Academic literature on the topic 'Endangered plants – Western Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Endangered plants – Western Australia"
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Dixon, Kingsley W. "Towards integrated conservation of Australian endangered plants—the Western Australian model." Biodiversity and Conservation 3, no. 2 (March 1994): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02291885.
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Cox, Brad. "Granite Outcrops Symposium." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc98271a.
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Western Australia is a flat landscape. Granite outcrops are one of the few features that rise above the terrain. This makes them unique landmarks for people, and islands for plants and animals. They are highly significant in terms of their geological, biological and cultural values. They contain some of the world's oldest rocks, are an important source of water, often contain aboriginal heritage sites and are refuges for many rare and endangered flora and fauna.
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Kennedy, J., and G. Weste. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Monitored Sites in the Grampians, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 3 (1986): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860251.
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The effects of invasion by Phytophthora cinnamomi were measured on sites representing the larger forest regions of the Grampians. Changes were obvious at first, with the death of more than 50% of the species including large plants such as Xanthorrhoea australis, but soon became dificult to detect as susceptible species were replaced by field-resistant graminoids. Reductions were assessed in species heterogeneity and plant density during 1976, at the onset of disease and from 1977 to 1984. Susceptible species disappeared from infested forest and no re-emergence was observed. Less-susceptible plants such as some Euca/yptus spp. declined in number, regeneration and size, due to deaths or dieback of the branches. Reductions in tree canopy and the loss of structural dominants of the understorey caused changes in the flora which are likely to persist. The survival of rare, susceptible endemic species may be endangered. On dry, steep slopes the dead plants were not replaced and the amount of bare ground increased causing erosion of the soil surface. Some graminoid species increased in abundance on level, infested sites, resulting in a different species composition but with both species heterogeneity and plant density numerically similar to the previous flora.
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Touchell, DH, KW Dixon, and B. Tan. "Cryopreservation of Shoot-Tips of Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae): a Rare and Endangered Plant From Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920305.
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Cryopreservation of leaf, petiole, stem pieces and shoot-tips was investigated as a means for long-term maintenance of germplasm of the rare and endangered species, Grevillea scapigera A.S. George. Crypreservation was only achieved using shoot-tips or axillary buds and a slow-cooling regime with the aid of an improvised freezing device. The highest survival of thawed explants (20%) was obtained with 4-week-old in vitro shoot-tips cultured for 48 h in a prefreezing liquid culture medium supplemented with 5% dimethylsulfoxide. The pretreated shoot-tips were frozen in a liquid medium containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide cooled at a rate of 0.5°C/min to -40°C and held at this temperature for 30 min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. Shoot-tips that survived the freeze-thaw cycle produced callus followed by shoot production 22 weeks after thawing. All shoots regenerated from thawed tissues and transferred to soil appeared phenotypically identical to untreated control shoots and plants. Rapid methods for assessing post-thaw tissue viability and explant recovery using triphenyltetrazolium chloride were tried but these methods were inadequate for determining the capacity of thawed tissues to recover from freeze damage.
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Crisp, Michael D., and Gregory T. Chandler. "Contributions Towards a Revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). V. D. cardiophylla sens. lat." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 3 (1997): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96015.
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Three new species, Daviesia cunderdin, D. euryloba and D. umbonata, are described from south-western Western Australia. The first is a recently discovered rare and endangered species from near the town after which it is named. The latter two are segregated from the widespread and variable species D. cardiophylla F.Muell. Full descriptions, illustrations, a distribution map and a key to all four species are presented.
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Nguyen, VP, AD Needham, and JA Friend. "A quantitative dietary study of the ?Critically Endangered? Gilbert?s potoroo Potorous gilbertii." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05001.
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Faecal analysis from the only known population of Gilbert?s potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) near Albany, Western Australia revealed that it, like other rat-kangaroo species is primarily mycophagous. Diet was determined by faecal collections from live-captured animals within Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Microscopic examination of samples collected from June - September 2000 and additional samples from storage, found fungi to comprise over 90% of faecal matter. A total of 44 fungal spore types were identified with many believed to be of hypogeous origin. Fungal spores belonging to the genera Mesophellia, Elaphomyces, Hysterangium and an unknown spore type (Unknown 1) were frequently recorded in samples. Non-fungal material including plants (stems, roots and seeds) and invertebrates represented the remainder. This investigation found that P. gilbertii fed almost exclusively on fungi and could be considered a specialised mycophagist.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Using vital statistics and core-habitat maps to manage critically endangered orchids in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15087.
