Relevant bibliographies by topics / End-of-waste policy

Academic literature on the topic 'End-of-waste policy'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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Yang, Eun Mo, and Ji Hye Jo. "The Current Status of Regulations and Policy Implications Regarding End-of-Waste." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 30, no. 8 (December 30, 2013): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2013.30.8.773.

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Rose, Ian, and George Knighton. "Integrated Product Policy: The New Approach to Environmental Regulation." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 8, Issue 10 (October 1, 1999): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1999042.

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The development of integrated product policy, environmental controls being complemented by environmental management and the encouragement of "best available techniques"; the first "producer responsibility" obligations; the expected Green Paper; IPP defined as producer responsibility for a product from extraction of raw materials to managing the waste at the end of the product's life; lessons learnt from the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive; other "producer responsibility" initiatives - the proposed directives on end-of-life vehicles and on waste electrical and electronic equipment; compliance and enforcement; competition issues; conclusions that the development of IPP is likely to accelerate, that those affected must monitor developments vigilantly, and that costs for businesses will increase.
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Ylä-Mella, Jenni, Riitta L. Keiski, and Eva Pongrácz. "End-of-Use vs. End-of-Life: When Do Consumer Electronics Become Waste?" Resources 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11020018.

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This study focuses on the lifespan of consumer electronics. The article reviews end-of-life terminology in scientific literature and suggests distinguishing end-of-use and end-of-life stages. The question, when electronics become waste, is approached using the concept of a system called PSSP language, which classifies artefacts based on their attributes of purpose, structure, state and performance. It is highlighted that waste as a concept is dynamic; the same thing can be waste or non-waste at different times and places and for different people. Further, the article reviews the impact of storage behavior on the realization of the waste hierarchy, using mobile phones as a case study. Evidence suggests that over half of customers use their mobile phones for only two years, and there is little incentive to keep them in use longer. Surveys also indicate that over half of the customers do not return their phones for reuse or recycling but keep them at home. The article suggests that the three key factors, promoting the storing of an old phone, are the shortness of usage time, perceived residual value of replaced equipment and concerns of personal information security. It is also indicated that memories and the personal attachment to the device contribute to consumers’ storage decision. It is concluded that, to prolong the use of mobile phones, there is a demand for changing consumers attitudes towards the return of electronics for reuse and repair to be more positive.
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Lee, Maria. "New Generation Regulation? The Case of End-Of-Life Vehicles." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 11, Issue 4 (April 1, 2002): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5088696.

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Finding alternatives to traditional forms of command and control regulation is a familiar theme in EC environmental policy. Whilst innovation has proved difficult in many areas, waste regulation in particular has started to move beyond simple end of pipe solutions. It is suggested that one reason waste attracts innovative solutions is that its very existence is an environmental problem, and addressing waste production requires the involvement of a wide range of actors. This paper will explore the observation that waste regulation makes use of an unusually wide range of regulatory instruments, from the perspective of the innovative mechanisms in the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive. As well as the evolution of regulatory techniques, however, the necessary reliance of these new instruments on more traditional legal approaches can also be noted in this area.
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Setiabudi, Andang Wirawan, Gunadi, and Haula Rosdiana. "A Comparison Study of Fiscal Policy in Different Countries Regarding Plastic Waste Management in Supporting the Achievement of Sustainable Plastic Production and Consumption Patterns in Indonesia." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i1.410.

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Nowadays, plastic waste management has become an international issue. Plastic waste that is not managed will end up in the ocean and cause dangerous pollution. Environmental issues were agreed to be one of the SDGs goals proclaimed in 2015 by all countries members of the United Nations. All countries, including Indonesia, have implemented various pro-environment policies. One of them is through fiscal policy. How to determine the right fiscal policy so that the management of plastic waste to realize a sustainable pattern of plastic production and consumption to be optimal is important. One of them is by conducting comparative studies on the fiscal policy of plastic waste management in various countries as a policy benchmark. It is what the author did. This research uses a qualitative approach with a comparative study method regarding the form of fiscal policy in various countries used to manage plastic waste. This research data was obtained through literature studies from various journals, articles, and reports on fiscal policy of plastic waste management in various countries and then concluded various similarities and differences. It is hoped that studying various forms of fiscal policy in various countries can provide input to the Indonesian government on the right form of fiscal policy to create a sustainable pattern of plastic production and consumption in accordance with the SDGs goals to be achieved by the Indonesian government.
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Amechi, Emeka P., and Babatunde A. Oni. "Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: the Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 3, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340040.

