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Academic literature on the topic 'End use water models'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "End use water models"

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White, S., G. Milne, and C. Riedy. "End use analysis: issues and lessons." Water Supply 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0043.

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Methodologies for end use analysis have been developed by different researchers in the energy and water fields and in different areas in the world over the last 20 years. While there are core features associated with the methodologies and models used, the differences can provide insight into the ways that they might be improved, as well as the differences that may be required in different regions and when models are used for different purposes. In addition to reviewing the field of end use analysis and appliance stock models, this paper will focus on two case studies. The first is the Sydney Water End Use Model, developed as part of the Sydney Water Least Cost Planning Study. This model has been developed and used to project the demand for water in Sydney over the next 20 years under business as usual scenario, as well as allow the projection of a number of scenarios which include major investment in water efficiency and effluent reuse programs as well as regulatory options to improve the efficiency of water using appliances in stalled in new buildings. Key features of the Sydney Water End Use Model include the fact that it takes into account the fact that the efficiency of toilets in Australia has a much larger range than (say) the US, in that the dual flush toilet was introduced in (to date) three stages. The model also accounts for projections of demographic and land use change which has been particularly dramatic in Sydney, particularly the movement to smaller occupancy rates in dwellings, and towards multi-family residential dwellings. The second case study will demonstrate the linkages between end use modeling of energy using and water using appliances. A model of residential energy use in Australia has been developed as part of a research project to develop greenhouse abatement scenarios for Australia, and many of the appliances modeled overlap with the water end use model, including clothes washing machines, dishwashers, showerheads and taps. This more recent modeling exercise has revealed the importance of key assumptions in standard stock modeling techniques, and highlighted the need for earlier starting dates for stock modeling. The process and results of these two case studies will be presented, and conclusions drawn about further improvements in end use analysis for both water and energy use. The linkage between the use of backcasting as a planning tool, and the use of end use analysis as a pre-requisite for the development of a demand management program is highlighted.
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Cahill, R., J. R. Lund, B. DeOreo, and J. Medellín-Azuara. "Household water use and conservation models using Monte Carlo techniques." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 10 (October 15, 2013): 3957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3957-2013.

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Abstract. The increased availability of end use measurement studies allows for mechanistic and detailed approaches to estimating household water demand and conservation potential. This study simulates water use in a single-family residential neighborhood using end-water-use parameter probability distributions generated from Monte Carlo sampling. This model represents existing water use conditions in 2010 and is calibrated to 2006–2011 metered data. A two-stage mixed integer optimization model is then developed to estimate the least-cost combination of long- and short-term conservation actions for each household. This least-cost conservation model provides an estimate of the upper bound of reasonable conservation potential for varying pricing and rebate conditions. The models were adapted from previous work in Jordan and are applied to a neighborhood in San Ramon, California in the eastern San Francisco Bay Area. The existing conditions model produces seasonal use results very close to the metered data. The least-cost conservation model suggests clothes washer rebates are among most cost-effective rebate programs for indoor uses. Retrofit of faucets and toilets is also cost-effective and holds the highest potential for water savings from indoor uses. This mechanistic modeling approach can improve understanding of water demand and estimate cost-effectiveness of water conservation programs.
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Cahill, R., J. R. Lund, B. DeOreo, and J. Medellín-Azuara. "Household water use and conservation models using Monte Carlo techniques." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2013): 4869–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-4869-2013.

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Abstract. The increased availability of water end use measurement studies allows for more mechanistic and detailed approaches to estimating household water demand and conservation potential. This study uses, probability distributions for parameters affecting water use estimated from end use studies and randomly sampled in Monte Carlo iterations to simulate water use in a single-family residential neighborhood. This model represents existing conditions and is calibrated to metered data. A two-stage mixed integer optimization model is then developed to estimate the least-cost combination of long- and short-term conservation actions for each household. This least-cost conservation model provides an estimate of the upper bound of reasonable conservation potential for varying pricing and rebate conditions. The models were adapted from previous work in Jordan and are applied to a neighborhood in San Ramon, California in eastern San Francisco Bay Area. The existing conditions model produces seasonal use results very close to the metered data. The least-cost conservation model suggests clothes washer rebates are among most cost-effective rebate programs for indoor uses. Retrofit of faucets and toilets is also cost effective and holds the highest potential for water savings from indoor uses. This mechanistic modeling approach can improve understanding of water demand and estimate cost-effectiveness of water conservation programs.
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Sebri, Maamar. "ANN versus SARIMA models in forecasting residential water consumption in Tunisia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.031.

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Water scarcity and increasing water demand, especially for residential end-use, are major challenges facing Tunisia. The need to accurately forecast water consumption is useful for the planning and management of this natural resource. In the current study, quarterly time series of household water consumption in Tunisia was forecast using a comparative analysis between the traditional Box–Jenkins method and an artificial neural networks approach. In particular, an attempt was made to test the effectiveness of data preprocessing, such as detrending and deseasonalization, on the accuracy of neural networks forecasting. Results indicate that the traditional Box–Jenkins method outperforms neural networks estimated on raw, detrended, or deseasonalized data in terms of forecasting accuracy. However, forecasts provided by the neural network model estimated on combined detrended and deseasonalized data are significantly more accurate and much closer to the actual data. This model is therefore selected to forecast future household water consumption in Tunisia. Projection results suggest that by 2025, water demand for residential end-use will represent around 18% of the total water demand of the country.
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Rummukainen, M., J. Räisänen, D. Bjørge, J. H. Christensen, O. B. Christensen, T. Iversen, K. Jylhä, H. Ólafsson, and H. Tuomenvirta. "Regional Climate Scenarios for use in Nordic Water Resources Studies." Hydrology Research 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0014.

