Journal articles on the topic 'Endemics-area relationship'
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1
Triantis, Kostas A., Moisis Mylonas, and Robert J. Whittaker. "Evolutionary species–area curves as revealed by single-island endemics: insights for the inter-provincial species–area relationship." Ecography 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2007.05323.x.
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Pickering, Catherine M., and Sarah Butler. "Patterns in vascular plant species density in tall alpine herbfield along an increasing altitudinal gradient in an Australian alpine region." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 3 (2009): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08202.
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Patterns in species density and richness per altitudinal interval have been found when sampling across plant-community boundaries, including in the largest contiguous alpine area in Australia. To see if similar patterns occur within a single community, vascular-plant composition was systematically sampled with replicate nested quadrats of increasing size (0.01, 0.06, 0.25, 1.00, 4.00, 25.00, 49.00 and 100-m2 size) sampled from ~1850-m to 2100-m altitude in tall alpine herbfield, Australia. The only significant relationships with altitude were quadratic relationships for the density of herb and graminoid species, with peak density at middle altitudes and a linear decline in total species richness with altitude for 0.06-m2 quadrats. The composition of 100-m2 quadrats was unrelated to altitude when tested with analysis of similarity for total composition, whereas the relationship was significant for growth-forms and the origin (local endemics, Australia endemics and weeds) of species. Location data from this, and 11 other studies were used to compare the species richness of more of the flora (183 species) in 50-m altitudinal bands. There were significant quadratic relationships for total species richness and the number of herb and shrub species, with a peak in richness at ~2000 m. Therefore, altitude does affect species richness overall in this alpine region, although it has only a weak effect on species density within the most common plant community.
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MICHAUX, BERNARD, and VISOTHEARY UNG. "Biotectonics of Sulawesi: Principles, methodology, and area relationships." Zootaxa 5068, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 451–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5068.4.1.
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Biotectonics is an approach to historical biogeography based on the analysis of independently derived biological and tectonic data, which we demonstrate using the island of Sulawesi as an example. We describe the tectonic development of Sulawesi and discuss the relationship between tectonic models and phylogenetic hypotheses. We outline the problem of interpreting areagrams based on single phylogenies and stress the importance of combining all available data into a general areagram. We analysed the distributions of Sulawesi area of endemism endemics (AEEs) using 30 published phylogenies, which were converted into paralogy-free taxon-area cladograms using the programme LisBeth (Zaragüeta-Bagalis et al. 2012) from which Adam’s consensus trees were constructed using PAUP (Swofford 2002). The results of our analyses show that the relationship between the areas of endemism is congruent with the terrane history of the island. A further 79 phylogenies of Sulawesi species with extralimital distributions were analysed to determine area relationships of Sulawesi within the broader Indo-Pacific region. We demonstrate the utility of data partitioning when dealing with areas that are geologically and biologically composite by showing that analysing Asian and Australasian elements of the Sulawesi biota separately produced general areagrams that avoid artifice and are interpretable in the light of current tectonic models.
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Kamei, Rachunliu G., Diego San Mauro, David J. Gower, Ines Van Bocxlaer, Emma Sherratt, Ashish Thomas, Suresh Babu, Franky Bossuyt, Mark Wilkinson, and S. D. Biju. "Discovery of a new family of amphibians from northeast India with ancient links to Africa." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1737 (February 22, 2012): 2396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0150.
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The limbless, primarily soil-dwelling and tropical caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) comprise the least known order of tetrapods. On the basis of unprecedented extensive fieldwork, we report the discovery of a previously overlooked, ancient lineage and radiation of caecilians from threatened habitats in the underexplored states of northeast India. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of mitogenomic and nuclear DNA sequences, and comparative cranial anatomy indicate an unexpected sister-group relationship with the exclusively African family Herpelidae. Relaxed molecular clock analyses indicate that these lineages diverged in the Early Cretaceous, about 140 Ma. The discovery adds a major branch to the amphibian tree of life and sheds light on both the evolution and biogeography of caecilians and the biotic history of northeast India—an area generally interpreted as a gateway between biodiversity hotspots rather than a distinct biogeographic unit with its own ancient endemics. Because of its distinctive morphology, inferred age and phylogenetic relationships, we recognize the newly discovered caecilian radiation as a new family of modern amphibians.
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Hobohm, Carsten, Monika Janišová, Manuel Steinbauer, Sara Landi, Richard Field, Sula Vanderplank, Carl Beierkuhnlein, et al. "Global endemics-area relationships of vascular plants." Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17, no. 2 (April 2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.002.
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Coates, Fiona, and J. B. Kirkpatrick. "Is Geographic Range Correlated with Climatic Range in Australian Spyridium Taxa?" Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 5 (1999): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97066.
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The major centres of local endemism and richness at the species level and below in Spyridium Fenzl are located on the southern coast of Western Australia and in south-eastern South Australia. There are only a few Spyridium taxa with ranges that transgress the boundaries of the following four regions: south- western Western Australia; south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria; eastern Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland; Tasmania. Synthetic climatic variables were generated for all recorded populations of Spyridium taxa. Variabilities in these were related to the maximum geographic ranges of taxa in Australia as a whole, and within the regions, in order to test the hypothesis that narrow endemism is explained by climatic restriction since the last glacial. In Australia as a whole, local endemics are both narrowly and widely distributed climatically, as are more widespread Spyridiumtaxa, and there were no significant relationships between the climatic and geographic ranges of taxa confined to the Australian mainland regions. However, Tasmanian taxa exhibited a strong positive relationship. Restriction of range as a result of climate change is an unlikely explanation for local endemism in Spyridium in mainland Australia, where topographic and climatic gradients are generally subdued, and which apparently experienced less severe climatic oscillations during the Quaternary. However, this hypothesis cannot be rejected for Tasmania, which experienced more extreme Quaternary climatic fluctuations than the present-day areas of mediterranean climate, and hence more severe fluctuations in the area and location of climatically suitable habitats.