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Vital-statistics data concerning population viability were gathered for four of the rarest orchids in Western Australia using surveys to define population sizes and habitat areas and annual measurements of plant demographics. These orchids were Caladenia melanema, C. graniticola, C. williamsiae and Drakaea isolata from the wheatbelt of Western Australia. This agricultural area has a Mediterranean climate with unreliable rainfall, and is >80% cleared of native vegetation. Surveys with 10–30 volunteers increased population-size estimates by up to 10 times and provided spatial data to define core habitat areas. These areas included most of the individuals of a species, but were only 2–10 ha in size. Within these areas, orchids were often highly aggregated in patches a few metres wide, potentially resulting in a high degree of intraspecific competition. Vital statistics were obtained using 4-m wide and 30–50-m-long transects to measure rates of emergence, flowering, grazing and seed-set for each orchid. Plants emerging at the same position in different years were considered to be the same individual, but most emerged in new positions. Many plants emerged just once in 4 years, and 2–3 years of dormancy was common. Emergence frequencies were used to provide estimates of population sizes that were two or three times larger than suggested by data from a single year. Seed production was typically very low. Grazing by kangaroos and rabbits was most severe for C. melanema, but was greatly reduced by fencing. Severe drought prevented flowering of C. graniticola in the driest year, whereas other species were more resilient. These orchids are likely to persist as long as there are some years where rainfall is sufficient for flowering and seed set followed by a year with adequate rain for seed germination. Populations of all these orchids were stable or increasing, but they are still at high risk of extinction because of the impacts of increasing soil salinity or fire on their habitats. These species are unlikely to spread elsewhere in the highly cleared and fragmented wheatbelt. Intervention by hand-pollination, grazing protection and translocation to new locations is required to mitigate these risks. Results were summarised in vital statistics report cards with thresholds set to inform conservation management for these species. Core habitat maps and vital-statistics report cards should also be valuable new tools for terrestrial-orchid conservation in other biomes.
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Shepherd, Kelly A., Andrew Perkins, Joel Collins, Margaret Byrne, and Kevin R. Thiele. "Morphological and molecular evidence supports the recognition of a new subspecies of the critically endangered Pityrodia scabra (Lamiaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 26, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12009.
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Taxonomic delineation of closely related taxa can be difficult, particularly in regions such as southern Western Australia where a highly diverse flora exhibits complex patterns of subtle morphological variation and genetic structuring and where some taxa have highly disjunct populations. A combined approach utilising highly variable, non-coding chloroplast gene regions and morphological data is used here to help delimit cryptic taxa in the rare Western Australian species Pityrodia scabra A.S.George. The species comprises disjunct populations over 400 km of the Western Australian wheatbelt from near Wyalkatchem, Southern Cross and Lake Lefroy. Morphological features such as leaf phyllotaxy, calyx size and indumentum vary among the populations and provide some evidence for cryptic taxa. Phylogenetic analyses based on cpDNA psbA–trnH and psbD–trnT and nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences revealed genetic distinctiveness between the Wyalkatchem (type) population and the Southern Cross and Lake Lefroy populations. This evidence, when used in conjunction with the morphological differences, provides support for the recognition of the new subspecies described herein as Pityrodia scabra subsp. dendrotricha K.A.Sheph. subsp. nov. This new subspecies is of conservation concern because it is currently known only from a few, isolated populations; the typical subspecies remains Critically Endangered because it comprises one extant population. A description of both subspecies, a key and images are provided.
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Bunn, Eric, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "In Vitro Propagation of the Rare and Endangered Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae)." HortScience 27, no. 3 (March 1992): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.261.
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Micropropagation, including adventitious shoot growth from leaf sections, was achieved for Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae), a rare and endangered species from Western Australia. Shoot tips were initiated on filter paper supports with liquid WPM (Woody Plant Medium) and supplemented with 20 μm zeatin riboside and 2 μm GA3. Shoots were then incubated on WPM solidified with agar and supplemented with 5 μm kinetin and 0.5 μm BA, which produced an approximate 6-fold multiplication rate per month. Up to three adventitious shoots were induced from 0.7-cm2 leaf sections after 6 to 7 weeks on solid 1/2 MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 10 μm BA and 0.5 μm IBA. Shoots, 30 to 50 mm long, were rooted in vivo in a fogged glasshouse under 70% shade using a commerical rooting powder [IBA, 0.1% (w/w)] applied to the base of the shoots. Most (67%) of the shoots treated in this way rooted after 5 weeks. Established, rooted plants have been grown on under glasshouse conditions. Chemical names used: N6-[2-isopentenyl] adenine riboside (zeatin riboside); gibberellic acid (GA3); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); 1-H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
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Casanova, Michelle T., and I. Joan Powling. "What makes a swamp swampy? Water regime and the botany of endangered wetlands in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14119.
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Freshwater temporary wetlands are a little-studied ecosystem worldwide. They have been recognised as critically endangered in south-eastern Australia under Australian biodiversity conservation legislation. However, little has been recorded about their hydrology, functioning or biodiversity values; i.e. the factors that make them intrinsically ‘swampy’. In this paper, we developed a simple threshold model of wetland hydrology based on historical rainfall records and calculated evaporation records matched to records and recollections of the owners of swamps, and documented water-plant and microalgal species richness. The model indicated that swamps were inundated to at least 10-cm depth in an average of 6.3 years per decade for most of the 20th century. The average dry time between inundations was 1.27 years (maximum of 4.5 years). Since 1998, the frequency of inundation appears to have decreased, and the average dry times have increased. Despite, or because of, their temporary nature, these swamps have high biodiversity values among the vegetation and the microalgae, more than has been recorded for near-by permanent wetlands. There is no evidence that a drier and warmer climate will have a negative impact on biodiversity values; however, land management is likely to be important for maintaining these systems as the climate changes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Endangered plants – Western Australia"
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Swarts, Nigel. "Integrated conservation of the rare and endangered terrestrial orchid Caladenia huegelii H.G. Reichb." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0044.
