Journal articles: 'Endogenous cueing'

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Germeys, Filip, I. Pomianowska, P. Graef, P. Zaenen, and K. Verfaillie. "Endogenous cueing attenuates object substitution masking." Psychological Research PRPF 74, no. 4 (November 6, 2009): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-009-0263-x.

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Johnson, Miranda L., John Palmer, Cathleen M. Moore, and Geoffrey M. Boynton. "Endogenous cueing effects for detection can be accounted for by a decision model of selective attention." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01698-3.

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AbstractSpatial cues help participants detect a visual target when it appears at the cued location. One hypothesis for this cueing effect, called selective perception, is that cueing a location enhances perceptual encoding at that location. Another hypothesis, called selective decision, is that the cue has no effect on perception, but instead provides prior information that facilitates decision-making. We distinguished these hypotheses by comparing a simultaneous display with two spatial locations to sequential displays with two temporal intervals. The simultaneous condition had a partially valid spatial cue, and the sequential condition had a partially valid temporal cue. Selective perception predicts no cueing effect for sequential displays given there is enough time to switch attention. In contrast, selective decision predicts cueing effects for sequential displays regardless of time. We used endogenous cueing of a detection-like coarse orientation discrimination task with clear displays (no external noise or postmasks). Results showed cueing effects for the sequential condition, supporting a decision account of selective attention for endogenous cueing of detection-like tasks.

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Mine, Chisato, and Jun Saiki. "Reward Experience Modulates Endogenous Attentional Cueing Effects." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 283b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.283b.

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Slessor, Gillian, Ailbhe Finnerty, Jessika Papp, Daniel T. Smith, and Douglas Martin. "Gaze-cueing and endogenous attention operate in parallel." Acta Psychologica 192 (January 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.11.006.

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Banerjee, Sanjna, Shrey Grover, Suhas Ganesh, and Devarajan Sridharan. "Sensory and decisional components of endogenous attention are dissociable." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1538–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00257.2019.

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Endogenous cueing of attention enhances sensory processing of the attended stimulus (perceptual sensitivity) and prioritizes information from the attended location for guiding behavioral decisions (spatial choice bias). Here, we test whether sensitivity and bias effects of endogenous spatial attention are under the control of common or distinct mechanisms. Human observers performed a multialternative visuospatial attention task with probabilistic spatial cues. Observers’ behavioral choices were analyzed with a recently developed multidimensional signal detection model (the m-ADC model). The model effectively decoupled the effects of spatial cueing on sensitivity from those on spatial bias and revealed striking dissociations between them. Sensitivity was highest at the cued location and not significantly different among uncued locations, suggesting a spotlight-like allocation of sensory resources at the cued location. On the other hand, bias varied systematically with cue validity, suggesting a graded allocation of decisional priority across locations. Cueing-induced modulations of sensitivity and bias were uncorrelated within and across subjects. Bias, but not sensitivity, correlated with key metrics of prioritized decision-making, including reaction times and decision optimality indices. In addition, we developed a novel metric, differential risk curvature, for distinguishing bias effects of attention from those of signal expectation. Differential risk curvature correlated selectively with m-ADC model estimates of bias but not with estimates of sensitivity. Our results reveal dissociable effects of endogenous attention on perceptual sensitivity and choice bias in a multialternative choice task and motivate the search for the distinct neural correlates of each. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Attention is often studied as a unitary phenomenon. Yet, attention can both enhance the perception of important stimuli (sensitivity) and prioritize such stimuli for decision-making (bias). Employing a multialternative spatial attention task with probabilistic cueing, we show that attention affects sensitivity and bias through dissociable mechanisms. Specifically, the effects on sensitivity alone match the notion of an attentional “spotlight.” Our behavioral model enables quantifying component processes of attention, and identifying their respective neural correlates.

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Hurst, Austin J., Michael A. Lawrence, and Raymond M. Klein. "How Does Spatial Attention Influence the Probability and Fidelity of Colour Perception?" Vision 3, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020031.

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Existing research has found that spatial attention alters how various stimulus properties are perceived (e.g., luminance, saturation), but few have explored whether it improves the accuracy of perception. To address this question, we performed two experiments using modified Posner cueing tasks, wherein participants made speeded detection responses to peripheral colour targets and then indicated their perceived colours on a colour wheel. In E1, cues were central and endogenous (i.e., prompted voluntary attention) and the interval between cues and targets (stimulus onset asynchrony, or SOA) was always 800 ms. In E2, cues were peripheral and exogenous (i.e., captured attention involuntarily) and the SOA varied between short (100 ms) and long (800 ms). A Bayesian mixed-model analysis was used to isolate the effects of attention on the probability and the fidelity of colour encoding. Both endogenous and short-SOA exogenous spatial cueing improved the probability of encoding the colour of targets. Improved fidelity of encoding was observed in the endogenous but not in the exogenous cueing paradigm. With exogenous cues, inhibition of return (IOR) was observed in both RT and probability at the long SOA. Overall, our findings reinforce the utility of continuous response variables in the research of attention.

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ZHAO, Ya-Jun, and Zhi-Jun ZHANG. "Eyes Gaze Cueing Effect: Endogenous or Exogenous Processing Mechanism?" Acta Psychologica Sinica 41, no. 12 (December 30, 2009): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2009.01133.

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Yamauchi, Kenji, and Jun I. Kawahara. "Inhibitory template for visual marking with endogenous spatial cueing." Visual Cognition 28, no. 10 (November 17, 2020): 581–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2020.1842834.

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Yang, Taoxi, Jiyuan Zhang, and Yan Bao. "Spatial orienting around the fovea: exogenous and endogenous cueing effects." Cognitive Processing 16, S1 (August 1, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0688-7.

