Academic literature on the topic 'Endogen risk'
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Journal articles on the topic "Endogen risk"
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Santillan Pashma, Antonio Ruben. "Analysis of transmission of conditional volatility from market risk factors." ConcienciaDigital 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33262/concienciadigital.v4i2.1700.
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This article aims to understand the transmission of volatility from the main market indicators of the European financial system, towards market interest rates, focusing on the prices of the swap with maturity of one year and payments of three months as endogen variable and the three main indexes of the European market as CAD, DAX3, and IBEX35, as an exogenous variable. The exogenous will absorb all the necessary information from the market agents as companies, banks, investments funds, or from externals disturbances as European Central Banks and will affect the levels and the slope of the swap prices. Introduction. SWAP is the financial instrument that will be employed to analyze the changes of the volatility in the market because it is the bigger derivative inside of the group of Fixed Income Assets. It is with the greatest depth and liquidity being one of the best instruments for developing market strategies of investment. Aim. Analyst the transmission of volatility from the systematic risk, represented by indices of the market, through the swap prices. Results. DAX30 and CAD transference of volatility are positive, in the particular case of the CAD the effect of transference is significantly positive and extended because the coefficient is greater than 1. IBEX35 provides an extended negative correction. Meaning for every one percentage point change in the IBEX35, It can be expected on average that the volatility of the swap will move in -4.19 percentage point. Conclusion: The slope of the curve o the endogen variables will be determined by the transmission of the volatility from the exogenous variables and the correlation level of the endogenous will adopt with each index
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Bangun, Cicilia Sriliasta, and Tessa Handra. "How Theory of Planned Behavior And Percieved Risk Affect Online Shopping Behavior." Aptisi Transactions on Management (ATM) 5, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/atm.v5i2.1594.
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This study aims to analyze the affect of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk on intention to shop online and its impact on online shopping behavior. The exogen variables on this study are attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and perceived risk. While the endogen variables are intention to shop online and behavior to shop online. Data collection was carried out by distributing 100 questionnaires to users of e-commerce as respondents. By using SEM PLS, this result of this study showed that from 5 initial hypotheses were developed; only 2 hypotheses did not affect to shop online’s behavior; there were subjective norm to intention to shop online; and perceived risk to purchase intention
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Aryana, I. Gusti Putu Suka, Anak Agung Ayu Ratih Hapsari, and Raden Ayu Tuty Kuswardhani. "Myokine Regulation as Marker of Sarcopenia in Elderly." Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v2i2.32.
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The elderly population will increase as well as increasing life expectancy. Health problems in elderly will be more complex and need a comprehensive management. One of the problems that arise from the aging process is sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a decreasing in muscle mass and muscle strength or muscle function caused by multifactorial not only due to aging process, but also nutrition, immobilization, genetics and others risk factors. Muscle is an endogen organ that produces various proteins that can affect the health system. This protein is referred to as myokine. Myokine is anti-inflammation cytokine and peptide produced by striated muscles. Physical activity results in myokine secretion that can reduce inflammation due to a sedentary lifestyle. Inflammation can lead to worsening sarcopenia and fat accumulation in striated muscles, thus reducing muscle mass, muscle strength and causing physical inactivity. The most of this type myokine have antiinflammation effect have work as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine. Chronic inflammation is a contributor that plays a role in the pathophysiology of various diseases including sarcopenia, it will protected by myokine. Myokine can affect the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, angiogenesis, myogenesis, neurogenesis, and can explain the relationship between muscle, liver, fat, tissue and brain. Some knewn myokines include interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-5, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), leukemia Inhibitory factor (LIF), irisin and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). Physical exercise can induce myokine secretion from striated muscle to circulation. Through these mechanisms, myokine is expected to improve metabolism of glucose, fat and protein muscle, liver, fat, tissue, brain and reduce the incidence some comorbidity especially sarcopenia. Finally, it's will be decreasing of disability, morbidity and mortality rate in elderly.Keywords: myokine, sarcopenia, elderly
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Kim, Jin Sug, Gang Jee Ko, Yang Gyun Kim, So Young Lee, Dong Young Lee, Kyung Hwan Jeong, and Sang Ho Lee. "Plasma Endocan as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Event in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9124086.
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Endocan, a potential biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated the utility of plasma endocan for predicting cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. Of the 452 patients in the K-cohort, 354 with available plasma endocan levels were enrolled. The correlation between plasma endocan levels and the clinical characteristics of a study population were analyzed. We divided patients into two groups, according to plasma endocan levels, and investigated the predictive value of endocan for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. In a multiple linear regression analysis, plasma endocan levels were positively correlated with previous cardiovascular events and negatively correlated with body mass index, albumin, and triglyceride. Patients with higher plasma endocan levels experienced more frequent cardiovascular events than those with lower plasma endocan levels (12.9% in the lower group vs. 22.7% in the higher group, p = 0.016). Cox proportional hazard models showed that higher plasma endocan levels were an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in ESRD patients on hemodialysis ((hazard ration) HR 1.949, 95% (confidence interval) CI 1.144–3.319, p = 0.014). Our results suggest that plasma endocan level might be a useful biomarker for predicting cardiovascular events in ESRD patients on hemodialysis.
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Ziaee, Mojtaba, Sina Mashayekhi, Samad Ghaffari, Javad Mahmoudi, Parvin Sarbakhsh, and Alireza Garjani. "Predictive Value of Endocan Based on TIMI Risk Score on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome." Angiology 70, no. 10 (December 4, 2018): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319718815241.
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We assessed the prognostic value of serum levels of endocan in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through its correlation with the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score and compared the possible association with clinical outcomes. In this prospective cross-sectional study, we enrolled 320 patients with documented ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI), or unstable angina (UA) who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Endocan was measured soon after admission in the emergency department. In-hospital death, heart failure, and recurrent infarction were considered major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). There was a significant positive correlation between endocan level and TIMI risk score and MACE. The optimal cutoff values of endocan to predict clinical end points were 3.45 ng/mL in patients with STEMI and 2.85 ng/mL in patients with UA/NSTEMI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that endocan independently correlated with MACE. Moreover, cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, and circulating endocan were found to be independently associated with MACE in patients with ACS. In conclusion, a high endocan level on hospital admission is an independent predictor of worse cardiovascular outcomes and higher TIMI risk score in patients with ACS.