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The Orchidaceae is characterized by a remarkably diverse range of life forms and some of the most highly specialized interactions with soil fungi and insect pollinators found in the flowering plants. Many species are rare or threatened with extinction either directly through loss of habitat or over-collection or, indirectly through debilitation or loss of mycorrhizal association or pollinator capacity. Australian temperate terrestrial orchids represent one of the most threatened groups in the Australian flora with many taxa clinging to existence in urban and rural bushland remnants, road verges and unprotected bushland. The aim of this study is to research and develop integrated conservation based on critical aspects of terrestrial orchid biology and ecology, towards the recovery of the rare and endangered Western Australian terrestrial orchid Caladenia huegelii. This study identified key aspects involved in an integrated conservation approach and research focused on conservation genetics, mycorrhizal interactions and in situ and ex situ conservation strategies for this species. Using polymorphic microsatellite molecular markers, high levels of genetic diversity were found within remnant populations of C. huegelii, while weak differentiation was observed among populations over the species geographic range. These results indicate historic genetic exchange between C. huegelii populations, a possible consequence of the sexually deceptive pollination strategy and the capacity for widespread seed dispersal. Symbiotic germination studies revealed compatibility barriers to C. huegelii germination with the orchid possessing a highly specific orchid-mycorrhizal association relative to common sympatric congeners. These results were reflected in a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences, revealing C. huegelii associates with only one endophyte species within the fungal family Sebacinaceae across its geographic range. Large scale in situ seed baiting demonstrated that endophytes compatible with C. huegelii were limited in distribution relative to common and widespread orchid species, a feature for C. huegelii that may be a major contributing factor in limiting the distributional range of the species. Detailed, within site seed baiting methods identified hotspots for mycorrhizal fungus compatible with C. huegelii that were unoccupied by the orchid. These mycorrhizal hotspots where used to investigate the effect of endophyte presence on survival of transplanted mature plants and seedling outplants. The in situ survival of glasshouse propagated seedlings was further optimized by incubating seedlings in growth containers before transfer to soil and outplanting seedlings in their second growing season. The findings of this study will substantially advance the recovery of C. huegelii and provide benchmark knowledge for similar projects with other rare and threatened terrestrial orchid species.
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Richards, Jacqueline Denise. "The first reintroduction of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) to mainland Australia." University of Sydney. Biological Sciences, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/692.
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Almost half of the world�s mammal extinctions in the last two hundred years have occurred in Australia (Short and Smith 1994). The western barred bandicoot Perameles bougainville is one of a suite of species that is currently threatened with extinction, surviving only on two islands in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Reintroduction has been used as a tool in conservation biology to assist in the recovery of threatened species, such as the western barred bandicoot. The aims of this project were to 1) successfully reintroduce and establish a free-ranging mainland population of the western barred bandicoot at Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, 2) contribute information on the biology of the species, its interactions with introduced species, and its likelihood of persistence as a reintroduced population in the longer-term, and 3) to provide recommendations to assist future reintroductions of the species. The first reintroduction of the western barred bandicoot from surviving remnant island populations to the mainland, some 60 years after its apparent mainland extinction, was from Dorre Island to Heirisson Prong in 1995. Animals were translocated initially to a predator-free refuge on Heirisson Prong, and then subsequently released to the 12 km2 peninsula where introduced predators (foxes Vulpes vulpes and feral cats Felis catus) had been controlled, but European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus had not. Despite a small founder number and high mortality of free-range bandicoots in the presence of a low-density feral cat population, the bandicoot population successfully established. The reintroduced population of western barred bandicoots provided an opportunity to study the biology of the species, and to compare it with the remnant island populations and other species of Australian bandicoot. Many population parameters were similar between the island and mainland western barred bandicoot populations, as well as between the western barred bandicoot and other bandicoot species, suggesting that the habitat at the reintroduction site is suitable for long-term persistence of the population. However, there were some notable differences. The western barred bandicoot is the smallest extant species of bandicoot, with fewer young per litter than recorded for other bandicoot species, adult sex ratios were closer to parity, animals reached sexual maturity later, and it is the only species of bandicoot where females are larger than males. Home range size is larger also than recorded for other species. Some of these differences may be explained in part by trade-offs between island dwarfism, lactational pressures, and nest defence. The nesting biology of the western barred bandicoot was studied at Heirisson Prong, including during periods of high and low densities of rabbits. Individuals of the species constructed and utilised nests in a similar fashion to other species of Australian bandicoot, nesting amongst litter underneath shrubs. The western barred bandicoot appeared to favour particular shrub species, especially when vegetation condition was poor due to rabbit damage, but displayed flexibility in being able to construct nests under a variety of shrub species where at least some surface litter was present. Grasses were used in nest construction only when rabbit density was low. Nests appear important for protection against temperature extremes and diurnal predators. Vegetation exclosures around three of the shrub species most commonly used by the western barred bandicoot for nest sites (Acacia ligulata, A. tetragonophylla and Melaleuca cardiophylla) were used to examine the impact of rabbits on vegetation on Heirisson Prong. A high-density rabbit population over the summer of 1997/98 caused in a decrease in canopy cover and the death of mature A. ligulata. Subsequent rainfall and low-density rabbit populations allowed A. tetragonophylla shrubs to recover their former structure, and M. cardiophylla to recover, but not to the same degree. The flexibility of western barred bandicoots in use of nest materials and their omnivorous diet may enable the species to survive in the face of habitat modification by rabbits. Population viability analysis was used to examine future options for the recovery of the endangered western barred bandicoot. Biological data from the Dorre Island and Heirisson Prong populations were input to the computer simulation program VORTEX. The western barred bandicoot populations were modelled under a variety of scenarios to examine the possible effects of changes in carrying capacity, founder population size, inbreeding depression, and the occurrence of drought and cat predation as catastrophes, on the probability of population extinction. This analysis highlighted the need for eradication of feral cats, above all other management actions. Cat predation was particularly potent when it acted through high loss of juveniles, as well as adult bandicoots. Predator control is considered critical for the long-term persistence of reintroduced populations of the western barred bandicoot. This study documents the first reintroduction of the endangered western barred bandicoot to mainland Australia. The population had been extant for four years at the completion of data collection for this thesis, in late 1999 and for over eight years at the finalisation of this thesis in July 2004. The knowledge gained from the reintroduction was used to discuss management recommendations and future options for the recovery of the species. The primary concern for reintroductions of this, and other species of bandicoots, remains the control of introduced predators. For long-term persistence of small, isolated populations, such as those of the western barred bandicoot at Heirisson Prong and the Arid Recovery Project at Roxby Downs in South Australia, and the eastern barred bandicoot Perameles gunnii at a range of sites in Victoria, the complete eradication of introduced predators is essential.
