Journal articles on the topic 'Endogenous group formation'
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AHN, T. K., R. MARK ISAAC, and TIMOTHY C. SALMON. "Endogenous Group Formation." Journal of Public Economic Theory 10, no. 2 (April 2008): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2008.00357.x.
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Ahloy, James, and John R. Hamman. "Personality Traits and Endogenous Group Formation." Revue économique 70, no. 6 (2019): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.706.0999.
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Aimone, J. A., L. R. Iannaccone, M. D. Makowsky, and J. Rubin. "Endogenous Group Formation via Unproductive Costs." Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 4 (June 3, 2013): 1215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt017.
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Herbst, Luisa, Kai A. Konrad, and Florian Morath. "Endogenous group formation in experimental contests." European Economic Review 74 (February 2015): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.12.001.
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Baik, Kyung Hwan. "Endogenous Group Formation in Contests: Unobservable Sharing Rules." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 25, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jems.12150.
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Bold, Tessa. "Implications of Endogenous Group Formation for Efficient Risk‐Sharing." Economic Journal 119, no. 536 (February 18, 2009): 562–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02245.x.
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Brütt, Katharina, Arthur Schram, and Joep Sonnemans. "Endogenous group formation and responsibility diffusion: An experimental study." Games and Economic Behavior 121 (May 2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2020.02.003.
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Damania, Richard, and Per G. Fredriksson. "Trade policy reform, endogenous lobby group formation, and environmental policy." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 52, no. 1 (September 2003): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(02)00194-4.
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Arne Brekke, Kjell, Karine Nyborg, and Mari Rege. "The Fear of Exclusion: Individual Effort when Group Formation is Endogenous." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 109, no. 3 (September 2007): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2007.00506.x.
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Brekke, Kjell Arne, Karen Evelyn Hauge, Jo Thori Lind, and Karine Nyborg. "Playing with the good guys. A public good game with endogenous group formation." Journal of Public Economics 95, no. 9-10 (October 2011): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.05.003.
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Kosfeld, Michael, Akira Okada, and Arno Riedl. "Institution Formation in Public Goods Games." American Economic Review 99, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 1335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.4.1335.
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Sanctioning institutions are of utmost importance for overcoming free-riding tendencies and enforcing outcomes that maximize group welfare in social dilemma situations. We investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the endogenous formation of institutions in public goods provision. Our theoretical analysis shows that players may form sanctioning institutions in equilibrium, including those governing only a subset of players. The experiment confirms that institutions are formed and that it positively affects cooperation and group welfare. However, the data also shows that success is not guaranteed. Players are unwilling to implement equilibrium institutions in which some players have the opportunity to free ride. Our results emphasize the role of fairness in the institution formation process. (JEL C72, D02, H41)
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Tamari, Tal, Rawan Kawar-Jaraisy, Ofri Doppelt, Ben Giladi, Nadin Sabbah, and Hadar Zigdon-Giladi. "The Paracrine Role of Endothelial Cells in Bone Formation via CXCR4/SDF-1 Pathway." Cells 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9061325.
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Vascularization is a prerequisite for bone formation. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) stimulate bone formation by creating a vascular network. Moreover, EPCs secrete various bioactive molecules that may regulate bone formation. The aim of this research was to shed light on the pathways of EPCs in bone formation. In a subcutaneous nude mouse ectopic bone model, the transplantation of human EPCs onto β-TCP scaffold increased angiogenesis (p < 0.001) and mineralization (p < 0.01), compared to human neonatal dermal fibroblasts (HNDF group) and a-cellular scaffold transplantation (β-TCP group). Human EPCs were lining blood vessels lumen; however, the majority of the vessels originated from endogenous mouse endothelial cells at a higher level in the EPC group (p < 01). Ectopic mineralization was mostly found in the EPCs group, and can be attributed to the recruitment of endogenous mesenchymal cells ten days after transplantation (p < 0.0001). Stromal derived factor-1 gene was expressed at high levels in EPCs and controlled the migration of mesenchymal and endothelial cells towards EPC conditioned medium in vitro. Blocking SDF-1 receptors on both cells abolished cell migration. In conclusion, EPCs contribute to osteogenesis mainly by the secretion of SDF-1, that stimulates homing of endothelial and mesenchymal cells. This data may be used to accelerate bone formation in the future.
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Smith, Alastair, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and Tom LaGatta. "Group incentives and rational voting." Journal of Theoretical Politics 29, no. 2 (July 7, 2016): 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629816630439.
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Our model describes competition between groups driven by the choices of self-interested voters within groups. Within a Poisson voting environment, parties observe aggregate support from groups and can allocate prizes or punishments to them. In a tournament style analysis, the model characterizes how contingent allocation of prizes based on relative levels of support affects equilibrium voting behavior. In addition to standard notions of pivotality, voters influence the distribution of prizes across groups. Such prize pivotality supports positive voter turnout even in non-competitive electoral settings. The analysis shows that competition for a prize awarded to the most supportive group is only stable when two groups actively support a party. However, competition among groups to avoid punishment is stable in environments with any number of groups. We conclude by examining implications for endogenous group formation and how politicians structure the allocation of rewards and punishments.
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Winnersbach, Patrick, Aisa Hosseinnejad, Thomas Breuer, Tamara Fechter, Felix Jakob, Ulrich Schwaneberg, Rolf Rossaint, Christian Bleilevens, and Smriti Singh. "Endogenous Nitric Oxide-Releasing Microgel Coating Prevents Clot Formation on Oxygenator Fibers Exposed to In Vitro Blood Flow." Membranes 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010073.
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Background: Clot formation on foreign surfaces of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation systems is a frequent event. Herein, we show an approach that mimics the enzymatic process of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) release on the oxygenator membrane via a biomimetic, non-fouling microgel coating to spatiotemporally inhibit the platelet (PLT) activation and improve antithrombotic properties. This study aims to evaluate the potential of this biomimetic coating towards NO-mediated PLT inhibition and thereby the reduction of clot formation under flow conditions. Methods: Microgel-coated (NOrel) or bare (Control) poly(4-methyl pentene) (PMP) fibers were inserted into a test channel and exposed to a short-term continuous flow of human blood. The analysis included high-resolution PLT count, pooled PLT activation via β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG) and the visualization of remnants and clots on the fibers using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: In the Control group, PLT count was significantly decreased, and β-TG concentration was significantly elevated in comparison to the NOrel group. Macroscopic and microscopic visualization showed dense layers of stable clots on the bare PMP fibers, in contrast to minimal deposition of fibrin networks on the coated fibers. Conclusion: Endogenously NO-releasing microgel coating inhibits the PLT activation and reduces the clot formation on PMP fibers under dynamic flow.
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Olekshij, P. "Evaluation of endogenous intoxication indicators in the dynamics of experimental periodontitis and immobilization stress." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.10.024.
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The aim of our work was to investigate the peculiarities of changes in endogenous intoxication rates: medium mass molecules (MMM) and erythrocyte intoxication index (EII) in the blood of guinea pigs in the formation of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis (EP) and immobilization stress (IS).The results of biochemical studies showed that at all stages of development of combined pathology - experimental periodontitis and immobilization stress there is a consistent increase in the degree of endogenous intoxication, which dominated on the 15th day of the experiment, namely increased content of medium mass molecules (МMМ254 , MMM280) and EII in the blood by 58.5% (p≤0.05), 80.3% (p≤0.05) and 95.7% (p≤0.05), respectively, compared with the first group of animals is a clear manifestation of the formation of endogenous intoxication. These changes are obviously the result of insufficient elimination of toxic products on the background of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues and stress.
