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Journal articles on the topic 'Encroachment'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Miaou, Shaw-Pin. "Estimating Vehicle Roadside Encroachment Frequencies by Using Accident Prediction Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1599, no. 1 (January 1997): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1599-08.

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The existing data to support the development of roadside encroachment-based accident-prediction models are limited and largely outdated. Under FHWA and TRB sponsorship, several roadside safety projects have attempted to address this issue by proposing rather comprehensive data collection plans and conducting pilot data collection efforts. It is clear from these studies that the required cost for the proposed roadside field data-collection efforts will be very high. Furthermore, the validity of any field-collected roadside encroachment data may be questionable because of the technical difficulty of distinguishing intentional (or controlled) from unintentional (or uncontrolled) encroachments. A method to estimate some of the basic roadside encroachment parameters, including vehicle roadside encroachment frequency and the probability distribution of lateral extent of encroachments, using existing accident-based prediction models is proposed. The method is developed by utilizing the probabilistic relationships between a roadside encroachment event and a run-off-the-road accident event. With some assumptions, the method is capable of providing a wide range of basic encroachment parameters from conventional accident-based prediction models. To illustrate the concept and use of such a method, some basic encroachment parameters are estimated for rural two-lane undivided roads. In addition, the estimated encroachment parameters are compared with those estimated from the existing encroachment data. The illustration indicates that this method can be a viable approach to estimating basic encroachment parameters of interest and, thus, has the potential of reducing the roadside data collection cost.

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2

McWilliam, Wendy, Paul Eagles, Mark Seasons, and Robert Brown. "Assessing the Degradation Effects of Local Residents on Urban Forests in Ontario, Canada." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.033.

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Urban forests provide essential social, ecological, and economic functions in support of their communities; however, surveys indicate adjacent residents conduct activities within their yards and the adjacent public forest edge that degrade these systems. Local governments rely on boundary-focused passive management and/or active management to limit impacts. Encroachment results from various boundary treatments; however, it is not known whether encroachment represents a substantial source of degradation within Ontario, Canada, municipal forests. To evaluate this, percentage cover of encroachment impacts adjacent to 186 homes within 40 forests of six Southern Ontario municipalities was surveyed. The results indicated degradation resulting from encroachment was substantial. Encroachment occurred in highly valued and sensitive ecosystems, and during sensitive time periods. This was highly prevalent and covered a substantial proportion of the forest edge. Some encroachment behaviors were particularly harmful, resulting in the loss of significant forest area to residential land uses. Furthermore, encroachments remained over long periods. The small sizes and convoluted shapes of urban forests leave them vulnerable to these impacts. Prevailing municipal strategies are insufficient to protect these systems from encroachment. To ensure their long term protection, municipalities and their communities need to substantially increase their commitment and resources for addressing encroachment.

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3

Mukta, Arifa Yasmin, Md Emdadul Haque, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, Md Abdul Fattah, Williamson Gustave, Hussein Almohamad, Ahmed Abdullah Al Dughairi, Motrih Al-Mutiry, and Hazem Ghassan Abdo. "Impact of Canal Encroachment on Flood and Economic Vulnerability in Northern Bangladesh." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 8341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148341.

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River and canal encroachments have become a common problem in Bangladesh. The prevalence of river and canal encroachments has a direct impact on population growth. However, the impacted population appears to be unaware of its negative consequences. To this end, we aimed to investigate the past and present canal scenarios with a focus on canal encroachment as the influencing factor in Ulipur upazila (highly vulnerable) of northern Bangladesh. To examine the impact of this encroachment, the Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI), Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) were used. Our results showed signs of narrowing of the canal structure of Ulipur upazila in 1982 and 1992, while satellite images from 2002 and 2012 showed the presence of encroachment in the middle and lower parts of the canal. The FVI value for Hatia union was 0.703, indicating that this area was highly vulnerable to flooding. According to the ACI, the Pandul union has a high capacity to cope with flood impact, while the Hatia union has less capacity to cope with flood impact. Conversely, Hatia’s union EVI value was 72.8, denoting a high economic vulnerability. Canal encroachments will have negative consequences for these impacted unions. It is critical to reduce the flooding and economic vulnerabilities associated with canal encroachments. It is found that canal excavation is very important for controlling flood water and reducing the damage caused by flooding.

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4

Fritz, James. "Pragmatic Encroachment and Moral Encroachment." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 98 (August 18, 2017): 643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/papq.12203.