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According to global climate projections, a substantial global climate change will occur during the next decades, under the assumption of continuous anthropogenic climate forcing. Global models, although fundamental in simulating the response of the climate system to anthropogenic forcing are typically geographically too coarse to well represent many regional or local features. In the Nordic region, climate studies are conducted in each of the Nordic countries to prepare regional climate projections with more detail than in global ones. Results so far indicate larger temperature changes in the Nordic region than in the global mean, regional increases and decreases in net precipitation, longer growing season, shorter snow season etc. These in turn affect runoff, snowpack, groundwater, soil frost and moisture, and thus hydropower production potential, flooding risks etc. Regional climate models do not yet fully incorporate hydrology. Water resources studies are carried out off-line using hydrological models. This requires archived meteorological output from climate models. This paper discusses Nordic regional climate scenarios for use in regional water resources studies. Potential end-users of water resources scenarios are the hydropower industry, dam safety instances and planners of other lasting infrastructure exposed to precipitation, river flows and flooding.
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Lee, Soo-Jin, You-Jeong Kim, Hye-Sun Jin, Sung-Im Kim, Soo-Yeon Ha, and Seung-Yeong Song. "Residential End-Use Energy Estimation Models in Korean Apartment Units through Multiple Regression Analysis." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122327.

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The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical regression model for predicting end-use energy consumption in the residential sector. To this end, housing characteristics were collected through a field survey and in-depth interviews with residents of 71 households (15 apartment complexes) in Seoul, South Korea, and annual data on end-use energy consumption were collected from measurement systems installed within each apartment unit. Based on the data collected, correlativity between the field-survey data and end-use energy consumption was analyzed, and effective independent variables from the field-survey data were selected. Regression models were developed and validated for estimating six end uses of energy consumption: heating, cooling, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting, electric appliances, and cooking. Regression analysis for ventilation was not applied, and instead a calculation formula was derived, because the energy-consumption proportion was too low. The adj-R2 of the estimation model ranged from 0.406 to 0.703, and the maximum error between measured and estimated values was around ±30%, depending on the end use.
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Mateus, Marcos, Ricardo Vieira, Carina Almeida, Miguel Silva, and Filipa Reis. "ScoRE—A Simple Approach to Select a Water Quality Model." Water 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121811.

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Over the past decades, water quality models have become unique tools in the management of aquatic resources. A consequence of their widespread application is the significant number of models now available. Available methodologies to compare models provide limited support for their choice in the first place, especially to end-users or modelers with limited experience. Here we propose a method to assist in the selection of a particular model from a set of apparently similar models. The method is termed ScoRE, as it grades models according to three main aspects: Scope (aim, simulated processes, constituents, etc.), Record (reference to the model in publications, its range of applications, etc.), and the Experience of using the model from the user perspective (support material, graphical user interface, etc.). End-users define the criteria to be evaluated and their relative importance, as well as the conditions for model exclusion. The evaluation of models is still performed by the modelers, in open discussion with end-users. ScoRE is a complete approach, as it provides guidance not only to exclude models but also to select the most appropriate model for a particular situation. An application of this method is provided to illustrate its use in the choice of a model. The application resulted in the definition of 18 criteria, where 6 of these were defined exclusively by the end-users. Based on these and the relative importance of each criterion, ScoRE produced a ranking of models, facilitating model selection. The results illustrate how the contributions from modelers and end-users are integrated to select a model for a particular task.
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Mundi, Gurvinder, Richard G. Zytner, Keith Warriner, Hossein Bonakdari, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "Machine Learning Models for Predicting Water Quality of Treated Fruit and Vegetable Wastewater." Water 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182485.

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Wash-waters and wastewaters from the fruit and vegetable processing industry are characterized in terms of solids and organic content that requires treatment to meet regulatory standards for purpose-of-use. In the following, the efficacy of 13 different water remediation methods (coagulation, filtration, bioreactors, and ultraviolet-based methods) to treat fourteen types of wastewater derived from fruit and vegetable processing (fruit, root vegetables, leafy greens) were examined. Each treatment was assessed in terms of reducing suspended solids, total phosphorus, nitrogen, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. From the data generated, it was possible to develop predictive modeling for each of the water treatments tested. Models to predict post-treatment water quality were studied and developed using multiple linear regression (coefficient of determination (R2) of 30 to 83%), which were improved by the generalized structure of group method of data handling models (R2 of 73–99%). The selection of multiple linear regression and the generalized structure of group method of data handling models was due to the ability of the models to produce robust equations for ease of use and practicality. The large variability and complex nature of wastewater quality parameters were challenging to represent in linear models; however, they were better suited for group method of data handling technique as shown in the study. The model provides an important tool to end users in selecting the appropriate treatment based on the original wastewater characteristics and required standards for the treated water.
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Lee, Sanghoon, Dugin Kaown, Eun‐Hee Koh, Kyung‐Seok Ko, and Kang‐Kun Lee. "Delineation of groundwater quality locations suitable for target end‐use purposes through deep neural network models." Journal of Environmental Quality 50, no. 2 (March 2021): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20206.

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Kotowski, Jerzy, Jacek Oko, and Monika Żygadło. "Simulation of water supply networks using modern means of information technology." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400076.

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We present in turn the development of computer technology from the beginning of its creation on our planet. Then we discuss the development of information technology at our university. At the end, we present a selected technical problem which is the task of simulation of the water supply network. We present mathematical models of these issues and algorithms for their solutions requiring the use of a computer.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "End use water models"

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Gato, Shirley, and s3024038@rmit edu au. "Forecasting Urban Residential Water Demand." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070202.113452.

