Relevant bibliographies by topics / Endogenous group formation

Academic literature on the topic 'Endogenous group formation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Endogenous group formation"

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AHN, T. K., R. MARK ISAAC, and TIMOTHY C. SALMON. "Endogenous Group Formation." Journal of Public Economic Theory 10, no. 2 (April 2008): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2008.00357.x.

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Ahloy, James, and John R. Hamman. "Personality Traits and Endogenous Group Formation." Revue économique 70, no. 6 (2019): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.706.0999.

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Aimone, J. A., L. R. Iannaccone, M. D. Makowsky, and J. Rubin. "Endogenous Group Formation via Unproductive Costs." Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 4 (June 3, 2013): 1215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt017.

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Herbst, Luisa, Kai A. Konrad, and Florian Morath. "Endogenous group formation in experimental contests." European Economic Review 74 (February 2015): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.12.001.

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Baik, Kyung Hwan. "Endogenous Group Formation in Contests: Unobservable Sharing Rules." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 25, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 400–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jems.12150.

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Bold, Tessa. "Implications of Endogenous Group Formation for Efficient Risk‐Sharing." Economic Journal 119, no. 536 (February 18, 2009): 562–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02245.x.

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Brütt, Katharina, Arthur Schram, and Joep Sonnemans. "Endogenous group formation and responsibility diffusion: An experimental study." Games and Economic Behavior 121 (May 2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2020.02.003.

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Damania, Richard, and Per G. Fredriksson. "Trade policy reform, endogenous lobby group formation, and environmental policy." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 52, no. 1 (September 2003): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2681(02)00194-4.

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Arne Brekke, Kjell, Karine Nyborg, and Mari Rege. "The Fear of Exclusion: Individual Effort when Group Formation is Endogenous." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 109, no. 3 (September 2007): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2007.00506.x.

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Brekke, Kjell Arne, Karen Evelyn Hauge, Jo Thori Lind, and Karine Nyborg. "Playing with the good guys. A public good game with endogenous group formation." Journal of Public Economics 95, no. 9-10 (October 2011): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.05.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endogenous group formation"

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Deer, Lachlan. "Commitment and cooperation in partnerships." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/73888.

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This thesis uses experimental methods to investigate whether pledges of commitment can improve cooperation in partnerships facing a social dilemma. In the game studied, subjects form partnerships endogenously and choose contribution levels to a partnership account. The treatments vary in terms of the individual’s (a) opportunity to commit to their partner, (b) the cost of dissolving committed partnerships, and (c) the distribution of these dis-solution costs between partners. I find that pledges of commitment can increase cooperation levels within partnerships. Cooperation increases when committed partnerships can be dissolved without cost due to an increase in partnership stability; stable partnerships are more cooperative. I also find pledges of commitment improve cooperation when it is costly to dissolve a committed partnership. Dissolution costs are most effective when they are shared between committed partners because both partners respond to the threat of costly dissolution. Surprisingly, the increase in average cooperation when committed partnerships can be dissolved without cost is of similar magnitude to the increase when dissolution costs are equally shared between committed partners.
Thesis (M. Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2012.
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Books on the topic "Endogenous group formation"

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Raab, Philippe. Can endogenous group formation prevent coordination failure?: A theoretical and experimental investigation. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Joshi, Sumit. An endogenous group formation theory of co-operative networks: The economics of la lega and mondragón. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economic Research, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Endogenous group formation"

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Bhattacharya, Sukanta, and Shirsendu Mukherjee. "Group Formation and Endogenous Information Collection in Microcredit." In Opportunities and Challenges in Development, 149–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9981-7_8.

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Aumann, Robert J., and Roger B. Myerson. "Endogenous Formation of Links Between Players and of Coalitions: An Application of the Shapley Value." In Networks and Groups, 207–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24790-6_9.

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Ravi, Ramya, and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh. "Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2." In Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106018.

