o. melonis (pathogenic to melon) was isolated that colonized melon plants but elicited no disease symptoms in seedlings and conferred 25 - 50% disease protection against the virulent wildtype isolate. Subsequently, nonpathogenic mutant isolates of F.o. niveum (pathogenic to watermelon) were also isolated. Their protection capacity against the respective wildtype parent is currently under investigation. This research has provided information toward a better understanding of host-parasite interactions; specifically, endophytes, pathogens and their hosts. It will also allow us to assess the potential for utilizing nonpathogenic mutants as biological control agents against fungal pathogens and isolating molecular genetic factors of pathogenicity in Fusarium.

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Dangl, Jeffery L. Functional Manipulation of Root Endophyte Populations for Feedstock Improvement- Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1407956.

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Bravo, Daniel, Sandra Cortés, and Sergio Pardo. Assessing endophytic bacteria as a strategy to bioremediate Cd in Cacao crops from Colombia. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2016.31.

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El presente póster habla acerca de evaluar bacterias tolerantes de cadmio endofíticas (ECdtB) aisladas de cultivos de cacao de Colombia por calorimetría y otras técnicas para inmovilizar el cadmio. Este es uno de los mayores desafíos en la calidad del Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Una de las estrategias para abordar tal problema es el uso de endofítico bacterias tolerantes a cadmio (ECdtB) a través de metabolizar la fracción bioactiva de cadmio, es decir, oxalato de cadmio, en compuestos geoestables, es decir, cadmio carbonato

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Dubbs, Wesley. Chlorophyll Characterization of Three Mistletoes and the Chloroplast Ultrastructure within Aerial and Endophytic Tissues of Phoradendron Juniperinum. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6631.

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Spasova-Apostolova, Velicka, Veselina Masheva, Mariana Petkova, and Nerettin Tahsin. Endophytic Colonization of Tobacco Plants (N. tabacum, L., ssp. Orentalis) by the Strain 538 of Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.06.16.

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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.

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Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.

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