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Bălănescu, Anca, Ioana Florentina Codreanu, Valentina Daniela Comanici, Iustina Violeta Stan, Eugenia Bălănescu, and Paul Bălănescu. "Endocan and Lumican in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk in a Pediatric Overweight and Obese Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2102401.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate serum Endocan and Lumican levels as biomarkers for pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and to explore their associations with pediatric cardiometabolic risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 68 pediatric obese and overweight (O&O) patients. Ten healthy controls were recruited. Serum Lumican and Endocan levels were analyzed using ELISA kits. O&O patients had lower levels of Endocan compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). There were no differences between serum Endocan levels in O&O patients with NAFLD and those without (p=0.53). Patients considered having Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) had lower Endocan levels compared to O&O patients without NASH (p=0.026). Patients with metabolic syndrome had lower levels of Endocan (p=0.003). There were no significant differences between serum Lumican levels in O&O children compared to healthy controls. Lumican levels were higher in patients with hypertension (p=0.04). In O&O patients, Lumican levels were negatively correlated with Endocan levels (r=−0.37, p=0.002). Endocan seems a promising biomarker for the evaluation of pediatric NASH. Lumican was not confirmed as a biomarker for NAFLD in our cohort but was associated with higher arterial pressure. Low Endocan levels are accompanied by high serum Lumican levels, and this could be an early signature of cardiometabolic risk.
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Balta, Sevket, and Cengiz Ozturk. "Endocan, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Vascular Risk." Angiology 67, no. 4 (June 15, 2015): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319715591332.
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Souza, Livia Victorino de, Vanessa Oliveira, Aline Oliveira Laurindo, DelmaRegına Gomes Huarachı, Paulo Cesar Koch Nogueira, Luciana de Santis Feltran, José Osmar Medina-Pestana, and Maria do Carmo Franco. "Serum Endocan Levels Associated with Hypertension and Loss of Renal Function in Pediatric Patients after Two Years from Renal Transplant." International Journal of Nephrology 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2180765.
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Endocan is an important biomarker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that increases in association with several chronic diseases. Few published data have described the role of endocan in pediatric renal transplant (RT) patients. We evaluated the endocan concentrations in 62 children who underwent renal transplantation and assessed their relationships with the patients’ blood pressure and loss of renal function. The endocan levels were significantly elevated in the pediatric RT patients who had hypertension and a loss of renal function. We determined positive correlations between the endocan concentrations and the hemodynamic variables (systolic blood pressure:r=0.416;P=0.001; pulse pressure:r=0.412;P=0.003). The endocan levels were inversely correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.388;P=0.003). An endocan cutoff concentration of 7.0 ng/mL identified pediatric RT patients who had hypertension and a loss of renal function with 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity. In conclusion, the endocan concentrations were significantly elevated in pediatric RT patients who had both hypertension and a loss of renal function. The correlations between the endocan levels and the hemodynamic variables and the markers of renal function strengthen the hypothesis that it is an important marker of cardiorenal risk.
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Zonda, Gabriela Ildiko, Radu Zonda, Andrei Tudor Cernomaz, Luminita Paduraru, Andreea Luciana Avasiloaiei, and Bogdan Dragos Grigoriu. "Endocan - a potential diagnostic marker for early onset sepsis in neonates." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 04 (April 30, 2019): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11202.
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Introduction: Neonatal early onset sepsis assessment is based on the history of pregnancy and delivery and nonspecific clinical signs. None of the biomarkers currently in use for clinical practice has adequate prognostic value, so it is not possible to clearly distinguish neonates with culture-proven sepsis from those with only risk factors or clinical suspicion. Endocan is an endothelial mediator involved in the inflammatory response that is present in low concentrations in the serum of healthy subjects, and in much higher concentrations in patients with SIRS and septic shock. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of serum endocan serum levels as a biomarker for the diagnosis of neonatal early onset sepsis (EOS).
Methodology: Serum endocan concentration was measured in newborns with clinical suspicion of EOS admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on day 1, 3 and 7.
Results: Serum endocan levels were significantly increased in septic compared to non-septic neonates in the early stages of sepsis (2.43 ± 0.95 vs. 1.77 ± 0.57, p = 0.004), continued to rise up to 72 hours from onset and then decreased by the seventh day under treatment.
Conclusions: These results suggest a potential role for endocan as an early marker for diagnosis and follow-up in neonatal EOS. Studies on a larger number of cases are needed in order to establish the practical utility of this molecule as a diagnostic tool for clinical practice.
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Abdikalikova, Togzhan, Lyudmila Turgunova, Botagoz Baidildina, and Zhanar Mursalova. "Endocan level in patients with chronic kidney disease." Journal "Medicine" 11-12, no. 221-222 (January 30, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31082/1728-452x-2020-221-222-11-12-35-42.
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The relevance of the work is due to the high prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the population and high mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. In this connection, it is necessary to search for new biomarkers in order to early identify individuals with cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD. The purpose of this study to assess the endocan level in patients with CKD depending on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to study the relationship between the endocan level and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. Material and methods. 153 respondents with various stages of CKD were examined. The study included socio-demographic, anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), glucose and endocan. Data analysis was performed using the statistical software package SPSS 22. Results and discussion. The respondents in the groups did not differ in such indicators as gender, age, marital status, frequency of active smoking, diabetes, body mass index (BMI). Significant differences were found in the level of education (p=0.04), income (p=0.008), systolic pressure (SBP) (p=0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p=0.0001). Levels of total cholesterol (cholesterol), (p=0.0001), uric acid (p=0.0001), cystatin C (p=0.0001) and endocan (p=0.0001) also had significant differences depending on GFR. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the frequency of “traditional” cardiovascular risk factors among patients with various stages of CKD showed the absence of differences in the frequency of active smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity and the presence of significant differences in blood pressure and total cholesterol (p = 0.0001). Evaluation of the endocan level depending on the stage of CKD showed that with the progression of CKD, the endocan level increases significantly (p = 0.0001), which may indicate the progression of endothelial dysfunction with impaired renal function. Further studies are needed to determine the prognostic value of endocan in the development of cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, glomerular filtration rate, biomarkers, endocan.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endogen risk"
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De, Barros Cruz Julio Cesar. "Effects of Endogenous Risks in Contract Design : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Optimal Contract Design in the Swedish Construction Industry." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298069.