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5

Christian Fennell. "Encroachment." Antipodes 27, no. 2 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/antipodes.27.2.0184.

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6

Emerson, Robert W. "Franchise Encroachment." American Business Law Journal 47, no. 2 (June 2010): 191–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2010.01094.x.

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7

Fenves, Peter. "Intervention, Encroachment." Critical Times 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7708307.

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Abstract This article shows that Walter Benjamin's initial characterization of the “sphere of moral relations” as divided by two mutually exclusive poles, law and justice, without a mediating third term such as “ethical life” or “moral education,” generates the basis for his critique of violence. After describing how this characterization of moral relations both reproduces and inverts the underlying schema of Kant's Metaphysics of Morals, the article outlines the procedure whereby Benjamin's initial definition of violence as an “intervention” into moral relations is supplemented by a corresponding definition of legal “encroachment”: law presents itself as a resolution or “expiation” of morally ambiguous relations; but insofar as the “sphere of moral relations” is split between the two poles of law and justice, such expiation conceals and thus intensifies the moral ambiguity of the situation on which law encroaches. The article concludes by suggesting that contemporary encroachments of law constitute a danger, akin to the growth of nihilism (in Nietzsche's sense), to which Benjamin's essay seeks to alert its readers.

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8

PFM. "Police encroachment?" Journal of the Forensic Science Society 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-7368(89)73225-4.

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9

REED, BARON. "Resisting Encroachment." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85, no. 2 (September 2012): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00628.x.

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10

Boggenpoel, Zsa-Zsa Temmers. "Creating a Servitude to solve an Encroachment Dispute: A Solution or creating another Problem?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 5 (May 17, 2017): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i5a2441.

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The main focus of this note is the case of Roseveare v Katmer, Katmer v Roseveare 2013 ZAGPJHC 18, which provides an interesting (though possibly constitutionally problematic) perspective to the encroachment problem. The decision in this case has opened the door for courts to create servitudes in instances where encroachments are left intact based on policy reasons. Concerning these policy reasons, the note investigates the reasonableness standard as it was applied in the case. It is argued that it is important to differentiate between the applications of reasonableness in encroachment cases and alleged nuisance disputes. The decision in this case creates the impression that courts may now order that a servitude be registered in favour of the encroacher against the affected landowner’s property. It seems as though the court had in mind the creation of a praedial servitude to justify the continued existence of the encroachment. The servitude is created by court order against the will of the affected landowner. At common law, the creation of a servitude in this respect does not exist, and the authority from which the power derives to make an order like this is not entirely clear. The court also does not provide any authority for the creation of the servitude in favour of the encroacher. Consequently, it is argued that this may have serious constitutional implications. For one, lack of authority for the deprivation that results may be unconstitutional because there is no law of general application that authorises the deprivation in terms of section 25(1). The creation of a servitude to explain the continued existence of the encroachment is not automatically included in the general discretion to replace removal with compensation. It is contended that an order that forces the affected landowner to register a servitude in favour of the encroacher to preserve the existing encroachment situation will be in conflict with section 25(1) as far as the common law does not authorise such an order. Furthermore, an order creating a servitude against the affected landowner’s will need to be separately justified in terms of the non-arbitrariness requirement in section 25(1). In this respect, the order will be unjustified and therefore arbitrary on both a general and personal level. Although this decision eliminates the enduring problem in encroachment law concerning the rights of the respective parties to the affected land where encroachments are not removed, it is reasoned in this note that the solving of this problem may have created another one. The decision is undoubtedly a step in the right direction, in so far as the court has attempted to provide clarity in terms of the rights to the encroached-upon land. However, the absence of authority either in terms of the common law or legislation to create a servitude in this context, indicates that courts should avoid orders of this nature because of their implications. If legislation is enacted to regulate building encroachments, it may be useful to explain what happens when the encroachment is not removed and it may also provide the required law of general application to prevent constitutional infringement. The legislation should specify the nature of the right acquired by the encroacher, which in the South African context should probably be a servitude created against the affected landowner’s property. This may ensure that the required authority exists for the creation of the servitude and would also provide the necessary justification to prevent the arbitrary deprivation of property. It is accordingly submitted that the unnecessary confusion that results from the inability to explain the outcome (or provide sufficient reason) on the one hand, and the possible constitutional infringement due to the lack of authority on the other, may therefore be cleared up by the suggested legislation.

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11

Kvanvig, Jonathan L. "Against Pragmatic Encroachment." Logos & Episteme 2, no. 1 (2011): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20112150.