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Kulikowska-Gulewska, Halina, and Jan Kopcewicz. "Gibberellin-like substances in embryonic shoots of Scots pine in relation to generative differentiation." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 54, no. 4 (2014): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1985.033.
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Investigations were carried out on embryonic shoots of lateral and terminal buds of Scots pine (<em>Pinus silvestris</em> L.) of different age. at various stages of seasonal devclopment. The results show that there is a correlation between gibberellins content and apical dominance in pine. More are found in terminal buds than in lateral ones. The transition from a juvenile phase into a mature one in Scots pine is accompanied by a lowering of the gibberellin content. The formation of male inflorescences is accompanied by an increased amount of endogenous gibberellins and the appearence of a new group of non-polar gibberellin-like substances. The formation of female cones is connected with the lowering of endogenous gibberellin content.
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Boev, I. A., A. P. Godovalov, G. I. Shtraube, and G. I. Antakov. "Characteristic features of maxillofacial phlegmon morbidity with assessment of efficiency of detoxication therapy." Perm Medical Journal 36, no. 2 (June 23, 2019): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj36229-35.
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Aim. To study the characteristic features of long-term facial phlegmon morbidity in Perm Krai with assessment of the efficiency of infusion therapy using indices of endogenous intoxication expression.
Materials and methods. Manifestations of epidemic process of facial phlegmons were studied on the basis of a detailed retrospective analysis of sickness rate among the inhabitants of Perm Krai for the period of 2011–2016. In group 1, all patients besides standard therapy, underwent infusion therapy, and in group 2 – standard therapy alone. Prior to and after the therapy, peripheral blood cellular composition was assessed, and leukocytic indices of intoxication were calculated.
Results. A long-term dynamics of facial phlegmon morbidity was established to show the irregularity of process expression according to years. Growth of the quantity of patients is provided by increase in the number of cases with complicated forms. Besides, males play a significant role in formation of sickness rate: the chances for the development of phlegmon among them are 1.49 times higher than in females. In the age structure of morbidity, prevail persons aged 21–30 and 31–50. A half of patients have endogenous intoxication. The course of infusion therapy essentially reduces the expression of endogenous intoxication.
Conclusions. There is observed a tendency to growth of facial phlegmon morbidity that is probably connected with changes in etiological structure of pathogenic agents as well as with formation of pathosymbiosis of some opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. As a rule, phlegmon is being developed against the background of endogenous intoxication, conditioned by both microbial metabolites and tissue destruction products. The efficiency of correction of endogenous intoxication using infusion therapy is shown.
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Skarzhinskaya, E. M., and V. I. Tsurikov. "Endogenous Stackelberg leadership within a team. The coalition effect." Journal of the New Economic Association 49, no. 1 (2021): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-49-1-2.
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The article engages in a theoretical investigation of the possibility of implementing the Stackelberg strategy within a team. It is assumed that the team gene-rates aggregate income that increases as the efforts invested by each agent intensify, subject to the law of diminishing returns. The goal of each agent in a team is to maximize his own individual gain. In order to achieve an outcome that is Paretopreferable over Nash equilibrium, two approaches may be used: identifying a leader or forming a smaller group (coalition) within the team whose members, in pursuance of increased individual gains, choose the route that maximizes coalition gains. It is shown that the advent of a coalition in a team results in Pareto-improvement in a simultaneous game. We analyse the possibility of endogenous leadership forming according to the Stackelberg model when using the mechanism of timing decisions. It is established that under autonomy of all team members, leadership formation can only be confidently predicted in specific individual cases. In a significantly more general case, all of the prerequisites for the formation of leadership are created by the presence of a single coalition interested in implementing the Stackelberg strategy.
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Zozulya, S., I. Otman, I. Oleichik, I. Anikhovskaya, M. Yakovlev, and T. Klyushnik. "Systemic endotoxinemia as a probable factor in reducing the treatment effectiveness of endogenous psychosis." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1260.
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IntroductionInflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of endogenous psychosis. An inducer of inflammatory reactions can be endotoxin aggression of intestinal origin.ObjectivesTo determine the level of inflammation markers and indicators of systemic endotoxinemia in blood of patients with endogenous psychosis in relation to assessment of the treatment effectiveness.Methods25 patients with endogenous psychosis (F20, F25) were examined before and after treatment. The control group consisted of 25 healthy people. The activity of inflammatory markers - leukocyte elastase, α1-antitrypsin, antibodies to S-100B, and indicators of systemic endotoxinemia – endotoxin concentration and antiendotoxin immunity activity were measured in blood serum. The treatment effectiveness was assessed by the dynamics of inflammatory markers.ResultsBased on the results of determining the studied parameters before treatment, all patients were divided into two groups. In the 1st group (6 patients, 24%), an increase of inflammatory markers activity and high concentration of endotoxin in the blood serum were revealed (p<0,001, p<0,05, respectively). In the 2nd group (19 patients, 76%), only activation of inflammatory reactions (p<0,001) was detected. After therapy in the 1st group of patients, there was no positive dynamics of all studied markers, which indicated an active course of the pathological process. In the 2nd group, the normalization of inflammatory markers was shown (p<0,05), which corresponded to the formation of remission.ConclusionsThe results indicate that endotoxic aggression contributes to reduction of the effectiveness of endogenous psychosis therapy and can be considered as an additional therapeutic target.
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Danilovic, Vesna, Vanja Petrovic, Dejan Markovic, and Zoran Aleksic. "Histological evaluation of platelet rich plasma and hydroxiapatite in apexogenesis: Study on experimental animals." Vojnosanitetski pregled 65, no. 2 (2008): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0802128d.
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Background/Aim. There are very few data about the effects of endogenous growth factors in vital pulp therapy, and still they are often controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in conjugation with hydroxyapatite (HAP), as pulp capping materials, to root and periodontium formation. Methods. Eight young monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) with permanent dentition and incomplete root formation were involved in this study. After pulpotomy, the pulp lesion was capped with calcium hydroxide (control), hydroxyapatite (experimental group I) or hydroxyapatite in conjugation with PRP (experimental group II). Six months later, the animals were sacrificed, the tissue was removed en block, and prepared for the histological analysis in a routine way. Results. The results of the histological analysis revealed that healing process was characterised by dentin bridge formation, maintained morphological and functional integrity of dental pulp and complete formation of dental root and surrounding periodontium. The inflammatory reaction was scored as mild to moderate, in almost all the samples in all groups, suggesting the biocompatibility of the used materials. Conclusion. Materials used in this study are convenient as capping agents, contributing maintaining the integrity of the pulp tissue and facilitating root and periodontium formation. According to histological data it could be suggested that hydroxyapatite in conjugation with endogenous growth factors, represents superior alternative to other materials used in this study.
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Baccara, Mariagiovanna, and Leeat Yariv. "Homophily in Peer Groups." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.5.3.69.
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The focus of this paper is the endogenous formation of peer groups. In our model, agents choose peers before making contributions to public projects, and they differ in how much they value one project relative to another. Thus, the group's preference composition affects the type of contributions made. We characterize stable groups and find that they must be sufficiently homogeneous. We also provide conditions for some heterogeneity to persist as the group size grows large. In an application in which the projects entail information collection and sharing within the group, stability requires more similarity among extremists than among moderate individuals. (JEL D03, D71, D82, D83)
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Okano, Kenji, Yu Sato, Shota Inoue, Shizuka Kawakami, Shigeru Kitani, and Kohsuke Honda. "Enhancement of S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Methylation by Integrating Methanol Metabolism with 5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate Formation in Escherichia coli." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091001.