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Storch, David, Petr Keil, and Walter Jetz. "Universal species–area and endemics–area relationships at continental scales." Nature 488, no. 7409 (June 24, 2012): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11226.
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Kinzig, A. P., and J. Harte. "Implications of Endemics-Area Relationships for Estimates of Species Extinctions." Ecology 81, no. 12 (December 2000): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/177495.
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Kinzig, A. P., and J. Harte. "IMPLICATIONS OF ENDEMICS–AREA RELATIONSHIPS FOR ESTIMATES OF SPECIES EXTINCTIONS." Ecology 81, no. 12 (December 2000): 3305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3305:ioearf]2.0.co;2.
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Green, Jessica L., and Annette Ostling. "ENDEMICS–AREA RELATIONSHIPS: THE INFLUENCE OF SPECIES DOMINANCE AND SPATIAL AGGREGATION." Ecology 84, no. 11 (November 2003): 3090–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/02-3096.
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Werner, Ulrich, and JarosŁaw Buszko. "Detecting biodiversity hotspots using species–area and endemics–area relationships: the case of butterflies." Biodiversity and Conservation 14, no. 8 (July 2005): 1977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-2526-6.
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Sellanes, J., E. Quiroga, and C. Neira. "Megafauna community structure and trophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, ∼36°S." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 7 (June 19, 2008): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn099.
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Abstract Sellanes, J., Quiroga, E., and Neira, C. 2008. Megafauna community structure and trophic relationships at the recently discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area, Chile, ∼36°S. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1102–1111. The fauna, community composition, and trophic support of the newly discovered Concepción Methane Seep Area (CMSA) are compared with those at a nearby non-seep control. The assemblage of chemosymbiotic bivalves is defined by eight species, including the families Lucinidae, Thyasiridae, Solemyidae, and Vesicomyidae. Seep polychaetes are represented by Lamellibrachia sp. and two commensal species of the vesicomyid Calyptogena gallardoi. Although taxonomic analysis is still under way, most of the chemosymbiotic species seem to be endemics. The CMSA is a hotspot for non-seep benthic megafauna too; 101 taxa were present, but most of them are colonists or vagrants (i.e. not endemics of methane seeps). Isotope analysis supported the belief that non-symbiont-bearing species utilize photosynthetically fixed carbon, because they were isotopically distinct from the chemosymbiotic bivalve species present. It is our opinion that, at this site, which underlies one of the most productive coastal upwelling regions of the world, spatial heterogeneity and the availability of hard substratum, generated by the presence of authigenic carbonate crusts, are more important factors in attracting non-seep fauna than the availability of locally produced chemosynthetic food.
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Bacchetta, G., S. Brullo, and G. P. Giusso del Galdo. "CEPHALARIA BIGAZZII (DIPSACACEAE), A NEW RELIC SPECIES OF THE CEPHALARIA SQUAMIFLORA GROUP FROM SARDINIA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 65, no. 1 (March 2008): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428608004964.
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A new species of Cephalaria, C. bigazzii Bacch., Brullo & Giusso (Dipsacaceae), is described and illustrated. It is a typical chasmophyte, exclusive to a small area of SW Sardinia where it grows together with several other rare endemics. It belongs to the Cephalaria squamiflora group, showing close relationships with C. mediterranea and C. balearica. Its ecology, distribution and conservation status are examined. A distribution map of the new species and related species is provided. A new status and combination is proposed for Cephalaria ebusitana.
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Downie, Stephen R., Deborah S. Katz-Downie, Feng-Jie Sun, and Chang-Shook Lee. "Phylogeny and biogeography of Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS and cpDNA psbI–5′trnK(UUU) sequences, with emphasis on the North American Endemics clade." Botany 86, no. 9 (September 2008): 1039–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-055.
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Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships within Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae were investigated using sequence data from the chloroplast DNA psbI–5′trnK(UUU) and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions. One hundred and thirty-one accessions were examined, representing all 17 genera of the tribe and approximately one-half of its species. The cpDNA region includes four intergenic spacers and the rps16 intron and these noncoding loci were analyzed separately to assess their relative utility for resolving relationships. Separate maximum parsimony analyses of the entire psbI–5′trnK(UUU) and ITS regions, each with and without scored indels, yielded concordant trees. Phylogenies derived from maximum parsimony, Bayesian, or maximum likelihood analyses of combined chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences for 82 accessions were highly resolved, well supported, and consistent. Among the five noncoding loci examined, the trnQ(UUG)–5′rps16 and 3′rps16–5′trnK(UUU) intergenic spacers are the most variable, with the latter contributing the greatest total number of parsimony informative characters relative to its size. The North American genera Atrema , Cynosciadium , Daucosma , Limnosciadium , Neogoezia , Oxypolis , Ptilimnium , and Trepocarpus ally with the western hemispheric and Australasian genus Lilaeopsis in a strongly supported North American Endemics clade that is a sister group to a clade composed primarily of Old World taxa ( Berula sensu lato, Cryptotaenia , Helosciadium , and Sium ). Oxypolis and Ptilimnium are not monophyletic, with the rachis-leaved members of each comprising a clade separate from their compound-leaved congeners. Dispersal-vicariance analysis suggests that the ancestors of the North American Endemics clade probably originated in Canada and the USA or in a broader ancestral area including Mexico and South America.
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Kougioumoutzis, K., A. Tiniakou, T. Georgiadis, and O. Georgiou. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF THE SOUTH AEGEAN VOLCANIC ARC: THE METHANA PENINSULA (SARONIC GULF, GREECE)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (February 16, 2012): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428611000394.
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The Methana Peninsula (Saronic Gulf, Greece) constitutes the youngest and northwestern part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. The flora of the Methana Peninsula consists of 620 taxa, 101 of which are under some protection status, while 35 are Greek endemics and 380 are reported here for the first time. The study area has the highest percentage of endemism in the Saronic Gulf. Additionally, for some endemic taxa, their known distribution is expanded. These include Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus and Ophrys oestrifera subsp. leptomera, reported for the first time for the phytogeographical region of the Peloponnese; Campanula andrewsii subsp. hirsutula and Colchicum psaridis, reported for the first time for the North Peloponnese; and Trigonella rechingeri, reported for the first time from the Greek mainland. The floristic affinities between the study area and the large islands of the Saronic Gulf are examined by the application of Sørensen’s index to investigate the relationships between them.