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12

Moss, Sarah. "IX—Moral Encroachment." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 118, no. 2 (June 21, 2018): 177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arisoc/aoy007.

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13

Shulman, Brian B., Suzanne Ducharme, Maureen Lefton-Greif, Sherry Sancibrian, and Genncis Rosado. "Encroachment Article Clarification." ASHA Leader 15, no. 7 (June 2010): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.in1.15072010.2.

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14

McGrath, Matthew. "Defeating pragmatic encroachment?" Synthese 195, no. 7 (November 15, 2016): 3051–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1264-0.

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15

Nijhof, Andre, Marjolein Bakker, and Henk Kievit. "The role in encroachment of the sustainability aspects of value propositions." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 2126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2017-0879.

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Purpose This paper aims to elucidate what concepts of encroachment in business-to-consumer markets explain the market share increase of companies with sustainability value propositions. It documents the encroachment field, analyses the practice of ten companies and proposes and defines the additional concept of transparency encroachment. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of companies with an increase in customers and market share due to their sustainability value proposition. These were supplemented with secondary data, like documented interviews, sustainability reports and reports on market development. The interview transcripts and secondary data notes were coded using template analysis. Findings As the literature on encroachment assumes that new value propositions take away market share from incumbents due to advantages for customers, it is questionable whether it can explain how value propositions with advantages for society as a whole can encroach markets. The results of this study show that the dominant forms of encroachment in the current literature – high-end encroachment, low-end encroachment and business model encroachment – can only partly explain encroachment through sustainability value propositions. An additional encroachment form is identified: transparency encroachment. Research limitations/implications This research adds greater clarity to what companies do when they encroach markets with sustainability value propositions. Furthermore, the pattern of transparency encroachment is discussed to define the common aspects of this concept and to argue why these aspects are needed for encroachment. It implies that marketing activities should start from the perception that customers are allies – and not kings – in the development toward higher levels of sustainability. Practical implications The paper offers practical implications insofar as it deconstructs three aspects of transparency encroachment that are enacted by companies. Customer awareness, unique experience and customer contribution are all needed to enact transparency encroachment. It is argued that other companies introducing sustainability value propositions to encroach markets should find their own application of these three aspects to create the potential for successful encroachment. Social implications Because of the focus on sustainability aspects of value propositions, this study generates knowledge about the marketing and encroachment of products with a relatively positive impact on society. Adoption of the identified concept of transparency encroachment contributes to sustainable development. Originality/value To date, there has been very little marketing research that explores the role of sustainability value propositions in the encroachment of markets. Nonetheless, nowadays customers seem to look beyond their own benefits and are increasingly demanding a new approach that builds upon the sustainability aspects of products. This research adds greater clarity to encroachment through sustainability value propositions.

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16

Imdad, Kashif, and Agha Mansoor Khan. "Impact of Global Warming on Wetlands: A Case Study of Lucknow District." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9, no. 01 (June 25, 2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v9i01.8334.

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Wetlands are one of most productive environments and provide a wide variety of benefits. They are important repositories of biodiversity and play a critical role in the health, livelihood and economic prospects for the nearby rural population. Wetlands are under imminent threat by nature in form of global warming and by civilization in form of encroachments and reclamation of wetlands for farming and settlement. Along Indo-Gangetic plain wetlands have receded more than half of its size in last 50 years. Present paper attempts to analyse impact of climate change on wetlands of Lucknow. Methodology included analysis of temporal mapping of wetlands using Survey of India topographical maps (SOI) and satellite data, climatic data of area and ground verification for encroachment impacts. Results indicate that wetland of Lucknow are receding with exponential rate attributing to Global Warming, encroachment by human for settlement and agricultural activities.

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17

Wu, Xunbo, Jinling Zhao, and Ming Wang. "Managing Cost Reduction Efforts in Supplier Encroachment." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6638830.

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The extant literature has indicated that upstream supplier encroachment on the incumbent retailer could be beneficial to the supplier, the retailer, and the entire industry, when the supplier’s marketing disadvantage satisfies specific conditions. This study extends the previous investigations about supplier encroachment to the circumstance where the supplier is capable of managing and mitigating her marketing disadvantage, which further intensifies the retail competition and provides new managerial implications about the encroachment. We find that encroachment with cost reduction efforts does not necessarily hurt the retailer and the industry but always benefit the supplier and consumers. Compared to encroachment without the cost reduction effort, encroachment with cost reduction efforts does not necessarily benefit the supplier and the industry. Between encroachment with and without cost reduction efforts, the retailer and consumers always prefer the latter and the former, respectively. Our findings provide meaningful insights to manage cost reduction efforts in supply chain encroachment.