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S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases are important tools for the biocatalytic methylation of diverse biomolecules. Methylation by a whole-cell biocatalyst allows the utilization of intrinsic SAM and its regeneration system, which consists of a cyclic and multi-step enzymatic cascade. However, low intracellular availability of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF), which functions as a methyl group donor, limits SAM regeneration. Here, we integrated methanol metabolism with 5-methyl-THF formation into SAM-dependent methylation system in Escherichia coli, driven by heterologously expressed methanol dehydrogenase (MDH). The coupling of MDH-catalyzed methanol oxidation with the E. coli endogenous reactions enhances the formation of 5-methyl-THF using methanol as a source of methyl group, thereby promoting both the SAM regeneration and methylation reactions. Co-expression of the mutant MDH2 from Cupriavidus necator N-1 with the O-methyltransferase 5 from Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 enhanced O-methylation of esculetin 1.4-fold. Additional overexpression of the E. coli endogenous 5,10-methylene-THF reductase, which catalyzes the last step of 5-methyl-THF formation, further enhanced the methylation reaction by 1.9-fold. Together with deregulation of SAM biosynthesis, the titer of methylated compounds was increased about 20-fold (from 0.023 mM to 0.44 mM). The engineered E. coli strain with enhanced 5-methyl-THF formation is now available as a chassis strain for the production of a variety of methylated compounds.
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Hotary, K. B., and K. R. Robinson. "Evidence of a role for endogenous electrical fields in chick embryo development." Development 114, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.4.985.
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We have tested directly the hypothesis that the endogenous electrical field in the chick embryo plays a causal role in development. Conductive implants, which shunt currents out of the embryo and thus alter the internal field, were placed under the dorsal skin at the mid-trunk level of stage 11–15 embryos. Currents leaving the posterior intestinal portal (p.i.p.) of these embryos were reduced by an average of 30%. Control embryos receiving non-conductive implants showed no change in p.i.p. currents. In the group receiving current shunts, 92% of the embryos exhibited some developmental abnormality. Only 11% of the control group displayed defects. The most common defect in the experimental group (81%) was in tail development. Tail defects ranged from complete absence to the formation of a normal length, but morphologically abnormal tail. Internally, tail structures (neural tube, notochord and somites) were frequently absent or aberrantly formed. In 33% of the experimental embryos, the notochord continued lengthening in the absence of any other tail development. This led to the formation of ourenteric outgrowths from the hindgut. Defects in limb bud and head development were also found in experimentally treated embryos, but at a much lower frequency than tail defects. The abnormalities observed in experimental embryos were very similar to those produced naturally in rumpless mutant chicks. A vibrating probe analysis of these mutants (from both dominant and recessive strains) showed that currents leaving the p.i.p. were significantly lower in phenotypically abnormal mutants than in wild-type and phenotypically normal mutant embryos from both strains. There was no apparent correlation between the average transepithelial potential (TEP) of these mutants and the development of tail abnormalities. The possible role of endogenous electrical fields in chick tail development is discussed.
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JACKSON, Alan A., Rebecca L. DUNN, Michael C. MARCHAND, and Simon C. LANGLEY-EVANS. "Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine." Clinical Science 103, no. 6 (November 19, 2002): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1030633.
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When rat dams consume a diet low in protein during pregnancy, their offspring develop high blood pressure. On a low-protein diet, the endogenous formation of the amino acid glycine is thought to become constrained. Glycine may become conditionally essential, as its rate of endogenous formation is inadequate to meet metabolic needs, and may be limiting for the normal development of the fetus. In the present study, five groups of Wistar rats were provided during pregnancy with one of five diets: a control diet containing 18% (w/w) casein (CON), a low-protein diet containing 9% casein (MLP), or the low-protein diet supplemented with 3% glycine (MLPG), alanine (MLPA) or urea (MLPU). The offspring were weaned on to standard laboratory chow, and blood pressure was measured at 4 weeks of age. Blood pressure was significantly increased in the MLP, MLPA and MLPU groups compared with the CON group, but for the MLPG group blood pressure was not significantly different from CON. Compared with the CON group, body weight was significantly reduced for the MLP, MLPA and MLPG groups, but for the MLPU group body weight was not different from CON. These data show that different forms of non-essential dietary nitrogen, when consumed during pregnancy, exert different effects upon the growth and function of the offspring. The availability of glycine appears to be of critical importance for normal cardiovascular development.
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Meng, Qing-qi, Wei Lei, Hao Chen, Zhen-cheng Feng, Li-qiong Hu, Xing-liang Zhang, and Siming Li. "Combined Rosiglitazone and Forskolin Have Neuroprotective Effects in SD Rats after Spinal Cord Injury." PPAR Research 2018 (June 21, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3897478.
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The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist rosiglitazone inhibits NF-κB expression and endogenous neural stem cell differentiation into neurons and reduces the inflammatory cascade after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms underlying rosiglitazone-mediated neuroprotective effects and regulation of the balance between the inflammatory cascade and generation of endogenous spinal cord neurons by using a spinal cord-derived neural stem cell culture system as well as SD rat SCI model. Activation of PPAR-γ could promote neural stem cell proliferation and inhibit PKA expression and neuronal formation in vitro. In the SD rat SCI model, the rosiglitazone + forskolin group showed better locomotor recovery compared to the rosiglitazone and forskolin groups. MAP2 expression was higher in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the rosiglitazone group, NF-κB expression was lower in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the forskolin group, and NeuN expression was higher in the rosiglitazone + forskolin group than in the forskolin group. PPAR-γ activation likely inhibits NF-κB, thereby reducing the inflammatory cascade, and PKA activation likely promotes neuronal cell regeneration.
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Bourghardt, Johan, Göran Bergström, Alexandra Krettek, Sara Sjöberg, Jan Borén, and Åsa Tivesten. "The Endogenous Estradiol Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Female Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice." Endocrinology 148, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 4128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0259.
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Estradiol, the major endogenous estrogen, reduces experimental atherosclerosis and metabolizes to 2-methoxyestradiol in vascular cells. Currently undergoing evaluation in clinical cancer trials, 2-methoxyestradiol potently inhibits cell proliferation independently of the classical estrogen receptors. This study examined whether 2-methoxyestradiol affects atherosclerosis development in female mice. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, a well-established mouse model of atherosclerosis, were ovariectomized and treated through slow-release pellets with placebo, 17β-estradiol (6 μg/d), or 2-methoxyestradiol [6.66 μg/d (low-dose) or 66.6 μg/d (high-dose)]. After 90 d, body weight gain decreased and uterine weight increased in the high-dose but not low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol group. En face analysis showed that the fractional area of the aorta covered by atherosclerotic lesions decreased in the high-dose 2-methoxyestradiol (52%) but not in the low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol group. Total serum cholesterol levels decreased in the high- and low-dose 2-methoxyestradiol groups (19%, P < 0.05 and 21%, P = 0.062, respectively). Estradiol treatment reduced the fractional atherosclerotic lesion area (85%) and decreased cholesterol levels (42%). In conclusion, our study shows for the first time that 2-methoxyestradiol reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in vivo. The antiatherogenic activity of an estradiol metabolite lacking estrogen receptor activating capacity may argue that trials on cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy should use estradiol rather than other estrogens. Future research should define the role of 2-methoxyestradiol as a mediator of the antiatherosclerotic actions of estradiol. Furthermore, evaluation of the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on cardiovascular disease endpoints in ongoing clinical trials is of great interest.