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The city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia has been recognised as having high quality drinking water, but like other urban cities in the world, its growing population means increasing water demand. Melbourne is also already on its eight year of dry climatic conditions and is currently experiencing a drought that forced water authorities to impose water restrictions after 20 years of unrestricted supply. The current drought, dwindling supplies and possible impact of climate change highlight the importance of making better use of this precious resource. The Water Resources Strategy has been developed for Melbourne, which serve as the basis for the Victorian Government to set per capita consumption reduction targets of 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively. The strategy was developed to ensure a continuation of a safe, reliable and cost effective water supply that is environmentally sustainable in the long term. This is in recognition that population growth and water consumption will eventually require additional supplies of water (Water Resources Strategy Committee for the Melbourne Area 2002). One of the key findings of the National Land and Water Resources Audit's Australian Water Resources Assessment 2000 is the lack of detailed knowledge about the end use (Australian Water Association 2001). The
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Scheepers, Hester Maria. "Deriving peak factors for residential indoor water demand by means of a probability based end-use model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71639.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The expected peak water demand in a water distribution system (WDS) is an important consideration for WDS design purposes. In South Africa the most common method of estimating peak demand is by multiplying the average demand by a dimensionless peak factor. A peak factor is the ratio between the maximum flow rate (which refers to the largest volume of flow to be received during a relatively short time period, say , expressed as the average volume per unit time), and the average flow rate over an extended time period. The magnitude of the peak factor will vary, for a given daily water demand pattern, depending on the chosen value of . The design guidelines available give no clear indication of the time intervals most appropriate for different peak factor applications. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding regarding the effect of on the derived peak factor. A probability based end-use model was constructed as part of this study to derive diurnal residential indoor water demand patterns on a temporal scale of one second. These stochastically derived water demand patterns were subsequently used to calculate peak factors for different values of , varying from one second to one hour. The end-use model derived the water demand patterns by aggregating the synthesised end-use events of six residential indoor end-uses of water in terms of the water volume required, duration and the time of occurrence of each event. The probability distributions describing the end-use model parameters were derived from actual end-use measurements that had previously been collected in a noteworthy North-American end-use project (Mayer et al., 1999). The original comprehensive database, which included water measurements from both indoor and outdoor end-uses, was purchased for use in this project. A single execution of the end-use model resulted in the synthesised diurnal water demand pattern for a single household. The estimated water demand pattern for simultaneous water demand by groups of households was obtained by adding individual iterations of the end-use model, considering group sizes of between one and 2 000 households in the process. A total of 99 500 model executions were performed, which were statistically aggregated by applying the Monte Carlo method and forming 4 950 unique water demand scenarios representing 29 different household group sizes. For each of the 4 950 water demand scenarios, a set of peak factors was derived for eight selected values. The end-use model presented in this study yielded realistic indoor water demand estimations when compared to publications from literature. In agreement with existing knowledge, as expected, an inverse relationship was evident between the magnitude of the peak factors and . The peak factors across all time intervals were also found to be inversely related to the number of households, which agreed with other publications from literature. As the number of households increased, the degree to which the peak factor was affected by the time intervals decreased. This study explicitly demonstrated the effect of time intervals on peak factors. The results of this study could act as the basis for the derivation of a practical design guideline for estimating peak indoor flows in a WDS, and the work could be extended in future to include outdoor water demand and sensitivity to WDS pressure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verwagte water spitsaanvraag is ‘n belangrike oorweging in die ontwerp van ‘n waterverspreidingsnetwerk. Die mees algemene metode in Suid Afrika om spitsaanvraag te bereken is deur die gemiddelde wateraanvraag te vermeningvuldig met ‘n dimensielose spitsfaktor. ‘n Spitsfaktor is die verhouding tussen die maksimum watervloei tempo (wat verwys na die grootste volume water wat ontvang sal word tydens ‘n relatiewe kort tydsinterval, , uitgedruk as die gemiddelde volume per tyd eenheid), en die gemiddelde watervloei tempo gedurende ‘n verlengde tydsinterval. Die grootte van die spitsfaktor sal varieer vir ‘n gegewe daaglikse vloeipatroon, afhangende van die verkose waarde. Die beskikbare ontwerpsriglyne is onduidelik oor watter tydsintervalle meer geskik is vir die verskillende spitsfaktor toepassings. Daarom is dit belangrik om ‘n beter begrip te verkry ten opsigte van die effek van op die verkrygde spitsfaktor. ‘n Waarskynliksheidsgebaseerde eindverbruik model is opgestel om deel te vorm van hierdie studie, om daaglikse residensiële binnenshuise wateraanvraag patrone af te lei op ‘n temporale skaal van een sekonde. Die stogasties afgeleide wateraanvraag patrone is daarna gebruik om die verskeie spitsfaktore te bereken vir verskillende waardes van , wat varieer vanaf een sekonde tot een uur. Die eindverbruik model stel die daaglikse vloeipatroon van een huis saam deur die eindeverbruik gebeure van ses residensiële binnenshuise eindverbruike saam te voeg in terme van the vereiste water volume en die tyd van voorkoms van elke gebeurtenis. Die waarskynliksheids distribusie wat die eindverbruik model parameters omskryf is verkry van werklike gemete eindverbruik waardes, wat voorheen in ‘n beduidende Noord-Amerikaanse eindverbruik projek (Mayer et al. 1999) versamel is. Die oorspronklike en omvattende databasis, wat gemete waardes van binnenshuis en buite water verbruik ingesluit het, is aangekoop vir gebruik gedurende hierdie projek. ‘n Enkele uitvoering van die eindverbruik model stel gevolglik ‘n daaglikse wateraanvraag patroon saam vir ‘n elkele huishouding. Die wateraanvraag patroon vir gelyktydige water verbruik deur groepe huishoudings is verkry deur individuele iterasies van die eindverbruik model statisties bymekaar te tel met die Monte Carlo metode, terwyl groep groottes van tussen een en 2 000 huishoudings in die proses oorweeg is. ‘n Totaal van 99 500 model uitvoerings is gedoen, wat saamgevoeg is om 4 950 unieke watervraag scenarios voor te stel, wat verteenwoordigend is van 29 verskillende huishouding groep groottes. Vir elkeen van die 4 950 watervraag senarios, is ‘n stel spitsfaktore afgelei vir agt verkose waardes. Die eindverbruik model aangebied in hierdie studie lewer ‘n realistiese binnenshuise wateraanvraag skatting, wanneer dit vergelyk word met verslae in die literatuur. Ooreenkomstig met bestaande kennis is ‘n sterk inverse verhouding sigbaar tussen die grootte van die spitsfaktore en . Dit is ook gevind dat die spitsfaktore oor al die tydsintervalle ‘n inverse verband toon tot die aantal huishoudings, wat ooreenstemmend is met ander publikasies in die literatuur. Soos die aantal huishoudings toeneem, het die mate waartoe die spitsfaktor geaffekteer is deur die tydsintervalle afgeneem. Hierdie studie toon duidelik die effek van tydsintervalle op spitsfaktore. Die resultaat van hierdie studie kan dien as basis om praktiese ontwerpsriglyne te verkry in die skatting van binnenshuise spitsvloei in ‘n waterverspreidingsnetwerk, gegewe dat die werk in die toekoms uitgebrei kan word om ook buitenshuise waterverbruik in te sluit, asook sensitiwiteit tot druk in die waterverspreidingsnetwerk.
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Zaman, Bushra. "Remotely Sensed Data Assimilation Technique to Develop Machine Learning Models for Use in Water Management." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/584.