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Sousa, Leandro M., André L. Netto-Ferreira, and José L. O. Birindelli. "Two new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Northern Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 8, no. 2 (2010): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252010000200003.
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Two new species of Moenkhausia, one from the rio Tapajós and the other from the rio Xingu basins are described as apparently endemics of the Serra do Cachimbo. Both species, along with M. petymbuaba, share a distinct color pattern composed of large conspicuous dark blotches on the base of the body scales. Moenkhausia chlorophthalma, from rio Treze de Maio, a tributary to rio Curuá (rio Xingu basin), is distinguished by the presence of a proximal well delimited black area on the adipose fin and a green eye in life. Moenkhausia plumbea of the headwaters of tributaries of the rio Braço Norte, rio Tapajós basin is diagnosed by the presence of a dark longitudinal stripe across the eye and six branched pelvic-fin rays (vs. seven). Relationships of the new species with other Moenkhausia are discussed.
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Andrino, Caroline Oliveira, Rafael Gomes Barbosa-Silva, Juliana Lovo, Pedro Lage Viana, Marcelo Freire Moro, and Daniela Cristina Zappi. "Iron islands in the Amazon: investigating plant beta diversity of canga outcrops." PhytoKeys 165 (October 28, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.165.54819.
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The world’s largest mineral iron province, Serra dos Carajás, is home to an open vegetation known as canga, found on top of isolated outcrops rising out of the Amazon rainforest. Over one thousand vascular plants species have been recorded in these canga sites, including 38 edaphic endemics. A new survey adds to our investigation of biogeographic relationships between sixteen canga outcrops and the effect of the distance between site pairs on the number of shared species, regional species turnover and species distribution patterns. Plant collecting expeditions to the westernmost site, the Serra de Campos of São Félix do Xingu (SFX), were carried out followed by the identification of all collected specimens and the creation of a species database, built to perform biogeographical analyses. Floristic relationships among the sites were investigated regarding their similarity, using multivariate analyses. The correlation between canga areas and species richness was tested, as well as the geographical distance between pairs of outcrops and their shared species. Vascular plants at SFX total 254 species including 17 edaphic endemics. All canga sites are grouped with 25% of minimum similarity, and the SFX falls within a large subgroup of outcrops. The total species number shared between site pairs does not change significantly with geographical distance but is positively correlated with the area of each outcrop. Meanwhile, shared endemic species numbers between site pairs decline when geographical distance increases, possibly imposed by the barrier of the rainforest. Our data suggest higher shared similarity between the largest and species-richest sites as opposed to geographically nearby sites, and provide useful insight for drafting conservation and compensation measures for canga locations. The size of the canga outcrops is associated to higher floristic diversity but connectivity among islands also plays a role in their similarity.
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Duffels, J. P. "Inflatopyga, a new cicada genus (Homoptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) endemic to the Solomon Islands." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 4 (1997): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it96006.
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The new cicada genus Inflatopyga and six new species of this genus are described from the Solomon Islands. The genus belongs to the subtribe Cosmopsaltriaria of the tribe Dundubiini (family Cicadidae). The species are mainly island endemics. Inflatopyga boulardi, sp. nov.,I. ewarti, sp. nov., andI. verlaani, sp. nov., are endemic to Bougainville,I. langeraki, sp. nov. (type species), is endemic to Guadalcanal and New Georgia, I. webbi, sp. nov., to Santa Isabel and I. mouldsi, sp. nov., to Malaita. A key to the males is provided. Inflatopyga is the sister-genus of Rhadinopyga, while both genera together are considered to be the sister-group of Diceropyga. A cladogram showing the apomorphies suggests the monophyletic origin of the genera and the genus relationships. The biogeography of the cicadas of the Solomon Islands is discussed. The distribution and monophyly of Inflatopygasuggest that the Solomon Islands form an area of endemism.
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Cáceres, Aimy, Martim Melo, Jos Barlow, Paulo Cardoso, Francisco Maiato, and Michael S. L. Mills. "Threatened birds of the Angolan Central Escarpment: distribution and response to habitat change at Kumbira Forest." Oryx 49, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001415.
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AbstractKumbira Forest is the best representative area of Angola's Central Escarpment and the only site known to hold significant populations of four of the five threatened endemic bird species of this habitat. However, the forest is disappearing as a result of human activities. Remote-sensing techniques were used to assess changes in forest cover, and bird and habitat surveys were performed to assess the effect of land-use changes on endemic species and the bird community. No relationships could be established between the presence of endemics and habitat and landscape variables. This lack of effect may be attributable to the low number of records and compounded by the mosaic structure of the landscape. Although forest cover has been maintained in Kumbira, old-growth forest has been replaced by secondary growth in many areas. Nevertheless these secondary-growth forest patches can maintain a bird community similar to that found in old-growth forest.
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Rankin, Andrew M., Thomas Wilke, Michael Lucid, William Leonard, Anahí Espíndola, Megan L. Smith, Bryan C. Carstens, and Jack Sullivan. "Complex interplay of ancient vicariance and recent patterns of geographical speciation in north-western North American temperate rainforests explains the phylogeny of jumping slugs (Hemphillia spp.)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 4 (May 7, 2019): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz040.
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AbstractThe history of the currently disjunct temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America has shaped the evolution and diversity of endemics. This study focuses on how geological and climatic perturbations have driven speciation in the area by isolating lineages. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of the endemic jumping slugs (genus Hemphillia) using a multi-locus phylogeny. We evaluated the spatial distribution and divergence times of major lineages, generated ancestral area probabilities and inferred the biogeographical history of the genus. Our study revealed eight genetic lineages that formed three clades: one clade consisting of two Coast/Cascade lineages, and two reciprocally monophyletic clades that each contain a Coast/Cascade and two Rocky Mountains taxa. The results of the biogeographical analysis suggest that the ancestral range of the genus occupied Coast/Cascade habitats and then spread across into Northern Rocky Mountain interior habitats with subsequent fragmentations isolating coastal and inland lineages. Finally, there have been more recent speciation events among three lineage pairs that have shaped shallow structures of all clades. We add to our knowledge of the biogeographical history of the region in that we discovered diversification and speciation events that have occurred in ways more complex than previously thought.