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NT, Ablaikhanova, Tusupbekova GA, Beissova A, Ussipbek B, Mukhitdinov AM, Yessenbekova A, Balmaganbet ZA, Ursheeva B, Atanbayeva GK, and Yessimsiitova ZB. "Studying the efficiency of carbon nano enterosorbents in the model of experimental renal failure." Archives of Clinical Nephrology 8, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/acn.000062.
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The current article examines the effectiveness of nanoenterosorbent to correct violations of the functional state of the kidneys in the experimental renal failure model. The obtained data open up opportunities for further research aimed at studying the possibility of using nanoenterosorbent in practical medicine as a new nanoenterosorbent and a means of drug delivery. The study was conducted in the following groups of animals: group 1 - control group; group 2 - an experimental model of acute renal failure; group 3 - nanoenterosorbent was administered intragastrically at a dose of 650 mg/kg per day to animals with acute renal failure. During the experiment for 3, 14 and 21 days, an analysis of biochemical parameters was obtained from each group. During the investigation, intragastric administration of the nanoenterosorbent did not reduce the dynamics of experimental uremia but reduced the concentration of level of molecular of average mass within 3 days, it also did not improve the functional state of the kidneys according to the readings of urea and creatinine for 14 days after the formation of renal failure, however, it statistically reduced endogenous intoxication according to EI data. Daily intragastric administration of nanoenterosorbent at a dose of 650 mg/kg after the formation of renal failure reduced uremia (urea, creatinine levels) and endogenous intoxication (level of molecular of average mass) after 21 days. Based on the studies, it was found that animals that received nanoenterosorbent at a daily dose of 650 mg/kg, show an optimal improvement in some biochemical parameters.
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Chen, Yuhui, He Cao, Dawei Sun, Changxin Lin, Liang Wang, Minjun Huang, Huaji Jiang, et al. "Endogenous Production of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promotes Fracture Healing in Mice." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3571267.
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Bone fracture is a global healthcare issue for high rates of delayed healing and nonunions. Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is considered as a beneficial factor for bone metabolism, only few studies till date focused on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of endogenous n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing by measuring femur fracture repair in bothfat-1transgenic mice and WT mice. Proximal femoral fracture model was established infat-1transgenic mice and WT mice, respectively, and then the fracture was analyzed by using X-ray, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological assessment at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after fixation. The results showed that compared with WT mice,fat-1mice exhibited acceleration in fracture healing through radiographic and histological analysis (18–21 days versus 21–28 days postfracture). Meanwhile, X-ray and micro-CT analysis that showed better remodeling callus formation were in thefat-1group compared to WT group. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that endogenous n-3 PUFAs promoted local endochondral ossification and accelerated the remodeling of calcified calluses after fracture. In conclusion, the present study indicated that endogenously produced n-3 PUFAs promote fracture healing process and accelerate bone remodeling in mice, and supplementation of n-3 PUFAs was positively associated with fracture healing.
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NAGAICHUK, VASYL, ROMAN CHORNOPYSHCHUK, OLEKSANDR NAZARCHUK, LUDMILA SIDORENKO, MYKOLA ZHELIBA, and OLENA URVAN. "Experimental justification for prompt neutralization of traumatic action of thermal exo- and endogenous damage factors (morphological features)." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 3040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.6/3040-3046.
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Objective: morphological substantiation of efficiency of prompt neutralization of traumatic action of exogenous and endogenous damage factors in burn injuries in experimental conditions. After simulating the burns on 60 rats, the traumatic hyperthermic damage factors in the main group were immediately neutralized by a gauze napkin soaked in water. Depending on its duration, the animals were divided into subgroups. Such applications were not performed on the control group. The study involved histological examination of tissues. Animals of the main groups had the presence of histologically confirmed skin appendages with a formed scar of connective tissue without signs of inflammation. In animals of the control group there were no skin appendages, which indicates a deeper thermal damage to tissues and the impossibility of self-epithelialization of wounds. These results confirm the importance and necessity of prompt neutralization of the traumatic effect of damage factors as the main elements of burn depth formation.
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Bellosillo, Beatriz, Carles Besses, Lourdes Florensa, Raquel Longaron, Gemma Navarro, Eva Gimeno, Francesc Sole, Rosa M. Vila, and Sergi Serrano. "Analysis of JAK2V617F Mutation, PRV-1 Overexpression and Endogenous Erythroid Colony (EEC) Formation Show Different Coexpression Patterns among Ph-Negative Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2592.2592.
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Abstract Introduction. Recently, the JAK2V617F mutation has been reported in the majority of PV patients as well as in a variable percentage of ET and IMF patients. Some authors have reported a high correlation of JAK2 mutation with PRV-1 overexpression and the formation of EECs. In the current study we have analyzed the pattern of positivity of these three biomarkers in a cohort of Ph-negative MPD patients. Patients and methods. 103 Ph-negative MPD patients (58 ET, 37 PV and 8 IMF) from a single institution were studied. Patients were diagnosed according to the PVSG and Barosi criteria. EEC formation was determined at diagnosis. At the time when PRV-1 and JAK2 mutation were analyzed 29/103 patients were receiving platelet-lowering therapy ± ASA, 26/103 patients only received ASA and 48/103 received no specific treatment. PRV-1 expression was quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR in RNA from granulocytes. Analysis of JAK2V617F was performed by direct sequencing using granulocyte RNA. Results. JAK2 mutation was observed in 21/58 ET (36.2%), 30/37 PV (81.1%) and 5/8 IMF (62.5%). PRV-1 was overexpressed in 25/58 ET (43.1%), 35/37 PV (94.6%) and 6/8 IMF (75%) and EECs formation was seen in 31/58 ET (53.4%), 34/37 PV (91.9%) and 6/8 IMF (75%). All markers were simultaneously positive (group A) in 43/103 patients (41.7%), concurrently negative (group B) in 25/103 patients (24.3%) and both positive and negative markers (group C) were observed in 35/103 patients (34%). In group A, 65% were PV patients, 26% were ET patients and 9 % were IMF patients. In group B, 8% were PV patients, 84% were ET patients and 8 % were IMF patients. In group C, 20% were PV patients, 74% were ET patients and 6 % were IMF patients. Regarding diagnosis, 76% of PV and 50% of IMF patients belonged to group A, whereas the majority of ET patients (45%) pertained to group C (table). When comparing ET and PV, a significant difference was observed (p<0.001) concerning group distribution. Conclusion. These results show that, although a good correlation has been observed for the simultaneous expression of these three biomarkers, differences in the pattern of positivity, specially in ET, indicate that not all Ph-negative patients share the same pathogenetic mechanisms and point to other coexisting genetic abnormalities. Diagnosis ET PV IMF All markers positive (group A) 11 (19%) 28 (76%) 4 (50%) All markers negative (group B) 21 (36%) 2 (5%) 2 (25%) Positive and negative markers 26 (45%) 7 (19%) 2 (25%) Total 58 37 8
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Lisetska, I. S., and M. M. Rozhko. "Determination of endogenous intoxication in teenagers and young adults who smoke." UKRAINIAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS, no. 2(90) (June 30, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2022.90.39.
