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1
Dixon, Kingsley W. "Towards integrated conservation of Australian endangered plants—the Western Australian model." Biodiversity and Conservation 3, no. 2 (March 1994): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02291885.
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Cox, Brad. "Granite Outcrops Symposium." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc98271a.
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Western Australia is a flat landscape. Granite outcrops are one of the few features that rise above the terrain. This makes them unique landmarks for people, and islands for plants and animals. They are highly significant in terms of their geological, biological and cultural values. They contain some of the world's oldest rocks, are an important source of water, often contain aboriginal heritage sites and are refuges for many rare and endangered flora and fauna.
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Kennedy, J., and G. Weste. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Monitored Sites in the Grampians, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 3 (1986): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860251.
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The effects of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi were measured on sites representing the larger forest regions of the Grampians. Changes were obvious at first, with the death of more than 50% of the species including large plants such as Xanthorrhoea australis, but soon became dificult to detect as susceptible species were replaced by field-resistant graminoids. Reductions were assessed in species heterogeneity and plant density during 1976, at the onset of disease and from 1977 to 1984. Susceptible species disappeared from infested forest and no re-emergence was observed. Less-susceptible plants such as some Euca/yptus spp. declined in number, regeneration and size, due to deaths or dieback of the branches. Reductions in tree canopy and the loss of structural dominants of the understorey caused changes in the flora which are likely to persist. The survival of rare, susceptible endemic species may be endangered. On dry, steep slopes the dead plants were not replaced and the amount of bare ground increased causing erosion of the soil surface. Some graminoid species increased in abundance on level, infested sites, resulting in a different species composition but with both species heterogeneity and plant density numerically similar to the previous flora.
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Touchell, DH, KW Dixon, and B. Tan. "Cryopreservation of Shoot-Tips of Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae): a Rare and Endangered Plant From Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920305.
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Cryopreservation of leaf, petiole, stem pieces and shoot-tips was investigated as a means for long-term maintenance of germplasm of the rare and endangered species, Grevillea scapigera A.S. George. Crypreservation was only achieved using shoot-tips or axillary buds and a slow-cooling regime with the aid of an improvised freezing device. The highest survival of thawed explants (20%) was obtained with 4-week-old in vitro shoot-tips cultured for 48 h in a prefreezing liquid culture medium supplemented with 5% dimethylsulfoxide. The pretreated shoot-tips were frozen in a liquid medium containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide cooled at a rate of 0.5°C/min to -40°C and held at this temperature for 30 min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. Shoot-tips that survived the freeze-thaw cycle produced callus followed by shoot production 22 weeks after thawing. All shoots regenerated from thawed tissues and transferred to soil appeared phenotypically identical to untreated control shoots and plants. Rapid methods for assessing post-thaw tissue viability and explant recovery using triphenyltetrazolium chloride were tried but these methods were inadequate for determining the capacity of thawed tissues to recover from freeze damage.
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Crisp, Michael D., and Gregory T. Chandler. "Contributions Towards a Revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). V. D. cardiophylla sens. lat." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 3 (1997): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96015.
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Three new species, Daviesia cunderdin, D. euryloba and D. umbonata, are described from south-western Western Australia. The first is a recently discovered rare and endangered species from near the town after which it is named. The latter two are segregated from the widespread and variable species D. cardiophylla F.Muell. Full descriptions, illustrations, a distribution map and a key to all four species are presented.
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Nguyen, VP, AD Needham, and JA Friend. "A quantitative dietary study of the ?Critically Endangered? Gilbert?s potoroo Potorous gilbertii." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05001.
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Faecal analysis from the only known population of Gilbert?s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) near Albany, Western Australia revealed that it, like other rat-kangaroo species is primarily mycophagous. Diet was determined by faecal collections from live-captured animals within Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Microscopic examination of samples collected from June - September 2000 and additional samples from storage, found fungi to comprise over 90% of faecal matter. A total of 44 fungal spore types were identified with many believed to be of hypogeous origin. Fungal spores belonging to the genera Mesophellia, Elaphomyces, Hysterangium and an unknown spore type (Unknown 1) were frequently recorded in samples. Non-fungal material including plants (stems, roots and seeds) and invertebrates represented the remainder. This investigation found that P. gilbertii fed almost exclusively on fungi and could be considered a specialised mycophagist.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Using vital statistics and core-habitat maps to manage critically endangered orchids in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15087.
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Vital-statistics data concerning population viability were gathered for four of the rarest orchids in Western Australia using surveys to define population sizes and habitat areas and annual measurements of plant demographics. These orchids were Caladenia melanema, C. graniticola, C. williamsiae and Drakaea isolata from the wheatbelt of Western Australia. This agricultural area has a Mediterranean climate with unreliable rainfall, and is >80% cleared of native vegetation. Surveys with 10–30 volunteers increased population-size estimates by up to 10 times and provided spatial data to define core habitat areas. These areas included most of the individuals of a species, but were only 2–10 ha in size. Within these areas, orchids were often highly aggregated in patches a few metres wide, potentially resulting in a high degree of intraspecific competition. Vital statistics were obtained using 4-m wide and 30–50-m-long transects to measure rates of emergence, flowering, grazing and seed-set for each orchid. Plants emerging at the same position in different years were considered to be the same individual, but most emerged in new positions. Many plants emerged just once in 4 years, and 2–3 years of dormancy was common. Emergence frequencies were used to provide estimates of population sizes that were two or three times larger than suggested by data from a single year. Seed production was typically very low. Grazing by kangaroos and rabbits was most severe for C. melanema, but was greatly reduced by fencing. Severe drought prevented flowering of C. graniticola in the driest year, whereas other species were more resilient. These orchids are likely to persist as long as there are some years where rainfall is sufficient for flowering and seed set followed by a year with adequate rain for seed germination. Populations of all these orchids were stable or increasing, but they are still at high risk of extinction because of the impacts of increasing soil salinity or fire on their habitats. These species are unlikely to spread elsewhere in the highly cleared and fragmented wheatbelt. Intervention by hand-pollination, grazing protection and translocation to new locations is required to mitigate these risks. Results were summarised in vital statistics report cards with thresholds set to inform conservation management for these species. Core habitat maps and vital-statistics report cards should also be valuable new tools for terrestrial-orchid conservation in other biomes.
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Shepherd, Kelly A., Andrew Perkins, Joel Collins, Margaret Byrne, and Kevin R. Thiele. "Morphological and molecular evidence supports the recognition of a new subspecies of the critically endangered Pityrodia scabra (Lamiaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 26, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12009.