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Trichas, Apostolos, Maria Smirli, Anna Papadopoulou, Ioannis Anastasiou, Bekir Keskin, and Nikos Poulakakis. "Dispersal versus vicariance in the Aegean: combining molecular and morphological phylogenies of eastern Mediterranean Dendarus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) sheds new light on the phylogeography of the Aegean area." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 824–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa022.
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Abstract The Aegean archipelago, as an ‘evolutionary laboratory of nature’, is an ideal model for research in phylogeography. In this area, the darkling beetles of the genus Dendarus (distributed from Morocco to the Caucasus) exhibit a high level of diversity with 36 species, 27 of which are island endemics. However, their taxonomy is complex and unstable, having undergone continuous revision to address extensive morphological and ecological plasticity. Here, we examine the phylogenetic relationships of 23 species from Greece and Turkey, using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and 61 morphological characters, to unveil their phylogeny in the Aegean. This helps to clarify phylogeographic scenarios and historical processes that shaped the observed patterns. The analyses reveal 13 distinct lineages with several para- and polyphyletic cases that correspond to three major phylogroups [south/south-east Aegean (D. foraminosus complex, D. rhodius, D. sporadicus, D. wettsteini); central to north Aegean, Turkey and mainland Greece (D. crenulatus, D. moesiacus group, D. sinuatus complex, D. stygius) and mainland Greece (D. messenius, D. paganettii)], indicating the need for further taxonomic re-evaluation. Lineage topology and phylogeography suggest a spatial and temporal sequence of geographic isolation, following either a vicariant or a dispersal model coincident with major palaeogeographic separations in the Aegean.
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Tilker, Andrew, An Nguyen, Jesse F. Abrams, Tejas Bhagwat, Minh Le, Thanh Van Nguyen, Anh Tuan Nguyen, Jürgen Niedballa, Rahel Sollmann, and Andreas Wilting. "A little-known endemic caught in the South-east Asian extinction crisis: the Annamite striped rabbit Nesolagus timminsi." Oryx 54, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000534.
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AbstractThe Annamite mountains of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao) are an area of exceptional mammalian endemism but intensive poaching has defaunated much of the region, creating an extinction crisis for the endemic species. To make efficient use of limited conservation resources, it is imperative that conservation stakeholders obtain basic information about poorly known and threatened endemics. We present the first comprehensive information on the ecology, distribution and status of the little-known endemic Annamite striped rabbit Nesolagus timminsi. We used a systematic camera-trapping design to study the species in five areas in Viet Nam and Lao. In 29,180 camera-trap-nights we recorded 152 independent events at 36 of 266 stations. We obtained an additional 143 independent detections across 12 stations from a supplementary non-systematic survey. We analysed activity patterns and social behaviour. We also used single-species occupancy models to assess factors that influence occupancy at the landscape scale. We used N-mixture models to obtain local abundance estimates in one target area. The Annamite striped rabbit was found to be nocturnal and primarily solitary. Species occupancy was best explained by a proxy for past hunting pressure, with no significant relationships to current anthropogenic or environmental factors. Local abundance was 0.57 individuals per camera-trap station for one of our sites, and estimated to be zero at the other site where hunting appears to have been more intense. Our results provide information on priority areas for targeted anti-poaching efforts and give the first conservation baseline for the species.
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Korolyuk, A. Yu, S. M. Yamalov, M. V. Lebedeva, Ya M. Golovanov, N. A. Dulepova, and N. V. Zolotareva. "Syntaxonomy of xeropetrophytic vegetation of Southern Urals: alliance Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov." Vegetation of Russia, no. 43 (2022): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2022.43.88.
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The dominance of xeropetrophytic plant communities with original species composition along with high phytocenotic diversity is the first to determine the distinctness of the South Ural low-mountain steppe province within the Ural Mountains. As the zonal steppe ecosystems are totally destroyed and transformed, petrophytic cenoses represent the predominant type of natural vegetation. They are of high conservation importance due to preserving unique biodiversity with a large number of rare and endangered species, relics and endemics (Ryabinina, 2003; Yamalov et al., 2019). Stony steppes in the Southern Urals have been studied for more than 100 years. Initiated in the 1980s, the syntaxonomical research covers now only the limited territories, mainly within the protected areas (Unikalnye ..., 2014; Prirodnye ..., 2018). The recent studies are focused on the relationship between the petrophytic vegetation and macroecological gradients in the context of geographical zonation (Zolotareva et al., 2019; Korolyuk et al., 2020). Our study presents the results of the analysis of 265 relevés of petrophytic communities of the steppe zone, carried out by the authors on the territory of the Gaysky, Kuvandyksky, Saraktashsky and Belyaevsky administrative districts of the Orenburg region, as well as the Khaibullinsky district of the Bashkortostan Republic in 2014–2018 (Fig. 1). Six phytocoenons were identified using the TWINSPAN algorithm followed by manual sorting. They represent the main diversity of petrophytic vegetation in the studied region and differ in the groups of species identified by formal criteria (Korolyuk et al., 2016; Zolotareva