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The harmful habit of smoking is an urgent and important socio-medical problem that has become an epidemic, including in Ukraine. It is a matter of concern that more than 500,000 young people join this bad habit every year. Today, smoking is a modified risk factor for the formation and progression of many diseases, including dental pathology among different age groups, especially among teenagers and young adults. The oral cavity is the first barrier to tobacco smoke with toxins and carcinogens that are part of it. It is known that the pathogenesis of many diseases is accompanied by a nonspecific generalized response of the organism in the form of endogenous intoxication (EI) syndrome, the severity of which may be a criterion for the severity of the pathological process and affect its course. Medium-weight molecules (MWM) are a common marker of EI in biological fluids among metabolites that can be used to assess the severity of disease. The universally accepted marker of EI in biological liquids among metabolites, which gives a possibility to assess the severity of the disease, is medium-weight molecules (MWM) - a class, which combines chemically differently structured components with a mass between 500 and 5000 Da and pronounced biologic activity. Purpose - to determine the degree of EI in the oral fluid by the level of MWM in teenagers and young adults who smoke. Materials and methods. It is studied the dental status of 114 teenagers and young adults aged 15 to 24 years, which was divided into groups: group I included 26 people who regularly smoke traditional cigarettes; group II - 22 people who regularly smoke electronic cigarettes (Vapes); group III - 23 people who regularly smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); group IV - 43 people without a bad habit of smoking. The degree of EI was determined by the rate of MWM in oral fluid by the express method according to a modified method Gabrielyan NI et al., 1984. Results. The analyze of the rate in the oral fluid of peptide residues (MWM254) in persons of the group I was exhibited 1.4 times more than in persons of the group IV (p<0.001). There was a similar tendency in the other groups - the group I and the group II had 1.3 times more MWM254 (p<0.05) and 1.2 times more (p<0.001). There was also a difference in the nucleotide fillings (MWM280) in oral fluid of the study groups. Thus, in persons of the group I it was found MWM280 1.6 times more than in persons of the group IV (p<0.001) and 1.3 times more (p<0.05) in persons of the groups II and III respectively. The increase of nucleotide-peptide index was determined depending on the presence and type of malodorous behavior in the study participants. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate the development of EI in teenagers and young adults who smoke, as indicated by the increase in the level of MWM in the oral fluid in the subjects, a marker of endotoxicosis. It was found that the degree of endogenous intoxication depends on the type of smoking, as well as the degree of development of the pathological process. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors. Keywords: teenagers and young adults, endogenous intoxication, medium weight molecules, smoking.
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Lunyakov, O. V. "Money supply in Russia for the period from 2015 to 2019: The exogenous and endogenous approaches." Finance and Credit 26, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.6.1338.
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Subject. This article explores the process of money supply generation in the Russian economy. Objectives. The article aims to define the direction of causal relationships between monetary indicators and credit in Russia from the perspective of exogenous and endogenous approaches. Methods. For the study, I used VAR models, group cross-correlation, and the Granger causality test. Results. Based on the analysis of the formation of money supply in Russia for the period from 2015 to 2019, the article presents certain formalization of causal relationships between monetary indicators and credit. The results of the study show that the formation of money supply in Russia was rather exogenous. Conclusions and Relevance. The results of the study are aimed at the development of the science of money and formalization of cause-and-effect relationships in the change of money supply based on real statistics. They can be used in the future in terms of clarifying the size of money supply changing.
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Balkan, Jale, Öznur Kanbagli, Güldal Mehmetçik, Ümit Mutlu-Türkoglu, Gülçin Aykaç-Toker, and Müjdat Uysal. "Increased Lipid Peroxidation in Serum and Low-Density Lipoproteins Associated with Aging in Humans." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.315.
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This study was carried out in 140 healthy subjects who were divided into three subgroups of age: young (21–40 years), mature (41–60 years), and elderly ( 61–85 years) to investigate lipid peroxides and the antioxidant system in serum and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Serum levels of cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased with age. The elderly group was found to have higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), diene conjugates, and lower cholesterol-adjusted vitamin E levels and antioxidant activity (AOA) as compared to the young group. No age-related difference was detected in serum vitamin C levels. Age correlated positively with serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, PUFA, TBARS, diene conjugates, and negatively with cholesterol-adjusted vitamin E levels and AOA. In addition, endogenous LDL diene conjugate levels and the susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced lipid peroxidation increased in elderly subjects as compared with young subjects. In addition, positive correlations were detected between age and LDL endogenous diene conjugate levels and TBARS formation after copper incubation. However, the susceptibility of whole serum to copper-induced lipid peroxidation did not change in young and elderly subjects. Our results show that endogenous lipid peroxide levels in serum and LDL, and the susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced oxidation, increased with aging in humans.
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Ling, L., D. R. Karius, R. R. Fiscus, and D. F. Speck. "Endogenous nitric oxide required for an integrative respiratory function in the cat brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 1910–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.5.1910.
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1. The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the respiratory function of the pons was examined by microinjecting NO synthase-related drugs into discrete regions of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) in decerebrate and decerebellate cats. 2. Microinjection of N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, inhibitor of NO synthase), but not D-NNA (the inactive enantiomer), significantly prolonged the duration of inspiration in all 10 cats when lung inflation was withheld. 3. The prolongation of inspiration produced by L-NNA was partially reversed in three cats by microinjections of L-arginine (NO synthase substrate) at the same sites. 4. We conclude that endogenous production of NO from L-arginine in the PRG region is involved in the normal function of the pontine pneumotaxic mechanism. These findings provide the first conclusive evidence that endogenous NO formation is involved in the mechanisms associated with respiratory rhythm generation.
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Rodionova, Olga G., Pavel G. Sakun, Elena A. Sheiko, Elena A. Karnaukhova, Alla V. Pustovalova, Tatiana G. Chalabova, Dmitriy A. Savchenko, et al. "Low doses of visible electromagnetic radiation activating endogenous nonspecific antitumor resistance in patients with cervical cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e17506-e17506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e17506.
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e17506 Background: Ionizing radiation inhibits the immunological reactivity of the body and the system of nonspecific antitumor resistance in patients with cervical cancer (CC). The purpose of this study was to activate the system of nonspecific antitumor resistance using visible electromagnetic radiation in CC patients receiving chemoradiotherapy. Methods: The study included 30 patients, mean age 61 years, with stage IIIb CC (T3bNxM0). The main group (n = 15) received standard chemoradiotherapy (CRT): irradiation of the primary focus 80 Gy, lymphatic paths 55 Gy, with radiomodification with cisplatin 40mg/m2; the patients were additionally exposed to visible electromagnetic radiation: the red spectrum λ = 640 nm on the cubital vein projection (exposure time 5 minutes, dose 6.86 J/cm2), twice a week (the total of 14 sessions). The method is based on the ability of monochrome red light to induce photobioadaptive processes in the body, leading to the formation of non-specific antistress reactions, activation of reparative and regenerative tissue reactions with an increase in the synthetic, phagocytic activity of neutrophils and the growth of the immunity lymphoid indicators. The control group included 12 patients receiving only standard CRT. Parameters of nonspecific antitumor adaptation reactions were evaluated. Results: Lower abdominal pain and discomfort were managed in 20% of patients of the main group on day 8, in 30% on day 10, and in 50% on day 14. In the control group, the symptoms were managed in 40% of patients only on day 22. More rapid regression of the cervical tumor was registered in patients of the main group, as well as decreased infiltration of the parametrium and vaginal fornices, disappearance of bloody discharge, management of intoxication syndrome. Gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, diarrhea, flatulence) was noted in 10% of patients in the main group and in 100% controls. 7 patients in the control group developed leukopenia; in the main group, it was not observed. MRI-confirmed complete tumor regression amounted to 88% in the main group and 65% in the control group. CRT was completed within 7 weeks in the main group and 8.5 weeks in the control group. Conclusions: Low doses of electromagnetic radiation of the red spectrum activate endogenous nonspecific antitumor resistance of the body by forming nonspecific antistress reactions of activation and increasing the immunity lymphoid indicators, which improves the efficacy of CRT.