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Hyperglycemia accelerates the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds generated by non-enzymatic glycation of proteins or lipids with glucose through Amadori rearrangement and its accumulation increases with aging in diabetes. AGEs augments ROS generation, diminishes the antioxidant defense of the cells, decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, and elevates the levels of mitochondrial fission protein (Drp1) and mitophagic proteins (Parkin and PTEN) leading to dysfunction of mitochondria. In this chapter, we have discussed how AGEs trigger the endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation and mediate endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and also have discussed the role played by endogenous Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) in mitigating endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting the adverse effects of AGE.
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Biggiero, Lucio. "Network Analysis for Economics and Management Studies." In Foreign Direct Investments, 269–328. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch012.

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Sociology and other social sciences have employed network analysis earlier than management and organization sciences, and much earlier than economics, which has been the last one to systematically adopt it. Nevertheless, the development of network economics during last 15 years has been massive, alongside three main research streams: strategic formation network modeling, (mostly descriptive) analysis of real economic networks, and optimization methods of economic networks. The main reason why this enthusiastic and rapidly diffused interest of economists came so late is that the most essential network properties, like externalities, endogenous change processes, and nonlinear propagation processes, definitely prevent the possibility to build a general – and indeed even partial – competitive equilibrium theory. For this paradigm has dominated economics in the last century, this incompatibility operated as a hard brake, and presented network analysis as an inappropriate epistemology. Further, being intrinsically (and often, until recent times, also radically) structuralist, social network analysis was also antithetic to radical methodological individualism, which was – and still is – economics dominant methodology. Though culturally and scientifically influenced by economists in some fields, like finance, banking and industry studies, scholars in management and organization sciences were free from “neoclassical economics chains”, and therefore more ready and open to adopt the methodology and epistemology of social network analysis. The main and early field through which its methods were channeled was the sociology of organizations, and in particular group structure and communication, because this is a research area largely overlapped between sociology and management studies. Currently, network analysis is becoming more and more diffused within management and organization sciences. Mostly descriptive until 15 years ago, all the fields of social network analysis have a great opportunity of enriching and developing its methods of investigation through statistical network modeling, which offers the possibility to develop, respectively, network formation and network dynamics models. They are a good compromise between the much more powerful agent-based simulation models and the usually descriptive (or poorly analytical) methods.
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Biggiero, Lucio. "Network Analysis for Economics and Management Studies." In Relational Methodologies and Epistemology in Economics and Management Sciences, 1–60. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9770-6.ch001.

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Sociology and other social sciences have employed network analysis earlier than management and organization sciences, and much earlier than economics, which has been the last one to systematically adopt it. Nevertheless, the development of network economics during last 15 years has been massive, alongside three main research streams: strategic formation network modeling, (mostly descriptive) analysis of real economic networks, and optimization methods of economic networks. The main reason why this enthusiastic and rapidly diffused interest of economists came so late is that the most essential network properties, like externalities, endogenous change processes, and nonlinear propagation processes, definitely prevent the possibility to build a general – and indeed even partial – competitive equilibrium theory. For this paradigm has dominated economics in the last century, this incompatibility operated as a hard brake, and presented network analysis as an inappropriate epistemology. Further, being intrinsically (and often, until recent times, also radically) structuralist, social network analysis was also antithetic to radical methodological individualism, which was – and still is – economics dominant methodology. Though culturally and scientifically influenced by economists in some fields, like finance, banking and industry studies, scholars in management and organization sciences were free from “neoclassical economics chains”, and therefore more ready and open to adopt the methodology and epistemology of social network analysis. The main and early field through which its methods were channeled was the sociology of organizations, and in particular group structure and communication, because this is a research area largely overlapped between sociology and management studies. Currently, network analysis is becoming more and more diffused within management and organization sciences. Mostly descriptive until 15 years ago, all the fields of social network analysis have a great opportunity of enriching and developing its methods of investigation through statistical network modeling, which offers the possibility to develop, respectively, network formation and network dynamics models. They are a good compromise between the much more powerful agent-based simulation models and the usually descriptive (or poorly analytical) methods.
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Dowding, Keith. "Preference Formation, Social Location and Ideology." In Rational Choice and Political Power, 143–58. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529206333.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how preferences are formed and how this preference-formation process can be determined by an individual’s social location and the ideology of their society. Simple desires require simple explanation, complex desires complex ones. Endogenous interests result from simple desires, exogenous ones from complex ones that result from our social location and history. Exogenous interests are formed by a situation and a perspective effect. Their social location determines the former, the perspective is formed by interests given their social location. The chapter explains the distinction between luck and systematic luck in greater deal and how we judge luck in terms of types of people in given social locations. It gives a detailed example of systematic luck in term of UK farmers, and how that systematic luck depends on their social location and British history. It then explains ideology as a cost-saving device for working out interests and how ideological beliefs can both bias and be biased by nature of the power and luck structure. Some groups manage to get their worldview extended by them to the view of other groups. The chapter explains how our beliefs go beyond our conscious thoughts and how this is implicated in our worldview and ideology.
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Morozova, Nadiia. "MODELS OF ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." In Theoretical and practical aspects of the development of modern scientific research. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-195-4-6.