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Loo, Christopher. "The ecology of naturalised silvergrass (Vulpia) populations in south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0093.
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[Truncated abstract] Annual grasses have colonised a diverse range of environments in southern Australia. The “Silvergrasses” of the genus Vulpia are excellent examples being widely distributed, are prevalent weeds of agriculture and have had a long history to naturalise on the continent. Research was undertaken on Vulpia populations to identify if naturalising species have reproductive traits that provide propagules with the best chances of success. Furthermore, research aimed at investigating if these traits vary between species and their populations and how this variability related to the environment. A herbarium and field study was undertaken to establish what Vulpia species occur in SW Australia and to investigate environmental factors affecting their distribution. 169 herbaria specimens was examined and a botanical field survey of 189 sites was carried out in September 1998. Four species occur in the region: V. fasciculata, V. muralis, V. bromoides and two variants of V. myuros (V. myuros var. megalura and V. myuros var. myuros). V. bromoides and V. myuros were introduced early into the region while V. fasciculata and V. muralis more recently. It is plausible that Vulpia invaded the region via early seaport settlements and was spread by agricultural expansion. 96% of field sites contained V. myuros var. myuros, 79% V. myuros var. megalura, 50% V. bromoides, 6% V. fasciculata and 6% contained V. muralis. 90% of sites contained a mix of species and 9% of sites contained pure species stands. V. myuros var. myuros is the most widespread species and dominant form of V. myuros. It is found from high rainfall regions through to arid locations occurring on mostly light textured low fertility soils. V. muralis and V. fasciculata occur infrequently with the former widely dispersed and the later occurring predominantly on sands. V. bromoides occurs extensively in high rainfall regions but rarely extends to locations receiving less than 400-450mm annual rainfall and northward above 30°00’ latitude. It is predominantly on light to loamy textured soils that are fertile and acid. The most common species V. myuros and V. bromoides often coexist within sites but the dominance of one over the other is strongly correlated with growing season length and false break frequency. V. bromoides is positively correlated to growing season length and V. myuros is negatively related. The distribution of Vulpia species is strongly influenced by climate and soils. Variability in distribution is a reflection of the ecological differentiation between species to colonise different environments
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Sharma, Jyotsna. "Mycobionts, germination, and conservation genetics of federally threatened Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae) /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060142.
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Mitchell, Patrick John. "From conduits to communities : plant water use strategies and evapotranspiration in a semi-arid ecosystem in south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0034.
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[Truncated abstract] Understanding the ecohydrological dynamics of native vegetation can provide a benchmark for future efforts to restore landscape hydrology and allow predictions of potential landscape responses to climate uncertainty and associated changes in vegetation cover. The key drivers of evapotranspiration (Et) involved in maintaining a hydrological balance that minimises deep drainage in semi-arid ecosystems operate at a range of scales, and in this thesis I assessed the water relations of functionally and taxonomically diverse plant communities in south-western Australia from the leaf-level to ecosystem scale. For three key communities; heath shrubland, mallee (small multistemmed eucalypt) -heath, and open eucalypt woodland, populating a typical catenary sequence of soil types along a slope, I addressed the following questions: 1) What are the predominant water use strategies of wheatbelt native plant communities and what underlying trade-offs determine the distribution of plant water use strategies along the topographical gradient? 2) What are the roles of soil water and hydraulic limitation in controlling the spatial and temporal dynamics of transpiration in different functional types? 3) What is the magnitude and partitioning of total Et in the woodland community and what processes determine Et fluxes on a seasonal and annual basis? 4) What are the seasonal differences in Et among contrasting community-types and how do these patterns relate to canopy attributes and transpiration capacity along the topographical gradient? A key philosophical step in working with species-rich communities was to develop the concept of 'hydraulic functional types' (HFTs) to identify groupings of species using associations of physiological and morphological traits that define their hydrological functioning. .... However, as shallow soils dried during spring and summer, Et fluxes were significantly lower at the heath site (0.35 versus 0.66 mm day-1 for the woodland in February), demonstrating that the seasonality of Et fluxes differentiates communityscale contributions to regional water balance. Land-surface exchange of water over native vegetation is by no means uniform, but varies according to the spatial and temporal availability of water along topographical gradients. In general, shallow soils present fewer opportunities for water use partitioning and favour drought hardiness and a transpiration response that tracks recent rainfall patterns, whereas deeper soils promote greater differentiation in water use strategy and support canopies responsive to atmospheric demand. This thesis provides a unique description of ecosystem water balance in a global biodiversity hotspot by viewing complex vegetation mosaics in terms of their relevant hydrological units. This information is fundamental to sustainable agroforestry and revegetation efforts and our ability to gauge possible changes in vegetation structure and function under a changing climate.