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Taxonomic delineation of closely related taxa can be difficult, particularly in regions such as southern Western Australia where a highly diverse flora exhibits complex patterns of subtle morphological variation and genetic structuring and where some taxa have highly disjunct populations. A combined approach utilising highly variable, non-coding chloroplast gene regions and morphological data is used here to help delimit cryptic taxa in the rare Western Australian species Pityrodia scabra A.S.George. The species comprises disjunct populations over 400 km of the Western Australian wheatbelt from near Wyalkatchem, Southern Cross and Lake Lefroy. Morphological features such as leaf phyllotaxy, calyx size and indumentum vary among the populations and provide some evidence for cryptic taxa. Phylogenetic analyses based on cpDNA psbA–trnH and psbD–trnT and nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences revealed genetic distinctiveness between the Wyalkatchem (type) population and the Southern Cross and Lake Lefroy populations. This evidence, when used in conjunction with the morphological differences, provides support for the recognition of the new subspecies described herein as Pityrodia scabra subsp. dendrotricha K.A.Sheph. subsp. nov. This new subspecies is of conservation concern because it is currently known only from a few, isolated populations; the typical subspecies remains Critically Endangered because it comprises one extant population. A description of both subspecies, a key and images are provided.
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Bunn, Eric, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "In Vitro Propagation of the Rare and Endangered Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae)." HortScience 27, no. 3 (March 1992): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.261.
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Micropropagation, including adventitious shoot growth from leaf sections, was achieved for Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae), a rare and endangered species from Western Australia. Shoot tips were initiated on filter paper supports with liquid WPM (Woody Plant Medium) and supplemented with 20 μm zeatin riboside and 2 μm GA3. Shoots were then incubated on WPM solidified with agar and supplemented with 5 μm kinetin and 0.5 μm BA, which produced an approximate 6-fold multiplication rate per month. Up to three adventitious shoots were induced from 0.7-cm2 leaf sections after 6 to 7 weeks on solid 1/2 MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 10 μm BA and 0.5 μm IBA. Shoots, 30 to 50 mm long, were rooted in vivo in a fogged glasshouse under 70% shade using a commerical rooting powder [IBA, 0.1% (w/w)] applied to the base of the shoots. Most (67%) of the shoots treated in this way rooted after 5 weeks. Established, rooted plants have been grown on under glasshouse conditions. Chemical names used: N6-[2-isopentenyl] adenine riboside (zeatin riboside); gibberellic acid (GA3); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); 1-H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
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Casanova, Michelle T., and I. Joan Powling. "What makes a swamp swampy? Water regime and the botany of endangered wetlands in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14119.
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Freshwater temporary wetlands are a little-studied ecosystem worldwide. They have been recognised as critically endangered in south-eastern Australia under Australian biodiversity conservation legislation. However, little has been recorded about their hydrology, functioning or biodiversity values; i.e. the factors that make them intrinsically ‘swampy’. In this paper, we developed a simple threshold model of wetland hydrology based on historical rainfall records and calculated evaporation records matched to records and recollections of the owners of swamps, and documented water-plant and microalgal species richness. The model indicated that swamps were inundated to at least 10-cm depth in an average of 6.3 years per decade for most of the 20th century. The average dry time between inundations was 1.27 years (maximum of 4.5 years). Since 1998, the frequency of inundation appears to have decreased, and the average dry times have increased. Despite, or because of, their temporary nature, these swamps have high biodiversity values among the vegetation and the microalgae, more than has been recorded for near-by permanent wetlands. There is no evidence that a drier and warmer climate will have a negative impact on biodiversity values; however, land management is likely to be important for maintaining these systems as the climate changes.
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English, V., and J. Blyth. "Development and application of procedures to identify and conserve threatened ecological communities in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 2 (1999): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990124.
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A two year project was conducted to: (i) produce definitions, criteria and procedures for identifying threatened ecological communities (TECs) and assigning them to categories that define conservation status; (ii) develop a minimum data set for allocating TECs to one of these categories; (iii) establish a database and enter on it TECs, and associated data, of the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia; and (iv) assess each community and make recommendations for actions to conserve them. The procedures described allow assessment of whether a particular biological assemblage can be described as an ecological community, and whether it meets the definitions and criteria for a TEC. ''Threatened'' (with destruction) includes ''totally destroyed", "critically endangered (CRl", "endangered (EN)" and ''vulnerable (VU)". Ecological communities that do not meet the criteria as ''threatened'' may be classified "data deficient" if there is insufficient information to assign a category, or "lower risk" if the community is not under significant threat. Other assemblages are termed "not evaluated". The terminology, categories and criteria are adapted from those recommended for threatened species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Thirty-eight ecological communities, including those based on assemblages of terrestrial and aquatic plants, cave and mound-spring invertebrates, and structure-forming microbes were entered on the database. Of these, 16 were assessed as CR, seven as EN, ten as VU and five as data deficient. The project established methods that are applicable to data on a broad range of community types at a broad range of scales. It also initiated many recovery actions including preparation of interim recovery plans, land acquisition, fencing, weed control and public liaison. Such actions are intended to cause allocation of communities to a lower category of threat when reevaluated against the criteria.
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R. Williams, Matthew. "Butterflies and day-flying moths in a fragmented urban landscape, south-west Western Australia: patterns of species richness." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 1 (2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090032.
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Surveys of butterflies and day-flying moths were conducted at 46 bushland remnants in the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, between 2001 and 2005. A total of 17 075 individuals was recorded, representing 35 butterfly and 5 day-flying moth species. Individual site species richness varied between one and 27 species. Two main groups of taxa were identified: (i) species that are reliant on remnant native vegetation for breeding and are entirely or predominantly restricted to remnant bushland (resident species or urban avoiders, 27 taxa); and (ii) species that now breed primarily on introduced plants and disperse readily through the urban matrix, but which also visit remnant bushland and sometimes breed there (non-resident species or urban adapters, 13 taxa). Estimated species detectability varied widely between species and seasonally, but for most taxa was consistent across the three years of the study. Peak detectability was strongly related to observed abundance, something that is well known (intuitively), but has rarely been demonstrated (quantitatively). Only one listed endangered species was recorded, the Graceful Sun-moth Synemon gratiosa which was observed in low numbers at six sites. Several species were encountered less frequently, although these have populations outside the region. Few of the surveyed remnants were considered to have an intact butterfly fauna; it is inferred that the majority had lost some or all of their original resident species. The reliance of many species on specific host plants, and the ability of some to adapt to introduced weeds, are important factors in their persistence within remnants. These bushland remnants are effectively habitat islands for butterflies and day-flying moths, and the few remaining species-rich bushlands are therefore of regional importance for conservation of this group. This paper serves as a baseline study against which to monitor any future changes to the butterfly fauna of these remnants.
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Bunn, Eric, Tissa Senaratna, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "In vitro propagation of Eucalyptus phylacis L. Johnson and K. Hill., A critically endangered relict from Western Australia." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 41, no. 6 (November 2005): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ivp2005700.
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Short, Jeff, Andrew Hide, and Megan Stone. "Habitat requirements of the endangered red-tailed phascogale, Phascogale calura." Wildlife Research 38, no. 5 (2011): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10220.