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Abstract This article explores the regulation of transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria. The country has had an unsavoury history with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, and this has likely influenced its strict legislative response to such imports, including the decision to ban the transboundary movement of e-waste. However, the effectiveness of the ban is doubtful, as the importation of non-functional electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) or near-end-of-life EEE (which is classified as e-waste in Nigeria), is still thriving. The failure of the ban in curbing the transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria obliges policy makers to come up with new and innovative means to address this issue. It posits that the ban does not show an appreciation of the socio-economic realities and the generally weak regulatory climate in the country. The article thus argues for a shift in policy from outright ban of e-waste imports into Nigeria to more effective regulation and sustainable management.
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Backes, Chris, and Matija Kajić. "cjeu (Case C-629/19: Sappi Austria Produktions-GmbH & Co. kg, Wasserverband ‘Region Gratkorn-Gratwein’ v Landeshauptmann von Steiermark: Suitable Recovery and Recycling Operations Surrounding Sludge in the EU)." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 19, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-19030006.

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Abstract Even with extensive case law before the cjeu on the notion of ‘waste’, questions remain around classification of substances as waste and end-of-waste status of certain waste streams. This uncertainty hampers the transition to a circular economy. In the case at hand, a mixture of sludge from paper production and sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as fuel for the paper plant. Although the majority (97%) of the mixture came from the paper production process and therefore would be a by-product (and hence not waste), and only 3% of the mixture stemming from the municipal waste water facility qualify waste, the mixture as a whole is assumed to be waste. Whether the ‘end of waste-criteria’ of Article 6(1) Waste Framework Directive can successfully be applied to the case, is up to the national court to decide. In addition, the case is interesting as an affirmation of the ‘Rheinmühlen/Elchinov-doctrine’.
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Raza, Ali, Syed Asif Ali Naqvi, Muhammad Abuzar Mehdi, Muhammad Usman, Sadia Ali, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, and Bilal Hussain. "An Analysis of the Circular Economy Practices of Pesticide Container Waste in Pakistan." Recycling 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010004.

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Empty pesticide container recycling helps control nonpoint source pollution and provides alternative sources for basic materials. This article investigates end users’ adoption of recycling their pesticide container waste and investigates the determinants influencing their adoption. The study uses an extensive farm survey of 210 farmers from the District Faisalabad of the Province of Punjab (Pakistan). It applies the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique to assess the impact of different elements, such as subjective norms, attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and environmental concerns, on end users’ adoption regarding recycling of pesticide empty container waste. The results explain that perceived behavioral control and intention to reuse pesticide container waste positively predict end users’ adoption. Furthermore, adoption is positively impacted by attitude, subjective norms, and environmental concerns via the intention to recycle pesticide container waste. The study urges the need to encourage end users to share responsibility for pesticide container waste management for a sustainable society.
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Jain, Suresh, Tanya Sharma, and Anil Kumar Gupta. "End-of-life management of solar PV waste in India: Situation analysis and proposed policy framework." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 153 (January 2022): 111774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111774.

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Bonjardim, Estela Cristina, Raquel Da Silva Pereira, and Isabel Cristina Dos Santos. "GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS NO BRASIL PARADOXOS E SOLUÇÕES." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 11, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2020v11i4p36-52.

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In Brazil, the National Solid Waste Policy, implemented by the Law 12305/2010, determined the extinction of landfills up to 2014. Were analyzed the Municipal Plans of Integrated Management of Urban Solid Waste, of the seven municipalities from the Great ABC region and actions adopted by the Municipal to perform the Municipal Solid Waste Management. The research is descriptive, using the deductive method, was conducted by a documental analysis of such Plans, in the light of the legislation. The research field was based on interviews with managers responsible for the Urban Solid Waste Management in each studied municipal district. At the end, the following conclusions: selective collection has not yet been deployed as requires the National solid waste Policy and that public managers of the studied municipal districts are favorable to finding solutions Consortium.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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Haas, Taylor. "Sustainable End-of-Life Management for Photovoltaic Waste in California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1157.

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While solar energy presents the possibility of a low-carbon energy world, the solar industry has its own environmental impacts. Data on end-of-life management of photovoltaics (PV) remains scarce and as more solar panels reach the end of their lifespan, systems for their appropriate management need to be created. Because PV modules contain small amounts of hazardous materials, panels cannot be landfilled without some processing. Additionally, by not addressing the problem of PV waste and failing to create a system for management, an unintended consequence of shipping PV waste abroad remains possible. As a leader in environmental problem solving and a large installer of solar power, California has a responsibility to plan for PV end-of-life and to create policy for sustainable management practices. Using the existing extended producer responsibility and product stewardship policies and programs in California for mattresses, carpets, and beverage containers, policymakers can establish a program for the sustainable management of PV waste. Learning from these policies’ successes and failures, California legislators can push the solar industry to innovate and think about the impacts of their product at all stages in the life cycle.
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Books on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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Colorado. Office of State Auditor. Waste Tire Processor and End User Program: Department of Public Health and Environment : performance audit. Denver, Colo: Colorado Office of State Auditor, 2014.