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Nuruzzaman, Mohammad. "Phosphorus benefits of white lupin, field pea and faba bean to wheat production in Western Australian soils." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0094.
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[Truncated abstract] Soils of Western Australian cropping regions are very low in phosphorous. White lupin, chickpea, and faba bean are being increasingly used in rotations with wheat on these soils. Yield of wheat after a legume crop is frequently higher than its yield after wheat. It has been reported that in addition to nitrogen, legumes can also contribute to improve the availability of phosphorous for the subsequent crops. This PhD research project aimed at optimising the economic returns of wheat-legume rotations through more efficient use of P fertiliser in the legume phase as well as enhanced availability of soil P in the subsequent wheat phase
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Dolling, P. J. "Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.
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Riffkin, Penelope A., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "An assessment of white clover nitrogen fixation in grazed dairy pastures of south-western Victoria." THESIS_FST_xxx_Riffkin_P.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31.
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Australia is amongst the more efficient milk producers in the world.Milk production in the region of south-western Victoria relies mainly on rainfed white clover/perennial ryegrass pastures.As the demand for efficient and competitive milk production increases, the value of N2 fixation must be maximised. The objective of this thesis was to assess N2 fixation in grazed dairy pastures in south-western Victoria. Several tests and experiments were conducted and results noted. Studies revealed low white clover yields to be the major factor limiting N2 fixation in the region. For N2 fixation to have a significant impact on pasture quality and production, problems associated with legume persistence need to be addressed. Strategies may include the breeding of white clover cultivars with greater tolerance to water stress, improved winter production and increased competitiveness with companion species. Alternatively, the introduction of different legume species, better suited to the environment, may be appropriate. Where N2 fixation is unlikely to satisfy N demands, it may be necessary to introduce the strategic use of supplementary feeds or nitrogenous fertilisers. However, this would need to be carefully considered to ensure high input costs did not jeopardise the competitive advantage of low input pasture-based systemsMasters Thesis
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Gherardi, Mark James. "Availability and management of manganese and water in bauxite residue revegetation." University of Western Australia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Discipline Group, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0038.
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[Truncated abstract] Industrial processing to refine alumina from bauxite ore produces millions of tonnes of refining residue each year in Australia. Revegetation of bauxite residue sand (BRS) is problematic for a number of reasons. Harsh chemical conditions caused by residual NaOH from ore digestion mean plants must overcome extremely high pH (initially >12), saline and sodic conditions. At such high pH, manganese (Mn) is rapidly oxidised from Mn2+ to Mn4+. Plants can take up only Mn2+. Thus, Mn deficiency is common in plants used for direct BRS revegetation, and broadcast Mn fertilisers have low residual value. Added to this, physical conditions of low water-holding capacity and a highly compactable structure make BRS unfavourable for productive plant growth without constant and large inputs of water as well as Mn. However, environmental regulations stipulate that the residue disposal area at Pinjarra, Western Australia, be revegetated to conform with surrounding land uses. The major land use of the area is pasture for grazing stock. Hence, pasture revegetation with minimum requirement for fertiliser and water application is desirable. This thesis investigates a number of avenues with potential for maintaining a productive pasture system on BRS whilst reducing the current level of Mn fertiliser and irrigation input. Emphasis was placed on elucidation of chemical and physical factors affecting Mn availability to plants in BRS
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Dolling, Perry. "Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.
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[Truncated abstract] In southern Western Australia the replacement of deep-rooted native vegetation with annual species has resulted in rising water tables and increased salinity due to insufficient water use. The area has a Mediterranean-type climate where rainfall during summer is generally low but variable resulting in limited plant growth. However, if rainfall does occur it potentially can contribute to to the increased water excess or drainage by increasing the soil water content before the main drainage period in winter. The first study investigated factors controlling soil water content changes during the fallow (December to May) in annual farming systems. This was achieved by examining variation in available soil water storage to a depth of 1.0-1.5 m at three sites within 13 seasons. Reasons for the variation were examined using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). This study also investigated the relationship between soil water content at the end of the fallow period (1 May) and the amount of drainage below 2.5 m by using APSIM coupled to historical weather records at three locations. At the end of the fallow a mean of 24 mm (or 25%) of rainfall during the fallow was retained in the soil. Losses of soil water during the fallow were due to evaporation (mean of 60 mm), transpiration from plant cover (mean of 12 mm) and drainage below the root zone and run off (combined mean of 13 mm). Soil water accumulation during the fallow period had a significant impact on simulated drainage under wheat in the following growing season. Every 1 mm increase in soil wetness at the end of the fallow resulted in a 0.7-1 mm increase in simulated drainage during the growing season. ... Variation in the water excess due to variation in rainfall was greater than the reduction in water excess due to lucerne. This makes the decisions about when to grow lucerne to reduce water excess difficult if livestock enterprises are less profitable than cropping enterprises. The findings of this PhD indicate that lucerne does have a place in Mediterranean-type environments because of its greater water use than current farming practices. However, its use needs to be strategic and the strategy will vary from region to region. For example, in the low rainfall region lucerne sowings need to be matched with high soil water contents and phase length will generally be short (2-3 years). In comparison at high rainfall regions lucerne will need to be grown for longer or combined with other strategies to increase water use.