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The architecture, engineering and construction industry faces challenges when dealing withprocurement contract design and risk-handling. The optimal contracting practices have beenworldwide studied in areas of contract theory which studies how the optimal incentivemechanism (“contracts”) can be designed to encourage the parties to behave more efficiently.The parties usually consist of a principal and an agent, where the principal hires an agent todeliver goods or services. However, the complexity of contract theory calls for a morepracticable approach in an attempt to understand the procurement problem in the industry andincrease knowledge-sharing between projects. The purpose of this study is to propose a model based on contract theory that can be used inpractice to investigate the effects of project endogenous risks in three different types ofprocurement contracts: fixed-price, time and material, and incentive. Thus, this study usesquantitative methods with the aim to explain the current procurement problem in the Swedisharchitecture, engineering, and construction industry, compare theory and practice, andcontribute to knowledge about the linkage between endogenous risks, optimal risk sharing andcontract design. The conclusions from this study are that the current contracting practices in the industry arenot aligned with the optimal contract design described by the theory. The theory in this researchshowed that, given endogenous project risks, the optimal incentives vary in the agent’saversion to risk resulting in a non-monotone relationship between optimal contract power andproject risk. Further, a contract becomes optimal and efficient when cost savings and qualityincentives are aligned. However, the analysis of real-world projects presented no clearrelationship between contract power and project risk, i.e. some projects with fixed-pricecontracts or time and material contracts presented the same risk level. Hence, this researchproposes a method for computing the optimal incentive contract which can be used in manycases where the other two types of contract are currently being used. Based on the theory, theoptimal incentive contract may add valuable benefits for both parties involved since it aims toefficiently share the project risk between them while providing the agent the right incentivesto work more efficiently to reduce costs and deliver high-quality services or goods.Byggbranschen står inför utmaningar när det gäller kontraktsdesign och riskhantering. Deoptimala upphandlingsmetoderna har studerats över hela världen inom områden avkontraktsteori som i sin tur studerar hur den optimala incitamentsmekanismen ("kontrakt") kanutformas för att uppmuntra parterna att agera mer effektivt. Parterna består vanligtvis av enprincipal och en agent, där principalen anställer en agent för att leverera varor eller tjänster.Men komplexiteten i kontraktsteori kräver ett mer praktiskt tillvägagångssätt i ett försök attbättre förstå upphandlingsproblemet i byggbranschen samt att öka kunskapsutbytet mellanprojekt. Syftet med denna studie är att föreslå en modell baserad på kontraktsteori som kan användas ipraktiken för att undersöka effekter av endogena risker i tre olika typer avupphandlingskontrakt: fastpris, rörligt pris (time and material) och incitament. Denna studieanvänder därmed kvantitativa metoder i syfte att förklara det aktuella upphandlingsproblemeti den svenska byggbranschen, jämföra teori och praktik, och bidra till utökad kunskap omsambandet mellan endogena risker, optimal riskdelning och kontraktsdesign. Slutsatsen från denna studie är att den nuvarande upphandlingspraxisen i branschen inte är ilinje med den optimala kontraktsdesignen som beskrivs av teorin. Teorin i denna studie visaratt, förutsatt endogena projektrisker, så varierar de optimala incitamenten med agentensriskaversion vilket resulterar i ett icke-monoton förhållande mellan optimal kontraktsdesignoch projektrisk. Dessutom blir ett kontrakt optimalt och effektivt när kostnadsbesparingar ochkvalitetsincitament är i linje med varandra. Men analysen av verkliga projekt visar inget tydligtsamband mellan kontraktsdesign och projektrisk, det vill säga en del projekt med fastpris ellerrörligt pris visade sig ha samma risknivå. Därför föreslår denna studie en metod för beräkningav det optimala incitamentet som kan användas i många fall där de andra två typerna avkontrakt för närvarande används. Teorin säger att det optimala incitamentet kan ge värdefullafördelar för de inblandade parterna eftersom det syftar till att på ett effektivt sätt fördelaprojektrisken mellan dem samtidigt som agenten får rätt incitament att arbeta mer effektivt föratt sänka kostnaderna och leverera högkvalitativa tjänster eller varor.
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Barsotti, Flavia. "Optimal capital structure with endogenous bankruptcy : payouts, tax benefits asymetry and volatility risk." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1319/.
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La thèse concerne la modélisation du risque de crédit en suivant l'approche de modèles structurels. La thèse se compose de trois articles dans lesquels nous nous appuyons sur la structure du capital d'une entreprise proposée par Leland et nous étudions différentes extensions de son article fondateur dans le but d'obtenir des résultats plus conformes aux normes historiques et évidence empiriques, en étudiant en détail tous les aspects mathématiques. On analyse la modélisation du risque de crédit en suivant l'approche de modèles structurels avec défaut endogène. Nous prolongeons le cadre classique de Leland dans trois directions principales pour obtenir des résultats plus conformes aux données empiriques. Nous introduisons des dividendes et une asymétrie dans la déduction fiscale : les résultats numériques montrent que ces modifications conduisent à des ratios de levier proches des normes observées, grâce à leur influence conjointe sur la structure optimale du capital. Enfin, nous introduisons un risque de volatilité. En suivant les suggestions de Leland, nous proposons un cadre dans lequel l'hypothèse de volatilité constante pour l'évolution de la valeur de l'entreprise est supprimé. En analysant les dérivés sujets au risque de faillite impliqués dans la structure du capital de l'entreprise, on obtient leur prix corrigé dans une classe assez large de modèles à volatilité stochastique en appliquant la théorie des perturbations singulières. En considérant la structure du capital optimal, la volatilité stochastique semble être un modèle efficace pour améliorer les résultats dans le sens de 'spreads' plus élevés et des ratios de levier, plus faibles de façon significativeThe dissertation deals with modeling credit risk through a structural model approach. The thesis consists of three papers in which we build on the capital structure of a firm proposed by Leland and we study different extensions of his seminal paper with the purpose of obtaining results more in line with historical norms and empirical evidence, studying in details all mathematical aspects. The thesis analyses credit risk modelling following a structural model approach with endogenous default. We extend the classical Leland framework in three main directions with the aim at obtaining results more in line with empirical evidence. We introduce payouts and then also consider corporate tax rate asymmetry : numerical results show that these lead to predicted leverage ratios closer to historical norms, through their joint influence on optimal capital structure. Finally, we introduce volatility risk. Following Leland suggestions we consider a framework in which the assumption of constant volatility in the underlying firm's assets value stochastic evolution is removed. Analyzing defaultable claims involved in the capital structure of the firm we derive their corrected prices under a fairly large class of stochastic volatility framework seems to be a robus way to improve results in the direction of both higher spreads and lower leverage ratios in a quantitatively significant way
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Martinez, Mota Reina Teresa. "Contribution to the assessment of the risk of spreading banana streak viruses (bsvs) in the Dominican Republic through the cultivation of banana interspecific hybrids harbouring infectious endogenous bsv sequences." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0017/document.