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Markets, Virginia General Assembly Joint Subcommittee on Enhancing End-use Recycling. Report of the Joint Subcommittee on Enhancing End-use Recycling Markets to the Governor and the General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia, 1994.

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What comes next: The end of big government--and the new paradigm ahead. New York: Hyperion, 1995.

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Oakley, Stewart M. Integrated Wastewater Management for Health and Valorization: A Design Manual for Resource Challenged Cities. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061536.

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Abstract Adequate wastewater treatment in low to medium income cities worldwide has largely been a failure despite decades of funding. The still dominant end-of-pipe paradigm of treatment for surface water discharge, focusing principally on removal of organic matter, has not addressed the well-published problems of pathogen and nutrient release with continued contamination of surface waters. This book incorporates the new paradigm of integrated wastewater management for valorization without surface water discharge using waste stabilization pond systems and wastewater reservoirs. In this paradigm the purpose of treatment is to protect health by reducing pathogens to produce an effluent that is valorized for its fertilizer and water value for agriculture and aquaculture. Methane production as a sustainable energy source is also considered for those applications where it is appropriate. Emphasis is on sustainable engineering solutions for low to medium income cities worldwide. Chapters present the theory of design, followed by design procedures, example design problems, and case study examples with data, diagrams and photos of operating systems. Excel spreadsheets and the FAO program CLIMWAT/CROPWAT are included in examples throughout. Sections on engineering practice include technical training, operation and maintenance requirements, construction and sustainability. The book incorporates design and operating data and case studies from Africa, Australia, Latin America, Europe, New Zealand, and the US, including studies that have been published in French, Portuguese, and Spanish. The book is designed for upper-division and graduate level engineering students, practicing engineers, regulatory professionals who help establish and enforce effluent standards, international development professionals, and policy stakeholders. ISBN: 9781789061529 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789061536 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789061543 (ePUB)
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Book chapters on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan, Johan Bouma, Serena Caucci, and Lulu Zhang. "Organic Waste Composting Through Nexus Thinking: Linking Soil and Waste as a Substantial Contribution to Sustainable Development." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_1.

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AbstractThis introductory chapter explains why organic waste composting is considered as one of the best examples to demonstrate the benefits of nexus thinking. Current literature is rich with information covering various aspects of composting process. However, it mainly represents two distinct fields: waste from the management point of view and soil/agriculture from the nutrient recycling point of view. It is hard to find information on how these two fields can benefit from each other, except for a few examples found within large agricultural fields/businesses. A policy/institutional framework that supports a broader integration of management of such resources is lacking: a structure that goes beyond the typical municipal or ministerial boundaries. There is a clear need to address this gap, and nexus thinking can help immensely close the gap by facilitating the mindset needed for policy integration. Good intention of being sustainable is not enough if there is no comprehensive plan to find a stable market for the compost as a product. Therefore, the chapter also discusses the strong need to have a good business case for composting projects. Composting can also support achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. While directly supporting SDG 2 (Zero hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible consumption and production), and SDG 13 (Climate action), enhanced composting practices may also assist us reach several other targets specified in other SDGs. While encouraging waste composting as a sustainable method of waste and soil management, we should also be cautious about the possible adverse effects compost can have on the environment and public health, especially due to some non-traditional raw materials that we use nowadays such as wastewater sludge and farm manure. Towards the end, we urge for the improvement of the entire chain ranging from waste generation to waste collection/separation to compost formation and, finally, application to soil to ensure society receives the maximum benefit from composting.
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Herrero, Mario, Marta Hugas, Uma Lele, Aman Wirakartakusumah, and Maximo Torero. "A Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 59–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_5.