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18

Ganguli, Amy C., David M. Engle, Paul M. Mayer, and Eric C. Hellgren. "Plant community diversity and composition provide little resistance to Juniperus encroachment." Botany 86, no. 12 (December 2008): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-110.

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Widespread encroachment of the fire-intolerant species Juniperus virginiana L. into North American grasslands and savannahs where fire has largely been removed has prompted the need to identify mechanisms driving J. virginiana encroachment. We tested whether encroachment success of J. virginiana is related to plant species diversity and composition across three plant communities. We predicted J. virginiana encroachment success would (i) decrease with increasing diversity, and (ii) J. virginiana encroachment success would be unrelated to species composition. We simulated encroachment by planting J. virginiana seedlings in tallgrass prairie, old-field grassland, and upland oak forest. We used J. virginiana survival and growth as an index of encroachment success and evaluated success as a function of plant community traits (i.e., species richness, species diversity, and species composition). Our results indicated that J. virginiana encroachment success increased with increasing plant richness and diversity. Moreover, growth and survival of J. virginiana seedlings was associated with plant species composition only in the old-field grassland and upland oak forest. These results suggest that greater plant species richness and diversity provide little resistance to J. virginiana encroachment, and the results suggest resource availability and other biotic or abiotic factors are determinants of J. virginiana encroachment success.

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19

Fogarty, Dillon T., Caleb P. Roberts, Daniel R. Uden, Victoria M. Donovan, Craig R. Allen, David E. Naugle, Matthew O. Jones, Brady W. Allred, and Dirac Twidwell. "Woody Plant Encroachment and the Sustainability of Priority Conservation Areas." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 8321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208321.

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Woody encroachment is a global driver of grassland loss and management to counteract encroachment represents one of the most expensive conservation practices implemented in grasslands. Yet, outcomes of these practices are often unknown at large scales and this constrains practitioner’s ability to advance conservation. Here, we use new monitoring data to evaluate outcomes of grassland conservation on woody encroachment for Nebraska’s State Wildlife Action Plan, a statewide effort that targets management in Biologically Unique Landscapes (BULs) to conserve the state’s natural communities. We tracked woody cover trajectories for BULs and compared BUL trajectories with those in non-priority landscapes (non-BULs) to evaluate statewide and BUL-scale conservation outcomes more than a decade after BUL establishment. Statewide, woody cover increased by 256,653 ha (2.3%) from 2000–2017. Most BULs (71%) experienced unsustainable trends of grassland loss to woody encroachment; however, management appeared to significantly reduce BUL encroachment rates compared to non-BULs. Most BULs with early signs of encroachment lacked control strategies, while only one BUL with moderate levels of encroachment (Loess Canyons) showed evidence of a management-driven stabilization of encroachment. These results identify strategic opportunities for proactive management in grassland conservation and demonstrate how new monitoring technology can support large-scale adaptive management pursuits.

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Mazor, Joseph. "On the Child’s Right to Bodily Integrity: When Is the Right Infringed?" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 46, no. 4 (July 5, 2021): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab013.

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Abstract This article considers two competing types of conceptions of the pre-autonomous child’s right to bodily integrity. The first, which I call encroachment conceptions, holds that any physically serious bodily encroachment infringes on the child’s right to bodily integrity. The second, which I call best-interests conceptions, holds that the child’s right to bodily integrity is infringed just in case the child is subjected to a bodily encroachment that substantially deviates from what is in the child’s best interests. I argue in this article that best-interests conceptions are more plausible than encroachment conceptions. They have more attractive implications regarding the permissibility of interventions in children’s bodies that are beneficial for the child but are not medically necessary. They are better able to explain the moral distinction between cases in which an encroachment on a child’s body is needed to benefit that child and cases in which an encroachment on one child’s body is needed to benefit another. Finally, best-interests conceptions are more consonant than encroachment conceptions with our understanding of adults’ right to bodily integrity.

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21

Ma, Rong, and Tianjian Yang. "Manufacturer Channel Encroachment and Evolution in E-Platform Supply Chain: An Agent-Based Model." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053060.