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Pidpala, O. V., and L. L. Lukash. "The analisis of human MGMT gene orthologous in protests." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (September 9, 2018): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.973.
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Aim. The intron sequences of orthologous О6-methylguanin-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genes in Protists on the early stages of their formation in eukaryotic organisms have been analysed. Methods. Homologous regions have been defined by the program BLASTN 2.6.1. Nucleotide sequences of the bacterial and mitochondrial group II introns have been taken from Database for Bacterial Group II Introns. Searching and identifying the MGEs have been realized by using CENSOR. Results. It has been shown that the evolution of the gene does not always coincide with the evolution of the organism. This is shown on the example of intron loss and gain in social amoebae Dictyostelium. Also it has been found the fragmentary nature of homology between various introns and exons of the orthologous genes. Conclusions. The obtained results allow offer a suggestion about the endogenous mosaic character of the evolutional formation of the gene structural units.
Keywords: О6-methylguanin-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene orthologous, Protists, gene evolution, spliceosomal introns, intron loss and gain.
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DIKSA, I. GUSTI BAGUS NGURAH. "ANALISIS KETERKAITAN ANTAR KELOMPOK PENGELUARAN INFLASI MENGGUNAKAN VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL." Jambura Journal of Probability and Statistics 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/jjps.v2i1.7763.
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In this study, testing steps were carried out, namely the stationarity test, determining the optimum lag, hypothesis testing and the formation of the VAR model, the Granger causality test and classical assumptions. The data used are month to month inflation data for each inflation expenditure group in Indonesia for the period January 2013 to December 2019. The inflation expenditure group is foodstuffs; processed food, beverages, cigarettes and tobacco; housing, water, electricity, gas and fuel; clothing; health; education, recreation and sports; and transportation, communication, and financial services. However, in this study only five inflation expenditure groups were used, namely foodstuffs; processed food, beverages, cigarettes and tobacco; housing, water, electricity, gas and fuel; clothing; as well as transportation, communication and financial services. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between inflation expenditure groups and to find a forecasting model for inflation expenditure groups in Indonesia. After the Granger causality test was carried out, all probability values between endogenous variables, namely the five groups of inflation expenditures were less than 0,05 or rejected H0. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a causal relationship between endogenous variables.
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Atkinson, Katharine D. "TWO RECESSIVE SUPPRESSORS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE CHO1 THAT ARE UNLINKED BUT FALL IN THE SAME COMPLEMENTATION GROUP." Genetics 111, no. 1 (September 1, 1985): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.1.1.
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ABSTRACT Phenotypic reversion of ethanolamine-requiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae cho 1 mutants is predominantly due to recessive mutations at genes unlinked to the chromosome V cho 1 locus. The recessive suppressors do not correct the primary cho 1 defect in phosphatidylserine synthesis but circumvent it with a novel endogenous supply of ethanolamine. One suppressor (eam1) was previously mapped to chromosome X, and 135 suppressor isolates were identified as eam1 alleles by complementation analysis. Additional meiotic recombination studies have identified a second genetic locus, eam2, that falls in the eam1 complementation group but maps close to the centromere of chromosome IV. Although the normal EAM1 and EAM2 alleles are fully dominant over recessive mutant alleles, their dominance fails in diploids heterozygous for defects in both genes simultaneously. The unusual complementation pattern could be explained by interaction of the gene products in formation of the same enzyme.
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Koosha, Elham, and B. Frank Eames. "Two Modulators of Skeletal Development: BMPs and Proteoglycans." Journal of Developmental Biology 10, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jdb10020015.
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During embryogenesis, skeletal development is tightly regulated by locally secreted growth factors that interact with proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that play critical roles in cartilage maturation and bone formation. BMP signals are transduced from plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus through both canonical Smad and noncanonical p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. BMP signalling is modulated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous molecular mechanisms at different spatiotemporal levels and in both positive and negative manners. As an endogenous example, BMPs undergo extracellular regulation by PGs, which generally regulate the efficiency of ligand-receptor binding. BMP signalling can also be exogenously perturbed by a group of small molecule antagonists, such as dorsomorphin and its derivatives, that selectively bind to and inhibit the intracellular kinase domain of BMP type I receptors. In this review, we present a current understanding of BMPs and PGs functions in cartilage maturation and osteoblast differentiation, highlighting BMP–PG interactions. We also discuss the identification of highly selective small-molecule BMP receptor type I inhibitors. This review aims to shed light on the importance of BMP signalling and PGs in cartilage maturation and bone formation.
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Xie, Yilin, Yingying Su, Seiko Min, Jianxia Tang, Bee Tin Goh, Leonardo Saigo, Sahar Ansari, et al. "Collagen Sponge Functionalized with Chimeric Anti-BMP-2 Monoclonal Antibody Mediates Repair of Critical-Size Mandibular Continuity Defects in a Nonhuman Primate Model." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8094152.
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Antibody-mediated osseous regeneration (AMOR) has been introduced by our research group as a tissue engineering approach to capture of endogenous growth factors through the application of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) immobilized on a scaffold. Specifically, anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein- (BMP-) 2 mAbs have been demonstrated to be efficacious in mediating bone repair in a number of bone defects. The present study sought to investigate the application of AMOR for repair of mandibular continuity defect in nonhuman primates. Critical-sized mandibular continuity defects were created in Macaca fascicularis locally implanted with absorbable collagen sponges (ACS) functionalized with chimeric anti-BMP-2 mAb or isotype control mAb. 2D and 3D analysis of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging demonstrated increased bone density and volume observed within mandibular continuity defects implanted with collagen scaffolds functionalized with anti-BMP-2 mAb, compared with isotype-matched control mAb. Both CBCT imaging and histologic examination demonstrated de novo bone formation that was in direct apposition to the margins of the resected bone. It is hypothesized that bone injury may be necessary for AMOR. This is evidenced by de novo bone formation adjacent to resected bone margins, which may be the source of endogenous BMPs captured by anti-BMP-2 mAb, in turn mediating bone repair.
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Daya, Khodor Abou, Daqiang Zhao, Roger Tieu, Rayan Rammal, Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt, and Fadi G. Lakkis. "Formation and function of resident memory t cells in renal allografts." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 161.24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.161.24.