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AbstractThis chapter recognises that current food consumption patterns, often characterised by higher levels of food waste and a transition in diets towards higher energy, more resource-intensive foods, need to be transformed. Food systems in both developed and developing countries are changing rapidly. Increasingly characterised by a high degree of vertical integration, evolutions in food systems are being driven by new technologies that are changing production processes, distribution systems, marketing strategies, and the food products that people eat. These changes offer the opportunity for system-wide change in the way in which production interacts with the environment, giving greater attention to the ecosystem services offered by the food sector. However, developments in food systems also pose new challenges and controversies. Food system changes have responded to shifts in consumer preferences towards larger shares of more animal-sourced and processed foods in diets, raising concerns regarding the calorific and nutritional content of many food items. By increasing food availability, lowering prices and increasing quality standards, they have also induced greater food waste at the consumer end. In addition, the potential fast transmission of food-borne disease, antimicrobial resistance and food-related health risks throughout the food chain has increased, and the ecological footprint of the global food system continues to grow in terms of energy, resource use, and impact on climate change. The negative consequences of food systems from a nutritional, environmental and livelihood perspective are increasingly being recognised by consumers in some regions. With growing consumer awareness, driven by concerns about the environmental and health impacts of investments and current supply chain technologies and practices, as well as by a desire among new generations of city dwellers to reconnect with their rural heritage and use their own behaviour to drive positive change, opportunities exist to define and establish added-value products that are capable of internalising social or environmental delivery within their price. These forces can be used to fundamentally reshape food systems by stimulating coordinated government action in changing the regulatory environment that, in turn, incentivises improved private sector investment decisions. Achieving healthy diets from sustainable food systems is complex and requires a multi-pronged approach. Actions necessary include awareness-raising, behaviour change interventions in food environments, food education, strengthened urban-rural linkages, improved product design, investments in food system innovations, public-private partnerships, public procurement, and separate collection that enables alternative uses of food waste, all of which can contribute to this transition. Local and national policy-makers and small- and large-scale private sector actors have a key role in both responding to and shaping the market opportunities created by changing consumer demands.
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Ali, Mohammad Zulfikar, and Nahid Islam. "The Recycling of Australian Offshore Structures in Bangladesh." In Strategic Cooperation and Partnerships Between Australia and South Asia, 219–42. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8657-0.ch010.

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The circular economy has emerged as a policy goal with respect to the trade relationships between developed and developing countries. The aim of the circular economy is to take responsibility for the costs involved in recycling by going away from the linear economic model, which is briefly stated as 'take-recycle-dispose' with unused materials in at one end and externalised the wastes at the other. Recycling numerous unused structures is a persisting problem for Australia that can be resolved following this circular economy approach. To that end, an underlying aim of this chapter is to propose a bilateral agreement between Bangladesh and Australia that aims at recycling offshore structures of Australian companies in Bangladesh's ship recycling industry (hereinafter referred to as recycling industry). This chapter also sheds light on the challenges for Bangladesh in recycling the offshore structures in a sustainable way but disputes that those offshore structures will only increase the waste burden for Bangladesh.
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Kek, Vimal, and Jayakrishna Kandasamy. "Sensitization of Sustainable Manufacturing Strategies to Benefit Indian SMEs." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 92–98. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3537-9.ch005.

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In recent times, globalization policy eliminates the restriction of market boundaries, enabling all manufacturers to exploit the markets of developing countries, due to which, the environmental regulations in the developing countries are evolving to secure their nature with stringent regulation. In this view, this article is written to impart knowledge on sustainable manufacturing to all manufacturers. However, for successful implementation of sustainable manufacturing practices, formulation of strategies is found to be essential. In this view, critical insights have been presented by reviewing existing practices of sustainable manufacturing, how to deploy them and their correlation with the environmental benefits are mapped to support practicing managers. The practices discussed in the chapter include process optimization in view of the environment energy modeling, waste minimization options, better end-of-life policies, material efficiency and need to employee training.
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"Introduction." In The EU Law of Economic and Monetary Union, edited by Fabian Amtenbrink and Christoph Herrmann. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793748.003.0001.

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In its more than seven decades of history European integration has gone through many stages of development. Some of them were incremental, but many more rather sudden, triggered or at least profoundly influenced by legal predicaments and political impasses, following the proverbial advice to ‘never let a good crisis go to waste’. The policy areas that are broadly abridged under the term Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) form no exception in this regard. EMU is deeply rooted in and following the inherent logic of political integration through gradual economic integration proclaimed in the well-known Schuman Declaration and thereafter given shape through the Treaty establishing the Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the subsequent Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. Yet, it was the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty/TEU), which was meant to put an end to the at times fiercely led (academic) debates on the future direction of European integration and its democratic credentials, that finally provided the necessary legal impetus for the establishment of an economic and monetary union and the creation of a supranational, single European currency.
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Grabowski, Gabriel. "Circular economy in the waste management sector." In Sustainability and sustainable development, 243–50. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-074-6/iv5.