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Sui, Jie, Chang Hong Liu, Lingyun Wang, and Shihui Han. "Short Article: Attentional Orientation Induced by Temporarily Established Self-Referential Cues." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 5 (May 2009): 844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802559393.

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Self-referential stimuli such as self-face surpass other-referential stimuli in capture of attention, which has been attributed to attractive perceptual features of self-referential stimuli. We investigated whether temporarily established self-referential stimuli are different from other-referential cues in guiding voluntary visual attention. Temporarily established self-referential or friend-referential shapes served as central cues in Posner's endogenous cueing task. We found that, relative to friend-referential cues, self-referential cues induced smaller cueing effect (i.e., the difference in reaction times to targets at cued and uncued locations) when the interstimulus interval was short but larger cueing effect when the interstimulus interval was long. Our findings suggest that temporarily established self-referential cues are more efficient to capture reflexive attention at the early stage of perceptual processing and to shift voluntary attention at the later stage of perceptual processing.

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Lim, Alfred, Vivian Eng, Caitlyn Osborne, Steve M. J. Janssen, and Jason Satel. "Inhibitory and Facilitatory Cueing Effects: Competition between Exogenous and Endogenous Mechanisms." Vision 3, no. 3 (August 22, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3030040.

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Inhibition of return is characterized by delayed responses to previously attended locations when the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) is long enough. However, when cues are predictive of a target’s location, faster reaction times to cued as compared to uncued targets are normally observed. In this series of experiments investigating saccadic reaction times, we manipulated the cue predictability to 25% (counterpredictive), 50% (nonpredictive), and 75% (predictive) to investigate the interaction between predictive endogenous facilitatory (FCEs) and inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs). Overall, larger ICEs were seen in the counterpredictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition, and no ICE was found in the predictive condition. Based on the hypothesized additivity of FCEs and ICEs, we reasoned that the null ICEs observed in the predictive condition are the result of two opposing mechanisms balancing each other out, and the large ICEs observed with counterpredictive cueing can be attributed to the combination of endogenous facilitation at uncued locations with inhibition at cued locations. Our findings suggest that the endogenous activity contributed by cue predictability can reduce the overall inhibition observed when the mechanisms occur at the same location, or enhance behavioral inhibition when the mechanisms occur at opposite locations.

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FILOTEO, J. VINCENT, DEAN C. DELIS, DAVID P. SALMON, THERESA DEMADURA, MARY J. ROMAN, and CLIFFORD W. SHULTS. "An examination of the nature of attentional deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a spatial orienting task." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 4 (July 1997): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797003378.

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Endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention were examined in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the endogenous condition, an arrow was used to cue participants' attention to the possible location of an impending target, whereas in the exogenous condition, a brightened box was used to cue attention. Cues were either valid (i.e., the target appeared in the cued location) or invalid (i.e., the target appeared in a noncued location). The time between cue onset and target onset (stimulus onset asynchrony or SOA) was varied in each condition. The results indicated that PD patients were not differentially impaired in shifting attention at the shorter SOAs relative to normal controls. However, at longer SOAs, the PD patients demonstrated less of an effect from cueing than did the normal control participants. PD patients' differential effect from cueing was evident in both exogenous and endogenous conditions. These results suggest that PD patients may experience a rapid decay of attentional inhibition and do not support the notion that a decrement in processing resources underlies their attentional deficits. Moreover, these findings further support the notion that the basal ganglia may play an important role in attentional functions. (JINS, 1997, 3, 337–347.)

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Feldmann-Wüstefeld, Tobias, and Anna Schubö. "Textures shape the attentional focus: Evidence from exogenous and endogenous cueing." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 75, no. 8 (August 14, 2013): 1644–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0508-z.

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Lupi��ez, Juan, Caroline Decaix, Eric Si�roff, Sylvie Chokron, Bruce Milliken, and Paolo Bartolomeo. "Independent effects of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing: inhibition of return at endogenously attended target locations." Experimental Brain Research 159, no. 4 (July 9, 2004): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-1963-5.

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Goldberg, Melissa C., Daphne Maurer, and Terri L. Lewis. "Developmental changes in attention: the effects of endogenous cueing and of distractors." Developmental Science 4, no. 2 (May 2001): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00166.

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Pack, W., T. Carney, and S. Klein. "Non-predictive cueing produces perceptual enhancement for both endogenous and exogenous attention." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.666.

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Brawn, P. T., and R. J. Snowden. "The Role of Attention in the Detection of Luminance Changes: Endogenous versus Exogenous Cueing." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0108.

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Many visual tasks have been shown to be influenced by the attentional state of the observer. However the conditions under which attention has effects is still unclear. Here we report upon a series of experiments where the observer has to react to changes in the luminance of a target amongst many distractors. We have systematically manipulated the nature of the cue (endogenous vs exogenous) and the task to be performed (detection of changes vs discrimination of direction of change). Stimuli consisted of a number of circles upon a screen. At some point in time one of the circles changed in luminance and subjects reacted as quickly as possible. Typically half the circles were red and half green. Subjects could be cued to attend to a particular colour by instruction (endogenous) or by a brief flash of the lines that joined the same coloured elements (exogenous). In most cases the cue was appropriate on 80% of the trials and hence we could compare response times between valid and invalid trials. Our results show that (1) for simple detection endogenous cues were ineffective whereas exogenous cues provided a small advantage for the valid trials, and (2) for discrimination of direction of change endogenous cues provided a small advantage, whereas exogenous cues provided a large advantage for the valid trials. It appears that both cueing type and task type modulate the attentional effects on this ‘preattentive’ task.