et al., 2019). We conducted the cluster analysis to compare these with the petrophytic associations of the Urals: 26 associations from the classes Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947 and Anabasietea cretaceae Golovanov et al. 2021 (Fig. 2, 3). Five communities were assigned to the steppe vegetation, and their position in the syntaxonomical system was determined. Communities 1–3 regarded as typical steppes have similar floristic composition and dominant plants; community 4 is closer to the rich forb-bunchgrass steppes; community 5 and the ass. Anthemido trotzkianae–Thymetum guberlinensis have transitional features to desert steppes. We identified the new alliance Elytrigion pruiniferae all. nov. D. s.: Allium tulipifolium, Alyssum turkestanicum, Artemisia salsoloides, Centaurea turgaica, Elytrigia pruinifera, Ferula tatarica, Linaria uralensis, Poa bulbosa s. l., Polycnemum arvense, Spiraea hypericifolia. Holotypus — the association Elytrigietum pruiniferae Lebedeva ass. nov. Alliance represents xeropetrophytic vegetation of the steppe zone of the South Urals. Its area covers the watersheds of the Sakmara, Ural and Ilek rivers. Its communities were also found on the right bank of the Sakmara river (the Guberlya and Kuragan basins), as well as in the lower part of the Bolshoy Ik river basin. The communities occupy convex slopes and tops of ridges with immature gravelly soils. In the southern part of the alliance distribution area, they are confined to slopes of various shapes and exposures, while in the northern part mainly to convex southern slopes or to the top of the ridges. The alliance represents xerophytic part of the order Helictotricho-Stipetalia. It replaces the more mesophytic alliance Helictotricho desertori–Orostachyion spinosae on the moisture gradient (Korolyuk, 2017). The alliance includes 3 associations and 1 community type. Ass. Elytrigietum pruiniferae Lebedeva ass. nov. (Table 4), holotypus — rel. 1 (field no. 15-086): Orenburg region, Kuvandyk district, 1.5 km southwest of Yalnair village, near-summit convex part of a rocky slope, 51.28635°N, 57.81782°E, 10.06.2015, author — A. Yu. Korolyuk. D. s.: Alyssum turkestanicum, Centaurea turgaica, Elytrigia pruinifera, Linaria uralensis, Poa bulbosa s. l., Polycnemum arvense, Spiraea hypericifolia, Thymus guberlinensis, Tulipa scythica. The association unites petrophytic steppes in hilly lands and low-mountains of the Saraktash, Kuvandyk and Gaysky districts of Orenburg region and on the Turatka mountain in Khaibullinsky district of Bashkiria. The cenoses are confined to convex slopes and tops of ridges. They are developed on gravelly soils on outcrops of basic and metamorphic rocks, less often on sedimentary rocks. There are 4 variants within the association. Ass. Thymo guberlinensis–Galatelletum villosae Yamalov ass. nov. (Table 5), holotypus — rel. 2 (field no. 16-015): Orenburg region, Kuvandyk district, 19 km SW of Zaluzhye village, 51.18268°N, 56.91858°E, author — A. Yu. Korolyuk. D. s.: Astragalus tenuifolius, Ephedra distachya, Galatella villosa, Hedysarum argyrophyllum, Meniocus linifolius, Scorzonera stricta, Stipa lessingiana. The association represents xerophytic stony steppes. They occur in all regions confined mainly to the southern slopes and tops of ridges with fine gravelly soils on sedimentary rocks. There are 4 variants within the association. Ass. Stipo zalesskii–Centauretum turgaicae ass. nov. (Table 6, rel. 7–22), holotypus — rel. 10 (field no. 17-122): Orenburg region, Gaysky district, east of the Kazachya Guberlya village, slightly convex slope of the ridge in the near-top part, 51.14663°N, 58.03227°E, 06.18.2017, author — A. Yu. Korolyuk. D. s.: Amygdalus nana, Campanula sibirica, Carex pediformis, Cephalaria uralensis, Erysimum canescens, Helictotrichon desertorum, Pulsatilla patens, Stipa pulcherrima, S. zalesskii. The association was described in the southeastern part of the Guberlinsky Uplands (Gaysky District). The communities occupy habitats typical for petrophytic steppes — convex slopes and tops of ridges on outcrops of basic and metamorphic rocks. The associations Elytrigio pruiniferae–Stipetum sareptanae Golovanov ass. nov. and Anthemido trotzkianae–Thymetum guberlinensis Golovanov et al., 2021 were described in the study area as well. Ass. Elytrigio pruiniferae–Stipetum sareptanae ass. nov. (Table 7), holotypus — rel. 10 (field no. GY18-043): Orenburg region, Kuvandyk district, 4 km SE Novyi village, Suyunduksai Balka, 51.02067°N, 57.33993°E, author — Ya. M. Golovanov. D. s.: Artemisia lerchiana, Astragalus tenuifolius, Atraphaxis frutescens, Ephedra distachya, Gypsophila rupestris, Hedysarum argyrophyllum, H. razoumovianum, Meniocus linifolius, Sterigmostemum tomentosum. The association is found mainly to the south of the latitudinal section of the Ural River within the Guberlinsky Uplands (Kuvandyk District), as well as of the hilly lands of the South Urals (Saraktashsky District). The communities are confined to slopes of different exposure and steepness on outcrops of sedimentary rocks. The plants of dry and desert steppes, as well as those preferring chalk outcrops, are among the diagnostic species. This brings the association together with desert-steppe communities of the order Agropiretalia Korolyuk et Laktionov 2021, class Artemisietea lerchianae Golub 1994 (Korolyuk, Laktionov, 2021). Nevertheless, the composition and structure of cenoses confirm the assignment of the association to the class Festuco-Brometea. There are 4 variants within the association. The diversity of xeropetrophytic vegetation of the South Urals is much higher than that described in the article. The involvement of data from the adjacent regions of Kazakhstan will facilitate the further development of its syntaxonomical system.
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Moncada, Bibiana, Rosa Emilia Pérez-Pérez, and Robert Lücking. "The lichenized genus Cora (Basidiomycota: Hygrophoraceae) in Mexico: high species richness, multiple colonization events, and high endemism." Plant and Fungal Systematics 64, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 393–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pfs-2019-0026.