Books on the topic "Endangered plants – Western Australia"
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Sampson, J. F. Endangered poison plants of Western Australia: Final report WWF project P105. [Perth]: Western Australian Dept. of Conservation and Land Management/World Wildlife Fund Australia, 1990.
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Burbidge, Andrew A. Threatened animals of Western Australia. Kensington, W.A: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, 2004.
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Slattery, Kevin P. Threatened flora in Australia: A select bibliography. [Melbourne]: Deakin University, Rusden Campus, Applied Science Ecological Research Unit, 1991.
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Mitchell, A. A. Arid shrubland plants of Western Australia. 2nd ed. Nedlands, W.A: University of Western Australia Press in association with the Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia, 1994.
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Mitchell, A. A. Arid shrubland plants of Western Australia. Nedlands, W.A: University of Western Australia Press with the Western Australian Dept. of Agriculture, 1988.
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Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia. 2nd ed. Perth: Western Australian Herbarium, Dept. of Agriculture, 1985.
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Peters, Susan Heidi. Inventory of western spiderwort (Tradescantia occidentalis) in Alberta, 2002. Edmonton, Alt: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 2003.
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Petheram, R. J. Plants of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Crawley, W.A: University of Western Australia Press, 2003.
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J, Dundas Patricia, ed. The bushland plants of Kings Park, Western Australia. [Perth, W. Australia: s.n.], 1988.
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Massachusetts. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. Rare species and natural community surveys in the Housatonic River Watershed of western Massachusetts. Westborough, MA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, 2010.
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Swamy, Mallappa Kumara, Sukanya Paramashivaiah, Lingayya Hiremath, Mohd Sayeed Akhtar, and Uma Rani Sinniah. "Micropropagation and Conservation of Selected Endangered Anticancer Medicinal Plants from the Western Ghats of India." In Anticancer Plants: Natural Products and Biotechnological Implements, 481–505. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8064-7_20.
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Ruiz-Avila, R. J., and V. V. Klemm. "Management of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f., an aquatic invasive weed of urban waterways in Western Australia." In Management and Ecology of Freshwater Plants, 187–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5782-7_29.
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Osborne, J. M., J. E. D. Fox, and S. Mercer. "Germination response under elevated salinities of six semi-arid bluebush species (Western Australia)." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 323–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_35.
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Joe, Manoharan Melvin, Abitha Benson, Muniappan Ayyanar, and Tongmin Sa. "Bioactive compounds and medical significance of some endangered medicinal plants from the Western Ghats region of India." In Biotechnology of Bioactive Compounds, 163–93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118733103.ch7.
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Antonio Vázquez-García, José, Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro, Alex Dahua-Machoa, Edison Antonio Osorio-Muñoz, Gerardo Hernández-Vera, Alondra Salomé Ortega-Peña, Rosa de Lourdes Romo-Campos, César Jacobo-Pereira, Noelia Álvarez de Román, and Viacheslav Shalisko. "How to Save Endangered Magnolias? From Population Biology to Conservation Action: The Case of Allopatric Radiation in Western Mexico." In Endangered Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94346.
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Numerous Neotropical Magnolia species are endangered and red-listed by the IUCN. Here we highlight major results from over a decade of research on endangered magnolias in western Mexico. Particularly, we compare three species of Magnolia (M. pugana, M. pacifica and M. vallartensis) along a large-scale continentality and moisture gradients, in terms of a) their morphological adaptations, b) genetic structure, diversity, and differentiation, c) reproductive phenology, and d) floral scents and their floral visitors. Fieldwork along this gradient unveiled two new species of Magnolia sect. Magnolia; M. granbarrancae and M. talpana. We found that most continental populations have a higher extinction risk than those with greater maritime influence, due to their lower genetic diversity, and greater fragmentation, isolation, and water stress. Also, these populations are more vulnerable to the environmental conditions predicted with the global warming climate scenarios. We share fieldwork experience and advise on pre-germination treatments and seed dormancy. We propose an ex-situ and in-situ conservation strategy, identify new challenges, and suggest future directions of collaborative work as a global Magnolia conservation consortium.
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Narayanasamy, Dhatchanamoorthy, and Balachandran Natesan. "Endemic Vascular Plants from the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu, Southern India." In Endangered Plants. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94333.
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Intensive botanical survey was done more than two decades on Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest from four coastal districts viz. Cuddalore, Kancheepurm, Nagai and Villupuram of Tamil Nadu and Union Territory of Pondicherry. A total of 87 protected (hillocks, reserve forest) and unprotected (sacred groves, unclassified vegetation) sites were regularly studied from five districts. From this study 82 endemic taxa were enumerated. In addition 25 endemic species were added for the analysis through literature screening and herbarium consultation from 10 Coromandel coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. In all 107 species were recorded, among them 19 are trees, 18 shrubs, 9 climbers and 61 herbs. Distribution of these endemic species were analysed and categorised into endemic to the country, peninsular India, southern India, Eastern and Western Ghats, state and district level. Interestingly the study found that some endemic species were disjunctly distributed in between districts, states, ghats, climatic regimes and bioregions. The disturbance, threat status and conservation measures of few endemic and IUCN red listed species were also studied and discussed.