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Petrucci, Matthew N., Sommer Amundsen-Huffmaster, Jae Woo Chung, Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler, and Colum D. MacKinnon. "Can People with Parkinson’s Disease Self-Trigger Gait Initiation? A Comparison of Cueing Strategies." Journal of Parkinson's Disease 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-212732.

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Background: An external cue can markedly improve gait initiation in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is often used to overcome freezing of gait (FOG). It is unknown if the effects of external cueing are comparable if the imperative stimulus is triggered by the person receiving the cue (self-triggered) or an external source. Objective: Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of self- versus externally triggered cueing on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) during gait initiation in people with PD. Methods: In experiment 1, 10 individuals with PD and FOG initiated gait without a cue or in response to a stimulus triggered by the experimenter or by the participant. Experiment 2 compared self- versus externally triggered cueing across three groups: healthy young adults (n = 16), healthy older adults (n = 11), and a group with PD (n = 10). Results: Experiment 1: Externally triggered cues significantly increased APA magnitudes compared to uncued stepping, but not when the same cue was self-triggered. Experiment 2: APAs were not significantly improved with a self-triggered cue compared to un-cued stepping in both the PD and healthy older adult groups, but the young adults showed a significant facilitation of APA magnitude. Conclusion: The effectiveness of an external cue on gait initiation in people with PD and older adults is critically dependent upon whether the source of the trigger is endogenous (self-produced) or exogenous (externally-generated). These results may explain why cueing interventions that rely upon self-triggering of the stimulus are often ineffective in people with PD.

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Sebastiani, Mara, Maria Casagrande, Diana Martella, and Antonino Raffone. "The effects of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing in a sustained attention task." Cognitive Processing 10, S2 (August 20, 2009): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0316-5.

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Danziger, Shai. "The effects of endogenous attention and stimulus onsets on encoding target location." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (August 2002): 987–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000613.

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The effects of endogenously attended and non-attended stimulus onsets on spatial stimulus encoding of a target were explored in a Simon task. In each experiment participants made speeded left or right key-press responses to the colour of a target that followed a cueing display consisting of several shapes. The target appeared within some shapes and not others. The target's spatial code as measured by a Simon task was its location relative to possible target positions and relative to the centre of the display. Target location was not coded relative to the positions of onset shapes that could not contain a target. These spatial coding effects were found at cue-target intervals of 50, 300, and 1000 ms. The data indicate that target location is defined relative to the distribution of endogenous attention and reference frames aligned with the centre of the display and that the spatial code assigned to a target is not affected when attention is shifted in the target's direction.

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Reeck, Crystal, Kevin S. LaBar, and Tobias Egner. "Neural Mechanisms Mediating Contingent Capture of Attention by Affective Stimuli." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 5 (May 2012): 1113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00211.

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Attention is attracted exogenously by physically salient stimuli, but this effect can be dampened by endogenous attention settings, a phenomenon called “contingent capture.” Emotionally salient stimuli are also thought to exert a strong exogenous influence on attention, especially in anxious individuals, but whether and how top–down attention can ameliorate bottom–up capture by affective stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we paired a novel spatial cueing task with fMRI to investigate contingent capture as a function of the affective salience of bottom–up cues (face stimuli) and individual differences in trait anxiety. In the absence of top–down cues, exogenous stimuli validly cueing targets facilitated attention in low-anxious participants, regardless of affective salience. However, although high-anxious participants exhibited similar facilitation following neutral exogenous cues, this facilitation was completely absent following affectively negative exogenous cues. Critically, these effects were contingent on endogenous attentional settings, such that explicit top–down cues presented before the appearance of exogenous stimuli removed anxious individuals' sensitivity to affectively salient stimuli. fMRI analyses revealed a network of brain regions underlying this variability in affective contingent capture across individuals, including the fusiform face area (FFA), posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex, and SMA. Importantly, activation in the posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex and the SMA fully mediated the effects observed in FFA, demonstrating a critical role for these frontal regions in mediating attentional orienting and interference resolution processes when engaged by affectively salient stimuli.

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Voyer, Daniel. "Reliability and magnitude of visual laterality effects: Further examination of the endogenous cueing procedure." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 8, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713754472.

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Belopolsky, A., and J. Theeuwes. "Differential involvement of the oculomotor system in covert visual search and covert endogenous cueing." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 2, 2010): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.164.

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Seibold, Julia C., Sophie Nolden, Josefa Oberem, Janina Fels, and Iring Koch. "The binding of an auditory target location to a judgement: A two-component switching approach." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 8 (February 15, 2019): 2056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819829422.

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In a two-component switching paradigm, in which participants switched between two auditory attention selection criteria (attention component: left vs. right ear) and two judgements (judgement component: number vs. letter judgement), we found high judgement switch costs in attention criterion repetitions, but low costs in attention criterion switches. This finding showed an interaction of components. Previous two-component switching studies observed differently emphasised interaction patterns. In the present study, we explored whether the strength of the interaction pattern reflects the strength of the binding of target location and judgement. Specifically, we investigated whether exogenous target location cueing led to weaker binding than endogenous cueing, and whether preparation for ear selection could influence the binding. Attention switches with auditory exogenous target location cues did not affect the component interaction pattern, whereas a prolonged preparation interval led to a more emphasised pattern. Binding between target location and judgement may therefore be rather automatic and may not necessarily require concurrent component processing. Sufficient time for target location switches with long preparation time may activate the previous trial’s episode or facilitate switches of the subsequent judgement.

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Santangelo, Valerio, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli, Charles Spence, and Emiliano Macaluso. "Interactions between Voluntary and Stimulus-driven Spatial Attention Mechanisms across Sensory Modalities." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 12 (December 2009): 2384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21178.