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Increasing population and water conflicts are making water management one of the most important issues of the present world. It has become absolutely necessary to find ways to manage water more efficiently. Technological advancement has introduced various techniques for data acquisition and analysis, and these tools can be used to address some of the critical issues that challenge water resource management. This research used learning machine techniques and information acquired through remote sensing, to solve problems related to soil moisture estimation and crop identification on large spatial scales. In this dissertation, solutions were proposed in three problem areas that can be important in the decision making process related to water management in irrigated systems. A data assimilation technique was used to build a learning machine model that generated soil moisture estimates commensurate with the scale of the data. The research was taken further by developing a multivariate machine learning algorithm to predict root zone soil moisture both in space and time. Further, a model was developed for supervised classification of multi-spectral reflectance data using a multi-class machine learning algorithm. The procedure was designed for classifying crops but the model is data dependent and can be used with other datasets and hence can be applied to other landcover classification problems. The dissertation compared the performance of relevance vector and the support vector machines in estimating soil moisture. A multivariate relevance vector machine algorithm was tested in the spatio-temporal prediction of soil moisture, and the multi-class relevance vector machine model was used for classifying different crop types. It was concluded that the classification scheme may uncover important data patterns contributing greatly to knowledge bases, and to scientific and medical research. The results for the soil moisture models would give a rough idea to farmers/irrigators about the moisture status of their fields and also about the productivity. The models are part of the framework which is devised in an attempt to provide tools to support irrigation system operational decisions. This information could help in the overall improvement of agricultural water management practices for large irrigation systems. Conclusions were reached based on the performance of these machines in estimating soil moisture using remotely sensed data, forecasting spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture and data classification. These solutions provide a new perspective to problem–solving techniques by introducing new methods that have never been previously attempted.
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Norman, Laura Margaret. "Modeling Land Use Change and Associate Water Quality Impacts in the Ambos Nogales Watershed, US-Mexico Border." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1427%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Hager, Christian Harding. "Ichthyofaunal and dietary analysis of sympatric piscivores in a Chesapeake Bay littoral zone: Including bioenergetic models of growth and diel temperature sanctuary use." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616682.

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The first section of this dissertation describes the ichthyofaunal community of a mesohaline Chesapeake Bay April--November. Fish assemblages were sampled using two seine gears, a small seine that sampled 352 m 2 and a 914m haul-seine that sampled 144,473 m2. The small seine collected 32 finfish species. The larger gear captured 31 finfish species, including 17 that were not sampled by small gear. Sampled diversity was greater but density estimates were similar to those determined previously by other investigators using flume-net, drop-ring, and otter trawl techniques. Nocturnal abundance of larger fishes far exceeded daylight. Fish abundance and size distribution varied seasonally in both gears. The second section describes the littoral diet composition of striped bass (Morone saxatilis ), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), and weakfish (Cynoscion regalis). These species were the most abundant piscivores sampled in the littoral zone. as in previous Chesapeake Bay diet studies the importance of pelagic prey increased with predator size, however, littoral diets evidenced greater dietary diversity and dependence on crustacean prey items. The third section consists of bioenergetic models that predict piscivore growth based on estimated nocturnal consumption and test energetic consequences of diel thermal refugia. Bluefish and weakfish were predicted to achieve better growth rates than those evidenced by field samples of aged fishes collected from across random Chesapeake habitats. Models predict that striped bass experience declining condition during warm water periods due to physiological stresses and poor prey acquisition. Theoretical diel relocation models illustrated how important species and age specific metabolic restrictions due to physical parameters are to fish health. Findings suggest that habitat specific physical dynamics may be as important as prey provision in determination of and spatial assessments of essential fish habitats.
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Boyd, Timothy David. "The Novel Use of Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) to Reverse Cerebral Amyloidosis and Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models: Insights from the Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis as a Negative Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3571.

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For many years, it has been known that Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a negative risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been commonly assumed that RA patients’ usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have helped prevent the onset and progression of AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, experiments in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease have looked to inhibit inflammation, and have demonstrated some efficacy against AD-like pathology in these models. Thus many NSAID clinical trials have been performed over the years, but all have proven unsuccessful in AD patients. This suggests that intrinsic factors within RA pathogenesis itself may underlie RA’s protective effect. My dissertation research goal was to investigate this inverse relationship between RA and AD, in order to more precisely pinpoint critical events in AD pathogenesis toward developing therapeutic strategies against AD. It seemed improbable that any secreted factors, produced in RA pathogenesis, could maintain high enough concentrations in the circulatory system to cross the blood brain barrier and inhibit AD pathogenesis, without affecting all other organ systems. It did seem possible that the leukocyte populations induced in RA, could traverse the circulatory system, extravasate into the brain parenchyma, and impede or reverse AD pathogenesis. We thus investigated the colony-stimulating factors, which are up-regulated in RA and which induce most of RA’s leukocytosis, on the pathology and behavior of transgenic AD mice. We found that G-CSF and more significantly, GM-CSF, reduced amyloidosis throughout the treated brain hemisphere one week following bolus intrahippocampal administration into AD mice. We then found that 20 days of subcutaneous injections of GM-CSF (the most amyloid-reducing CSF in the bolus experiment) significantly reduced brain amyloidosis and completely reversed cognitive impairment in aged cognitively-impaired AD mice, while increasing hippocampal synaptic area and microglial density. These findings, along with two decades of accrued safety data using Leukine, the recombinant human GM-CSF analogue, in elderly leukopenic patients, suggested that Leukine should be tested as a treatment to reverse cerebral amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in AD patients. It was also implied that age-related depressed hematopoiesis may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Dlamini, Musa V. "Short-Term Water Use Dynamics in Drainage Lysimeters." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5877.