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Une étude de prévalence des espèces BSOLV, BSGFV et BSIMV a montré que les espèces BSOLV et BSGFV sont très présentes dans les variétés hybrides interspécifiques MxH et FHIA-21 et que le niveau de prévalence de l’espèce BSGFV est significativement plus élevé chez FHIA-21 que chez MxH. Des résultats complémentaires suggèrent que la transmission des espèces virales BSOLV et BSGFV chez MxH et FHIA-21 résulte principalement de l’activation d’allèles eBSV infectieux plutôt que d’une transmission vectorielle par cochenille. La cinétique d’activation des allèles infectieux OL1 et GF7 dans les variétés MxH et FHIA-21 a été suivie durant 15 mois en conditions de culture au champ. Cette étude montre que les allèles infectieux OL1 et GF7 ne sont pas exprimés au même niveau ni dans les variétés MxH et FHIA-21ni pour une même variété (FHIA-21) et que le niveau d’activation dépend du mode de multiplication du matériel végétal. Des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les infections par les espèces BSOLV et BSGFV n’ont que peu d’incidence sur la production fruitière chez les variétés MxH et FHIA. Globalement, cette thèse apporte une contribution significative à l’évaluation et à la gestion du risque BSV associé à la culture à grande échelle de variétés interspécifiques de bananier, notamment par la mise au point d’approches d’évaluation de ce risque transposables à d’autres variétésThis thesis focuses on the risk of spreading Banana streak viruses in the Dominican Republic through the large scale cultivation of hybrid varieties Macho x Hembra and FHIA-21, which both harbor infectious eBSVs. An unprecedented survey showed that BSOLV and BSGFV are widespread in both varieties, with BSGFV being the most prevalent species, and that BSIMV is not present. BSGFV prevalence level was significantly higher in FHIA-21 than in MxH. Analyses of molecular taxonomical data of the natural mealybug vectors of BSVs and eBSV patterns of MxH and FHIA-21 were carried out and pointed to a marginal role of mealybugs in the transmission of BSGFV and BSOLV in the Dominican Republic in MxH and FHIA-21.The kinetics of activation of infectious eBSOLV and eBSGFV in MxH and FHIA-21 was monitored under field conditions. Results collected over 15 months showed that infectious alleles OL1 (BSOLV) and GF7 (eBSGFV) are differentially expressed in MxH and FHIA-21and that the mode of multiplication of the planting material influences expression levels. Preliminary results also suggest that BSV infection does not have a major effect on fruit production. Overall, this thesis contributes significantly to the development and implementation of appropriate strategies for evaluating and mitigating the risks of spreading BSVs that are associated with the cultivation of banana interspecific hybrids
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Raffestin, Louis. "Trading strategies and endogenous asset price movement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0292/document.
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Nous étudions des stratégies d'investissement dont l'utilisation s'est généralisée sur les marchés financiers, et leur impact sur le prix des actifs et le risque de marché.Dans le premier chapitre nous nous intéressons aux stratégies de diversification de portefeuille. Nous montronsau travers d'un modèle théorique que si la diversification a un effet positif au niveau individuel pour l'investisseur,elle crée également des liens entre les différents investisseurs et titres, qui peuvent se révéler dangereux d'un pointde vue systémique. Nous mesurons les deux effets afin de discuter de la désirabilité globale de la diversification.Le second chapitre considère les stratégies d'investissement basées sur le groupement de titres financierspartageant certaines caractéristiques en différentes classes, ou styles. Nous postulons que ces stratégies créentun co-mouvement excessif entre titres d'un même style, qui seront vendus et achetés ensemble au sein d'une mêmeclasse. Appliquant cette intuition aux notes des agences sur les obligations, nous montrons qu'une obligation quichange de note se met en effet à varier comme sa nouvelle note, même quand les fondamentaux économiques ne lejustifient pas.Dans le troisième chapitre nous étudions trois types d'investisseurs opérant sur le marché des changes : les carry traders, les chartistes et les fondamentalistes. Notre modèle théorique suggère que l'interaction entre cestrois règles d'investissement peut expliquer la déconnexion bien documentée entre le taux de change et sa valeurfondamentale, ainsi que provoquer un effondrement endogène des taux de changeWe study how popular investment rules in financial markets may induce endogenous movements inasset prices, leading to higher market risk.In the first chapter, we focus on portfolio diversification. We show through a theoretical model that this strategyis beneficial at the individual investor level, but also creates endogenous links between assets and investors, whichcan be dangerous from a systemic perspective. We measure both effects in order to discuss the overall desirabilityof diversification.The second chapter considers strategies based on grouping assets that share common characteristics intodifferent classes, or styles. We postulate that these strategies create excess comovement between assets of asimilar style, as they are traded together as part of the same class. Applying this reasoning to bond credit ratings,we show that bonds joining a new rating class indeed start comoving more with the bonds of this rating, evenwhen fundamental factors suggest otherwise.In the third chapter, we study three investors who operate in the foreign exchange market: carry traders,chartists and fundamentalists. We provide a theoretical model which suggests that the interaction between thesetrading rules may explain the well documented exchange rate disconnect from its fundamental value, and lead toendogenous currency crashes
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Ma, Xiaofei. "Structural Change, Mobility and Economic Policies." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2073/document.
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Il y a quatre chapitres dans cette thèse.Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons les intéractions entre le marché interbancaire et le risque de défaut souverain dans un modèle d’équilibre général à deux pays, en focalisant sur la transmission de la crise financière récente et la politique monétaire non conventionnelle.Dans le deuxième chapitre, les effets de la dévaluation fiscale sur les indicateurs macroéconomiques et le bien être sont analysés en utilisant un modèle à deux pays en union monétaire o`u les variétés de biens et le commerce sont endogènes.Dans le troisième chapitre, l’impact du facteur démographique sur la croissance du secteur des services à long terme est mis en exergue.Dans le quatrième chapitre, on étudie les effets de la mobilité des travailleurs et de la mobilité du capital dans une union monétaireThis thesis studies challenges for modern developped economies, including the structural change toward services, population ageing, weak labor mobility in the EMU and unconventional monetary policies after the 2008 financial crisis. The manuscript is divided into four chapters.In the first chapter, we analyze the interaction between interbank markets and default risk using a two-country dynamic general equilibrium model, with a focus on the transmission of the recent financial crisis and unconventional monetary policies.In the second chapter, we investigate the effects of fiscal devaluations on key macroeconomic aggregates and welfare using a two-country monetary-union model with endogenous varieties and endogenous tradability.In the third chapter, we study the impact of demographic factor and the growth of service sector by using a multi-sectoral OLG model, and effectuate counterfactual experiments in which the annual growth rate of young generation is ±1pp than the actual growth rate.In the fourth chapter, we study the potential interactions between financial integration and labor mobility in a currency union facing asymmetric shocks, and simulate the impacts of 2008 financial crisis under different mobility costs
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Silva, João Pedro Peixoto de Bessa e. "Endocan: a novel biomarker for risk stratification, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring in human cardiovascular and renal diseases." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128713.