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In everyday life, the allocation of spatial attention typically entails the interplay between voluntary (endogenous) and stimulus-driven (exogenous) attention. Furthermore, stimuli in different sensory modalities can jointly influence the direction of spatial attention, due to the existence of cross-sensory links in attentional control. Using fMRI, we examined the physiological basis of these interactions. We induced exogenous shifts of auditory spatial attention while participants engaged in an endogenous visuospatial cueing task. Participants discriminated visual targets in the left or right hemifield. A central visual cue preceded the visual targets, predicting the target location on 75% of the trials (endogenous visual attention). In the interval between the endogenous cue and the visual target, task-irrelevant nonpredictive auditory stimuli were briefly presented either in the left or right hemifield (exogenous auditory attention). Consistent with previous unisensory visual studies, activation of the ventral fronto-parietal attentional network was observed when the visual targets were presented at the uncued side (endogenous invalid trials, requiring visuospatial reorienting), as compared with validly cued targets. Critically, we found that the side of the task-irrelevant auditory stimulus modulated these activations, reducing spatial reorienting effects when the auditory stimulus was presented on the same side as the upcoming (invalid) visual target. These results demonstrate that multisensory mechanisms of attentional control can integrate endogenous and exogenous spatial information, jointly determining attentional orienting toward the most relevant spatial location.

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Cansino, Selene. "The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory." Acta de Investigación Psicológica 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2018.2.07.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

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Zhang, Dexuan, Liping Shao, Xiaolin Zhou, and Sander Martens. "Differential effects of exogenous and endogenous cueing in multi-stream RSVP: implications for theories of attentional blink." Experimental Brain Research 205, no. 3 (August 5, 2010): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2377-1.

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Jongen, Ellen M. M., and Fren T. Y. Smulders. "Sequence effects in a spatial cueing task: Endogenous orienting is sensitive to orienting in the preceding trial." Psychological Research 71, no. 5 (May 19, 2006): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-006-0065-3.

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Sreenivasan, Varsha, and Devarajan Sridharan. "Subcortical connectivity correlates selectively with attention’s effects on spatial choice bias." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 6, 2019): 19711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902704116.

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Neural mechanisms of attention are extensively studied in the neocortex; comparatively little is known about how subcortical regions contribute to attention. The superior colliculus (SC) is an evolutionarily conserved, subcortical (midbrain) structure that has been implicated in controlling visuospatial attention. Yet how the SC contributes mechanistically to attention remains unknown. We investigated the role of the SC in attention, combining model-based psychophysics, diffusion imaging, and tractography in human participants. Specifically, we asked whether the SC contributes to enhancing sensitivity (d′) to attended information, or whether it contributes to biasing choices (criteria) in favor of attended information. We tested human participants on a multialternative change detection task, with endogenous spatial cueing, and quantified sensitivity and bias with a recently developed multidimensional signal detection model (m-ADC model). At baseline, sensitivity and bias exhibited complementary patterns of asymmetries across the visual hemifields: While sensitivity was consistently higher for detecting changes in the left hemifield, bias was higher for reporting changes in the right hemifield. Remarkably, white matter connectivity of the SC with the neocortex mirrored this pattern of asymmetries. Specifically, the asymmetry in SC–cortex connectivity correlated with the asymmetry in choice bias, but not in sensitivity. In addition, SC–cortex connectivity strength could predict cueing-induced modulation of bias, but not of sensitivity, across individuals. In summary, the SC may be a key node in an evolutionarily conserved network for controlling choice bias during visuospatial attention.

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Ro, Tony, Liana Machado, Nancy Kanwisher, and Robert D. Rafal. "Covert orienting to the locations of targets and distractors: Effects on response channel activation in a flanker task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (August 2002): 917–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000514.

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The role of covert orienting of attention in response channel activation was examined using the flanker interference and precueing paradigms. Four experiments assessed the influence of distractors on the discrimination of a target colour patch under cueing conditions (three with non-informative, exogenous cues and one with informative, endogenous cues) that modulated attention at the flanker or target locations. Across all of the experiments, the amount of interference generated by the distractors was not modulated by the facilitation and inhibition of return induced by spatial attention precues. These results are consistent with previous reports of patients with neglect, which demonstrated that flanker interference proceeds at unattended locations (Audet, Bub, & Lecours, 1991; Cohen, Ivry, Rafal, & Kohn, 1995), and they suggest that response channel activation can occur independently from spatial attention.

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Goldsmith, Morris, and Menahem Yeari. "Central-Cue Discriminability Modulates Object-Based Attention by Influencing Spatial Attention." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000135.

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The role of central-cue discriminability in modulating object-based effects was examined using Egly, Driver, and Rafal’s (1994) “double-rectangle” spatial cueing paradigm. Based on the attentional focusing hypothesis (Goldsmith & Yeari, 2003), we hypothesized that highly discriminable central-arrow cues would be processed with attention spread across the two rectangles (potential target locations), thereby strengthening the perceptual representation of these objects so that they influence the subsequent endogenous deployment of attention, yielding object-based effects. By contrast, less discriminable central-arrow cues should induce a more narrow attentional focus to the center of the display, thereby weakening the rectangle object representations so that they no longer influence the subsequent attentional deployment. Central-arrow-cue discriminability was manipulated by size and luminance contrast. The results supported the predictions, reinforcing the attentional focusing hypothesis and highlighting the need to consider central-cue discriminability when designing experiments and in comparing experimental results.

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Zivony, Alon, Hadas Erel, and Daniel A. Levy. "Predictivity and Manifestation Factors in Aging Effects on the Orienting of Spatial Attention." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (May 25, 2019): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz064.