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The growing population and rising standards of living lead to an increase of the consumption of many goods. Reducing municipal waste which is created in that process can result in a wide range of environmental, economic, and social benefits, such as reducing pollution in water and soil, greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable materials. The concept to solve this problem of municipal waste due to increased consumption can be found, among others, in circular economy (CE). Circular economy can be defined as “an economic system that is based on business models which replace the ‘end-of-life’ concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes to accomplish sustainable development” (Kirchherr, Reike, & Hekkert, 2017). A current trend in developed countries is closing the loop, moving from the concept of “end-of-pipe” waste management towards more holistic resource management (Wilson, 2007). Implementing the circular economy approach through waste management systems can pose multiple challenges while providing incentives to improve waste management infrastructure. However, this requires investments and may be perceived by many people as cost, not investment in future generations and their standard of living. The aim of this chapter is to initiate discussion on the positive aspects and barriers of circular economy development in the Polish waste management sector. In the case study described in the text, the roles of citizens, public institutions as well as enterprises are shown in selective waste collection processes as an important element of circular economy. In Poland, awareness of waste segregation and the importance of using recycled materials is not well-developed compared to many other EU countries, although this situation is beginning to gradually improve.
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"R v Baker [1994] Crim LR 444 (CA) Facts: A man with the same name as the deceased had earlier been robbed in his own home and there was evidence that the deceased had paid the robbers to commit the offence. He was called out one night and killed with two knives belonging to the appellant. Witnesses said that the appellant had said that he had done the killing. At trial, a co-defendant gave evidence in his own defence which implicated the appellant. He said that on the night of the killing, the appellant said he wanted to see Sam, which was the nickname of the deceased, because, he said, the appellant had been a party to the robbery. They went to waste ground where he expected the appellant to have a word with Sam but instead he attacked him and went mad, stabbing him repeatedly. Death was caused by 48 stab wounds, each of which was fatal. The appellant’s evidence was that he knew that his co-defendant was a violent man who had kicked and punched him previously and threatened to finish him off. He and others had told him that Sam was going to the police about the robbery and wanted him to go with them to see Sam. He went out of fear, and they took his knives. Once on the open ground, the co-defendant handed the appellant a knife and told him to kill Sam. He then went berserk and was waving the other knife at the appellant, who was petrified. The appellant swung the knife which penetrated Sam somewhere near the shoulder or the throat, Sam staggered back and the co-defendant went on screaming for the appellant to kill Sam and so he swung the knife twice more. He did not know where it went in. The appellant then passed the knife back to the co-defendant and said ‘I’m not doing it’. He did not touch Sam again but moved a short distance away and turned his back. He then heard more thuds caused by the others continuing to stab Sam. He then saw him on the ground. The defence was that insofar as he was involved in any joint enterprise, it was a joint enterprise to do serious harm to Sam but not to kill him, and he did it under duress. It could not be proven that any of the three stab wounds he had inflicted would have killed Sam or that they did kill him. That he passed over the knife and thereafter disassociated himself from what the others did meant that the joint enterprise had come to an end. The witnesses were tainted by their close relationship with the co-defendant. Held: It would be considered how far in practice a direction to the jury to consider a s 18 count would have benefited or might have benefited the appellant. The defence would have relied on duress by the co-defendant but if that had succeeded there would have been a complete acquittal. The risk that the jury might be unwilling to acquit him completely and should therefore have been allowed to consider convicting on a lesser charge presupposed that they would convict him after satisfying themselves that he did not act under duress. In that situation, according to his story, the appellant was told by the co-defendant to kill Sam and stabbed him three times before turning away and saying that he wasn’t doing it. He then stayed there until Sam was on the ground dead or dying, whereupon he left with the other two. If that account." In Sourcebook Criminal Law, 435. Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-113.

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Conference papers on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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George, Jeff, and David Massingham. "Moving Towards a Sustainable UK in an Environment of Austerity: Can We Wait Until the Midnight Hour?" In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5410.

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The UK coalition government, elected in May 2010, has set out its stall to be, in the words of Prime Minister, David Cameron, “the greenest government ever”. To that end it has embarked on an ambitious programme of policy initiatives to address climate change and the wider sustainability agenda. These include: • Initiating a fundamental review of waste policy with a view to adopting a zero waste to landfill and increasing Energy from Waste (EfW) as a solution for residual wastes; • Leading calls within the European Union for an increase in pan-Europe greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy targets for 2020, that, if adopted would have a profound and immediate impact on domestic targets; and • An electricity market reform package that will see the introduction of a floor price for carbon (in effect, a carbon tax) and new financial support mechanisms for the development of renewable energy.
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Devarakonda, Murthy, and Jennifer Biedscheid. "Safe and Compliant Nuclear Waste Management: What Does It Really Mean?" In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4854.