Full textAbstract:
O endotélio vascular desempenha um papel fundamental na manutenção da homeostasia de tecidos e fluidos e na regulação da defesa do hospedeiro, inflamação, tónus e remodelação vasculares, angiogénese e hemóstase. A disfunção endotelial tem sido implicada na génese e progressão de várias patologias como a hipertensão arterial, doença coronária, insuficiência cardíaca e doença renal crónica, nas quais é também um preditor precoce de eventos cardiovasculares.
O endocan é um proteoglicano solúvel, de sulfato de dermatano, maioritariamente secretado pelo endotélio ativado. A sua expressão é aumentada por várias citocinas pró-inflamatórias e moléculas pró-angiogénicas, podendo ele próprio contribuir para o estado inflamatório. Além de ser considerado um marcador inflamatório e de disfunção endotelial, o endocan parece estar envolvido na regulação de vários processos proliferativos e de neovascularização. Assim, tem sido cada vez mais explorada a sua potencial utilidade como biomarcador num largo espectro de doenças.
Neste artigo, revemos a evidência atual sobre o papel do endocan em várias doenças cardiovasculares e renais nas quais este parece ser um biomarcador promissor para a estratificação do risco, avaliação prognóstica e monitorização terapêutica.
Palavras-chave: endocan; disfunção endotelial; inflamação; doenças cardiovasculares; doenças renais; biomarcador.The vascular endothelium is localized at the interface between the blood and surrounding tissues, playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue-fluid homeostasis and in the regulation of host defence, inflammation, vascular tone and remodelling, angiogenesis and haemostasis. The dysfunctional endothelium was shown to be implicated in the pathophysiology of several endothelial-dependent disorders, such as arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease, in which it is an early predictor of cardiovascular events. Endocan is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan mainly secreted by the activated endothelium. It is upregulated by several proinflammatory cytokines and proangiogenic factors and may itself contribute to the inflammatory status. In addition of being a surrogate marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, it seems to be involved in the regulation of several proliferative and neovascularization processes. Therefore, its utility as a biomarker in a wide spectrum of diseases has been increasingly explored. Here, we review the current evidence concerning the role of endocan in several human cardiovascular and renal diseases, where it seems to be a promising biomarker for risk stratification, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring. Key words: endocan; inflammation; endothelial dysfunction; cardiovascular diseases; kidney diseases; biomarker.
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Silva, João Pedro Peixoto de Bessa e. "Endocan: a novel biomarker for risk stratification, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring in human cardiovascular and renal diseases." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128713.
Full textAbstract:
O endotélio vascular desempenha um papel fundamental na manutenção da homeostasia de tecidos e fluidos e na regulação da defesa do hospedeiro, inflamação, tónus e remodelação vasculares, angiogénese e hemóstase. A disfunção endotelial tem sido implicada na génese e progressão de várias patologias como a hipertensão arterial, doença coronária, insuficiência cardíaca e doença renal crónica, nas quais é também um preditor precoce de eventos cardiovasculares.
O endocan é um proteoglicano solúvel, de sulfato de dermatano, maioritariamente secretado pelo endotélio ativado. A sua expressão é aumentada por várias citocinas pró-inflamatórias e moléculas pró-angiogénicas, podendo ele próprio contribuir para o estado inflamatório. Além de ser considerado um marcador inflamatório e de disfunção endotelial, o endocan parece estar envolvido na regulação de vários processos proliferativos e de neovascularização. Assim, tem sido cada vez mais explorada a sua potencial utilidade como biomarcador num largo espectro de doenças.
Neste artigo, revemos a evidência atual sobre o papel do endocan em várias doenças cardiovasculares e renais nas quais este parece ser um biomarcador promissor para a estratificação do risco, avaliação prognóstica e monitorização terapêutica.
Palavras-chave: endocan; disfunção endotelial; inflamação; doenças cardiovasculares; doenças renais; biomarcador.The vascular endothelium is localized at the interface between the blood and surrounding tissues, playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue-fluid homeostasis and in the regulation of host defence, inflammation, vascular tone and remodelling, angiogenesis and haemostasis. The dysfunctional endothelium was shown to be implicated in the pathophysiology of several endothelial-dependent disorders, such as arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure and chronic kidney disease, in which it is an early predictor of cardiovascular events. Endocan is a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan mainly secreted by the activated endothelium. It is upregulated by several proinflammatory cytokines and proangiogenic factors and may itself contribute to the inflammatory status. In addition of being a surrogate marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, it seems to be involved in the regulation of several proliferative and neovascularization processes. Therefore, its utility as a biomarker in a wide spectrum of diseases has been increasingly explored. Here, we review the current evidence concerning the role of endocan in several human cardiovascular and renal diseases, where it seems to be a promising biomarker for risk stratification, prognosis and therapeutic monitoring. Key words: endocan; inflammation; endothelial dysfunction; cardiovascular diseases; kidney diseases; biomarker.
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Rizk, Mohamed Soliman [Verfasser]. "Lösliches Endoglin (sCD105), diagnostische Wertigkeit bei chronischen Lebererkrankungen und funktionelle Bedeutung für die Signaltransduction von transforming growth factor (TGF)-β [(TGF)-beta] / vorgelegt von Mohamed Soliman Rizk." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986360376/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Endogen risk"
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Gamberini, Andrea. The City Commune and the Assumption of a Public Role. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the affirmation of the commune in the context of the urban political scene: first as one of the many forces present in the city (together with the bishop and certain aristocratic families endowed with specific rights and powers), then as a single hegemonic force. In less than a century, the communal citizen passed from an extra legem condition to one of full recognition as a public power—something that took place thanks to a complex conceptual work of elaboration that owed much to the clash with Barbarossa and even more to the encounter with the Roman legal tradition. The chapter shows that it was, in fact, on this terrain that the doctores built the legal foundations of citizen autonomy: a process which, while slow and non-linear, gave rise to exceptional results.
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Roos, Jerome. Why Not Default? Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180106.001.0001.