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Abstract The role of TRM in transplantation is unknown. In this study, we investigated the formation and function of TRM in a mouse kidney transplantation model. (B6xBALB/c) F1.ova kidneys were transplanted to B6 recipients and 1m OT-I Teff cells transferred on day 2. Graft, blood, bone marrow, SLO, and liver were harvested 4 and 8 wks after transplantation. TRM were identified as CD44hiCD62LlowCD69+ CD103+/− cells after excluding in vivo labeled T cells. OT-I and polyclonal TRM were transcriptionally characterized using scRNAseq. TRM residency was tested by parabiosis and re-transplantation. To further establish a causal relationship between the TRM OT-Is and rejection we depleted them at wk 4 post adoptive transfer using anti-Thy1.1 (250 ug IV per day for 7d). Mean serum creatinine (mg/dl) was significantly higher in allo vs syn group at wk 8 (0.7 vs 0.2, p<0.05). Graft histology showed mixed acute and chronic rejection in the allo group. Flow analysis of allograft cells demonstrated TRM cells among OT-I and endogenous T cell populations at 4 & 8 wks. The OT-I population was exclusively TRM phenotype by flow and scRNAseq, rapidly produced IFNγ upon re-stimulation, and was not detected anywhere else. There was no significant difference in mean number of OT-Is between wk 4 and wk 8 (277K vs 234k, p=0.74). OT-I T cells could not be detected in the parabiont kidney graft or tissues or in the secondary host outside the re-transplanted kidney, indicating that the TRM are indeed resident in the graft and do not re-circulate. Depleting the OT-Is preserved kidney function at wk 8 compared to the non-depleted group (Cr= 0.7 vs 0.2, p<0.05). Our findings show that donor-specific TRM form in kidney allografts, are functional, and contribute to rejection.
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Tsoriev, Timur T., Zhanna E. Belaya, Lyudmila Y. Rozhinskaya, Galina A. Mel’nichenko, Aleksandr V. Ilyin, Larisa V. Nikankina, and Ivan I. Dedov. "New biomarkers of bone remodelling regulation in patients with acromegaly and endogenous hypercortisolism." Obesity and metabolism 15, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet9447.
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Background: Bone tissue is a non-classical endocrine organ, which produces at least two hormones: fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and decarboxylated osteocalcin (OC). In addition to this, recent studies demonstrate that specific proteins involved in the paracrine regulation of bone remodelling can be measured in peripheral serum samples and may serve as additional biomarkers of bone metabolism.
Aims: to evaluate the serum levels of biomarkers related to endocrine and paracrine function of bone tissue in patients with Cushings disease (CD) and acromegaly.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted according to the cross-sectional case-control type. Fasting serum samples were taken between 810 a.m. from patients with CD, acromegaly and age-, sex- and BMI-matched healthy volunteers and stored at -40 C. Commercially available kits for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the serum levels of FGF-23, co-factor (co-receptor) Klotho, cathepsin K, sclerostin, P1NP. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was measured by the immunochemiluminescence assay, late-night (11 p.m.) salivary cortisol (LNSC) was evaluated using the electrochemiluminescence method. Non-parametric tests (the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test) were used to assess the differences between the groups of patients.
Results: The study includes 78 patients, (37.6 years old, 95% CI 34.7540.46): 29 patients with CD (group 1), 22 with acromegaly (group 2), and 27 healthy individuals (group 3), matched by sex, age and BMI (p = 0.432, 0.373 and 0.725 between groups, respectively). LNSC in patients with CD and IGF-1 in patients with acromegaly were significantly higher compared to the control group (p = 0.004 and p 0.001, respectively). In patients with acromegaly, a statistically significant increase in FGF-23 (1.13 (0.78;1.49) vs 0.78 (0.54;1.09)) and phosphorus (1.38 (1.24;1.52) vs 1.16 (1.12;1.29)) (p = 0.01 and p 0.001, respectively) was observed along with increased levels of bone remodelling markers. In patients with CD, bone formation markers were suppressed, but differences in the levels of other biomarkers could not be identified.
Conclusions: Acromegaly leads to hyperphosphatemia and increase in FGF-23, which is most likely due to the development of resistance to FGF-23, and the intensification of bone remodelling. With CD, another bone hormone, osteocalcin, is suppressed along with the suppression of P1NP.
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Abdul-Rahaman, Awal, and Awudu Abdulai. "Farmer groups, collective marketing and smallholder farm performance in rural Ghana." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 5 (July 9, 2020): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2019-0095.
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PurposeRapid transformation of agrifood value chains because of population growth, urbanization, rising consumer incomes and increased demand for food quality and safety has resulted in the need for smallholder farmers to coordinate horizontally through group formation and collective marketing to improve farm performance in developing countries. This paper aims to examine the factors that influence farmer group membership and collective marketing decisions and their impacts on smallholder farm performance in rural Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a recent survey of 447 rice farmers in rural Ghana, an endogenous switching regression model is employed to account for selection bias arising from both observable and unobservable farmer attributes.FindingsThe data reveal that group members and collective marketing participants obtained higher prices and also incurred lower input costs. The econometric estimates show that age, access to credit, mobile phone ownership, distance to market and road status are the main drivers of group membership and collective marketing decisions. The authors also find positive and significant impacts of farmer group membership and collective marketing on farm net revenues.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings from this study suggest that government and donor support for the formation of farmer groups during implementation of agriculture and value chain interventions should as well incorporate strategies to facilitate collective marketing.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the role farmer groups and collective marketing play in improving smallholder farm performance.
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Toyotake, Yosuke, Masayoshi Nishiyama, Fumiaki Yokoyama, Takuya Ogawa, Jun Kawamoto, and Tatsuo Kurihara. "A Novel Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase of Escherichia coli Produces Membrane Phospholipids with a cis-vaccenoyl Group and Is Related to Flagellar Formation." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050745.
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Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) introduces fatty acyl groups into the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids (PLs). Various bacteria produce multiple LPAATs, whereas it is believed that Escherichia coli produces only one essential LPAAT homolog, PlsC—the deletion of which is lethal. However, we found that E. coli possesses another LPAAT homolog named YihG. Here, we show that overexpression of YihG in E. coli carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in plsC allowed its growth at non-permissive temperatures. Analysis of the fatty acyl composition of PLs from the yihG-deletion mutant (∆yihG) revealed that endogenous YihG introduces the cis-vaccenoyl group into the sn-2 position of PLs. Loss of YihG did not affect cell growth or morphology, but ∆yihG cells swam well in liquid medium in contrast to wild-type cells. Immunoblot analysis showed that FliC was highly expressed in ∆yihG cells, and this phenotype was suppressed by expression of recombinant YihG in ∆yihG cells. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the flagellar structure was observed only in ∆yihG cells. These results suggest that YihG has specific functions related to flagellar formation through modulation of the fatty acyl composition of membrane PLs.
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Chornopyshchuk, Roman. "Experimental substantiation of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous factors prompt neutralization in burn injuries." Moldovan Medical Journal 64, no. 2 (May 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52418/moldovan-med-j.64-2.21.10.
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Background: High mortality and disability of patients with critical and supercritical burns, long-term treatment, unsatisfactory aesthetic and functional results lead to the search for ways to provide assistance aimed at counteracting the formation of a mass of necrotic tissue, which is crucial for life or death of the victim. Material and methods: The experimental study was performed on 60 sexually mature Wistar rats, which were on a regular diet and weighed 150-160 g. The experimental animals were divided into the main and control groups and were used to simulate burns with boiling water of IIb degree. Results: The traumatic effect of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous damage factors of the animals in the main group were immediately neutralized by a gauze napkin soaked in water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C immediately after the simulation of burns, the duration of which became the criterion for dividing them into subgroups. In animals of subgroup 1 the time of application of a wet wipe to the burn area was 1 min., in the 2nd subgroup it was 5 min., 3rd subgroup – 10 min., 4th subgroup – 15 min., 5th subgroup – 20 min. The application napkin was changed when it was heated to 34 °C. Such applications were not performed to the animals of the control group. Conclusions: The conclusion was made on the necessity of prompt neutralization of traumatic action of hyperthermic exogenous and endogenous damage factors as the main elements of burn wound depth. For a broader understanding of action mechanisms of the suggested technology of self-help and mutual first aid as well as the nature of the impact of neutralization directly on the tissues, it is advisable to supplement the research with morphological methods
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Kaminska, Anna O., Nataliia G. Pshuk, and Yuliana Y. Martynova. "SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS A BASIS FOR COMMUNICATIVE RESOURCE FORMATION IN FAMILY CAREGIVERS OF PATIENTS WITH ENDOGENOUS MENTAL DISORDERS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 1 (January 2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202001121.