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The formation of prerequisites for the sustainable development of the country as a whole and its individual regions is possible today under the increase of the natural-resource, demographic, scientific and technical, recreational, information, and socio-cultural potential, not only of the production one. All components of socio-economic potential play an essential role in determining the priorities for the transition of national and regional economic complexes to a model of sustainable synergistic development. In addition, the importance of the human factor and institutional changes in the geopolitical system of economic relations should be highlighted. When studying the relevant issue, it is essential to take into account numerous factors of the socio-economic potential of sustainable development, both exogenous and endogenous, keeping in mind the institutional consolidation of the European integration aspirations of the Ukrainian people. The signing of the economic part of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU) requires a documentary and realistic introduction of a set of directives relating to economic, social and environmental spheres. Given the above, it is necessary to thoroughly assess the socio-economic development of the EU countries in order to conduct an in-depth analysis for the formation of modern approaches to increasing the socio-economic potential of Ukraine’s sustainable development, which will be a solid basis for the modernization of most domestic sectors, real decentralization, and accelerated implementation of EU standards. The subject of the study is modern methods, models, and technologies for assessing the level of socio-economic development of the EU countries from 2010 to 2019. The research methodology comprises general scientific methods of cognition of the objective nature of economic phenomena and processes: analysis and synthesis; statistical and temporal analysis; comparison; observation; economic-mathematical, statistical and sociological methods of analysis; methods and models for calculating group and general integral indicators; forecasting methods. The purpose of the paper is to develop a set of models for assessing the socio-economic development of the EU countries throughout 2010–2019, which is based on the use of modern tools, methods and models for calculating group and general integral indicators of socio-economic development of the EU countries. They make it possible to comprehensively assess and conduct complex spatially-dynamic comparative analysis of the studied countries, predict their development and determine adequate benchmarks for the development of the national economy on the way to the EU.The general conclusion is that the contribution improves the process of assessment and analysis by calculating an overall synergistic integral indicator that reflects the effectiveness of the socio-economic development of EU member states and allows making adequate forecasts and modelling different development scenarios. Thus, it is determined that in the near future this indicator will increase due to well-planned activities of the states and comprehensive monitoring and control of processes by the EU. The implementation of development measures will improve the living standards of the population and be more sustainable in crisis or other social phenomena that may adversely affect the financial condition and security of the population. Consequently, given Ukraine’s plans to join the EU, it can be considered that the relevant membership will have a positive synergistic effect on the state’s progress, contribute to socio-economic development, and strengthen domestic potential.
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Conference papers on the topic "Endogenous group formation"

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Charness, Gary, and Chun-Lei Yang. "Endogenous group formation and efficiency." In the Behavioral and Quantitative Game Theory. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807406.1807463.