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Abstract Objective Prior attention research has asserted that endogenous orienting of spatial attention by willful focusing may be differently influenced by aging than exogenous orienting, the capture of attention by external cues. However, most such studies confound factors of manifestation (locational vs symbolic cues) and the predictivity of cues. We therefore investigated whether age effects on orienting are mediated by those factors. Method We measured accuracy and response times of groups of younger and older adults in a discrimination task with flanker distracters, under three spatial cueing conditions: nonpredictive locational cues, predictive symbolic cues, and a hybrid predictive locational condition. Results Age differences were found to be related to the factor of cue predictivity, but not to the factor of spatial manifestation. These differences were not modulated by flanker congruency. Discussion The results indicate that the orienting of spatial attention in healthy aging may be adversely affected by less effective perception or utilization of the predictive value of cues, but not by the requirement to voluntarily execute a shift of attention.

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Gillmeister, Helge, Simona Cantarella, Ana Ioana Gheorghiu, and Julia Adler. "Object-Guided Spatial Selection in Touch Without Concurrent Changes in the Perceived Location of the Hands." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000180.

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In an endogenous cueing paradigm with central visual cues, observers made speeded responses to tactile targets at the hands, which were either close together or far apart, and holding either two separate objects or one common object between them. When the hands were far apart, the response time costs associated with attending to the wrong hand were reduced when attention had to be shifted along one object jointly held by both hands compared to when it was shifted over the same distance but across separate objects. Similar reductions in attentional costs were observed when the hands were placed closer together, suggesting that processing at one hand is less prioritized over that at another when the hands can be “grouped” by virtue of arising from the same spatial location or from the same object. Probes of perceived hand locations throughout the task showed that holding a common object decreased attentional separability without decreasing the perceived separation between the hands. Our findings suggest that tactile events at the hands may be represented in a spatial framework that flexibly adapts to (object-guided) attentional demands, while their relative coordinates are simultaneously preserved.

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Martín-Arévalo, Elisa, Carole Guedj, François Cotton, Gilles Rode, Karen T. Reilly, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, and Laure Pisella. "Single-Case Neuropsychological Assessment of a Patient with a Posterior Parietal Lesion Using Behavioral Testing and Resting-State fMRI." OBM Neurobiology 05, no. 03 (January 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2103105.

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This study integrated functional connectivity measures using resting-state fMRI and behavioral data from a single-case observation of patient (PER) one year after right-hemispheric hemorrhage in the intraparietal sulcus and superior parietal lobule (IPS/SPL). PER showed no sign of clinical neglect. Her behavioral performance in the visuo-manual pointing task and in the letter discrimination task under conditions of endogenous and exogenous attentional cueing was compared between the left (affected) and right (unaffected/control) peripheral visual fields. The resting-state fMRI demonstrated an imbalance between the right and left hemispheric frontoparietal functional connectivity within the dorsal attentional and motor networks. Although the frontal and occipital cortices were not structurally damaged, specific fronto-occipital functional connectivity was imbalanced, which was strongly associated with the behavioral changes. First, the activity in the right frontal eye field showed weaker correlations with the activity in the right inferior occipital area compared to the correlation with the activity in the left inferior occipital area. This imbalanced fronto-occipital functional connectivity was accompanied by a specific impairment in endogenous covert attention in the left visual field. Second, the activity within M1 in both hemispheres showed weaker correlations with the activity of the right cuneus compared to the correlation with the activity in the left cuneus. The imbalanced fronto-occipital functional connectivity was associated with the impairment of the reaching movement of the left and right hands towards the left visual field (optic ataxia). Altogether, our results showed that a lesion to the posterior parietal cortex affects the relationship between distal regions underlying the sensorimotor and attentional abilities

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Mishra, Ramesh K., Matthew D. Hilchey, Niharika Singh, and Raymond M. Klein. "On the time course of exogenous cueing effects in bilinguals: Higher proficiency in a second language is associated with more rapid endogenous disengagement." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 8 (August 2012): 1502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.657656.

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Capotosto, Paolo, Maurizio Corbetta, Gian Luca Romani, and Claudio Babiloni. "Electrophysiological Correlates of Stimulus-driven Reorienting Deficits after Interference with Right Parietal Cortex during a Spatial Attention Task: A TMS-EEG Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 12 (December 2012): 2363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00287.

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TMS interference over right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) causally disrupts behaviorally and EEG rhythmic correlates of endogenous spatial orienting before visual target presentation [Capotosto, P., Babiloni, C., Romani, G. L., & Corbetta, M. Differential contribution of right and left parietal cortex to the control of spatial attention: A simultaneous EEG-rTMS study. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 446–454, 2012; Capotosto, P., Babiloni, C., Romani, G. L., & Corbetta, M. Fronto-parietal cortex controls spatial attention through modulation of anticipatory alpha rhythms. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 5863–5872, 2009]. Here we combine data from our previous studies to examine whether right parietal TMS during spatial orienting also impairs stimulus-driven reorienting or the ability to efficiently process unattended stimuli, that is, stimuli outside the current focus of attention. Healthy volunteers (n = 24) performed a Posner spatial cueing task while their EEG activity was being monitored. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied for 150 msec simultaneously to the presentation of a central arrow directing spatial attention to the location of an upcoming visual target. Right IPS-rTMS impaired target detection, especially for stimuli presented at unattended locations; it also caused a modulation of the amplitude of parieto-occipital positive ERPs peaking at about 480 msec (P3) post-target. The P3 significantly decreased for unattended targets and significantly increased for attended targets after right IPS-rTMS as compared with sham stimulation. Similar effects were obtained for left IPS stimulation albeit in a smaller group of volunteers. We conclude that disruption of anticipatory processes in right IPS has prolonged effects that persist during target processing. The P3 decrement may reflect interference with postdecision processes that are part of stimulus-driven reorienting. Right IPS is a node of functional interaction between endogenous spatial orienting and stimulus-driven reorienting processes in human vision.