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The aim of our study was to determine features of social and emotional intelligence in family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders as a basis for communicative resource formation in family where a patient lives. Materials and methods: A total of 273 family caregivers of patients with paranoid schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were involved into this survey under informed consent conditions. Control group included 55 mentally healthy respondents, in whose families there is no mentally sick family member. Emotional intelligence of family caregivers was measured using the psychodiagnostic test “EQ” by N. Hall. To assess level of social intelligence the J. Gilford and M. Sullivan test (in adaptation done by Mikhailova E.S.) was used. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The study revealed that family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders demonstrate a decrease in emotional and social intelligence indicators, which creates significant obstacles for effective interpersonal family communication and for the harmonious functioning of a family, in which a mentally sick patient lives, in general. Difficulties of emotional regulation, emotional management, recognition of emotional states of other participants of communication related to the level of emotional and social intelligence of FC are factors, that complicate interpersonal relations in families of patients and reduce possibilities for psychosocial adaptation of all family members. Conclusions: Revealed features should be taken into consideration when creating appropriate psycho-educational and psycho-corrective programs for family caregivers of patients with endogenous mental disorders.
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Bel’Skaya, L. V., V. K. Kosenok, and T. V. Postnova. "THE PROCESSES OF LIPOPEROXIDATION AND ENDOGENOUS INTOXICATION IN SALIVA IN CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL LUNG CANCER." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-5-265-270.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to establish the patterns of changes in the parameters of endogenous intoxication and lipoperoxidation processes in the saliva of patients with lung cancer, depending on the form of tumor growth (central, peripheral or mediastinal cancer). Materials and methods: in the case - control study was attended by 562 volunteers, who were divided into 2 groups: main (lung cancer, n = 347) and control group (relatively healthy, n = 2015). Questioning, biochemical saliva study and histological verification of the diagnosis carried out to all participants. In peripheral lung cancer, there is a statistically significant increase in the albumin concentration (p˂0.0001), with a central MDA (p=0.0330). The content of secondary lipoperoxidation products compared with the control is increased for all groups (p˂0.0001), however, the differences are most pronounced for the mediastinal growth form. The level of medium molecular toxins is the same for both central and peripheral lung cancer, and the distribution coefficient has a stable value exceeding the corresponding value for the control group (p=0.0002). Thus, in the peripheral form of lung cancer growth under hypoxic conditions lipoperoxidation processes are less pronounced, while endotoxicosis processes are the same in both central and peripheral cancer. For the mediastinal growth, the process of lipoperoxidation is directed towards the formation of toxic Schiff bases, and the low level of medium-molecular toxins indicates a greater resistance of proteins to oxidative stress.
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Hong, Yunkyung, Yunho Jin, Kanghui Park, Jeonghyun Choi, Hyunbon Kang, Sang-Rae Lee, and Yonggeun Hong. "Elevated Serum Melatonin under Constant Darkness Enhances Neural Repair in Spinal Cord Injury through Regulation of Circadian Clock Proteins Expression." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020135.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the effects of environmental lighting conditions regulating endogenous melatonin production on neural repair, following experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into three groups randomly: the SCI + L/D (12/12-h light/dark), SCI + LL (24-h constant light), and SCI + DD (24-h constant dark) groups. Controlled light/dark cycle was pre-applied 2 weeks before induction of spinal cord injury. There was a significant increase in motor recovery as well as body weight from postoperative day (POD) 7 under constant darkness. However, spontaneous elevation of endogenous melatonin in cerebrospinal fluid was seen at POD 3 in all of the SCI rats, which was enhanced in SCI + DD group. Augmented melatonin concentration under constant dark condition resulted in facilitation of neuronal differentiation as well as inhibition of primary cell death. In the rostrocaudal region, elevated endogenous melatonin concentration promoted neural remodeling in acute phase including oligodendrogenesis, excitatory synaptic formation, and axonal outgrowth. The changes were mediated via NAS-TrkB-AKT/ERK signal transduction co-regulated by the circadian clock mechanism, leading to rapid motor recovery. In contrast, exposure to constant light exacerbated the inflammatory responses and neuroglial loss. These results suggest that light/dark control in the acute phase might be a considerable environmental factor for a favorable prognosis after SCI.
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Comerford, S. A., I. F. McLuckie, M. Gorman, K. A. Scott, and P. S. Agutter. "The isolation of nuclear envelopes. Effects of thiol-group oxidation and of calcium ions." Biochemical Journal 226, no. 1 (February 15, 1985): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2260095.
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The effects of (a) oxidative cross-linking of protein thiol groups and (b) the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions on rat liver nuclear-envelope isolation were studied. Two envelope-isolation procedures were compared: a well characterized low-ionic-strength method and a recently developed high-ionic-strength method. The latter method seems preferable to the former in respect of lower intranuclear contamination of the envelopes, suppression of endogenous serine proteinase, and maintenance of high specific activities of envelope-associated enzymes. In both procedures, however, the presence of Ca2+ gave rise to a rapid, apparently irreversible, contamination of the envelopes by intranuclear material. This effect was half-maximal at 20 microM-Ca2+. In addition, the envelopes became contaminated with intranuclear material by a Ca2+-independent mechanism, apparently resulting from N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive intermolecular disulphide-bond formation. This oxidative process seemed to have two major kinetic components (half-life, t1/2, approx. 2 min and 10 min). In view of these findings, it is recommended that (i) for most purposes, nuclear envelopes be isolated by the newly developed high-ionic-strength procedure, (ii) irrespective of the method used, Ca2+-chelators be included in all the buffers, (iii) thiol-group oxidation be prevented or reversed during the procedure.
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Mitsuishi, Michiko, Seiko Masuda, Ichiro Kudo, and Makoto Murakami. "Group V and X secretory phospholipase A2 prevents adenoviral infection in mammalian cells." Biochemical Journal 393, no. 1 (December 12, 2005): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20050781.
Full textAbstract:
sPLA2 (secretory phospholipase A2) enzymes have been implicated in various biological events, yet their precise physiological functions remain largely unresolved. In the present study we show that group V and X sPLA2s, which are two potent plasma membrane-acting sPLA2s, are capable of preventing host cells from being infected with an adenovirus. Bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts pre-expressing group V and X sPLA2s showed marked resistance to adenovirus-mediated gene delivery in a manner dependent on their catalytic activity. Although adenovirus particles were insensitive to recombinant group V and X sPLA2s, direct addition of these enzymes to 293A cells suppressed both number and size of adenovirus plaque formation. Group V and X sPLA2s retarded the entry of adenovirus into endosomes. Moreover, adenoviral infection was suppressed by LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine), a membrane-hydrolytic product of these sPLA2s. Thus hydrolysis of the plasma membrane by these sPLA2s may eventually lead to the protection of host cells from adenovirus entry. Given that group V and X sPLA2s are expressed in human airway epithelium and macrophages and that the expression of endogenous group V sPLA2 is upregulated by virus-related stimuli in these cells, our present results raise the possibility that group V and X sPLA2s may play a role in innate immunity against adenoviral infection in the respiratory tract.