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Manufacturer channel encroachment is a common phenomenon in the current e-commerce supply chain, which has been well studied. This study develops a multi-agent-based model of the e-platform supply chain to analyse manufacturers’ channel encroachment strategies and supply chain evolution. Through both direct sales channels and e-commerce platforms, manufacturers can sell two complementary products of varying quality. Consumers who have preferences compare the pricing information gathered from manufacturers through different channels before selecting the one that generates the best utility. At the end of each period, the manufacturers make a price adjustment using the genetic algorithm. We look at the supply chain evolution process through multi-period simulations and discuss the factors that influence encroachment decisions. We find that manufacturers’ channel encroachment is detrimental to the profitability of the e-commerce platform. Consumers’ channel preferences and quality preferences benefit the e-commerce platform and can discourage manufacturers’ encroachment decisions. In addition, increases in encroachment costs and commission rates can reduce manufacturers’ propensity for channel encroachment.

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22

Pearce, Margaret W. "Encroachment by Word, Axis, and Tree: Mapping Techniques from the Colonization of New England." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 48 (June 1, 2004): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp48.457.

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It is well established that mapping has been an important tool for the colonization of North America. Techniques such as removal of toponymy, alteration of a boundary line location, and use of a map grid, were all successfully used for advancing colonial interests in the printed regional and national maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This article compares these known techniques to those that were used in local, town level mapping in Connecticut during the same period. Whereas toponymic removal and replacement are found to remain central to cartographic encroachment at the local level, English colonists also successfully encroached on unpurchased Native lands through other uses of toponyms, as well as new devices such as the axis, tree-marking, and appropriation of Native mapping style. Native people actively contested these encroachments at the town and colony levels; these resistances successfully slowed but did not stop the mappings’ effects. The final effectiveness of each encroachment technique is found to depend on its ability to maintain a vague definition of territory and boundaries within an aura of precision and legality.

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Mueller, Andy. "Pragmatic or Pascalian Encroachment?" Logos & Episteme 8, no. 2 (2017): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme20178218.

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Armour-Garb, B. "Contextualism without pragmatic encroachment." Analysis 71, no. 4 (September 14, 2011): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/anr083.

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Roeber, Blake. "The Pragmatic Encroachment Debate." Noûs 52, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12156.

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Kim, Brian. "Pragmatic encroachment in epistemology." Philosophy Compass 12, no. 5 (May 2017): e12415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12415.

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Bolinger, Renée Jorgensen. "Varieties of Moral Encroachment." Philosophical Perspectives 34, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12124.

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Zhang, Jianqiang, Qingning Cao, and Xiuli He. "Manufacturer encroachment with advertising." Omega 91 (March 2020): 102013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2018.12.002.

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Eaton, Daniel, and Timothy Pickavance. "Evidence against pragmatic encroachment." Philosophical Studies 172, no. 12 (February 20, 2015): 3135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-015-0461-x.

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Brower, Ann. "The myth of encroachment." Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 1 (2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-2-3.

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Lewis, Lloyd B. "The encroachment of faith." Academic Questions 11, no. 4 (December 1998): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-998-1050-7.

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Vahid, Hamid. "Varieties of Pragmatic Encroachment." Acta Analytica 29, no. 1 (May 29, 2013): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12136-013-0192-6.

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Yang, Liu, Jihua Zhou, Liming Lai, Qinglin Sun, Sangui Yi, Lianhe Jiang, and Yuanrun Zheng. "Evaluating physiological changes of grass and semishrub species with seasonality for understanding the process of shrub encroachment in semiarid grasslands." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 7 (2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19194.

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Shrub encroachment occurs worldwide, especially in arid and semiarid grasslands. Changes in soil water in different layers affect the process of shrub encroachment. Understanding the biological and physiological responses of plant species to shrub encroachment is essential for explaining shrub encroachment. The dominant species in six typical plant communities changed from Stipa bungeana Trin. to Artemisia ordosica Krasch., representing different shrub-encroached grasslands. The gravimetric soil water content (SWC) and enzyme and osmotic adjustment compounds of the dominant species across shrub encroachment stages and growing seasons were measured to explain the shrub encroachment. Results showed that SWC decreased and then increased during the growing seasons. With the process of shrub encroachment, SWC first increased, then decreased. With increasing soil depth, SWC increased or decreased. Across seasons with decreasing SWC, enzyme activity decreased and then increased, and malondialdehyde content and osmotic adjustment compounds increased. With the process of shrub encroachment, enzyme activity, malondialdehyde content and osmotic adjustment compounds increased or decreased. The two dominant species (S. bungeana and A. ordosica) enhanced their drought resistance abilities by regulating their antioxidant systems and osmotic adjustment compounds when soil water in a specific layer was not over the threshold. We recommend increasing the clay content to increase the water holding capacity in the surface soil layer to restore the zonal vegetation of S. bungeana.