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Narayanasamy, Dhatchanamoorthy, and Balachandran Natesan. "Endemic Vascular Plants from the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu, Southern India." In Endangered Plants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94333.
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Intensive botanical survey was done more than two decades on Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest from four coastal districts viz. Cuddalore, Kancheepurm, Nagai and Villupuram of Tamil Nadu and Union Territory of Pondicherry. A total of 87 protected (hillocks, reserve forest) and unprotected (sacred groves, unclassified vegetation) sites were regularly studied from five districts. From this study 82 endemic taxa were enumerated. In addition 25 endemic species were added for the analysis through literature screening and herbarium consultation from 10 Coromandel coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. In all 107 species were recorded, among them 19 are trees, 18 shrubs, 9 climbers and 61 herbs. Distribution of these endemic species were analysed and categorised into endemic to the country, peninsular India, southern India, Eastern and Western Ghats, state and district level. Interestingly the study found that some endemic species were disjunctly distributed in between districts, states, ghats, climatic regimes and bioregions. The disturbance, threat status and conservation measures of few endemic and IUCN red listed species were also studied and discussed.
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Boynton, Jessica. "The Cost of Language Mobilization: Wangkatha Language Ideologies and Native Title." In Endangered Languages. British Academy, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265765.003.0013.
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This chapter investigates the nature of ideological transformation among Wangkatha language consultants in Western Australia, highlighted in the wake of Native Title legislation designed to determine the veracity of Aboriginal claims to land rights. It identifies a schism between the actual and perceived benefits of successful claims, and explores the role of language as it is used by expert witnesses and community members. On-the-ground perceptions about how linguistic practices may be interpreted by a land claim judge influence practice and, potentially, ideology, with a transition from a dialect mesh to an ideologically bounded mosaic, from the prestige of language ownership to the power of language proficiency, and from extreme individual multilingualism to language guardianship. Proficiency in an unchanged, well-bounded traditional language is simultaneously venerated and guarded while traditional ideologies about linguistic identity are overshadowed, at least in the political and legal context.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Serpentine Land Use and Health Concerns." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0030.
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Soils developed from serpentine (ultramafic) substrates are noted for their meager and strange biomass. The chemical infertility is the main controlling factor in the development of plants in serpentine soils (Proctor and Woodell 1975, Kruckeberg 1984, Brooks 1987). Botanists have recognized the unusual nature of the endemic plants and this has led to preserving serpentine tracts that contain rare plant species. The evolution of plant species that are restricted to serpentine has produced remarkable adaptations to survival on serpentine substrates. Kruckeberg (1984) pointed out that the long-term habitat attrition on these rare natural serpentine ecosystems requires conservation initiatives to insure their preservation. In California, private and public land managers are required to develop environmental impact studies before disturbing tracts containing serpentine bedrock and its overlying soils (Clinkenbeard et al. 2003). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1998) carried out a recovery plan for 28 species of plants and animals that occur exclusively or primarily on serpentine soils and grasslands in the San Francisco Bay area. The strategy was to provide detailed actions needed to achieve self-sustaining populations of endangered species so they will no longer require protection under the Endangered Species Act. Serpentine land tracts within metropolitan areas have come under closer regulation, as there is concern of releasing naturally occurring asbestos during construction disturbances. Typical examples of disturbance would be construction sites, new road construction, and quarry excavation. Of particular concern are the large amounts of dust produced in quarry operations or unpaved gravel roads consisting of crushed serpentine rock. The dust from such sites may contain airborne asbestos fibers released from the serpentine. This asbestos-bearing dust may pose a toxic threat to the construction workers and to later occupants of homes, schools, and office buildings occupying serpentine tracts. Asbestos is the blanket term for a group of naturally occurring silicate minerals that can be separated into fibers. The fibers are strong, durable, and resistant to extreme heat. Because of these qualities, asbestos has been used in industrial, maritime, automotive, scientific, and building products.
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Lewis, Daniel. "Overcoming Extinction." In Belonging on an Island. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300229646.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the Palila, Loxioides bailleui—a critically endangered honeycreeper on the Big Island whose survival is entangled with law, politics, culture, and biology. The bird historically inhabited Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and the Big Island, but now is found only on the latter. A nexus of collectors and publications swirled around the first descriptions of the Palila's life history and, simultaneously, around the discovery of other new Hawaiian birds in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The Palila was first named as such in an 1890 publication, but it did not live in a vacuum—rather, it was part of an ecosystem of discoveries, birds, plants, and naturalists, whose work in the last decade of the nineteenth century created a constant buzz of interest and discovery for Western science.
Conference papers on the topic "Endangered plants – Western Australia"
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Wuchter, C., L. Mucina, S. Stanley, A. Sessions, and K. Grice. "Environmental Drivers Shaping Physiological Flexibility of Plants in Saline Habitats from Shark Bay, Western Australia." In 29th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201903000.
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Peterseim, Juergen H., Amir Tadros, Udo Hellwig, and Stuart White. "Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Plants Using Solar Towers With Thermal Storage to Increase Plant Performance." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98121.