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The European debt crisis has rekindled long-standing debates about the power of finance and the fraught relationship between capitalism and democracy in a globalized world. This book unravels a striking puzzle at the heart of these debates—why, despite frequent crises and the immense costs of repayment, do so many heavily indebted countries continue to service their international debts? The book provides a sweeping investigation of the political economy of sovereign debt and international crisis management. It takes readers from the rise of public borrowing in the Italian city-states to the gunboat diplomacy of the imperialist era and the wave of sovereign defaults during the Great Depression. The book vividly describes the debt crises of developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s, and sheds new light on the recent turmoil inside the Eurozone—including the dramatic capitulation of Greece's short-lived anti-austerity government to its European creditors in 2015. Drawing on in-depth case studies of contemporary debt crises in Mexico, Argentina, and Greece, the book paints a disconcerting picture of the ascendancy of global finance. It shows how the profound transformation of the capitalist world economy over the past four decades has endowed private and official creditors with unprecedented structural power over heavily indebted borrowers, enabling them to impose painful austerity measures and enforce uninterrupted debt service during times of crisis—with devastating social consequences and far-reaching implications for democracy.
Book chapters on the topic "Endogen risk"
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Maguta, John Kibe, Daniel M. Nzengya, Chrocosiscus Mutisya, and Joyce Wairimu. "Building Capacity to Cope with Climate Change-Induced Resource-Based Conflicts Among Grassroots Communities in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2611–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_131.
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AbstractKenya is among the world’s most vulnerable countries to climate change-related stresses and extreme events. According to FAO, over 75% of the country is classified as arid and semiarid with rainfall availability and amounts quite unevenly spread across the different parts of the country. The country has very skewed distribution of water sources with the western area being relatively well endowed with abundant water resources. The exponential growth in the country’s population over the years, together with rapid environmental degradation and poor water resource development programs, have worsened the country’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Ethnic conflicts over land resources are common-place in Kenya’s rural areas where majority of the people live and the effects of extreme climate change events are likely to exacerbate resource-based conflicts. In this chapter we explore the extent of climate change-induced resource conflicts in three counties along rainfall availability gradient, namely, Kiambu County which experiences relatively high rainfall and also high urban population, Machakos County, which generally experiences modest rainfall availability, and Makueni County regarded to be one of the most arid and semiarid counties in the country. Data were collected in 2017 using a closed ended questionnaire. Between-subjects MANOVA design was used to examine relationship between independent and dependent variables. Qualitative results of the open-ended question reveal that climate change impacts can be diverse, particularly for vulnerable regions such as arid and semiarid regions such as Makueni County. In this county, respondents mentioned nine ways climate change had impacted communities, with the most frequently mentioned impact being increasing food insecurity followed by increasing water shortages. Machakos followed with seven impacts mentioned starting with increased water shortages followed by scarcity of pasture. In Kiambu County, only four impacts were mentioned with food insecurity being frequently mentioned among the list of impacts of climate change in the county. Results of the descriptive and inferential statistics reveal that resource-based conflicts vary along the hydrological gradient. In Machakos County, resource-based conflicts are perceived to have risen during the last 5 years (M = 3.92, SD = 0.66), followed by Makueni (M = 4.10, SD = 0.670). Kiambu residents do not consider resource-based conflicts to have risen during the last 5 year, (M = 2.50, SD = 1.38). Differences in severity of climate related conflicts are statistically significant, F2, 76 = 12.78, p <0.01. Also, climate change is strongly perceived to be a factor in the rise of resource-based conflicts in Machakos County (M = 4.10, SD = 0.67). In Makueni County as well, climate change is perceived to be a significant contributor to resource-based conflicts (M = 3.98, SD = 1.70). These findings have relevance on county and national policies targeted to build capacity to cope with climate change induced resource-based conflicts among grassroot communities in Kenya.
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Porter, Theodore M. "The Roots of Biometrical Statistics." In The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900, 285–332. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691208428.003.0010.
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This chapter traces the roots of biometrical statistics. That the modern field of mathematical statistics developed out of biometry is not wholly fortuitous. The quantitative study of biological inheritance and evolution provided an outstanding context for statistical thinking, and quantitative genetics remains the best example for an area of science whose very theory is built out of concepts of statistics—variance-covariance matrices, regression coefficients, and so on. Beyond that, the biometrician-eugenicists were possessed with an intense ecumenical urge and, especially in the case of Karl Pearson, endowed with very respectable talents for academic entrepreneurship. The great stimulus for modern statistics came from Francis Galton's invention of the method of correlation, which, significantly, he first conceived not as an abstract technique of numerical analysis, but as a statistical law of heredity. Here, as throughout the nineteenth century, the special problems of particular fields were of central importance for the development of statistical mathematics.
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Compton, John W. "Introduction." In The End of Empathy, 1–14. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069186.003.0001.
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This introduction develops a theoretical framework capable of explaining both the rise of white Protestant social concern in the latter part of the nineteenth century and its sudden demise at the end of the twentieth. The theory proceeds from the premise that religious conviction, by itself, is rarely sufficient to motivate empathetic political behavior. When believers do act empathetically—for example, by championing reforms that transfer resources or political influence to less privileged groups within society—it is typically because strong religious institutions have compelled them to do so. For much of American history, the socioeconomic significance of church membership, coupled with a robust network of ecumenical institutions, endowed mainline Protestant leaders with considerable authority over the beliefs and actions of their congregations. Beginning in the late 1960s, however, the collapse of mainline Protestant authority fueled the rise of an evangelical movement whose leaders were incentivized to echo the increasingly conservative political convictions of the broader white electorate.
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Guzzini, Stefano. "Liberal International Order." In Liberal World Orders. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265529.003.0014.
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This chapter shows that current IR (International Relations) theorizing finds liberal order a difficult topic. It confirms the concern voiced at the beginning of the volume that the IR academy in its use of liberalism as a label for theorizing the international has at once endowed liberal internationalism with more idealism than it can rightfully claim whilst at the same time has shorn liberalism of its normative and value-based foundations. It suggests that, paradoxically, when going back to ‘liberal basics’, some versions of realism are in fact based upon a specific vision of politics, which gives rise to liberal order. Liberal orders are not, and cannot be based on an ahistorical ‘view from nowhere’, but have to face an ever-changing historical setting. As result the philosophy cannot provide a final foundation, but nor can liberals — or for that matter realists — do without it.
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Pearson, Trais. "Indemnity and Identity." In Sovereign Necropolis, 37–62. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740152.003.0003.