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Context The red-tailed phascogale once occurred widely across semiarid and arid Australia, but is now confined to the southern wheatbelt of Western Australia. Its apparently extensive former range suggests a broad habitat tolerance, yet it is now reported primarily from remnant vegetation within farmland containing wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo and rock sheoak Allocasuarina huegeliana associations. Aims To establish the habitat requirements of phascogales with a view to understanding their current and likely future distribution and status. Methods We established presence or absence of phascogales at a number of sites within their current range, primarily by trapping, and then compared habitat attributes between the two classes of sites to establish those of apparent significance to species persistence. Key results Phascogales are widespread in suitable upland (wandoo–rock sheoak) and lowland habitat (riverine fringing vegetation of swamp sheoak Casuarina obesa, York gum E. loxophleba and wandoo). They occupy areas of remnant vegetation of varying sizes from very small to very large, many on private agricultural land. Large connected areas, such as riverine corridors and clusters of upland remnants appear important to their long-term persistence. Sites isolated by increasing distance from another occupied site tended to be unoccupied. Habitats occupied by phascogales typically had a greater canopy density and greater abundance of hollows than unoccupied sites. The presence of plants of the genus Gastrolobium, often cited as a key factor in the persistence of phascogales, did not appear to influence the presence or absence of phascogales. Conclusions Red-tailed phascogales currently occupy a broader range of habitats than identified in the literature and the role of some key aspects of habitat in protecting them from further decline may have been overstated. The presence of suitable hollows for nesting and shelter and a dense mid-storey canopy, perhaps to protect from predation by owls, are key features of suitable phascogale habitat. Implications Suitable habitat for phascogales appears widespread in the surveyed portion of the remaining range of the species, but is under threat over the longer term. Increasing salinity in lowland areas (which transforms woodland to samphire with a consequent long-term loss of nesting hollows), lack of fire in upland areas to maintain dense stands of rock sheoak and the increasing loss of corridors of vegetation along roadsides due to the widening of roads by local councils are all contributing to loss of habitat and habitat connectivity.
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Batty, A. L., K. W. Dixon, M. Brundrett, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Long-term storage of mycorrhizal fungi and seed as a tool for the conservation of endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchids." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01029.
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The impact of seed drying, seed storage and development of testing procedures for seed viability assessment was undertaken for a selection of common taxa with congeners that are rare and endangered (Caladenia, Diuris, Pterostylisand Thelymitra). Freshly collected seed showed significantly lower levels of germination compared with seed that had been subjected to drying over silica gel for 24 h. Seed dried over silica gel for 24 h and plunged into liquid nitrogen exhibited a further increase in germination levels. Germination of seed stored at 4, 18 or 22˚C for 1 year was substantially higher than freshly collected seed (4 weeks after dehiscence), but germination was highest overall after storage of dried seed in liquid nitrogen (–196˚C). Mycorrhizal fungi that promote the germination and growth of plants were also successfully preserved in liquid nitrogen. The use of cryoprotectants on fungal isolates had no observable deleterious effects on fungal regeneration. Histochemical staining procedures (tetrazolium, fluorescein diacetate and Evans blue) substantially overestimated seed viability, relative to symbiotic seed germination, for most seed treatments indicating a need for re-evaluation of the effectiveness of staining procedures for testing viability. The implications of the long-term ex situ storage of orchid seed and fungal symbionts for the conservation of endangered orchids is discussed.
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Nield, Andrew P., Philip G. Ladd, and Colin J. Yates. "Reproductive biology, post-fire succession dynamics and population viability analysis of the critically endangered Western Australian shrub Calytrix breviseta subsp. breviseta (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 6 (2009): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09043.
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Calytrix breviseta Lindl. subsp. breviseta is a critically endangered, obligate-seeder shrub within fire-prone kwongan of south-west Western Australia. Little is known about the species’ reproductive biology and how threatening processes, particularly altered fire regimes and exotic species invasion, will impact the long-term viability of the species. This study aims to elucidate the species’ reproductive biology and patterns of seedling recruitment during succession after fire. The effects of changes to the fire return interval and exotic species invasion on the long-term viability of the species is also described. The species exhibits abundant recruitment following fire and the application of a smoke treatment significantly improves germination, similar to many other Western Australian shrubs. However, significant inter-fire recruitment was observed up to 10 years following fire, leading to the presence of multi-aged subpopulations, although seedling recruitment was negligible >20 years after fire. The juvenile period is short at 3–4 years to first flowering. Population viability analysis (PVA) predicted that the optimal fire return interval to maintain C. breviseta subsp. breviseta was dependent on the carrying capacity (K) of the community and the number of individuals present. Carrying capacity will be related to site quality and competition from invasive species. PVA showed that if K remains high, then the optimal fire return interval is ~15–20 years, but under lower carrying capacity, (i.e. weed competition) fires decrease the likelihood of population survival.
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Ohlsen, Daniel J., Leon R. Perrie, Lara D. Shepherd, and Michael J. Bayly. "Taxonomic status and distribution of the critically endangered Christmas Island spleenwort (Asplenium listeri, Aspleniaceae): it is not as rare as we thought." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 6 (2014): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb14047.
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Asplenium listeri C.Chr. has been considered endemic to Christmas Island and is one of only two fern species listed as Critically Endangered under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. Its status as a distinct species has been questioned because of morphological similarity to the widespread A. polyodon G.Forst., which also occurs on Christmas Island. Molecular analyses revealed that A. listeri and plants attributed to A. polyodon from coastal limestone in New Caledonia and Vanuatu share the same rbcL, trnL–trnF and rps4–trnS haplotype and that other samples of A. polyodon in Australia and the south-western Pacific belong to three separate molecular lineages. One of these lineages is formed by epiphytic A. polyodon from Christmas Island and has a chloroplast haplotype closely related to that of A. listeri, differing by four mutations. The A. listeri haplotype and each of the three A. polyodon lineages are associated with morphological characters and are all worthy of recognition as separate species. Asplenium listeri is here expanded to include limestone dwelling populations in the Pacific previously assigned to A. polyodon. This greatly extends the geographic range of A. listeri, and its conservation status should be revised accordingly. Application of correct names to all species in the A. polyodon complex requires further molecular sampling throughout its geographic range and clarification of how type material relates to each of the molecular groups.
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Nikabadi, Shahab, Eric Bunn, Shane Turner, Jason Stevens, and Kingsley Dixon. "Development of an in vitro propagation protocol for ex situ conservation of two critically endangered species of Commersonia (Malvaceae) from Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 7 (2010): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10184.
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Protocols for in vitro propagation of two critically endangered species, Commersonia adenothalia C.F.Wilkins ms and Commersonia sp. Mt Groper (R. Cranfield & D. Kabay 9157), from south-western Western Australia were established utilising both shoot and in vitro leaf explants. Regeneration from leaf explants was highest, with an average of four shoots per leaf explant per a 4-week incubation period on ½-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.5 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) + 2.5 µM 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) for C. adenothalia and 13 shoots per leaf explant on ½-strength MS medium + 4.5 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2.5 µM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for C. sp. Mt Groper. Shoot proliferation using single shoot explants of C. adenothalia resulted in a maximum average of 3.5 shoots per shoot explant per a 5-week incubation period on ½-strength MS medium + 5 µM kinetin and 0.5 µM BAP, whereas maximum mean shoot multiplication with C. sp. Mt Groper (×30 shoots per shoot explant per a 5-week incubation period) was recorded with ½-strength MS medium + 2.5 µM kinetin and 1 µM BAP. In general, C. sp. Mt Groper was much more reactive to cytokinins than was C. adenothalia, with prolific regeneration of shoots from leaf explants or shoot explants. Both species produced roots readily on ½-strength MS medium without added hormones or with 5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (100% rooting in 3–4 weeks) and rooted plantlets survived the transition to soil (~70% survival).