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In Australia both natural gas and an excellent solar irradiance are abundant energy sources and its combination is one option to implement concentrating solar power (CSP) systems in Australia’s traditionally low cost electricity market. The recently introduced carbon pricing mechanism in Australia is likely to steer investment towards combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants. This will also lead to further plants being built in high solar irradiance areas where CSP could provide valuable peak capacity. Hybridisation would enable more competitive power generation than standalone CSP systems as hybrid plants share equipment, such as steam turbine and condenser, therewith lowering the specific investment. This paper investigates the novel hybridization of CCGT and solar tower systems to increase the efficiency of integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC). Currently, all ISCC plants use parabolic trough systems with thermal oil as this technology is most mature. However, increases in plant efficiency, simpler solar tower integration as well as further synergies of solar tower ISCC systems, such as joint use of tower as CCGT stack, are likely to enhance the economic viability of new ISCC plants. In addition to a technical concept description this paper outlines the ideal sites for ISCC plants in Australia and presents a 200MWe ISCC case study with 3h molten salt thermal storage for the conversion of the Port Hedland open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) facility in Western Australia into a solar tower ISCC plant.
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Blinderman, Michael S., and Bernard Anderson. "Underground Coal Gasification for Power Generation: High Efficiency and CO2-Emissions." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52036.
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Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, enabling the coal to be converted into product gas. The UCG process practiced by Ergo Exergy is called Exergy UCG or εUCG. εUCG was applied in the Chinchilla UCG-IGCC Project in Australia. The IGCC project in Chinchilla, Australia has been under development since July 1999. The project involves construction of the underground gasifier and demonstration of UCG technology, and installation of the power island. Since December 1999 the plant has been making gas continuously, and its maximum capacity is 80,000 Nm3/h. Approximately 32,000 tonnes of coal have been gasified, and 100% availability of gas production has been demonstrated over 30 months of operation. The UCG operation in Chinchilla is the largest and the longest to date in the Western world. The εUCG facility at Chinchilla has used air injection, and produced a low BTU gas of about 5.0 MJ/m3 at a pressure of 10 barg (145 psig) and temperature of 300° C (570° F). It included 9 process wells that have been producing gas manufactured from a 10 m thick coal seam at the depth of about 140 m. The process displayed high efficiency and consistency in providing gas of stable quality and quantity. The results of operations in Chinchilla to date have demonstrated that εUCG can consistently provide gas of stable quantity and quality for IGCC power projects at very low cost enabling the UCG-IGCC plant to compete with coal-fired power stations. This has been done in full compliance with rigorous environmental regulations. A wide range of gas turbines can be used for UCG-IGCC applications. The turbines using UCG gas will demonstrate an increase in output by up to 25% compared to natural gas. The power block efficiency reaches 55%, while the overall efficiency of the UCG-IGCC process can reach 43%. A UCG-IGCC power plant will generate electricity at a much lower cost than existing or proposed fossil fuel power plants. CO2 emissions of the plant can be reduced to a level 55% less than those of a supercritical coal-fired plant and 25% less than the emissions of NG CC.
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He, Suoying, Guanhong Zhang, Yi Xu, and Fengzhong Sun. "The Inlet Air Pre-Cooling of Natural Draft Dry Cooling Towers-Wetted Medium Issue." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3235.
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Dry cooling towers are an alternative cooling method when large quantities of water are not available. Examples of the proposed applications are the enhanced geothermal and concentrated solar thermal (CST) power plants in arid or semi-arid areas, like south-western United States, Australia, western Asia, north-western China and the rest of the world. Natural draft dry cooling towers (NDDCTs) have received widespread attention because they do not consume water, have low maintenance requirements and cause small parasitic losses. Unfortunately, the performance of a NDDCT is severely reduced when the ambient air is hot, which is because the NDDCT is driven by buoyancy effect and relies solely on air to cool the working fluid. The present study introduces inlet air pre-cooling using wetted media, which combines dry and wet cooling. The wet cooling system only operates at high ambient temperatures to assist dry cooling. However, wetted-medium cooling introduces extra pressure drop which reduces the air flow passing through the NDDCT and thus impairs the tower heat rejection. To this end, this paper takes into account the trade-off between the wetted-medium cooling and the extra pressure drop. Early studies find that the performance of NDDCTs can be improved by wetted-medium evaporative pre-cooling when the ambient air is hot and dry. However, the pre-cooling enhancement is seasonal-dependent and is significantly affected by wetted media. To further investigate the effect of wetted medium type on pre-cooling performance, the current study simulates a pre-cooled NDDCT using five selected wetted media (i.e., three film and two trickle media) based on a self-developed MATLAB program. The innovations of the current study are: (1) two typical types of wetted media with the potential of evaporative pre-cooling are comparatively studied to give suggestions for future pre-cooling design; (2) the characteristics of wetted media suitable for evaporative pre-cooling of NDDCTs are summarized. The simulation finds that the media with high or low cooling efficiencies and pressure drops are not promising while those media with middle cooling efficiencies and pressure drops intend to produce much performance enhancement of the studied NDDCT. The film medium, Cellulose7060 with pressure drops of 28.6–272.1 Pa/m and cooling efficiency range of 44.7–88.5% is most promising for such pre-cooling enhancement. For the studied NDDCT, the critical temperatures below which the tower performance does not benefit but is hindered by wetted-medium pre-cooling are 28, 16, 30, 26 and 26°C for cellulose7090, cellulose7060, PVC1200, Trickle125 and Trickle100, respectively (ambient humidity of 20% and medium thickness of 200mm). The pre-cooling enhancements can go up to 100% by 200mm-thick cellulose7060 at extreme hot and dry climate (i.e., ambient temperature of 50°C and humidity of 20%). The simulation will give instructions for the design of pre-cooled NDDCTs.