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Zani, Alberto, Clara Tumminelli, and Alice Mado Proverbio. "Electroencephalogram (EEG) Alpha Power as a Marker of Visuospatial Attention Orienting and Suppression in Normoxia and Hypoxia. An Exploratory Study." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030140.

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While electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha desynchronization has been related to anticipatory orienting of visuospatial attention, an increase in alpha power has been associated to its inhibition. A separate line of findings indicated that alpha is affected by a deficient oxygenation of the brain or hypoxia, although leaving unclear whether the latter increases or decreases alpha synchronization. Here, we carried out an exploratory study on these issues by monitoring attention alerting, orienting, and control networks functionality by means of EEG recorded both in normoxia and hypoxia in college students engaged in four attentional cue-target conditions induced by a redesigned Attention Network Test. Alpha power was computed through Fast Fourier Transform. Regardless of brain oxygenation condition, alpha desynchronization was the highest during exogenous, uncued orienting of spatial attention, the lowest during alerting but spatially unpredictable, cued exogenous orienting of attention, and of intermediate level during validly cued endogenous orienting of attention, no matter the motor response workload demanded by the latter, especially over the left hemisphere. Hypoxia induced an increase in alpha power over the right-sided occipital and parietal scalp areas independent of attention cueing and conflict conditions. All in all, these findings prove that attention orienting is undergirded by alpha desynchronization and that alpha right-sided synchronization in hypoxia might sub-serve either the effort to sustain attention over time or an overall suppression of attention networks functionality.

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Zuanazzi, Arianna, and Uta Noppeney. "The Intricate Interplay of Spatial Attention and Expectation: a Multisensory Perspective." Multisensory Research 33, no. 4-5 (March 17, 2020): 383–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20201482.

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Abstract Attention (i.e., task relevance) and expectation (i.e., signal probability) are two critical top-down mechanisms guiding perceptual inference. Attention prioritizes processing of information that is relevant for observers’ current goals. Prior expectations encode the statistical structure of the environment. Research to date has mostly conflated spatial attention and expectation. Most notably, the Posner cueing paradigm manipulates spatial attention using probabilistic cues that indicate where the subsequent stimulus is likely to be presented. Only recently have studies attempted to dissociate the mechanisms of attention and expectation and characterized their interactive (i.e., synergistic) or additive influences on perception. In this review, we will first discuss methodological challenges that are involved in dissociating the mechanisms of attention and expectation. Second, we will review research that was designed to dissociate attention and expectation in the unisensory domain. Third, we will review the broad field of crossmodal endogenous and exogenous spatial attention that investigates the impact of attention across the senses. This raises the critical question of whether attention relies on amodal or modality-specific mechanisms. Fourth, we will discuss recent studies investigating the role of both spatial attention and expectation in multisensory perception, where the brain constructs a representation of the environment based on multiple sensory inputs. We conclude that spatial attention and expectation are closely intertwined in almost all circumstances of everyday life. Yet, despite their intimate relationship, attention and expectation rely on partly distinct neural mechanisms: while attentional resources are mainly shared across the senses, expectations can be formed in a modality-specific fashion.

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Curtis, Ashley, Anthony Schmiedeler, Sadhika Jagannathan, Maggie Connell, Angela Atkinson, Mary Beth Miller, and Christina S. McCrae. "037 Subjective sleep and objective cognition in middle-aged and older adults: Does sex matter?" Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.036.

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Abstract Introduction Worse sleep has been linked to cognitive dysfunction in aging populations. There are known sex differences in the prevalence and presentation of both sleep disturbance and cognitive impairment, but research investigating sex differences in the associations between sleep and objective cognition is limited and inconclusive. We examined sex as a moderator of associations between self-reported sleep and objective cognitive performance in middle-aged/older adults. Methods Sixty-four adults aged 50+ (Mage= 63.8, SD=7.7; 33 men/31 women) who were cognitively healthy (no mild cognitive impairment, dementia or neurological disorders) completed an online survey (via Qualtrics) measuring self-reported sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI). Participants completed online cognitive tasks (via Inquisit) measuring inhibition (Stroop task; interference reaction time scores), attentional orienting (Posner Endogenous Cueing Task; reaction time difference between invalidly cued and validly cued trials), and working memory (Sternberg task; proportion correct). Multiple regressions examined whether PSQI subscores (sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep efficiency) were independently associated with or interacted with sex in their associations with cognition, controlling for age and education. Results Sex interacted with sleep quality in the association with endogenous attentional orienting (p=.01, R-squared=.10). Specifically, worse sleep quality was associated with worse attentional orienting in women (B=22.73, SE=9.53, p=.02) but not men (p=.24). Sex interacted with PSQI-sleep duration (p=.03, R-squared=.08) and PSQI-sleep efficiency (p=.03, R-squared=.08) in the association with inhibition performance. Specifically, worse sleep duration (B=235.28, SE=77.51, p=.004) and sleep efficiency (B=211.73, SE=68.70, p=.003) were associated with worse interference scores in men but not women (ps>.05). No variables were associated with working memory. Conclusion In middle-aged and older adults, sex moderates associations between self-reported sleep and objective cognition, depending on the sleep parameter and cognitive ability assessed. Findings suggest that women are more vulnerable to the effects of poor sleep quality on spatial attention, whereas men are more vulnerable to the effects of shorter sleep duration and worse overall sleep fragmentation on ability to inhibit task-irrelevant stimuli. Future studies should investigate sex-specific associations between sleep and cognition over time in order to better understand the prospective trajectories of these processes during aging. Support (if any):

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Pesce, Caterina, and Rainer Bösel. "Focusing of Visuospatial Attention." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 4 (October 2001): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.4.256.