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Jones, BA, RA How, and DJ Kitchener. "A field study of Pseudocheirus occidentalis (Marsupialia : Petauridae) I. Distribution and Habitat." Wildlife Research 21, no. 2 (1994): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940175.
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Surveys aimed at determining the distribution and habitat of the rare and endangered western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) were undertaken in south-western Australia during 1990-92. Surveys relied on sightings of animals, or their characteristic faecal pellets or dreys. Habitat descriptions were collected in areas occupied by P. occidentalis to describe the vegetation and topography. Additional information about habitat was collected at subsets of sites to reflect leaf nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) of the major food plants, and to reflect the relative senescence of vegetation communities, and their fire and fox-baiting history. The species has a patchy occurrence from the Collie River to Two Peoples Bay, occurring most commonly in coastal or near-coastal forest that includes Agonis flexuosa as a major component. The most inland population occurs at Perup and this is the only known population living in forest without A. flexuosa. Local extinction has been extensive in the inland and northern parts of the original range (as it was known about 1900) and local decline has been patchy and occurred in most decades (1900-89) in different parts of the original range. Analysis of a matrix of relative abundance and habitat variables identified two habitat parameters associated with higher abundance of P. occidentalis: higher levels of nitrogen in foliage of the major food plant and a higher degree of canopy continuity. Hollow abundance was also implicated as a covariate of relative abundance. Assessment of levels of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus in A. flexuosa leaves indicated that occupied sites tended to have relatively high nutrient levels. The pattern of decline and persistence of populations in different habitats is discussed with respect to environmental factors considered to have changed over the last century.
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Cole, Ian, Ian D. Lunt, and Terry Koen. "Effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of Themeda triandra (Poaceae) in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens) woodland in central western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04010.
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Temperate grassy woodlands are endangered ecosystems in Australia, and many degraded remnants are in desperate need of understorey restoration. This experiment compared the effects of soil disturbance, weed control and mulch treatments on establishment of the original dominant grass, Themeda triandra Forssk., in a degraded white box (Eucalyptus albens Benth.) woodland at Cowra in central New South Wales (NSW). Awned Themeda seeds were surface-sown into replicated plots treated as follows: soil scalping, soil disturbance (by ripping), herbicide (simazine) application and retention of natural mulch. Scalping combined with soil disturbance best promoted Themeda establishment (47.8% after 40 days and 28% after 518 days), and also reduced broadleaf-herb densities. By contrast, scalping without soil disturbance had the worst effect on Themeda establishment (5.2% after 40 days and 4.5% after 518 days). Disturbance significantly enhanced Themeda establishment and decreased the density of annual grasses and the basal cover of non-Themeda species. By contrast, the retention of 500–800 kg of natural surface mulch had no apparent effect on Themeda establishment. Contrary to expectations, simazine reduced the density and basal cover of all species, including Themeda, which is normally resistant to this herbicide. All combinations of the mulched, disturbed and herbicide treatments (i.e. all treatments except scalping) gave similar results, ranging from 10.7 to 22.0 Themeda plants m–2 after 518 days. These results suggest that Themeda stands can be established in degraded box woodlands by using awned seed materials, with minimal seedbed preparation and simple sowing techniques. Further studies are required to determine whether established swards can resist weed invasion in the absence of ongoing weed management, and whether establishment success varies with soil conditions and landscape position.
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Lamont, Byron B., Neal J. Enright, E. T. F. Witkowski, and J. Groeneveld. "Conservation biology of banksias: insights from natural history to simulation modelling." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06024.
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We have studied the ecology and conservation requirements of Banksia species in the species-rich sandplains of south-western Australia for 25 years. Loss of habitat through land-clearing has had the greatest impact on their conservation status over the last 50 years. Ascertaining optimal conditions for conservation management in bushland requires detailed knowledge of the species under consideration, including demographic attributes, fire regime, growing conditions and interactions with other species. Where populations have been fragmented, seed production per plant has also fallen. The group most vulnerable to the vagaries of fire, disease, pests, weeds and climate change are the non-sprouters, rather than the resprouters, with population extinction so far confined to non-sprouting species. Recent short-interval fires (<8 years) appear to have had little impact at the landscape scale, possibly because they are rare and patchy. Fire intervals exceeding 25–50 years can also lead to local extinction. Up to 200 viable seeds are required for parent replacement in Banksia hookeriana when growing conditions are poor (low post-fire rainfall, commercial flower harvesting) and seed banks of this size can take up to 12 years to be reached. Seed production is rarely limited by pollinators, but interannual seasonal effects and resource availability are important. Genetic diversity of the seed store is quickly restored to the level of the parents in B. hookeriana. Florivores and granivores generally reduce seed stores, although this varies markedly among species. In Banksia tricuspis, black cockatoos actually increase seed set by selectively destroying borers. Potential loss of populations through the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi also challenges management, especially in the southern sandplains. Prefire dead plants are a poor source of seeds for the next generation when fire does occur. Harvesting seeds and sowing post-fire have much to commend them for critically endangered species. Bare areas caused by humans can result in ideal conditions for plant growth and seed set. However, in the case of B. hookeriana/B. prionotes, disturbance by humans has fostered hybridisation, threatening the genetic integrity of both species, whereas fine-textured soils are unsuitable for colonisation or rehabilitation. Few viable seeds become seedlings after fire, owing to post-release granivory and herbivory and unsuitable germination conditions. Seedling-competitive effects ensure that season/intensity of fire is not critical to recruitment levels, except in the presence of weeds. Water availability during summer–autumn is critical and poses a problem for conservation management if the trend for declining rainfall in the region continues. Our simulation modelling for three banksias shows that the probability of co-occurrence is maximal when fire is stochastic around a mean of 13 years, and where fire-proneness and post-fire recruitment success vary in the landscape. Modelling results suggest that non-sprouting banksias could not survive the pre-European frequent-fire scenario suggested by the new grasstree technique for south-western Australia. However, we have yet to fully explore the conservation significance of long-distance dispersal of seeds, recently shown to exceed 2.5 km in B. hookeriana.
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Schmid, Rudolf, J. Leigh, R. Boden, and J. Briggs. "Extinct and Endangered Plants of Australia." Taxon 35, no. 1 (February 1986): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221080.
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Jones, BA, RA How, and DJ Kitchener. "A field study of Pseudocheirus occidentalis (Marsupialia : Petauridae) II. Population studies." Wildlife Research 21, no. 2 (1994): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940189.