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Turfgrass water use (seasonal turfET) and crop coefficients were determined and a mathematical soil-water balance model for non-weighing drainage lysimeters, which simulates the occurrence (timing and amount) of drainage, was developed. Pairs of non-weighing drainage lysimeters were used to determine crop coefficients for turfgrass in four locations in the state of Utah: Logan Golf and Country Club, Murray Golf Course, Brigham Young University (Spanish Fork) Experiment Farm, and Sunbrook Golf Course (St. George). Daily weather data including air temperature, relative humidity, average wind travel, total solar radiation, precipitation, and average soil temperature were collected with an electronic weather station at each site. Daily precipitation was measured in three sites throughout the season: Murray, Spanish Fork, and Sunbrook. At Logan Golf and Country Club, precipitation was measured to November 10,2002. Water use (averages of two lysimeters) during the growing season varied from 684 to 732 mm for three years (2000- 2002) for the mid-April through late-October observation period at Logan Golf Course; 699 mm for May through October at Murray; 469 mm at Spanish Fork; and 896 mm for late-February through early November at Sunbrook, for 2002 growing season. Calculated seasonal Etr using the 82 Kimberly Penman equation with a 1 00-miles-per-day wind travel limit varied from 1166 to 1229 mm at Logan Golf and Country Club, 1067 mm at Murray, 839 mm at Spanish Fork, and 1574 mm at Sunbrook. Seasonal Etr calculated using the PM ASCE std Etr equation was greater than the 82 Kimberly Peru11an . Seasonal Eto calculated using the FAO#56 Eto equation was less than both the 82 Kimberly Penman and the PM ASCE std Etr equations. Calculated crop coefficients (as a ratio of measured crop water use and calculated potential evapotranspiration) based on alfalfa reference evapotranspiration with the 1982 Kimberly-Penman equation averaged 0.58 for the three years at Logan. Seasonal averages varied from 0.57 to 0.60. Seasonal crop coefficients (2002) were 0.57 for Logan, Spanish Fork, and Sunbrook, and 0.65 for Murray. Short-period crop coefficients also varied within a given season. Short-term crop coefficients derived from a time of wetting and drainage experiment averaged 0.55 at Logan, 0.56 at Murray, 0.60 at Spanish Fork, and 0.56 at Sunbrook.
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Kane, Dellwyn. "Hydrograph separation using end member mixing models in the Oona Water river catchment, Co Tyrone." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529518.

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Smith, Kimberly C. (Kimberly Carolyn). "Evaluating PC-based water quality models as tools for land use planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70200.

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Meeuwig, Jessica Jane. "All water is wet : predicting eutrophication in lakes and estuaries." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35918.

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Coastal eutrophication, defined as an increase in algal biomass (as chlorophyll (Chl)) is of increasing international concern. Although coastal eutrophication will likely increase as coastal populations grow, few models exist to support its management. Lake eutrophication has also long been recognized as an important environmental concern. However, effective lake eutrophication management exists, supported by regression and mass-balance models. Traditionally, these "Vollenweider" models link land-use to Chl via total phosphorus (TP), the nutrient considered to be limiting Chl. However, based on a data set of 63 lakes, Chl was more accurately predicted by models based on land-use than by those based on TP. This result provided the rationale to build Chl:land-use models for estuaries where the Chl:nutrient relations are unclear. Chl:land-use models were developed for 15 estuaries in PEI, 19 estuaries in Finland and 26 US estuaries. Land-use models predicted Chl more accurately than TP in the US estuaries and in some of the Finnish estuaries. In the Finnish estuaries, Chl was best predicted by a land-use model in estuaries dominated by nonpoint source loading whereas Chl was most accurately predicted by the Vollenweider approach in estuaries dominated by point-source loading. In the PEI estuaries, the accuracy of the land-use model was comparable to the accuracy of the TP model. The PEI estuaries had much lower yields of Chl per unit nutrient than lakes suggesting differences among systems. This Chl deficit (expected-observed Chl) was accounted for by herbivory and turbidity, neither of which factors are exclusive to estuaries. The comparison of Chl response to nutrients and land-use across lakes and estuaries demonstrated no systematic differences as a function of tidal energy, openness or salinity. The regression models based on the combined data accurately predicted Chl as a function of TP and percentage of the catchment forested and mean depth. These results sug
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Books on the topic "End use water models"

1

E, Meena Hubert, ed. Dar es Salaam water demand: An end-use perspective. [Dar es Salaam]: Centre for Energy, Environment, Science, and Technology, 1998.

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California. Department of Water Resources. Division of Planning. Central Valley future water supplies for use in DWRSIM. [Sacramento]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Water Resources, Division of Planning, 1995.

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Chowdhury, Nasima Tanveer. The relative efficiency of water use in Bangladesh agriculture. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, 2010.

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Keely, Joseph Francis. The use of models in managing ground-water protection programs. Ada, Okla: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Queen, Rob. End-use efficient, environmentally friendly water-softening device: Independent assessment report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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G, Cleveland Theodore, American Water Resources Association, and Boyle Engineering Corporation, eds. Advances in the development and use of models in water resources. Herndon, VA: AWRA, 1995.