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Abstract In the present study we explored the focusing of visuospatial attention in subjects practicing and not practicing activities with high attentional demands. Similar to the studies of Castiello and Umiltà (e. g., 1990) , our experimental procedure was a variation of Posner's (1980) basic paradigm for exploring covert orienting of visuospatial attention. In a simple RT-task, a peripheral cue of varying size was presented unilaterally or bilaterally from a central fixation point and followed by a target at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies (SOAs). The target could occur validly inside the cue or invalidly outside the cue with varying spatial relation to its boundary. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded to target stimuli under the different task conditions. RT and ERP findings showed converging aspects as well as dissociations. Electrophysiological results revealed an amplitude modulation of the ERPs in the early and late Nd time interval at both anterior and posterior scalp sites, which seems to be related to the effects of peripheral informative cues as well as to the attentional expertise. Results were: (1) shorter latency effects confirm the positive-going amplitude enhancement elicited by unilateral peripheral cues and strengthen the criticism against the neutrality of spatially nonpredictive peripheral cueing of all possible target locations which is often presumed in behavioral studies. (2) Longer latency effects show that subjects with attentional expertise modulate the distribution of the attentional resources in the visual space differently than nonexperienced subjects. Skilled practice may lead to minimizing attentional costs by automatizing the use of a span of attention that is adapted to the most frequent task demands and endogenously increases the allocation of resources to cope with less usual attending conditions.

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Feng, Jing, and Ian Spence. "The Effects of Spatial Endogenous Pre-cueing across Eccentricities." Frontiers in Psychology 8 (June 7, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00888.

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Chen, Zelin, Sarah D. McCrackin, Alicia Morgan, and Roxane J. Itier. "The Gaze Cueing Effect and Its Enhancement by Facial Expressions Are Impacted by Task Demands: Direct Comparison of Target Localization and Discrimination Tasks." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (March 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618606.

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The gaze cueing effect is characterized by faster attentional orienting to a gazed-at than a non-gazed-at target. This effect is often enhanced when the gazing face bears an emotional expression, though this finding is modulated by a number of factors. Here, we tested whether the type of task performed might be one such modulating factor. Target localization and target discrimination tasks are the two most commonly used gaze cueing tasks, and they arguably differ in cognitive resources, which could impact how emotional expression and gaze cues are integrated to orient attention. In a within-subjects design, participants performed both target localization and discrimination gaze cueing tasks with neutral, happy, and fearful faces. The gaze cueing effect for neutral faces was greatly reduced in the discrimination task relative to the localization task, and the emotional enhancement of the gaze cueing effect was only present in the localization task and only when this task was performed first. These results suggest that cognitive resources are needed for gaze cueing and for the integration of emotional expressions and gaze cues. We propose that a shift toward local processing may be the mechanism by which the discrimination task interferes with the emotional modulation of gaze cueing. The results support the idea that gaze cueing can be greatly modulated by top-down influences and cognitive resources and thus taps into endogenous attention. Results are discussed within the context of the recently proposed EyeTune model of social attention.

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Ngo, Hong-Viet V., and Bernhard P. Staresina. "Shaping overnight consolidation via slow-oscillation closed-loop targeted memory reactivation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 44 (October 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123428119.

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Sleep constitutes a privileged state for new memories to reactivate and consolidate. Previous work has demonstrated that consolidation can be bolstered experimentally either via delivery of reminder cues (targeted memory reactivation [TMR]) or via noninvasive brain stimulation geared toward enhancing endogenous sleep rhythms. Here, we combined both approaches, controlling the timing of TMR cues with respect to ongoing slow-oscillation (SO) phases. Prior to sleep, participants learned associations between unique words and a set of repeating images (e.g., car) while hearing a prototypical image sound (e.g., engine starting). Memory performance on an immediate test vs. a test the next morning quantified overnight memory consolidation. Importantly, two image sounds were designated as TMR cues, with one cue delivered at SO UP states and the other delivered at SO DOWN states. A novel sound was used as a TMR control condition. Behavioral results revealed a significant reduction of overnight forgetting for words associated with UP-state TMR compared with words associated with DOWN-state TMR. Electrophysiological results showed that UP-state cueing led to enhancement of the ongoing UP state and was followed by greater spindle power than DOWN-state cueing. Moreover, UP-state (and not DOWN-state) cueing led to reinstatement of target image representations. Together, these results unveil the behavioral and mechanistic effects of delivering reminder cues at specific phases of endogenous sleep rhythms and mark an important step for the endeavor to experimentally modulate memories during sleep.

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Hermens, Frouke, and Robin Walker. "Do you look where I look? Attention shifts and response preparation following dynamic social cues." Journal of Eye Movement Research 5, no. 5 (November 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.16910/jemr.5.5.5.

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Studies investigating the effects of observing a gaze shift in another person often apply static images of a person with an averted gaze, while measuring response times to a peripheral target. Static images, however, are unlike how we normally perceive gaze shifts of others. Moreover, response times might only reveal the effects of a cue on covert attention and might fail to uncover cueing effects on overt attention or response preparation. We therefore extended the standard paradigm and measured cueing effects formore realistic, dynamic cues (video clips),while comparing response times, saccade direction errors and saccade trajectories. Three cues were compared: A social cue, consisting of a eye-gaze shift, and two socially less relevant cues, consisting of a head tilting movement and a person walking past. Similar results were found for the two centrally presented cues (eye-gaze shift and head tilting) on all three response measures, suggesting that cueing is unaffected by the social status of the cue. Interestingly, the cue showing a person walking past showed a dissociation in the direction of the effects on response times on the one hand, and saccade direction errors and latencies on the other hand, suggesting the involvement of two types of (endogenous and exogenous) attention or a distinction between attention and sacadic response preparation. Our results suggest that by using dynamic cues and multiple response measures, properties of cueing can be revealed that would not be found otherwise.