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This chapter makes the case that compensatory arrangements made in the aftermath of injury and death effectively constituted a new and distinctive mode of legal subjectivity in the form of persons endowed with certain privileges and obligations, and in contradistinction to prior forms of rights and responsibility grounded in social relations. In nineteenth-century Siam, death required compensation, typically in the form of an ex gratia payment made to the relatives of the deceased without the intervention of courts or the admission of legal or moral responsibility. These compensatory arrangements, which were often reached outside of legal institutions and independent of judicial authority, were predicated not on a sense of universal rights and the dignity of human life but rather on customary modes of action and hierarchical social assumptions inherent in acts of noblesse oblige. It was not just the Siamese elite, however, who enjoyed this privileged position of status and the entitlement to regard the lives of others with beneficence. Here, the chapter examines these practices to consider not only the diverse forms of logic, interest, and authority that gave rise to them, but the manner of legal subjectivity that they might be said to have constituted.
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Jacobs, Louis. "Hasidism and the Dogma of the Decline of the Generations." In Hasidism Reappraised, 208–13. Liverpool University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774204.003.0011.
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This chapter explores hasidism and the dogma of the decline of the generations. From the very beginnings of hasidism, enormous claims were made by the hasidim on behalf of the great masters, the zaddikim, who were seen as spiritual supermen endowed with the holy spirit, possessing a degree of sanctity unparalleled in many an age and with the power to work extraordinary miracles. The Baal Shem Tov came to be seen as a unique personality who came into the world to teach a new ‘way’ that amounted to a new revelation of God's truth. Even the torot of the later zaddikim were seen as fresh revelations hitherto undisclosed. These claims, as opponents of the movement were not slow to point out, were in flat contradiction to what had become virtually a dogma long before the rise of hasidism: that each successive generation after the revelation at Sinai exhibits further decline. This idea, implied in a number of rabbinic texts, was known to the hasidim, as it was to most learned Jews, but the problem became especially acute once the talmudic rabbis came to be viewed as infallible teachers who constituted the final court of appeal for all matters concerning the Jewish religion.
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Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman, and Richard Squire. "Incomplete Organizations." In Roman Law and Economics, 199–232. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787204.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes ancient Rome’s law of business entities from the perspective of asset partitioning, the delimiting of creditor collection rights based on the distinction between business assets and personal assets. Asset partitioning, which is an essential legal attribute of modern business forms such as the partnership and the business corporation, reduces borrowing costs by simplifying credit-risk assessment and expediting insolvency proceedings. The chapter finds that ancient Roman business arrangements, such as the societas and the slave-run business endowed by the slaveowner with a peculium, did not give business creditors the first claim to business assets, making these forms of organization non-entities according to the criterion of asset partitioning. It appears that the only true legal entity used to form profit-seeking firms was the societas publicanorum, which roughly resembled the modern limited partnership. But use of that form was generally confined to firms that provided public services under contract with the state. Moreover, the societas publicanorum was essentially a creature of the Republic, and was largely abandoned during the Empire. Although Rome had a complex economy and sophisticated commercial law, and was familiar with most of the types of asset partitioning seen in modern legal systems, it ultimately failed to develop legal entities for general use in commerce. Apparent reasons include the Roman aristocracy’s disparagement of commerce, the emperors’ wariness of strong organizations outside the state, and the society’s continuing reliance on the family—a durable and complex legal entity in its own right—to handle many commercial needs.
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"Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics." In Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics, edited by RONALD P. HEDRICK and MANSOUR EL-MATBOULI. American Fisheries Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569377.ch4.
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<em>ABSTRACT. Myxobolus cerebralis </em>possesses unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics when compared with other histozoic parasites from the phylum Myxozoa. The parasite infects the cartilage and thereby induces a serious and potentially lethal disease in salmonid fish. Comparisons of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssu rDNA) sequences of <em>M. cerebralis </em>to other myxozoans demonstrate that the parasite has evolved separately from other <em>Myxobolus </em>spp. that may appear in cartilage or nervous tissues of the fish host. <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>has a complex life cycle involving two hosts and numerous developmental stages that may divide by mitosis, endogeny, or plasmotomy, and, at one stage, by meiosis. In the salmonid host, the parasite undergoes extensive migration from initial sites of attachment to the epidermis, through the nervous system, to reach cartilage, the site where sporogenesis occurs. During this migration, parasite numbers may increase by replication. Sporogenesis is initiated by autogamy, a process typical of pansporoblastic myxosporean development that involves the union of the one cell (pericyte) with another (sporogonic). Following this union, the sporogonic cell will give rise to all subsequent cells that differentiate into the lenticular shaped spore with a diameter of approximately 10 µm. This spore or myxospore is an environmentally resistant stage characterized by two hardened valves surrounding two polar capsules with coiled filaments and a binucleate sporoplasm cell. In the fish, these spores are found only in cartilage where they reside until released from fish that die or are consumed by other fish or fish-eating animals (e.g., birds). Spores reaching the aquatic sediments can be ingested and hatch in susceptible oligochaete hosts. The released sporoplasm invades and then resides between cells of the intestinal mucosa. In contrast to the parasite in the fish host, the parasite in the oligochaete undergoes the entire developmental cycle in this location. This developmental cycle involves merogony, gametogamy or the formation of haploid gametes, and sporogony. The actinosporean spores, formed at the culmination of this development, are released into the lumen of the intestine, prior to discharging into the aquatic environment. The mechanisms underlying the complex development of <em>M. cerebralis</em>, and its interactions with both hosts, are poorly understood. Recent advances, however, are providing insights into the factors that mediate certain phases of the infection. In this review, we consider known and recently obtained information on the taxonomy, development, and life cycle of the parasite.
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Yung, Yuk L., and William B. DeMore. "Earth: Imprint of Life." In Photochemistry of Planetary Atmospheres. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195105018.003.0012.