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Aranda-Michel, Edgar, Jooli Han, and Dennis R. Trumble. "Design of a Muscle-Powered Extra-Aortic Counterpulsation Device for Long-Term Circulatory Support." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3325.

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While great strides continue to be made in the treatment of congestive heart failure using mechanical ventricular assist devices (VADs), several longstanding difficulties associated with pumping blood continue to limit their long-term use. Among the most troublesome has been the persistent risk of clot formation at the blood-device interface, which generally requires VAD recipients to undergo costly — and potentially dangerous — anticoagulation therapy for the duration of the implant. Another serious and persistent problem with long-term use of these pumps is the increased risk of infection associated with the use of percutaneous drivelines. To address these issues we are currently exploring a new approach to blood pump design that aims to solve both these problems by avoiding them altogether. Toward that end, we propose to harness the body’s own endogenous energy stores in order to eliminate the need to transmit energy across the skin. Further, we intend to transfer the energy from this internal power source to the circulation without contacting the blood to obviate the thrombogenic risks imposed by devices placed directly into the bloodstream. To power the implant we will employ a device developed previously by our group called a muscle energy converter (MEC), shown in Figure 1. The MEC is, in essence, an implantable hydraulic actuator powered by the latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle with the capacity to transmit up to 1.37 joules of contractile work per stroke [1]. By training the muscle to express fatigue-resistant oxidative fibers and stimulating the LD to contract in coordination with the cardiac cycle, the MEC captures and transmits this contractile energy as a high-pressure low-volume (5 cc) hydraulic pulse that can be used, in principle, to actuate an implanted pulsatile blood pump. The goal of this research is to use the low-volume output of the MEC to drive a polymer-based aortic compression device for long-term circulatory support. In this context it is important to note that the idea of applying a counterpulsation device around the ascending aorta is not new. Indeed, this approach has been validated by clinical trials recently completed by Sunshine Heart Inc. showing that displacing 20 cc of blood at the aortic root has significant therapeutic benefits [2]. Unfortunately, while the pneumatic ‘C-Pulse’ device solves the blood-contacting problem, it suffers from the same limitations as traditional VADs — i.e., driveline infections. The device described here achieves the same volumetric displacement as the SSH device via geometric amplification of MEC outputs. Thus, through this mechanism we believe the low-volume power output of the MEC can be used to support heart failure patients while addressing the major limitations associated with long-term VAD use.
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Ravndal, Kristin T., and Roald Kommedal. "Modelling particle degradation and intermediate dynamics in a dispersed activated sludge microcosm." In 63rd International Conference of Scandinavian Simulation Society, SIMS 2022, Trondheim, Norway, September 20-21, 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp192002.

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Municipal wastewater consists of a large fraction of particulate organic matter. During biological wastewater treatment these particles undergo extracellular depolymerisation before products are taken up by bacteria (MW < 0.6 kDa). Particle degradation and intermediate formation dynamics is important in process analysis of wastewater treatment as the transport regime differ. This work aims to develop a model for particle degradation that includes intermediate dynamics as observed in experimental work. A model for particle degradation including intermediate dynamics, bacterial growth and endogenous respiration is proposed. Particle hydrolysis was modelled using the particle breakup model. Depolymerisation products were separated into five different size groups: colloids; high, medium and low molecular weight (HMW, MMW and LMW) polymers; and one fraction for oligomers and monomers (SB). Depolymerisation of colloids, HMW and MMW polymers was modelled using first order kinetics. LMW polymer degradation was modelled using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, while growth was based on traditional Monod kinetics and endogenous respiration followed ASM3. The proposed model was implemented in AQUASIM for a batch reactor system, and parameter estimation by LSE fitting to experimental data on particulate starch degradation over 117 days in a dispersed biomass microcosm was performed. Validation of the model against experimental data gave a very good fit to the PBM. The intermediate dynamics seen in the experimental data was also qualitatively demonstrated by the model, with accumulation of HMW, MMW and LMW polymers in the bulk liquid. However, the accumulation of monomers and oligomers in the bulk liquid could not be reproduced in the suspended growth model proposed. Hence, a structured biomass model (biofilm) is suggested for future work.
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Boboriko, Natalia, He Liying, and Yaraslau Dzichenka. "THE EXPLORATION OF CYP17A1 LIGAND SPACE BY THE QSAR MODEL." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.439b.