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Bernier, L. Application of the water use analysis model to the Richelieu River Basin. Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Inland Waters Directorate, Quebec Region, Water Planning and Management Branch, 1990.

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The end of country. New York: Random House, 2011.

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Tate, Donald M. Alternative futures of Canadian water use, 1981-2011. [Ottawa]: Inquiry on Federal Water Policy, 1985.

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Tate, Donald M. Alternative futures of Canadian water use, 1981-2011. Hull: Inland Waters Directorate, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "End use water models"

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Novotny, Vladimir, and Andrea Capodaglio. "Use of Water Quality Models." In Remediation and Management of Degraded River Basins, 35–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57752-9_2.

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Nicks, A. D. "The Use of USLE Components in Models." In Modelling Soil Erosion by Water, 377–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58913-3_28.

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Siderius, Christian, Robel Geressu, Martin C. Todd, Seshagiri Rao Kolusu, Julien J. Harou, Japhet J. Kashaigili, and Declan Conway. "High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin." In Climate Risk in Africa, 93–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_6.

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AbstractThe need to stress test designs and decisions about major infrastructure under climate change conditions is increasingly being recognised. This chapter explores new ways to understand and—if possible—reduce the uncertainty in climate information to enable its use in assessing decisions that have consequences across the water, energy, food and environment sectors. It outlines an approach, applied in the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania, that addresses uncertainty in climate model projections by weighting them according to different skill metrics; how well the models simulate important climate features. The impact of different weighting approaches on two river basin performance indicators (hydropower generation and environmental flows) is assessed, providing an indication of the reliability of infrastructure investments, including a major proposed dam under different climate model projections. The chapter ends with a reflection on the operational context for applying such approaches and some of the steps taken to address challenges and to engage stakeholders.
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Rudra, R. P., W. T. Dickinson, and G. J. Wall. "Problems Regarding the Use of Soil Erosion Models." In Modelling Soil Erosion by Water, 175–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58913-3_13.

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Olesen, Emma T. B., Marleen L. A. Kortenoeven, and Robert A. Fenton. "Use of Genetic Models to Study the Urinary Concentrating Mechanism." In Sodium and Water Homeostasis, 43–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3213-9_3.

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Stöckle, Claudio O., Armen R. Kemanian, and Cristián Kremer. "On the Use of Radiation- and Water-Use Efficiency for Biomass Production Models." In Response of Crops to Limited Water, 39–58. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/advagricsystmodel1.c2.

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Nadal-Sala, D., T. F. Keenan, S. Sabaté, and C. Gracia. "Forest Eco-Physiological Models: Water Use and Carbon Sequestration." In Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change, 81–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28250-3_5.

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Westerhoff, Paul, and John Crittenden. "Urban Infrastructure and Use of Mass Balance Models for Water and Salt." In The Water Environment of Cities, 49–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84891-4_4.

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Gamboa, Reynato Andal, Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam, and Then Yih Shyong. "Cost Benefit Opportunity for End Use Segment Using Lighting Retrofit at Taylor’s University." In Practical Examples of Energy Optimization Models, 53–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2199-7_4.

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Leavesley, G. H., L. E. Hay, R. J. Viger, and S. L. Markstrom. "Use of a priori parameter-estimation methods to constrain calibration of distributed-parameter models." In Water Science and Application, 255–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ws006p0255.

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Conference papers on the topic "End use water models"

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Fu, Yang, and Wenyan Wu. "Behaviour interventions for water end use: An integrated model." In 2014 20th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconac.2014.6935498.

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Blokker, E. J. M., and J. H. G. Vreeburg. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Residential Water Demand: A Stochastic End-Use Model." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)34.

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Musgrove, Rachel. "An End-Use Integrated Agent-Based Model to Simulate Consumer Demand for a Water Utility." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.253.

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Carlevaro, Fausto, Stefano Cioncolini, Marzia Sepe, Ilaria Parrella, Carmine Allegorico, Laura De Stefanis, Mariagrazia Mastroianni, and Ernesto Escobedo. "Use of Operating Parameters, Digital Replicas and Models for Condition Monitoring and Improved Equipment Health." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76849.

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Several operating parameters for the control and protection of the units are acquired by the control and protection systems used in industrial applications. The use of these parameters in conjunction of physical models, empirical models and transfer functions (that represent digital replicas of the engine) allows for a broader scope of condition monitoring, taking into account the wing to wing process which spans from data acquisition to end user actionable insight. This paper describes 3 specific cases: 1) an algorithm based on the performance model of the overall GT used to monitor the axial compressor degradation and optimize the planned axial compressor water wash of an aero-derivative GT; 2) an analytic based on the flow function physic model used to monitor the clogging of the fuel nozzles in a heavy duty GT and to plan their maintenance; 3) an analytic based on a hybrid model used to monitor the axial thrust acting on a roller bearing of an aero-derivative GT and used to verify the status of the bearing and to plan its maintenance. Moreover, the paper provides details about the evaluation of the measurements, describes the model accuracy and explains how the results obtained are affected by these uncertainties and the methods used to mitigate these uncertainties. In addition, this paper shows a method to aggregate and weigh the monitoring of each single component and its own status into an overall health view.
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Raneda, Albert, Mikko Siuko, and Tapio Virvalo. "Torque Control of a Water Hydraulic Vane Actuator Using Pressure Feedback." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39348.

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In this paper the torque control properties of a water hydraulic rotary actuator are theoretically and experimentally studied and the results are analyzed and compared with oil hydraulics. If the same performance levels can be achieved with water and oil hydraulics, water as the pressure medium is preferred in applications where external oil leakage is not allowed or applications that take place in fire hazardous environments. The analysis carried out in this paper uses a linear model of the hydraulic drive which is first verified against experimental tests. The linear model allows to study the effect of valve saturation and the effect of using pressure transducers for torque feedback in torque control applications. Two torque control cases are studied: torque control with the boom end in a fixed location and boom end free to move with desired torque set to zero (backdrivable system). Experimental results are presented and compared with simulated results. Results show that in torque control applications, the use of water as the pressure medium does not cause any special control problems and a similar performance than with oil is obtained. Also, pressure sensors can be used for providing torque feedback without causing significant problems.
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Leishear, Robert A. "Dynamic Pipe Stresses During Water Hammer: II — A Vibration Analysis." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1269.