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Dugué, Laura, Elisha P. Merriam, David J. Heeger, and Marisa Carrasco. "Differential impact of endogenous and exogenous attention on activity in human visual cortex." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78172-x.

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AbstractHow do endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) attention modulate activity in visual cortex? Using ROI-based fMRI analysis, we measured fMRI activity for valid and invalid trials (target at cued/un-cued location, respectively), pre- or post-cueing endogenous or exogenous attention, while participants performed the same orientation discrimination task. We found stronger modulation in contralateral than ipsilateral visual regions, and higher activity in valid- than invalid-trials. For endogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue increased along the visual hierarchy, but was constant due to a post-cue. For exogenous attention, modulation of stimulus-evoked activity due to a pre-cue was constant along the visual hierarchy, but was not modulated due to a post-cue. These findings reveal that endogenous and exogenous attention distinctly modulate activity in visuo-occipital areas during orienting and reorienting; endogenous attention facilitates both the encoding and the readout of visual information whereas exogenous attention only facilitates the encoding of information.

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Kean, Matthew, and Trevor J. Crawford. "Cueing Visual Attention to Spatial Locations With Auditory Cues." Journal of Eye Movement Research 2, no. 3 (December 18, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.16910/jemr.2.3.4.

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We investigated exogenous and endogenous orienting of visual attention to the spatial loca-tion of an auditory cue. In Experiment 1, significantly faster saccades were observed to vis-ual targets appearing ipsilateral, compared to contralateral, to the peripherally-presented cue. This advantage was greatest in an 80% target-at-cue (TAC) condition but equivalent in 20% and 50% TAC conditions. In Experiment 2, participants maintained central fixation while making an elevation judgment of the peripheral visual target. Performance was significantly better for the cued side of the display, and this advantage was equivalent across the three expectancy conditions. Results point to attentional processes, rather than simply ipsilateral response preparation, and suggest that orienting visual attention to a sudden auditory stimu-lus is difficult to avoid.

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Quest, Malte, Paul Rinnert, Linus Hahner, and Andreas Nieder. "Exogenous and endogenous spatial attention in crows." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 49 (November 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205515119.

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Attention describes the ability to selectively process a particular aspect of the environment at the expense of others. Despite the significance of selective processing, the types and scopes of attentional mechanisms in nonprimate species remain underexplored. We trained four carrion crows in Posner spatial cueing tasks using two separate protocols where the attention-capturing cues are shown at different times before target onset at either the same or a different location as the impending target. To probe automatic bottom-up, or exogenous, attention, two naïve crows were tested with a cue that had no predictive value concerning the location of the subsequent target. To examine volitional top-down, or endogenous, attention, the other two crows were tested with the previously learned cues that predicted the impending target location. Comparing the performance for valid (cue and target at same location) and invalid (cue and target at opposing locations) cues in the nonpredictive cue condition showed a transient, mild reaction time advantage signifying exogenous attention. In contrast, there was a strong and long-lasting performance advantage for the valid conditions with predictive cues indicating endogenous attention. Together, these results demonstrate that crows possess two different attention mechanisms (exogenous and endogenous). These findings signify that crows possess a substantial attentional capacity and robust cognitive control over attention allocation.

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Rosemaro, Ms Elena. "Cued Zone Stimuli Simulation and Model Analysis." Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 71, no. 1 (January 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/msea.v71i1.49.

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Attention may be a significant precursor to visual awareness but does not fulfil the sufficiency test. Moreover, the study uses a Posner endogenous spatial cueing paradigm to show that the time taken by the subject to discriminate the point of reference of a stimulus is minimized if the individual is signal towards the location of the stimulus. The reaction-time advantage is achieved without any reduction in discrimination accuracy. It implies that it cannot be said to have been caused by the speed-error trade off or distinctions in bias between the cued and uncued locations. Therefore, the subject was unaware of the stimuli to which processing was attenionally directed. In the end, the researchers conclude that attention is not a satisfactory condition for awareness.

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Freeman, Elliot D., Emiliano Macaluso, Geraint Rees, and Jon Driver. "fMRI correlates of object-based attentional facilitation vs. suppression of irrelevant stimuli, dependent on global grouping and endogenous cueing." Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 8 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2014.00012.

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Lawrence, Rebecca K., Lucas R. Schneider, and Jay Pratt. "Can arrows change the subjective perception of space?: Exploring symbolic attention repulsion." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, February 4, 2022, 174702182210761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218221076135.

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The attention repulsion effect (ARE) refers to distortions in the perception of space for areas near the focus of attention. For instance, when attending to the right-hand side of the visual field, objects in central vision may appear as though they are shifted to the left. The phenomenon is likely caused by changes in visual cell functioning. To date, research on the ARE has almost exclusively used exogenous manipulations of attention. In contrast, research exploring endogenous attention repulsion has been mixed, and no research has explored the effects of nonpredictive arrow cues on this phenomenon. This gap in the literature is unexpected, as symbolic attention appears to be a unique form of attentional orienting compared with endogenous and exogenous attention. Therefore, this study explored the effects of symbolic orienting on spatial repulsion and compared it with an exogenously generated ARE. Across four experiments, both exogenous and symbolic orienting resulted in AREs; however, the magnitude of the symbolic ARE was smaller than the exogenous ARE. This difference in magnitude persisted, even after testing both phenomena using stimulus timing parameters known to produce optimal effects in traditional attentional cueing paradigms. Therefore, compared with symbolic attention, it appears that exogenous manipulations may tightly constrict attention resources on the cued location, in turn, potentially influencing the functioning of visual cells for enhanced perceptual processing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Endogenous cueing'

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