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AbstractIn a continued effort to catalog the numerous phylogenetically detected and predicted species of Cora in the Americas, we focus here on the diversity of the genus in Mexico and the phylogenetic relationships of the taxa present in this area. Based on previous results and new collections, 12 taxa are recognized in Mexico, including eight new species and one new subspecies. The 12 taxa form 11 unrelated lineages within the genus, indicating multiple independent colonization from Central and South America. While the new subspecies is nested within a species known from the northern Andes in South America, the other species are all putative endemics for Mexico, resulting in endemism of 92% at species level and 100% at taxon level. Considering the rather narrow area of origin of the sequenced specimens in southeastern Mexico and the previously documented range of Cora including the northwestern part of the country, plus the underlying topography, we predict that the 12 species and subspecies now known represent only about 20% of the total richness of Cora in the country, and that many more endemic lineages are to be found in the western and northwestern parts (Sierra Madre Occidental). The new taxa from Mexico formally introduced in this study are Cora benitoana sp. nov., with a strongly projecting, cyphelloid hymenophore; C. buapana sp. nov., with elongate, finger-like and partly branched appendages on the lower medullary hyphae; C. dewisanti subsp. mexicana subsp. nov., with a marginally protruding hymenophore; C. guzmaniana sp. nov., with a partly setose lobe surface; C. ixtlanensis sp. nov., a phenotypically cryptic species similar but unrelated to C. terrestris; C. lawreyana sp. nov., with globose hyphal appendages; C. marusae sp. nov., a phenotypically cryptic species similar but unrelated to C. comaltepeca; C. totonacorum sp. nov., a phenotypically cryptic species similar but phylogenetically distant to C. davidia; and C. zapotecorum sp. nov., with a very thinly pilose lobe surface.
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Millán, Andres, Pedro Abellán, Ignacio Ribera, David Sánchez, and Josefa Velasco. "The Hydradephaga of the Segura basin (SE Spain): twentyfive years studying water beetles (Coleoptera)." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 85, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2006.137.
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We present the results of 25 years of study of the faunistics, biogeography, ecology and conservation of the Hydradephaga of the Segura river basin. Eighty one species have been recorded from the area, ca. 45% of the total of species found in the Iberian peninsula. Six of them are Iberian endemics, and fourteen are considered to be rare within the basin, although most of these are not rare in an Iberian context. The phenetic hierarchy of relationships among the western-Palaearctic regions considered shows a clear similarity of the fauna of the Segura basin with that of the Maghreb, which, together with the rest of the Iberian fauna form a well defined group isolated from the rest of the European areas. Within the Iberobalear region, there is also a clear north-south division, with a secondary classification into western and eastern basins. The Balearic islands seem to be a relatively independent biogeographical unit, although more related with the southern cluster. The environmental characteristics determining the distribution of the Hydradephagan fauna in the study area, as determined by Correspondence Analysis, are altitude, degree of mineralization of the water, and amount and type of riparian vegetation. Using a semi-quantitative scoring system to evaluate the vulnerability of the species only <em>Hydroporus decipiens</em> had a vulnerability value considered to be high (9), due to its rarity within the basin and to its general restricted distribution, although the incomplete knowledge of its distribution and taxonomy could be a distorting factor. With a similar value (8), <em>Nebrioporus baeticus</em> is a typical inhabitant of saline running waters, highly endangered habitat due to the increasing use of irrigation in the surrounding fields. The stations with the highest conservation interest were mountain streams in the NW of the basin, which are also of high conservation interest for other aquatic Coleoptera (e.g. Hydraenidae). A disadvantage of the index applied (IC, “conservation interest”) is the lack of reference to the conservation interest of habitats outside the study area. Thus, the saline or hypersaline streams, which are extremely rare in an European (or even global) context, are not considered of particular relevance due to the poor species richness and local abundance. The use of other criteria for the selection of sites of conservation value, such as complementarity, could overcome this limitation.
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Bondarev, I. P., and N. A. Boltachova. "Consorts of gastropod Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) in the northern Black Sea. Part V: Annelida (Polychaeta)." Marine Biological Journal 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2021.06.2.02.
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The study of Annelida (Polychaeta) taxocene – epibionts of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa – continues the cycle of publications describing the composition of the consortium of the largest gastropod of the Black Sea benthos. R. venosa consortium is still a poorly investigated and unaccounted component in the structure of the Black Sea shelf biocenoses. The aim of this work is to study the complex of polychaetes of R. venosa consortium. The objectives of this stage are as follows: compiling a list of Annelida (Polychaeta) taxa – rapa whelk epibionts; studying taxocene biogeographic and trophic structure; and analyzing ecological relationships of polychaetes with the consortium core. To study the consort community of rapa whelk, sampling was conducted in seven areas of the northern Black Sea: 1 – Mamaia, Romania; 2 – northwestern Black Sea, Crimea offshore; 3 – Sevastopol; 4 – Alupka; 5 – Yalta – Alushta; 6 – Karadag; 7 – Kerch Strait. In the coastal area down to a depth of 15 m, R. venosa was sampled totally using surface-supplied diving equipment; in the deeper-water area (up to 40 m), samples were taken with an “Ocean-50” bottom grab from the board of the RV “Professor Vodyanitsky”. Each rapa whelk specimen (sample) was placed in a separate plastic bag, with the indication of the area, depth, and biotope. In total, 2,411 samples were taken and analyzed: 977 – rock rapa whelks and 1434 – sand rapa whelks. R. venosa shell coverage with epibionts (fouling intensity) was determined as a percentage of the total area of the outer shell surface. Polychaeta taxocene of R. venosa consortium includes 31 species representing 31 genera of 15 families of 2 subclasses. Most species (18) belong to Errantia, and half of them are representatives of the families Nereididae and Syllidae. Sedentaria includes 13 species; by the largest number of species (4), the family Serpulidae is represented. Polychaeta taxocene of R. venosa consortium is represented by three biogeographic groups: native species of the Mediterranean-Atlantic genesis (84 %), the Black Sea endemics (10 %), and recent invaders of various geographical genesis (6 %). On sand rapa whelk, 31 Polychaeta species were found; on rock rapa whelk, only 5 species were recorded. The indicators of Polychaeta fauna development differ significantly by the depth and research area. The most diverse polychaetes are those in bays of Sevastopol (the area No. 3) at depths of 2–10 m; the maximum depth of Polychaeta finding (40 m) corresponds to the greatest depth of rapa whelk sampling. The area of shell coverage with polychaetes reaches 70 %; occurrence in several areas is up to 95 %. The maximum number of species found at a single rapa whelk specimen is 8; on average, 2–4 Polychaeta species are recorded at R. venosa individuals. Taxonomic diversity and abundance of polychaetes determine their significance in R. venosa consortium. Due to the invasive predatory mollusc R. venosa, polychaetes get additional opportunities for spread on the Black Sea shelf.