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Nuclear waste management is a complex and contentious issue in all parts of the world, involving social, political, technical, and economic interests, and generating a reaction of public suspicion and mistrust in most cases. Not surprisingly, the end goal for all parties involved in the nuclear waste management debate is identical: the safe disposition of the waste in compliance with governing regulations. The governing regulations, in turn, are intended primarily to protect public health and the environment, not just in the present, but well into the future, given the long-lived nature of many radionuclides in the waste. However, each party in the nuclear waste management debate approaches and defines the end goal differently. The balancing of interests and ideas pursued by the government, regulators, scientific community, local watchdog groups, and the general public regarding the end goal affect the way that policies are determined and by whom. The strength of the various arguments and the environment in which they are asserted also plays a role in policy development. The resolution of a nuclear waste management issue in any given case can never be described unequivocally as the “best,” “safest,” or “optimal” solution simply because the various parties and entities involved will very rarely look at the end point from the same perspective (technical, emotional, or political). However, nuclear waste management programs can be designed and developed so that the disparity of expectations and emotions is minimized by means of open communications and a sound technical basis for all decisions. This paper discusses examples of these concepts in the context of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and Yucca Mountain Programs. These programs, which address the permanent disposition of transuranic (TRU) waste and high-level radioactive waste (HLW), respectively, provide the opportunity to view policy decisions and associated impacts both within the framework of resulting operational realities in the case of the WIPP Program and within the process of defining a strategy for the progress of the Yucca Mountain Program.
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Moore, Tahli, and Hao Zhang. "Life Cycle GHG Assessment of Mixed Construction and Demolition Waste Treatment for End of Life Recovery Facility Design: A Sydney, Australia Case Study." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22578.

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Abstract Historically in Australia, mixed Construction and Demolition waste, and Commercial and Industrial waste has been traditionally landfilled. As environmental impacts of landfilling is becoming more evident New South Wales policy makers and innovators have begun exploring an incineration strategy to use such waste to generate electricity. The objective of this study is to utilise life cycle assessment to evaluate GHG emissions from this waste treatment strategy and the environmental impact of a case study facility, in Sydney Australia. The system boundary includes the thermal treatment of waste through incineration, the electricity generation from the steam turbine and air pollution control processes involved within. The functional unit is based on 1 tonne of input mixed Construction and Demolition waste and Commercial and Industrial waste. GHG emissions are calculated and the result shows that the facility generates 0.994 MWh/tonne waste and 1.16 tCO2e/MWh electricity. This emission is lower than a brown coal fired powerplant emission factor 1.31 tCO2e/MWh. The results from this study assists understanding and policy making for the future of Energy-from-Waste as part of the generation mix in New South Wales, Australia.
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King, Andrew, Stuart Burgess, Winnie Ijomah, and Chris McMahon. "Design for End-of-Life: Repair, Recondition, Remanufacture or Recycle?" In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57759.

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Between 1980 and 1997, municipal waste in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries increased by around 40%. The European Union has responded by introducing legislation on extended producer responsibility (EPR). This paper further explains the context of this new legislation and describes, compares and then contrasts the four alternative strategies to reducing end-of-life waste: namely repairing, reconditioning, remanufacturing or recycling. It also introduces a more robust definition of remanufacturing, validated by earlier research, which differentiates it from repair and reconditioning. From a consideration of the different factors involved, it concludes that remanufacturing may often be a strong strategy. This is based on the fact that it preserves both the embodied energy of virgin production (thus reducing the environmental impact) and the intrinsic “value adding” process of the producer (thus increasing the manufacturer’s profitability). As a result, this new environmental policy is likely to lead to significant increases in remanufacturing as an end-of-life strategy in the European Union. However, effective end-of life strategies are dictated by product characteristics and therefore vary from product to product (Rose et al, 1998). Thus further research is required to compare and contrast the effectiveness of remanufacturing and alternative end-of-life strategy for particular product types.
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Fisher, Steve, and David Turton. "The Regulation of Legacy Situations Where Reduction in Long Term Radiation Hazard Requires an Increase in Short Term Detriments." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4764.