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Earth is the largest of the four terrestrial planets, three of which have substantial atmospheres. The astronomical and orbital parameters are summarized in table 9.1. Our planet has an obliquity of 23.5°, giving rise to well-known seasonal variations in solar insolation. The orbital elements are slightly perturbed by other planets in the solar system (primarily Jupiter), with time scales from 20 to 100 kyr, and these changes are believed to cause the advance and retreat of ice sheets. The last glacial maximum (LGM) occurred 18 kyr ago, at which time the planet was colder by several degrees centigrade on average. At present Earth is in an interglacial warm period. The origin of Earth may not be very different from that of the other terrestrial bodies. However, three properties may be unique to this planet. One is the formation of the Moon, probably via collision between Earth and a Mars-sized body. Second is the release of a huge amount of water from the interior (see discussion in section 8.5). Third, Earth is endowed with a large magnetic field that protects it from direct impact by the solar wind. Seventy percent of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which have a mean depth of 3 km. There is so much water that Arthur C. Clarke proposed that "Ocean" might be a better name for our planet than "Earth." The enormous body of water became the cradle of life as early as 3.85 Gyr ago. The present terrestrial environment is the end-product of billions of years of evolution driven by the hydrological cycle and global biogeochemical cycles, in addition to the slower forces of geodynamics and geochemistry. The massive hydrological cycle and the biogeochemical cycles that operate on Earth are absent from other planets in the solar system. Mars in the remote past might have had a milder climate with liquid water on the surface, but the planet dried up a few eons ago. There is to date no observational evidence for the hypothetical oceans (composed of liquid hydrocarbons) on Titan. Life on a planetary scale equivalent to the terrestrial biosphere does not exist elsewhere in the solar system.
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Koch, Christof. "Dendritic Spines." In Biophysics of Computation. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104912.003.0018.
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Dendritic spines, sometimes also called dendritic thorns, are tiny, specialized protoplasmic protuberances that cover the surface of many neurons. First described by Ramón y Cajal (1909; 1991) in light-microscopic studies of Golgi stained tissue, they are among the most striking subneuronal features of many neurons. Indeed, the presence of a high density of dendritic spines allows the unambiguous classification of neuronal types into spiny and aspiny, sparsely spiny, or smooth neurons. Over 90% of all excitatory synapses that occur in the cortex are located on dendritic spines. Spines can be found in all vertebrates as well as in invertebrates (e.g., the dendrites of Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies in the olfactory system of the insect brain). The intimate association of spines with synaptic traffic suggests some crucial role in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Because of their submicrometer size (see below), physiological hypotheses as to the function of dendritic spines have only very recently become accessible to the experimentalist. For the previous two decades, spine properties have been investigated through analytical and computational studies based on morphological data, providing a very fertile ground for the crosspollination of theory and experiment. (For a very readable historical account of this see Segev et al., 1995.) The recent technical advances in the direct visualization of calcium dynamics in dendrites and spines are now permitting direct tests of some of these theoretical inferences (Guthrie, Segal, and Kater, 1991; Müller and Connor, 1991; Yuste and Denk, 1995; Denk, Sugimori, and Llinás, 1995; Svoboda, Tank, and Denk, 1996). As discussed in this chapter and, more extensively, in Chap. 19, the theoretical models that have endowed spines with active properties giving rise to all-or-none behavior (Perkel and Perkel, 1985; Shepherd et al., 1985; Segev and Rail, 1988; Baer and Rinzel, 1991) have, in general, been confirmed experimentally. Historically, the possibility of implementing synaptic memory by modulating the electroanatomy of spines was recognized early on (Chang, 1952) and was subsequently analyzed in depth by Rail (1970, 1974, 1978) and many others. Because small changes in the spine morphology can lead to large changes in the amplitude of the EPSP induced by the excitatory synapse on the spine, spines have been considered to contribute to the modulation of synaptic “weight” during long-term potentiation (see Chap. 13).
Conference papers on the topic "Endogen risk"
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Kocák, Tomáš, and Aurélien Garivier. "Epsilon Best Arm Identification in Spectral Bandits." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/363.
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We propose an analysis of Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) identification of an ϵ-best arm in graph bandit models with Gaussian distributions. We consider finite but potentially very large bandit models where the set of arms is endowed with a graph structure, and we assume that the arms' expectations μ are smooth with respect to this graph. Our goal is to identify an arm whose expectation is at most ϵ below the largest of all means. We focus on the fixed-confidence setting: given a risk parameter δ, we consider sequential strategies that yield an ϵ-optimal arm with probability at least 1-δ. All such strategies use at least T*(μ)log(1/δ) samples, where R is the smoothness parameter. We identify the complexity term T*(μ) as the solution of a min-max problem for which we give a game-theoretic analysis and an approximation procedure. This procedure is the key element required by the asymptotically optimal Track-and-Stop strategy.
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Wang, Jia-xia, and Kun Liu. "Experimental Study on the Behavior of a Bubble in the Vicinity of an Air Bubble Attached to a Fixed Structure." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18144.
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Abstract The interaction between a spark-generated bubble and a non-oscillating air bubble attached to a horizontal rigid plate is investigated using a low-voltage spark-discharge setup. Large numbers of fascinating and complicated interactions are given rise during two bubble coupling pulsation due to the deformation property endowed to the plate through an air bubble attached. It is found that, under the combined influence of the cavitation and the structure, some complex phenomenon likes the bubble coalescence, air bubble skirt phenomenon, bubble splitting are given rise during the two bubble interaction procedure. The coupling phenomenon between the spark generated bubble, air bubble and the structure are discussed in detailed The mainly attention are paid to the coupled response of an attached quiescent bubble under oscillating bubble, the effect of the distance parameter and volume ratio parameter on the air bubble shapes are analyzed in detail, and the mechanism behind these phenomenon are investigated. Our study can be a useful scheme in the protection of a naval structure from threats induced by an explosion bubble impact loading.
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Bal, Harun, Shahanara Basher, Abdulla Hil Mamun, and Emrah Akça. "Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01989.
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The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment.
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Leoncini, Barbara, Alessandro Alemberti, Luigi Mansani, and Alessandro Pini Prato. "Design of a Decay Heat Removal System for EFIT Plant." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75857.
Full textAbstract:
The Integrated Project EUROTRANS, funded by the European Commission as part of the 6th European framework program, provides the advanced design of a multi purpose research oriented Accelerator Driven System (ADS), called XT-ADS (eXperimenTal-ADS), and the preliminary design of an industrial scale ADS, called EFIT (European Facility for Industrial Transmutation) [1]. EFIT [2] [3] is fuelled with Minor Actinides (U-free fuel) and its main design options overcome the limits of previous ADS projects, particularly as concerns the economic aspects, maintaining meanwhile the high safety level, the high reliability and low investment risks. EFIT is endowed with three different systems to remove decay heat, this paper deals with the Decay Heat Removal System 2 (DHR2). DHR2 mainly consists of an isolation condenser (IC) connected to the secondary side of the Steam Generators (SGs). DHR2 is a passive safety system: system operation is based on condensation of the steam coming from the SG unit and gravity head injection of the condensate back to the SG inlet. The system has been designed to satisfy the following two requirements: • to evacuate the decay power maintaining acceptable values of the vessel and fuel temperature; • to avoid lead solidification also in the configuration of maximum efficiency.