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Thiollay, Jean-Marc. "Avian diversity and distribution in French Guiana: patterns across a large forest landscape." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 4 (July 2002): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740200233x.
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This study is the first to compare bird communities across different sites within the same large continuous neotropical primary forest area. The objectives were to document bird distribution patterns, the spatial variability of specific abundances and the between-site turnover in species compositions. I censused 268 forest-interior species, 39 raptors and 135 natural-gap species in 20 widely spaced, c. 2000-ha sites in the interior of French Guiana, divided into three main zones. At least 59% of species had a very low abundance index and/or rate of occurrence among sites and only 1% were widespread dominants. Beta diversity was an important determinant of regional species richness. There was an average 29% species turnover between sites and 7% between regions, as well as a lack of nested-subset structure among communities and a random occurrence of pairs of similar congeners. At the country scale, only one species had a truly restricted geographical range, independent of habitat availability, but at a local scale, many species had uneven distributional gaps (36% present at < 50% of sites with suitable habitat). Among sites, abundance or incidence variability had no definite pattern. Frequency of occurrence in suitable patches decreased with increasing natural fragmentation of habitats. There were significant relationships between habitat selection and abundance or frequency of occurrence but not with diet or body size. Few species exhibited consistent geographical trends along the north-south gradient of decreasing rainfall. Guianan endemics tended to be widespread within the country. Several seasonal movements and inter-annual population fluctuations were documented. Rarity had different forms, but no general ecological correlates. Nearly half of rare species were associated with various types of forest gaps or edges, and were consequently more abundant outside the forest zone, i.e. in grasslands or clearings. Local occurrences and abundances seem to be the result of highly species-specific factors, and hence any general determinant of community structure may be obscured by specific reactions in such species-rich, heterogeneous and complex tropical rain-forest communities.
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KARANOVIC, TOMISLAV, and STEVEN J. B. COOPER. "Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species." Zootaxa 3026, no. 1 (September 14, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3026.1.1.
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Recent investigation of one of the larger calcretes in the uppermost reaches of the Carey palaeochannel in the Yilgarn region of Western Australia revealed an unprecedented diversity of copepod crustaceans. Twenty-two different species and subspecies, from six copepod families, represent 70% of the previously recorded copepod α-diversity in the whole region, although the area investigated is less than 3% of its surface. The aims of this study were to explore the diversity of the harpacticoid genus Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972 using both molecular and morphological methods, establish precise species boundaries, find their accurate area of distribution, reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, and explore colonisation pathways. To achieve this we sampled very intensively in the area, as well as in two neighbouring palaeochannels, analysing more than 700 samples from 230 different localities, half of which contained copepods. Seven species are described here as new, five of them from the Yeelirrie palaeochannel (K. esbe sp. nov., K. lined sp. nov., K. linel sp. nov., K. linesae sp. nov., and K. uranusi sp. nov.) and one each from two neighbouring palaeochannels (K. barrambie sp. nov. and K. lakewayi sp. nov.). Parastenocaris jane Karanovic, 2006 from the Pilbara region, along with a newly described third Australian parastenocaridid genus from the Yilgarn, were used as outgroups in our molecular analysis. The COI fragment was successfully PCR-amplified from 12 parastenocaridid specimens using a nested combination of primers. All analyses supported the presence of at least seven genetically divergent lineages, most supported with very high bootstrap values. Three genera formed three separate clades, and the average pairwise distances between Kinnecaris morpho-taxa were found to be very high (8.2-16.8 %), while the highest divergences within morpho-taxa were 0.3%. Some conflict between molecular phylogenies and morphological data was observed when it came to recognizing different groups of species. While morphology indicates that K. esbe, K. linel, and K. uranusi represent a group of very closely related species, supported by a number of synapomorphies, molecular analyses suggest that K. linel and K. uranusi are only remotely related. We argue in favor of morphological data, until more markers can be studied to try to resolve these differences. In Yeelirrie, morphological evidence would suggest a downstream colonisation history in the genus Kinnecaris, where the most plesiomorphic form (K. linesae) lives in the uppermost reaches of the palaeochannel, and the trend in the caudal rami elongation and denser somite ornamentation is obvious downstream the palaeochannel (K. uranusi, K. linel, and then K. esbe), with the only exception being K. lined, which probably represents an independent colonisation event. Parastenocarids are copepods of freshwater origin, and we argure that they can probably disperse downstream during periods of increased rainfall, evolving into separate species in isolated calcrete pockets during periods of increased aridity. Although some of the questions remained unanswered in this study, detailed morphological and molecular observations indicate that we are not dealing with one widely distributed and variable species in the Yilgarn region, but rather with a complex of short range endemics. Areas of distribution for different species range from 30 km to less than 5 km in diameter. Very strong seasonal dynamics in this subterranean community was observed, and this is a novel concept for these ecosystems globally. A key to nine Australian species of Kinnecaris is also included.
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A. Triantis, Kostas, Moisis Mylonas, and Robert J. Whittaker. "Evolutionary species–area curves as revealed by single-island endemics: insights for the inter-provincial species–area relationship." Ecography, March 4, 2008, 080304020349105–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05323.x.
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Андрианова, А. В., and О. Э. Якубайлик. "Geographic information database for the analysis of spatial distribution of the Baikal endemic amphipods in Yenisei river." Вычислительные технологии, no. 4(23) (September 3, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.25743/ict.2018.23.16487.