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Legacy situations on nuclear sites usually occur at the end of the life of a facility or site. These situations, such as decommissioning or historic waste treatment, are often responsible for long term hazards to workers and the public. Reducing the magnitude of these long-term hazards will generate waste disposals which may impact on the environment and may result in workers incurring additional doses. The increase in these detriments seems at first glance to be in conflict with the usual aims of the regulators. However by putting the reduction of long term radiation hazard from legacy situations in the context of Government policy and guidance, the approach of current regulatory practice adopted for such situations is considered. The regulatory framework is presented from the high level policy, then through the application of the principles of ALARA, reducing risks — protecting people, Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) and Best Practicable Means (BPM). Issues that the regulators expect the nuclear site operator to address are discussed from both the protection of the public and the environment and examples of the practical implications of the regulatory approach are described. ‘Softer’, but important essentials for the operator to adopt in the handling of legacy situations are also raised. These essentials such as openness and stakeholder dialogue, have in the past been poorly performed leading to a lack of trust and understanding by the public.
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Duda, Vitezslav. "Radioactive Waste Management in the Czech Republic." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4768.

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Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel are generated in the Czech Republic as a consequence of the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ionising radiation in many industries, particularly in the generation of nuclear energy, health care (therapy, diagnostics), research, and agriculture. The current extent of utilisation of nuclear energy and ionising radiation in the Czech Republic is comparable with that of other developed countries. The Concept of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management is a fundamental document formulating government and state authority strategy for the period up to approximately 2025 (affecting policy up to the end of the 21st century), concerning the organizations which generate radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. The Concept puts forward solutions to provide for the disposal of waste in compliance with requirements for the protection of human health and the environment without excessively transferring any of the current impacts of nuclear energy and ionising radiation utilisation to future generations. The Concept was approved by the government of the Czech Republic in 2002. According to the Concept high level waste and spent nuclear fuel generated at the Dukovany and Temeli´n nuclear power plants will eventually be disposed of in a deep geological repository. Such a repository should commence operation in 2065. Work aimed at selecting potentially suitable sites began in 1992, but the final site has not yet been determined. In compliance with the aforementioned Concept, the Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (RAWRA) is responsible for finding two suitable sites till 2015. The current stage of evaluation covers the whole territory of the Czech Republic and involves complex criteria and requirements. On the basis of current findings RAWRA suggested six potential sites for further investigation at the beginning of the year 2003.
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Katsuta, Tadahiro. "Long Term Storage of Nuclear Spent Fuel as Key Role of Japan’s Nuclear Fuel Cycle Until 2100: Cost and Benefit." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40177.

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Political and technical advantages to introduce spent nuclear fuel interim storage into Japan’s nuclear fuel cycle are examined. Once Rokkasho reprocessing plant starts operation, 80,000 tHM of spent Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) fuel must be stored in an Away From Reactor (AFR) interim storage site until 2100. If a succeeding reprocessing plant starts operating, the spent LEU will reach its peak of 30,000 tHM before 2050, and then will decrease until the end of the second reprocessing plant operation. Throughput of the second reprocessing plant is assumed as twice of that of Rokassho reprocessing plant, indeed 1,600tHM/year. On the other hand, tripled number of final disposal sites for High Level Nuclear Waste (HLW) will be necessary with this condition. Besides, large amount of plutonium surplus will occur, even if First Breeder Reactors (FBR)s consume the plutonium. At maximum, plutonium surplus will reach almost 500 tons. These results indicate that current nuclear policy does not solve the spent fuel problems but rather complicates them. Thus, reprocessing policy could put off the problems in spent fuel interim storage capacity and other issues could appear such as difficulties in large amount of HLW final disposal management or separated plutonium management. If there is no reprocessing or MOX use, the amount of spent fuel will reach over 115,000 tones at the year of 2100. However, the spent fuel management could be simplified and also the cost and the security would be improved by using an interim storage primarily.
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Katsarski, Nikolay. "CONCEPTUAL ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.068.

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Environmental pollution from production waste and disposal of household, electronic and other equipment is becoming more and more noticeable. This requires a rethinking of business processes in enterprises. Waste management is becoming a major problem of our society. Therefore, a targeted policy at the local and national levels is crucial. This requires a change in legislation in this area, as well as the development of specific measures to tackle the problems. To this end, however, we need indicators to determine the state and impact of the circular economy at local and national levels. In addition, the relationship of the circular economy to business processes and business, in general, must be observed. At present, the following indicators are used at the European level - Production and consumption, Waste management, Secondary raw materials, Competitiveness and innovation. The aim of this publication is to analyze the existing indicators and give recommendations to broaden the scope of the presentation, on the one hand. On the other hand, to present the need to add new indicators to influence management decision-making by business and public authorities.
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Ali-Qureshi, Zulfiqar. "Green Manufacturing of Electricity for Stationary Industrial Applications." In ASME 2008 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 3rd JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec_icmp2008-72510.