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Field studies of the rare and endangered western ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) were undertaken at five main sites in south-western Australia. Population studies employing capture-markrelease and telemetry methods were concentrated at Abba River and Locke Estate, near Busselton, and supplementary telemetry records were obtained for three females at Yendicup, Perup, near Manjimup. The location of dreys and sightings were mapped at Geographe Bay (near Busselton) and Emu Point (Albany). Mature adults of both sexes weighed about 1000 g and attained maturity at 830-900 g. Young were estimated to spend about 104 days in the pouch and emerge at 130-150 g. Lactation ceased when young weighed 550-650 g. Most births were of single young, but at Locke 16.7% of females with pouch young carried twins. In the Busselton area some births occurred in all months, but there were few between December and March. Most births occurred during April-July, but a secondary peak occurred during September-November, especially at Locke. At Locke 69% of animals were females and this ratio was similar in all age classes, but at Abba the sex ratio was parity. At Locke hollows were rare and animals usually rested in dreys; at Abba hollows in Eucalyptus gomphocephala were the usual rest sites and dreys were rare, occurred only near the watercourse and were used only by males; at Yendicup no dreys were observed and hollows in eucalypts were the usual rest sites. Animals used 2-7 rest sites each. Home ranges of females at Yendicup averaged about 2.5 ha; in the Busselton area home ranges averaged less than 1 ha. Less than 1% of both day and night sightings were of animals at ground level. Plots of the location of dreys and sightings at three sites showed that possums were not evenly dispersed, and at two sites there were areas of apparently suitable habitat that were rarely used. Density was estimated for four sites: Abba River 3.7-4.3 ha-1, Locke Estate 2.4-4.5 ha-1, Geographe Bay 0.3-0.6 ha-1 and Emu Point 0.1-0.4 ha-1. Evidence of predation by foxes was found at Abba, Locke and Geographe Bay. Microscopic inspection of faecal pellets showed that, where Agonis flexuosa grew, its leaves accounted for 79-100% of diet. Small amounts of several other plants were also taken. At Perup A. flexuosa was absent and the diet consisted predominantly of leaves of the two common eucalypts (Eucalyptus calophylla and E. marginata).
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Ornduff, Robert, and J. W. Green. "Census of the Vascular Plants of Western Australia." Taxon 36, no. 2 (May 1987): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1221473.
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Cowan, R. S., and Eleanor M. Bennett. "The Bushland Plants of Kings Park, Western Australia." Taxon 39, no. 2 (May 1990): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223036.
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Cholewa, Anita F., R. J. Petheram, and B. Kok. "Plants of the Kimberley Region of Western Australia." Brittonia 38, no. 1 (January 1986): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807420.
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Patheram, R. V., and B. Kok. "Plants of the Kimberly Region of Western Australia." Journal of Range Management 39, no. 2 (March 1986): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899298.
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Puchalski, Jerzy, Maciej Niemczyk, Piotr Walerowski, Wiesław Podyma, and Adam Kapler. "Seed banking of Polish endangered plants – the FlorNatur Project." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 34, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2014-0005.
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Abstract Among the 2750 species of the Polish vascular flora, about 500 species are threatened with extinction and 430 of them are strictly protected by national law. The FlorNatur project for the ex situ conservation of the most endangered species was started in 2009. The aim of the project is to collect seeds of 61 species from 161 sites in eastern Poland and store them in the Seed Bank of the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Warsaw- Powsin. A complementary program is being carried out by the Forestry Gene Bank at Kostrzyca in western Poland. Their task is to collect 58 species from 129 natural sites in the western part of Poland. To date, seeds of 31 species from 56 populations have been collected, tested and stored in liquid nitrogen.
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Sotek, Zofia. "Distribution changes of endangered peatland vascular plants in Western Pomerania (Poland)." Plant Diversity and Evolution 129, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1869-6155/2011/0129-0056.
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Davison, E. M., A. Drenth, S. Kumar, S. Mack, A. E. Mackie, and S. McKirdy. "Pathogens associated with nursery plants imported into Western Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 35, no. 4 (2006): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap06043.
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Pliszko, Artur. "Red list of vascular plants of the Western Suwałki Lakeland, north-eastern Poland." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2017-0007.
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Abstract The paper presents a regional red list of vascular plant species native to the Western Suwałki Lakeland, north-eastern Poland, based on the IUCN red list categories and criteria. The distribution and abundance data were obtained from the field floristic inventories carried out in 2008- 2016 using the ATPOL cartogram method. The historical occurrences of vascular plant species were revised in the field. The list comprises 203 species, including seven regionally extinct species, 43 critically endangered species, 49 endangered species, 25 vulnerable species, 48 near threatened species, and 31 data deficient species. The results are compared to the Polish national red list of pteridophytes and flowering plants and briefly discussed.
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Abensperg-traun, M., G. W. Arnold, D. E. Steven, G. T. Smith, L. Atkins, J. J. Viveen, and M. Gutter. "Biodiversity indicators in semi-arid, agricultural Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 4 (1995): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960375.
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The predicted future loss of native Australian species of plants and animals, in part as a result of adverse land management strategies, has led to attempts to identify areas of high biotic richness (numbers of species). Bioindicators are measures of the physical environment, or of a subset of the plants or animals, that best predict biotic richness. Ideally, bioindicators should aim at predicting as large a component of the plant or animal fauna as is possible at minimum cost. For two contrasting vegetation types, we examined remnant area, vegetation structural diversity, species richness of plants, lizards and terrestrial arthropods, and the relative abundance of individual arthropod species, as indicators of faunal richness, using correlation, principal component regression and stepwise regression analyses. The study was carried out in gimlet Eucalyptus salubris woodlands (29 sites) and shrublands (27 sites) in semi-arid, agricultural Western Australia. Sites varied considerably in grazing history (woodland) and in farming history (shrubland). Fauna sampled were lizards (woodland), scorpions (woodland), isopods (woodland), cockroaches (woodland), termites (woodland, shrubland), earwigs (woodland), hemipterans (shrubland), beetles (woodland, shrubland), butterflies (shrubland) and ants (woodland, shrubland). None of the indicator variables in any analyses effectively predicted total faunal richness for either vegetation type (<35% of variation in total richness explained). In correlation analyses for woodlands, vegetation structural diversity and plant richness, but no fauna variable, explained a high percentage of the variation in the richness of lizards (56% explained by richness of native plants, +ve), scorpions (48%, richness of native plants, +ve), termites (55%, vegetation structural diversity, +ve) and beetles (59%, litter, –ve). The richness of the shrubland fauna was poorly predicted by all indicator variables (<25% explained). When using the total richness and abundance of ant functional groups, the abundance of a subset of species within ant functional groups, and of termite and beetle species, in principal component regressions, various ant functional groups explained 42% each of the richness of scorpions and beetles, and eight beetle species explained 50% of termite richness. When remnant area, vegetation structural diversity and the richness of native plants in woodland were tested in step-wise regressions as indicators of total faunal richness, remnant area was the only significant indicator variable, explaining 33% of total richness. The richness of native plants and vegetation structural diversity explained a total of 76% of the pooled richness of lizards + scorpions + termites. No significant indicator variable was found by regression procedures for total richness, or for a subset, of the shrubland fauna. We argue that differences in the predictive qualities of vegetation structure and plant richness between the vegetation types was due, in part, to differences in the spatial heterogeneity of biotic richness, and possibly the scale at which structure was measured. The use of structural diversity or plant richness as predictors of faunal richness for different woodland types, or those with different disturbance histories, or in different geographic or climatic regions, should not be adopted without verification of their efficiency at predicting the richness of the local fauna.