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Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is a critically important enzyme in humans that catalyzes the formation of all endogenous androgens. This enzyme is often considered a molecular target for the development of novel high efficient drugs against prostate cancer. In the present work, the random forest algorithm was used to conduct a QSAR study on 370 CYP17A1 ligands with different structures that were collected from the literature and databases, and a QSAR model was created based on the five important descriptors screened out – 2D adjacency and distance matrix descriptors, 2D atom counts and bond counts and 3D surface area, volume and shape descriptors. The model was verified by the test set (accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, F-measure, MCC, and AUC were calculated). It was revealed that the hydrophobic properties of the vdW surface of the ligand have a significant contribution to the activity prediction. The hydrophobic effect of the molecules may be aroused by the presence of the hydrophobic groups or aromatic rings in the molecules. The created QSAR model shows that the molecules with more aromatic rings have better activity. The accuracy of the model on the test set was 84%, precision – 81%, sensitivity – 93%, specificity – 72%, F-measure – 0.87, MCC – 0.67, AUC – 0.88. The model has good robustness and predictive ability and can be used to screen and discover new highly active CYP17A1 inhibitors.
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Colman, R. W., A. Gewirtz, D. L. Wang, M. M. Huh, B. P. Schick, P. K. Schick, and C. L. Shapiro. "BIOSYNTHESIS AND EXPRESSION OF FACTOR V IN MAGAKARYOCYTES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642955.

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Coagulation factor V (FV), is a single chain, multifunctional glycoprotein of Mr 350,000 which interacts with a variety of hemostatic proteins such as factor Xa, prothrombin, thrombin and protein C, on the surface of platelets and vascular endothelial cells. FV serves as both a cofactor and substrate in the generation of thrombin and plays a critical regulatory role in both physiologic hemostasis and pathologic thrombosis. The biosynthesis of FV and its subsequent expression are therefore expected to be precisely controlled and may differ in the three sites of synthesis - hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and megakaryocytes (MK). We have previously demonstrated that each guinea pig MK contains 500 times as much FV as in a platelet, as quantified by a competitive enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay and expresses FV by cytoimmunofluorescence. De novo biosynthesis was demonstrated by incorporation of S-methionine into FV purified on a immunoaffinity column. The purified MK protein exhibited both FV coagulant activity and antigenicity. However, MK FV was more slowly activated by thrombin, more stable in the absence of Ca and exhibited a slightly higher M of 380,000 compared to plasma FV. Similar studies have documented biosynthesis in human MK. In addition, all morphologically recognizable MK enriched by elutriation from human bone marrow contained FV as documented by both monospecific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to FV. All these cells bound FV since a murine MAb reacting with the light chain of FV (B38) labeled all cells. In contrast, 68% of cells synthesized FV since B10, a MAb to the activation peptide recognizing FV but not FVa, labeled this fraction. To determine whether immature nonnorphologically recognizable MK expressed FV, we identified these cells with an antiserum to human platelet glycoproteins and then probed them with B38. Seventy percent (70%) of such small cells expressed FV. In contrast, no small cells in MK colonies cloned in FV deficient medium expressed FV while only 40% of such colonies contained cells which expressed FV.To further probe the regulation of FV in MK we attempted to correlate the synthesis of FV as probed by MAb B10 with geometric mean cell diameter, stage and ploidy. No significant correlation of FV with any of these indicators of MK maturation. In contrast, preliminary studies suggest that low doses of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate augment both the number of MK containing FV and the level of FV expressed by individual cells. Thus, FV synthesis may be regulated independent of size, stage, or ploidy and protein kinase C may play a role.To further define the molecular nature of FV in MK we found that purified FV was converted from a monomer to high Mr multimers by an enzyme derived from MK. These multimers resulting from covalent crosslinking since they were stable to SDS, 100° C and reducing agents. The responsible enzyme appeared to be MK FXIIIa since it required C, was inhibited by agents which react with the active site thiol group and was blocked by pseudoamine donor substrates such as putrescine. In addition, FXIIIa was directly demonstrated in guinea pig MK by a specific activity stain. Other investigators have established that FV became irreversibly associated with platelet cytoskeletons after exposure to thrombin. tested whether FXIIIa might mediate this association by performing ligand blotting of platelet membrane proteins using 125I-FV(FV*). Only actin of all the membrane proteins was detected by radioautography. The binding of FV* to the cytoskeleton was dependent in the presence of Ca and FXIIIa. In purified systems crosslinked complexes containing FV* or radiolabeled actin were detected in separate experiments. In whole platelets, the formation of the heteropolymer, after thrombin stimulation, was inhibited by antibodies to FXIII a chain, FV activation peptide (B10) or actin. Endogenous platelet FV was also dependent on FXIII for incorporation into the platelet cytoskeleton after thrombin stimulation. When thrombin-treated FV was crosslinked to actin only the activation peptide (150 kDa) was crosslinked. The light chain or heavy chain of FVa were not involved. Thus FXIIIa play an important role in the binding of FV in platelets to the cytoskeleton during activation and secretion.Further studies of FV in megakaryocytes are necessary to define the regulation of biosynthesis and the control of expression which dictate its critical role in hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Coenraad Hemker, H. "THE ACTION OF HEPARIN IN PLASMA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643611.