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Dynamic pipe stresses result from pipe vibrations created by water hammer. Current vibration theory was adapted to derive equations that describe the pipe stresses in a pipe wall which occur at a distance from the pipe end. These original equations describe the stresses in a pipe expansion mode, which is sometimes referred to as a breathing mode. The breathing mode was assumed to result from a moving shock wave traveling along the length of a pipe, and the shock was modeled using a step pressure wave, using the classic single degree of freedom vibration equations. Pipe stresses affected by both undamped and damped vibration were modeled. To model the stresses at a point on the pipe wall, vibration equations were linearized, and existing step response equations were applied to create stress models. Essentially, the linear vibration equations were converted into closed form solutions for the maximum pipe stresses. The vibration model was shown to be comparable to an undamped FEA stress model. The vibration model was then used to evaluate the effects of damping on dynamic pipe stresses.
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Lyon, Geoff, Amip Shah, and Alan McReynolds. "Developing Resource Consumption Insights From Campus-Scale Water Monitoring Infrastructures." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88688.

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Water consumption at many commercial campuses is a significant portion of resource expenditure, often with limited or no visibility into the individual branch or point of use locations, all of which summate to provide utility based reporting and invoicing, mostly on a monthly basis. In this paper, we present a case study where a commercial campus’ water distribution system is being instrumented to obtain a more granular measure of water usage. Measurement granularity is improved both in the time domain, transitioning from monthly to hourly or more frequent reporting, and in the spatial domain with all major end loads and significant branch loads being classified or monitored. Specifically, additional instrumentation is deployed in two distinct phases. The first phase added wireless transducers to the existing utility installed mechanical meters, enabling them to transmit consumption data every quarter hour. The second phase will instrument existing branch flow meters and also insert new flow meters to certain end-point loads and sub-branches. This will enable point or clustered data polling on the order of every few seconds. We also obtain additional information by polling an existing HVAC building management system for water related points of interest. We find that the collection and storage of granular water consumption information has the potential to create a detailed demand-side mapping of water usage on campus; providing data with significantly shortened time periods compared to the use of utility billing alone. We use this information to obtain hourly and daily consumption summaries at the site level and for specific end-load devices. From these results, we have created a hybrid consumption estimation of water consumption at the campus level, which contains a mixture of surveyed estimations and dynamic readings. This model provides improved accuracy and insights when compared to static site survey estimations. Due to the age and complexity of the site, primarily a result of numerous engineering changes over the site’s 60 year lifespan and a lack of detailed historical documentation, further work is ongoing to determine which additional endpoint loads or branched sub-sections we will instrument. We plan to use these additional data points to refine our water distribution model; hoping to accurately map individual buildings, floors and functional areas over time. At present, our site level instrumentation has been beneficial in revealing a number of insights regarding unexpected consumption events, most of which were attributed to scheduled maintenance activities. The ongoing monitoring of individual end-point loads has also highlighted areas of significant demand, which could be prioritized for conservation initiatives, and has shown where systemic adjustments could reduce demand peaking and flatten the flow requirements our campus places on the supplying utility.
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Sheldon, Seth, and Ory Zik. "Water Scarcity: An Energy Problem." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88241.

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Using the connection between water and energy as a case study, we present a model that uses the effects of geospatial and temporal context on embedded energy to approximate resource sustainability for water. First, the basic steps of calculating the energy intensity for a given location are discussed. Intensity is presented in units of energy per volume of water. In the case of supplying fresh water, energy intensity depends upon the quality of the original resource, its location relative to the end use location, and the type of technology in use to move and treat the water. Pumping, and conveyance, purification, distribution, wastewater treatment, and system inefficiencies (e.g. evaporative losses, leaks) increase the total energy investment, while water recycling decreases the total investment. Lift and purification are typically the greatest contributors to the overall energy intensity of a fresh water supply, but system inefficiencies can have a substantial impact as well. Over time, growing cities tend to progress from using their least energy intensive water resources (e.g. untreated surface water) to their most energy intensive (e.g. long distance transfers, desalinated water lifted to high elevations) as water demands begin to outstrip supplies. As a function of water availability, we assign each location an intensity value that approaches the intensity of its next “best” (i.e., least energy intensive) source of water. Hence, an area which is depleting its available surface and groundwater may have desalinated surface or groundwater as its next (and last) resort. The area would be characterized as undergoing water stress, and relatively less sustainable than areas which use their local fresh water supplies with no perceivable negative impact. An operating principle of this research is that with enough energy, it is possible to supply any location with fresh water. Desalinated ocean water, moved over long distances and lifted to great heights represents that upper limit. Working backwards from this extreme scenario, it is possible to not only move away from the paradigm of unitless or vague sustainability indices, but to quantify resource scarcity in a way that is both intuitive and actionable. The model is also self-correcting: areas may reduce the energy intensity of a sustainable water supply through better management of existing fresh water resources or through technological innovations that produce fresh water from degraded sources in an energy efficient manner. A major conclusion of this research is that the amount of energy necessary to maintain a reliable supply of fresh water greatly varies by location and technology choice. Further, many areas of the country overuse their local fresh water sources. To create a durable water supply, such areas can 1) reduce their use of local fresh water to sustainable levels and invest in alternative water sources—at a high financial and energy cost, or 2) aggressively pursue water efficiency measures so that they can both reduce their reliance on local fresh water sources and avoid the high costs associated with alternative water supplies. Additionally, by converting water use to energy consumption as a function of scarcity, it is possible to weigh the relative importance of water use efficiency to conservation in other areas (e.g. electricity, direct heating, waste disposal).
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Summe, Alexander M., Douglas P. Munson, Kenneth Oliphant, and Sarah Chung. "Long Term Performance of PE4710 Materials in Disinfectant Treated Nuclear Raw Water Systems." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97477.