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Subbaiyan, B., P. Samydurai, M. Karthik Prabu, R. Ramakrishnan, and V. Thangapandian. "Inventory of Rare, Endangered and Threatened (RET) Plant Species in Maruthamalai Hills, Western Ghats of Tamilnadu, South India." Our Nature 12, no. 1 (March 3, 2015): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12255.
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The present study deal with identification of rare, endanger and threatened plants in Maruthamalai Hills, part of Southern Western Ghats of Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu. In this investigation 30 rare, endangered and threatened (RET) plant species belongs to 15 families were identified and documented. Names of plants and RET category was gathered from IUCN annual reports and standard research articles. Enumerated plants were categorized in rare, endangered, endemic and threatened, species such as Caralluma bicolor, Terminalia arjuna, Ceropegia juncea, Rubia cordifolia, Celastrus paniculatus, Gloriosa suberpa, Gymnema sylvestres and so on. Finally it has been suggested that the RET medicinal plants are need to be proper conservation and management plans before it lost forever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v12i1.12255Our Nature (2014), 12(1): 37-43.
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Zosky, Kerry L., Adrian F. Wayne, Kate A. Bryant, Michael C. Calver, and Fiona R. Scarff. "Diet of the critically endangered woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (2017): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17080.
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To assist the management of the critically endangered woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi), a quantitative study of its diet was conducted across five of the larger subpopulations in south-western Australia. There was a close match between dietary composition established from foregut contents and faecal pellets. Woylies were predominantly mycophagous in all subpopulations, but consumed a broad diet including invertebrates, seeds and other plant material. Individuals in a high-density, fenced subpopulation ate significantly less fungi than free-ranging animals from lower-density subpopulations. Dietary composition did not vary significantly amongst subpopulations in the Upper Warren region, where a range of population densities was observed. Altogether, 79 fungal spore classes were identified, including at least 15 genera from 14 families. Sampling across one year showed that fungi made up a larger fraction of the diet in autumn or winter, and greater diversities of fungi were consumed at these times than at other times of year. This information is essential to provide valuable ecological context for effective population management of woylies, as well as identification and conservation of important habitats.
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Helgen, Kristofer M., and Timothy F. Flannery. "Taxonomy and historical distribution of the wallaby genus Lagostrophus." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 3 (2003): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02078.
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The banded hare-wallaby (Lagostrophus fasciatus) is an endangered macropodid currently restricted to Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Historically, L. fasciatus was also recorded on the Australian mainland from far western Australia, where it became locally extinct early in the twentieth century. Here we discuss an overlooked museum specimen of L. fasciatus collected in the mid-nineteenth century near Adelaide, South Australia. This specimen considerably extends the known historical distribution of L. fasciatus, validates anecdotal reports of the species from South Australia made by early Australian naturalists, and forms the basis for our description of a new subspecies.
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Fabiszewski, Jerzy, and Paweł Kwiatkowski. "Threatened vascular plants of the Sudeten Mountains." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 71, no. 4 (2014): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2002.040.
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The authors present a list of extinct, dying out and threatened species of vascular plants of the Sudeten Mts. (south-western Poland), based on their own field studies carried out since 1972, historical literature data, and herbarial collections. The list comprises 584 taxa, i.e. almost 33% of the Sudeten vascular flora. Sixty species were recognized as extinct and disappeared, 93 - as critically endangered, 161 - as endangered, 224 - vulnerable, and 12 - near threatened species. No definite kind of threat was ascribed to 34 taxa. Thus they were included in the group of ,data deficient" species. The paper presents also a quantitative analysis of all the species from the particular threat categories at the background of basic phytosociological groups. Besides, exemplary maps of the distribution of some of the Sudeten plants are given.
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Thapa, Lal B., Til Maya Dhakal, and Raghunath Chaudhary. "Wild Edible Plants Used by Endangered & Indigenous Raji Tribe in Western Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10969.
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The Rajis are one of the endangered indigenous people distributed in western part of Nepal enriched in their own mother tongue, culture, beliefs and practices. Owing to lack of proper documentation, the traditional knowledge of uses and practices on wild edible plants by such an endangered community is about to extinct. This paper aims to present the traditional practices and use of wild edible plants by Raji people in Nepal. Our study found that a total of 67 wild edible plant species included in 56 genera and 38 families used by Raji people. Out of them 62 species were angiosperms, one species was Gymnosperm and 4 species were Pteridophytes. The results of study show that Rajis have their traditional way to use different parts of wild plants such as seeds, fruits, leaves, shoots, roots and tubers in the forms of vegetables, pickles, juice, and raw or as fruits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10969 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 243-252
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Keighery, Greg. "The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 78, no. 1 (2010): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.78(1).2010.299-311.
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Grant, Carl D., and John Koch. "Orchid species succession in rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 4 (2003): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02127.
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Twenty-three orchid species were recorded in Alcoa's permanent vegetation-monitoring plots in unmined and rehabilitated jarrah forest. Of these, 22 were identified in the unmined jarrah forest and 20 were recorded in rehabilitated areas of between 1 and 31 years old. Three species (Cyrtostylis ovata, Lyperanthus serratus and Prasophyllum elatum) were only recorded in the unmined forest and one species was only recorded in rehabilitated areas (Diuris carinata). The overall density of native orchids in the forest was 13 755 plants ha–1, 10 times greater than the density in rehabilitated areas (1381 plants ha–1). The most abundant species in the forest were Cyrtostylis robusta, Caladenia flava, Pterostylis nana and Thelymitra crinita, all with densities greater than 1000 plants ha–1. The most abundant species in the rehabilitated areas were Microtis media, Disa bracteata (an introduced species), Caladenia flava, Pterostylis nana, Diuris longifolia and Pterostylis vittata, all with densities greater than 60 plants ha–1. In rehabilitation older than 10 years, the density of orchids increased to 2685 plants ha–1. Burning in rehabilitated areas resulted in large increases in orchid densities. It is believed that orchid colonisation of rehabilitated bauxite mines is dependent on symbiotic mycorrhiza, which are in turn dependent on development of an organic litter component in the soil.
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Kashyap, Ujala, Anjali Chandel, Diksha Sharma, Sonali Bhardwaj, and Bhavya Bhargava. "Propagation of Jasminum parkeri: A Critically Endangered Wild Ornamental Woody Shrub from Western Himalaya." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020331.