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Much is known about the influence of heparin on the interaction between coagulation proteases and antithrombin III. In the complex milieu of clotting plasma and a fortiori in platelet rich plasma many proteins compete for the heparin, the proteases are partly protected from AT III (-heparin) action and several antiproteases compete for one protease. Also the concentrations of the reactant vary in the course of the clotting process. This makes it difficult to obtain a clear insight in the action of heparin in plasma from studies on purified system only. We therefore developed a method that allows us a) to measure the breakdown constant of endogenously generated thrombin in plasma and to determine what part of it is due to bindingα2 macroglobulin, b) derive the time course of prothrombinase activity from the thrombin generation curve. This method allows us to study separately the action of heparin on prothrombinase and on thrombin.Using this method we could show that: a) Classical heparin acts primarily on thrombin. Its action on other activated clotting factors is of secondary importance,b) The product activation of thrombin isespecially important in the intrinsic pathway, the thrombin dependent activation of factor VIII is the process that determines the onset of explosive thrombin formation. This explains why the APTT is much more sensitive to heparin than the PT is. c) The low molecular weight heparins that we. studied can be divided into two classes: the S type heparins, that, like unfractionated heparin, act practically only on thrombin and the P type heparins that do not act on thrombin but do inhibit prothrombinase. The synthetic pentasaccharide of Choay et al. is a typical example ofthis last group, d) We demonstrated a cooperative effect between thromboplastin and platelets that is mediated via thrombin.It is expressed as a shortening of the agphase of thrombin formation in plateletrich plasma, e) Heparin, but also other antithrombotic drugs inhibit the cooperative effect mentioned above. This suggests that this effect is a good candidate for the screening of antithrombotic drugs, f) The amount of thrombin formed in platelet rich plasma is hardly influenced by concentration of heparin that completely inhibits the formation of thrombin in platelet poor plasma. This is caused by the release of platelet factor 4. g) S type low molecular weight heparins can be conveniently standardized with a standard of classical heparin. P type low molecular weight heparins require a P type standard preparation.
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