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Degradation of service water systems is a major issue facing nuclear power plants and many plants will require repair or replacement of existing carbon steel piping components. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been used in non-safety service water systems for over ten years and has demonstrated superior performance. However, there still exist knowledge gaps around material properties, inspectability, and long-term performance. Specifically, there is a lack of insight on the aging of HDPE piping in disinfectant treated service water systems. This paper summarizes the methodology and results of predicting the expected life time of HDPE piping exposed to oxidizing biocides in numerous end-use scenarios. The aging mechanism of concern is Stage III Chemical-Mechanical degradation, where the polymer is oxidized by biocides and then experiences slow crack growth (SCG). An Aging Model is used to provide general predictions of pipe service life. The results were analyzed for trends and limiting or sensitive operating parameters were identified. For most applications, the specific resin used in the model demonstrated good performance for lifetimes of well over 40 years.
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Yamamoto, Marcio, Tomo Fujiwara, Shigeo Kanada, Masao Ono, Satoru Takano, and Joji Yamamoto. "Experimental Analysis of Reduced-Scale Jumper for Deep-Sea Mining." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95990.

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Abstract In the Deep-Sea Mining, the seafloor mining tool is connected to the subsea slurry pump by a piece of flexible pipe named jumper. The jumper’s shape is similar to a steep-wave flexible riser. Compared to a flexible riser, the jumper is a reinforced hose and has a shorter length. Numerous studies shed light on the dynamic behavior of flexible riser; however, all studies were carried out by the way of numerical analysis. We carried out, in the Deep-Sea Basin, an experiment using 1/5 reduced scale model of the jumper. Unhappily, the model’s bending stiffness had to be distorted. During the experiment, an oscillator generated harmonic motion on the top end of the model and a centrifugal pump circulated water throughout the model. In addition, we installed load cells on the top and bottom ends of the model. Our Basin is equipped with a visual measurement system. Thus, we measured the displacement of targets attached to the model. The initial results show that axial tension amplitude increases with the frequency of the top end oscillation. This response is due to the drag force on the lower bend increases with the frequency of top motion. We also could observe that the internal flow may increase the vertical motion amplitude. The jumper’s motion generates an oscillation on the internal differential pressure between both ends and the flow velocity. The differential pressure amplitude increases with the top oscillation frequency, but it is proportional to the top end oscillation amplitude. We will use these experimental results to validate our numerical models. Further, it is important to understand the internal flow effects to design the actual pump used to convey the slurry through the jumper.
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Reports on the topic "End use water models"

1

Jenicek, Elisabeth, Noah Garfinkle, Andy Hur, Bjorn Oberg, Nicholas Bartholomew, Sara Buchhorn, Kelly Chen, Lindsey Miller, and Munira Mithaiwala. Water Use Intensity at U.S. Army Facilities : An Investigation into Factors That Influence Potable Water End Use. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S.), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/28040.

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Koomey, J. G., C. Dunham, and J. D. Lutz. The effect of efficiency standards on water use and water heating energy use in the US: A detailed end-use treatment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180643.

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Sezgen, O., and J. G. Koomey. Technology data characterizing water heating in commercial buildings: Application to end-use forecasting. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/272538.

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Basch, Ethan, and Antonia Bennett. Development of Pain End Point Models for Use in Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials and Drug Approval. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613282.

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Fisher, Diane C., Camilla Dunham Whitehead, and Moya Melody. National and Regional Water and Wastewater Rates For Use inCost-Benefit Models and Evaluations of Water Efficiency Programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/927324.

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Pratt, R., and B. Ross. Measured electric hot water standby and demand loads from Pacific Northwest homes. End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10105371.

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Marinshaw, Richard J., and Hazem Qawasmeh. Characterizing Water Use at Mosques in Abu Dhabi. RTI Press, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.mr.0042.2004.

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In areas where Muslims constitute much of the population, mosques can account for a significant portion of overall water consumption. Among the various uses of water at mosques, ablution (i.e., ritual cleansing) is generally assumed to be the largest, by far. As part of an initiative to reduce water consumption at mosques in Abu Dhabi, we collected data on ablution and other end uses for water from hundreds of mosques in and around Abu Dhabi City. This paper takes a closer look at how water is used at mosques in Abu Dhabi and presents a set of water use profiles that provide a breakdown of mosque water consumption by end use. The results of this research indicate that cleaning the mosque (primarily the floors) and some of the other non-ablution end uses at mosques can account for a significant portion of the total water consumption and significantly more than was anticipated or has been found in other countries.
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Day, St John, Tim Forster, and Ryan Schweitzer. Water Supply in Protracted Humanitarian Crises: Reflections on the sustainability of service delivery models. Oxfam, UNHCR, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6362.

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UNHCR estimates that the average time spent by a refugee in a camp is 10 years, while the average refugee camp remains for 26 years. WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) is a crucial component of humanitarian response and longer-term recovery. Humanitarian agencies and host governments face many challenges in protracted situations and complex long-term humanitarian crises. One key issue is how water supplies should be managed in the long term. Who is best placed to operate and manage WASH services and which delivery model is the most viable? At the end of 2019, there were 15.7 million refugees in protracted situations, representing 77% of all refugees. This report takes stock of the various alternative service delivery models, to enable humanitarian and development agencies to work together to smooth the transition from emergency relief to sustainable services.
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Bitew, Menberu, and Rhett Jackson. Characterization of Flow Paths, Residence Time and Media Chemistry in Complex Landscapes to Integrate Surface, Groundwater and Stream Processes and Inform Models of Hydrologic and Water Quality Response to Land Use Activities; Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171150.

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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