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Jasminum parkeri Dunn is a narrowly endemic, critically endangered woody ornamental shrub confined to sub-temperate zone of Western Himalayas, and rediscovered from its type locality after a lapse of about 100 years. In the present study, a propagation technique of J. parkeri, using stem cuttings, was established for the first time through application of auxins, namely, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), at varying concentrations ranging from 1000 to 4000 ppm. The highest rooting percentage (98.33% (85.68% ± 4.32)), number of primary roots (36), root length (29.68 cm) and survival percentage (96.67% (83.85% ± 6.16)) were recorded for cuttings treated with 3000 ppm NAA. The phenological comparison between pot plants propagated through seeds and stem cuttings in a naturally ventilated polyhouse revealed a reduction in vegetative and flowering phases in cutting raised plants. Additionally, a noteworthy adaptive behavior of two weeks of early flowering and four weeks of extended flowering (February to October) was observed in plants raised under polyhouse conditions. This method will help in protecting the species from population decline, thereby significantly increasing its potential to be harnessed as an ornamental plant in India. Furthermore, plants grown ex situ will be reintroduced in natural populations.
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Taylor, Gary S., and Melinda L. Moir. "Further evidence of the coextinction threat for jumping plant-lice: three new Acizzia (Psyllidae) and Trioza (Triozidae) from Western Australia." Insect Systematics & Evolution 45, no. 3 (July 24, 2014): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002107.
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Three new species of jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea) are described from Western Australia. Acizzia hughesae sp.n. occurs on Acacia veronica Maslin (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), A. mccarthyi sp.n. on an undescribed species of Grevillea (Proteaceae) identified by the Western Australian State Government as in need of conservation action (Grevillea sp. ‘Stirling Range’) and Trioza barrettae sp.n. from the critically endangered Banksia brownii (Proteaceae). These new species of jumping plant-lice are considered rare, and at risk of extinction, or coextinction, as they are recorded from plant species with highly restricted distributions in the south-west of Western Australia. Indeed, the Western Australian State Government recently classified two of the three new jumping plant-lice species as threatened.
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Scott, John K., and Kathryn L. Batchelor. "Management of Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata in Western Australia." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 1 (March 2014): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00052.1.
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AbstractOne of Australia's most serious weeds, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (bitou bush) was recently found for the first time in Western Australia as a well established population in Kwinana, a major port and industrial area south of Perth, the State's capital. This population is remote from other bitou bush infestations in Australia and had escaped detection despite extensive surveys in the same State for the other subspecies that is present in Australia, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed). The main reasons it went undetected are thought to be the tightly controlled access to this area because of mineral processing and port activities, the unusual invasion route via a heavy industrial area and the morphological similarity to a native species when it is not flowering. Two surveys defined the core population of 1038 plants that are spread along the coast over a 25-ha semi-circle with about a 500-m (1640 ft) diameter. Subsequent surveys of first a 500 m buffer zone and later a 1-km (0.621 mi) buffer found four additional plants, indicating that there is considerable potential for dispersal. We concluded that the survey has not delimited the distribution because of the potential and evidence for long distance dispersal. Cooperation by the various land managers has led to all plants being killed, as an initial step to management of this species. Other steps to be undertaken include an awareness campaign in the area that would need to be surveyed for delimitation of the spatial distribution and seed bank assessment to measure potential dispersal both in space and through time. It remains to be determined what is the best strategic response: eradication or containment.
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Coutts, B. A., B. A. Cox, G. J. Thomas, and R. A. C. Jones. "First Report of Wheat mosaic virus Infecting Wheat in Western Australia." Plant Disease 98, no. 2 (February 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0288-pdn.
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In eastern Australia, there have been several as yet unconfirmed reports of Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) infecting wheat (3). WMoV, previously known as High plains virus (HPV), is transmitted by the wheat curl mite (WCM, Aceria tosichella). It is often found in mixed infections with Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), also transmitted by WCM (2,3). WSMV was first identified in Australia in 2003 (3). In October 2012, stunted wheat plants with severe yellow leaf streaking were common in a field experiment near Corrigin in Western Australia consisting of nine wheat cultivars. These symptoms were also common in two commercial crops of wheat cv. Mace near Kulin. Leaf samples (one per plant) from each location were tested by ELISA using specific antiserum to WMoV (syn. HPV 17200, Agdia, Elkhart, IN). At the field experiment, 20 leaf samples were collected at random from each wheat plot (4 replicates) and tested individually by ELISA. WMoV incidence was 5% for cv. Yipti, 16% for cvs Emu Rock, Wyalkatchem and Mace, 22% for cvs. Corack, Fortune, Calingiri, and Magenta, and 55% for cv. Cobra. From the two commercial wheat crops, 100 leaf samples were collected at random from each and tested by ELISA. WMoV incidence was 2 and 4%. In addition, 50 leaf samples of Hordeum leporinum (barley grass) and 20 of Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass) were collected and tested by ELISA. WMoV incidence was 2% in H. leporinum, but 0% in L. rigidum. Infected H. leporinum plants were symptomless. Symptomatic wheat leaf samples from both sites were tested by RT-PCR using WMoV specific primers designed from its RNA3 sequence (1). The PCR products (339 bp) were sequenced and lodged in GenBank (Accession Nos KC337341 and KC337342). WMoV isolates from Corrigin (WA-CG12) and Kulin (WA-KU12) had identical sequences. When the nucleic acid sequences of WA-CG12 and WA-KU12 were compared with those of the three other WMoV isolates on GenBank, they had 100% nucleotide sequence identity with a Nebraska isolate (U60141), and 99.7% identity to two United States sweet corn isolates (AY836524 and AY836525). Ten symptomatic wheat plants were collected from each location, transplanted into pots and leaf samples tested individually for WMoV and WSMV (07048, Loewe, Germany) by ELISA. All were infected with both viruses and infested with WCM. WCM-infested glumes (>10 WCM/glume) were placed on the leaf sheaths of 60 wheat plants cv. Calingiri (35 with WA-CG12 and 25 with WA-KU12) and 13 sweet corn plants cv. Snow Gold (WA-CG12 only). In addition, 20 wheat and 10 sweet corn plants were left without infested glumes to be uninoculated controls. All 60 WCM-inoculated wheat plants became stunted with severe leaf streaking. When leaf samples from each plant were tested by ELISA 18 to 30 days later, both viruses were detected. WMoV was detected in all 13 WCM-inoculated sweet corn plants and WSMV in two of them. Plants with WMoV alone initially had short chlorotic leaf streaks that subsequently combined, causing broad streaks. These are typical WMoV symptoms for sweet corn (1). No symptoms developed and no virus was detected in any of the uninoculated wheat or sweet corn control plants. The WMoV nucleotide sequence obtained from an infected sweet corn plant was identical to those of WA-CG12 and WA-KU12. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of WMoV presence in Australia. References: (1) B. S. M. Lebas et al. Plant Dis. 89:1103, 2005. (2) D. Navia et al. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 59:95, 2013. (3) J. M. Skare et al. Virology 347:343, 2006.