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On-site power generation in industrial plants are desirable, however, this may not contribute as a significant source of pollution to the environment. In order to lower the potential impact on the environment in terms of less toxic emissions, to save useless cost and the sustainability, manufacturer’s responsibilities become more than end-of-pipe control and includes end-of-life management. Green manufacturing is the method that minimizes waste and pollution achieved through product and process life cycle design. The cradle to grave analysis in green manufacturing system provides the complete analysis in every aspect of the sustainable manufacturing system for policy makers to take decisions. In this paper the renewable source of alternate energy manufacturing system has been analyzed for production of power. The renewable energy from hydrogen and (green gas synthetic natural gas) for generation of electricity focusing large stationary application set up has been studied. A prototype model has been developed in order to draw analogy for establishing future Industrial power parks of mega energy productions in order to meet the peak load requirements of the electricity consumption. The results has been analyzed and comparison have also been made for the purpose to apply green industrial manufacturing process in renewable energy sector as much as possible for reducing waste and with zero potential environmental burden on our Eco-system.
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Petrov, Andrei Y., James R. Sand, Abdolreza Zaltash, John Fischer, and Rick Mitchell. "Comparative Performance Analysis of IADR Operating in Natural Gas-Fired and Waste-Heat CHP Modes." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13201.

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Fuel utilization can be dramatically improved through effective recycle of "waste" heat produced as a by-product of on-site or near-site power generation technologies. Development of modular compact cooling, heating, and power (CHP) systems for end-use applications in commercial and institutional buildings is a key part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) energy policy. To effectively use the thermal energy from a wide variety of sources which is normally discarded to the ambient, many components such as heat exchangers, boilers, absorption chillers, and desiccant dehumidification systems must be further developed. Recently a compact, cost-effective, and energy-efficient integrated active-desiccant vapor-compression hybrid rooftop (IADR) unit has been introduced in the market. It combines the advantages of an advanced direct-expansion cooling system with the dehumidification capability of an active desiccant wheel. The aim of this study is to compare the efficiency of the IADR operation in baseline mode, when desiccant wheel regeneration is driven by a natural gas burner, and in CHP mode, when the waste heat recovered from microturbine exhaust gas is used for desiccant regeneration. Comparative analysis shows an excellent potential for more efficient use of the desiccant dehumidification as part of a CHP system and the importance of proper sizing of the CHP components. The most crucial factor in exploiting the efficiency of this application is the maximum use of thermal energy recovered for heating of regeneration air.
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Reports on the topic "End-of-waste policy"

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Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.

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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.
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Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

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We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
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Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0074.

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South Africa is a country with significant socio-economic development challenges, with the majority of South Africans having limited or non-existent access to basic infrastructure, services, housing and socio-economic opportunities etc. The urban housing backlog currently exceeds 2.4 million houses, with many families living in informal settlements. The Breaking New Grounds Policy, 2014 for the creation of sustainable human settlements, acknowledges the challenges facing human settlements, such as, decreasing human settlements grants allocation, increasing housing backlog, mushrooming of informal settlements and urbanisation. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 2019 notes that South Africa has not yet fully benefited from the potential of STI in addressing the socio-economic challenges and seeks to support the circular economy principles which entail a systematic change of moving to a zero or low waste resource-efficient society. Further to this, the Science and Technology Roadmap’s intention is to unlock the potential of South Africa’s human settlements for a decent standard of living through the smart uptake of science, technology and innovation. One such novel technology is the Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has produced numerous incredible structures around the world. 3D printing is a computer-controlled industrial manufacturing process which encompasses additive means of production to create 3D shapes. The effects of such a technology have a potential to change the world we live in and could subsequently pave the roadmap to improve on housing delivery and reduce the negative effects of conventional construction methods on the environment. To this end, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in partnership with the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the University of Johannesburg (UJ) hosted the second virtual IID seminar titled: Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements, on 01 March 2021 to explore the potential use of 3D printing technology in human settlements. The webinar presented preliminary findings from a study conducted by UJ, addressing the following topics: 1. The viability of 3D printing technology 2. Cost comparison of 3D printed house to conventional construction 3. Preliminary perceptions on 3D printing of houses Speakers included: Dr Jennifer Mirembe (NDoHS), Dr Jeffrey Mahachi, Mr Refilwe Lediga, Mr Khululekani Ntakana and Dr Luxien Ariyan, all from UJ. There was a unanimous consensus that collaborative efforts from all stakeholders are key to take advantage of this niche technology. @ASSAf_Official; @dsigovza; @go2uj; @The_DHS; #SA 3D_Printing; #3D Print_Housing; #IID
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