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Рассматривается состояние эндемичных байкальских амфипод в р. Енисей, приводятся результаты экспедиционных исследований. Отмечается факт многоразового увеличения количества амфипод в Енисее после зарегулирования плотиной Красноярской ГЭС. Данные гидробиологического мониторинга оформлены в виде геопространственной базы данных на геопортале, который предоставляет возможности визуализации результатов исследований в виде интерактивных тематических карт, прямого доступа к данным через картографические веб-сервисы из современных ГИС. The purpose. The purpose of the work is the theoretical and practical studies of the possibilities for using the geoinformation web-system modern technologies for improving the efficiency of hydrobiological monitoring, and design of software tools of data presentation and analysis for field research. Methods. The technologies for development of distributed information systems in multi-tier architecture, along with software interfaces and protocols, information exchange standards are considered. The possibilities for using of geoinformation and cartographic modelling methods for searching the relationship between the spatial distributions of Baikal amphipods in the Yenisei river with different environmental factors are investigated. Results. The technologies and related software are developed for the considered problem. The geospatial database is generated and filled with the results of own longterm hydrobiological field studies, it has become an integral part of the geoportal of ICM SB RAS, which was formed by the separate thematic section. The focus is on the results of extensive field studies of the Yenisei implemented in 2015 and 2016. As to database content, the information about the quantitative distribution of zoobenthos (animals inhabiting the ponds bottom), in particular endemic Baikal amphipods, in the area from Yenisei river headwaters to its delta was used. It was revealed that the amphipods — the endemics of the Baikal lake — spread far beyond its limits not only downward, but also upstream the Yenisei river. After the commissioning of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, their share in the total zoobenthos biomass is increased by 10 times. Gmelinoides fasciatus crustacean is especially active; it has massively populated the area of the Upper Yenisei river below the Sayano-Shushensky reservoir. The density and the fraction of crustaceans in the zoobenthos in the area of the Angara — Podkamennaya Tunguska has increased over the last 15 years. Conclusions. Creation of a geospatial database alongside with the results of expeditionary research and the introduction of a GIS web-system for information-analytical support of hydrobiological monitoring significantly expands opportunities for the analysis and presentation of geodata, forms the basis for interdisciplinary research.
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MFUENI BIKUNDI, Elvire, Annie Robert, Catherine Bouland, Edouard Akotionga, Ndèye MAREME SOUGOU, and Yves Coppieters. "Synthesis of Health Policies in the Fight against Malaria in Two Countries at Different Stages of Intervention in the Progress Towards Malaria Elimination, using Data from Surveys and Literature." Open Infectious Diseases Journal 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18742793-v14-e221227-2022-2.
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Aims The aim of our study was to provide a synthesis of successful policies applied in the fight against malaria in African countries at different stages of intervention; Burkina Faso and Senegal. Background Malaria is a global public health problem with many cases each year in the world (241 million cases with 247,000 deaths; 67% were under five children) in 2020. Most malaria cases occur in Sub-Saharan African countries (93%). Objective The objective of our study was to present policies implemented against malaria (with the best results) in these two African countries (Burkina Faso and Senegal) which are at different stages of intervention. These could serve as an example to others malaria endemics countries. To achieve our purpose, we used DHS survey data and information from a literature synthesis. Methods Data used for analysis are from Demographics and Health Surveys (DHS) 2017-2018 for Burkina Faso and DHS 2017 for Senegal. We added information from a synthesis of the literature. Linear regression models were performed with an estimation of the mean number of persons using insecticide-treated nets among groups (urban or rural areas, wealth level, highest education level in the household and age of household head) in each country. We evaluated the importance of co-factors in the relationship between the number of ITNs in a household and the number of household members by calculating the R-squared. A criteria grid used for this synthesis of literature included eight important sub-groups: funding sources, entomological monitoring, use of ITNs, use of insecticide, malaria case management, health system organization, communication and surveillance. Results Senegal and Burkina Faso have the same proportion (51%) of households in which all children under 5 sleep under ITNs. We found R-squared (R2=0.007 in Burkina Faso and R2=0.16 in Senegal) for the relationship between the number of ITNs in a household and household size. When wealth level, age of head of household, area of residence (rural or urban), education level in the household and number of bedrooms in the household were controlled for, we found R2=0.106 for Burkina Faso and R2=0.167 for Senegal. We found that Senegal’s National Malaria Program is decentralized with entomological monitoring in all districts, which is normal considering the intervention stage in the fight against malaria. In Burkina Faso, we found centralization of routine data. Conclusion Our study synthesized the health policies applied in African countries which are at different stages of intervention in the fight against malaria and which have succeeded in maintaining low malaria prevalence (in Senegal) or in rapidly decreasing the prevalence of the disease (in Burkina Faso). Being close to elimination, Senegal required more active malaria surveillance than passive surveillance. Burkina Faso did not require a lot of active surveillance being not close to malaria elimination. These results encourage a review in the context of each African country.
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Barreto, Elisa, Thiago F. Rangel, Loïc Pellissier, and Catherine H. Graham. "Area, isolation and climate explain the diversity of mammals on islands worldwide." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1965 (December 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1879.
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Insular biodiversity is expected to be regulated differently than continental biota, but their determinants remain to be quantified at a global scale. We evaluated the importance of physical, environmental and historical factors on mammal richness and endemism across 5592 islands worldwide. We fitted generalized linear and mixed models to accommodate variation among biogeographic realms and performed analyses separately for bats and non-volants. Richness on islands ranged from one to 234 species, with up to 177 single island endemics. Diversity patterns were most consistently influenced by the islands’ physical characteristics. Area positively affected mammal diversity, in particular the number of non-volant endemics. Island isolation, both current and past, was associated with lower richness but greater endemism. Flight capacity modified the relative importance of past versus current isolation, with bats responding more strongly to current and non-volant mammals to past isolation. Biodiversity relationships with environmental factors were idiosyncratic, with a tendency for greater effects sizes with endemism than richness. The historical climatic change was positively associated with endemism. In line with theory, we found that area and isolation were among the strongest drivers of mammalian biodiversity. Our results support the importance of past conditions on current patterns, particularly of non-volant species.