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SCHMIDT, STEFAN. "Revision of the Australian sawfly genus Antargidium (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Argidae) with description of two new species." Zootaxa 3180, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3180.1.4.
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Antargidium Morice, 1919 is a small sawfly genus with six described species. The distribution is limited to Australia, withfour species occurring in eastern and two in the south-eastern part of Western Australia. Two species, A. flavescens n. sp.and A. nigrum n. sp., are described as new from Western Australia. Antargidium rufum Benson syn. nov. is treated as asynonym of A. dentivalve Benson. Host plants are known for five species and include plants of the families Sapindaceae and Leguminosae.
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AUSTEN, J. M., R. JEFFERIES, J. A. FRIEND, U. RYAN, P. ADAMS, and S. A. REID. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma copemani n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae) isolated from Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) and quokka (Setonix brachyurus)." Parasitology 136, no. 7 (May 6, 2009): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009005927.
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SUMMARYLittle is known of the prevalence and life-cycle of trypanosomes in mammals native to Australia. Native Australian trypanosomes have previously been identified in marsupials in the eastern states of Australia, with one recent report in brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata), or woylie in Western Australia in 2008. This study reports a novel Trypanosoma sp. identified in blood smears, from 7 critically endangered Gilbert's potoroos (Potorous gilbertii) and 3 quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) in Western Australia. Trypanosomes were successfully cultured in vitro and showed morphological characteristics similar to members of the subgenus Herpetosoma. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences identified 2 different novel genotypes A and B that are closely related to trypanosomes previously isolated from a common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) in Victoria, Australia. The new species is proposed to be named Trypanosoma copemani n. sp.
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Lamsal, Pramod, Krishna Prasad Pant, Lalit Kumar, and Kishor Atreya. "Diversity, Uses, and Threats in the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, a Ramsar Site in Western Lowland Nepal." ISRN Biodiversity 2014 (April 27, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/680102.
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This study documents aquatic and terrestrial/riparian biodiversity in an anthropogenically disturbed Ramsar site, the Ghodaghodi Lake complex, in the Western Nepal surveyed during the summer season (March-April) of 2007. The study site comprises three major interconnected lakes: Ghodaghodi (138 ha), Nakharodi (70 ha), and Bainshwa (10 ha). Five transect lines for aquatic macrophytes and three transect lines and 37 sampling plots were laid to sample terrestrial/riparian plants, birds, and animals. Five sample plots were established for fish and aquatic bird. A total of 45 species of aquatic macrophytes, 54 species of terrestrial/riparian vegetation, 19 fish species, 41 bird species, 17 mammals (endangered and vulnerable), and 5 reptiles (critically endangered, vulnerable, and near threatened) were recorded at the lake complex. Local people have used most of the aquatic and terrestrial plants for different purposes while many of the potential medicinal plant species were still untapped. Persistent anthropogenic threats, like excessive harvesting and poaching, habitat destruction—population pressure, forest fragmentation, siltation, fertilizer and pesticide seepage, water pollution, overgrazing, and unmanaged irrigation system found over the lake complex, endangered the existing biodiversity. The suggested remedial measures are further exploration of medicinal potential, prioritization of in situ biodiversity conservation strategies, and implementation of awareness program at local level against anthropogenic threats.
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Morris, K. D. "The status and conservation of native rodents in Western Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 4 (2000): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97054.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the conservation status of Western Australia’s native rodent fauna using IUCN criteria and compares this with their current status under State and Commonwealth legislation, as well as that recommended in the Rodent Action Plan. Of the 35 native rodent taxa known in Western Australia, four (11%) are currently listed as extinct, and six (17%) as threatened under Western Australian legislation. Nine are listed as threatened under Commonwealth legislation. It is proposed that two, currently unlisted, island sub-species should be regarded as threatened. Some decreases in conservation status are also proposed. Predation by feral cats, habitat destruction and the use of surface shelter structures are suggested as primary factors in the decline of native rodents. Conservation programs are underway for most threatened taxa in Western Australia, including the implementation of recovery plans for the Shark Bay mouse and greater stick-nest rat. The heath rat is the only threatened rodent lacking a conservation program in Western Australia. The work planned or required for rodent conservation is presented and includes survey for the critically endangered central rock-rat, and translocation programs for other threatened taxa. The distribution of most taxa is relatively well known; however, there is a need to commence, or complete, taxonomic assessment of some.
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Gullan, Penny J., Melinda L. Moir, and M. C. Leng. "A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 28, no. 1 (2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.28(1).2013.013-020.
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Short, J., B. Turner, and C. Majors. "The Fluctuating Abundance of Endangered Mammals on Bernier And Dorre Islands, Western Australia - Conservation Implications." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 1 (1998): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97053.
Full textAbstract:
Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia, provide refuge to populations of five species of threatened mammals that are extinct on the mainland other than as reintroduced or captive populations. This paper provides estimates of changes in population size of four species over three years from 1988-9 to 1991-2. The period from November 1986 to March 1989 was one of below average rainfall intensifying to severe drought on the islands; the period from mid 1989 to 1992 was one of average to above-average rainfall. Three of the four species (L. hirsutus, B. lesueur and P. bougainville) showed substantial and significant increases and one species (L. fasciatus) showed a small but non-significant increase in abundance. Combined estimates of minimum population size for both islands in 1991-2 vary from c. 4,000 P. bougainville to c. 10,000 L. fasciatus. If these densities are regarded as typical of average rainfall years then the drought in the late 1980s reduced populations of P. bougainville by up to 75%, B. lesueur by 65%, and L. hirsutus by up to 60%. Combined estimates for the four species give densities for the community of medium-sized mammals which vary between 160 km-2 in drought and 260 km-2 in years of average to above average rainfall.
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Davies, S. J. J. F., and S. A. Kenny. "The ages and fecundity of some arid-zone plants in Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 4 (2013): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12112.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1960, 22 species of individually marked, arid-zone perennial plants in the Murchison District and Gibson Desert of Western Australia have been monitored for flowering, fecundity, and survival. The age to which individual species survive was determined in terms of half-life, i.e. the time elapsed for half of the marked sample to die. The estimates ranged from 6.5 to 535 years. Phenology was recorded by observing whether the plants carried buds, flowers, fruits, or any combination of these, or were sterile. Fecundity of each species was measured by recording each year the percentage of the sample trees that carried fruit, by collecting seeds in trays placed beneath the plants and by counting the pods produced by some species. Fecundity was related to seasonal rainfall, most species responding positively to summer rainfall. The concept of mast years, as utilised in the northern hemisphere, was applied to recorded fecundities and some evidence was found that, after a year of high fecundity, the plants responded less vigorously to conditions of high rainfall than they did in the previous year of high rainfall. This suggests that, in years when fecundity is high, it diminishes the resources available within the plants to respond to heavy rainfall the following year or reduces the soil nutrients available to them.