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Fu, Feng, Shuangying Chen, and Wei Yan. "The implications of supplier encroachment via an online platform." RAIRO - Operations Research 56, no. 2 (March 2022): 529–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2022003.

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E-commerce provides suppliers with the flexibility to operate an online arm via a platform in addition to their pre-existing physical stores. Although such supplier encroachment is becoming increasingly prevalent in e-commerce markets, the literature on supplier encroachment traditionally assumes that suppliers sell products to consumers directly and argues that supplier encroachment can mitigate double marginalisation problems that can secure Pareto improvements. This paper narrows this gap by investigating the implications of the supplier encroachment with an online platform under two scenarios (i.e., the platform owner forgoing or retaining its entry options). A central result obtained is that, unlike supplier-owned direct channels and in addition to the “win–win” outcomes for the supplier and the traditional retailer, supplier encroachment with an online platform may also lead to “win–lose” and “lose–lose” outcomes. Furthermore, when the platform owner retains its entry option, such encroachment is always detrimental for the traditional retailer but beneficial for the supplier.

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Schroeder, Mark. "RATIONAL STABILITY UNDER PRAGMATIC ENCROACHMENT." Episteme 15, no. 3 (July 19, 2018): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.24.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper I will be concerned with the relationship between pragmatic encroachment and the rational instability of belief. I will be concerned to make five points: first, that some defenders of pragmatic encroachment are indeed committed to predictable rational instability of belief; second, that rational instability is indeed troublesome – particularly when it is predictable; third, that the bare thesis of pragmatic encroachment is not committed to rational instability of belief at all; fourth, that the view that Jake Ross and I have called the ‘reasoning disposition’ account of belief has the right structure to predict limited and stable pragmatic encroachment on the rationality of belief; and fifth and finally, that the very best cases for pragmatic encroachment are rationally stable in the right ways.

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Song, Qing, and Tiemei Wang. "Effects of Shrub Encroachment in the Inner Mongolia Ecotones between Forest and Grassland on the Species Diversity and Interspecific Associations." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102575.

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Shrub encroachment, which is the increase in shrubs or woody plants in grassland, is one of the important ecological problems facing grassland worldwide. The study was conducted in the ecotones between the forest and grassland of Inner Mongolia. Using a simple random sampling method, 40 shrubland sample plots, evenly distributed in the typical forest-grass transition area, were selected for community investigation. According to the steppe shrub encroachment index, the grassland was divided into different levels. The species diversity and interspecific association of different levels of sample plots were statistically analyzed and compared. It was found that the Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Simpson index (P) were negatively associated with the shrub encroachment index (p < 0.01) and gradually decreased with increasing levels of shrub encroachment. When the grassland transitioned to severe shrub formation, the species diversity of the community significantly decreased, and H and P were significantly lower than those of the mild and moderate shrub-steppe, and the lowest values were 1.37 and 0.48, respectively. With the increase in the shrub encroachment index, biomass showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The aboveground biomass of shrub interspace and total aboveground biomass in the severe shrub encroachment steppe were significantly lower than those in the mildly and moderately shrub-steppe, with the lowest values of 101.86 g/m2 and 189.69 g/m2, respectively. Shrub encroachment led to a change in the overall association of shrub communities in the ecotones between the forest and grassland of Inner Mongolia from positive to negative. The vast majority of species pairs in the shrub community showed no significant association, and the interspecies association was relatively weak. The results showed that shrub encroachment would affect community species diversity; mild and moderate shrub encroachment had no significant impact on community species diversity, but severe shrub encroachment significantly reduced the community species diversity. There was no significant effect of shrub encroachment on aboveground biomass, which increased first and then decreased, and the herbaceous plant population played a leading role in grassland productivity. The interspecific association of grassland is loose and weak. The community was in the early stage of unstable succession, and it was possible to continue shrub encroachment or reverse succession into a typical grassland in response to the interference of human or environmental factors.

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Cao, Dan, Jin Li, Gege Liu, and Ran Mei. "Can Decentralization Drive Green Innovation? A Game Theoretical Analysis of Manufacturer Encroachment Selection with Consumer Green Awareness." Processes 9, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060990.

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With the increase of public environmental awareness and the growth of e-commerce, sustainable development promotes the manufacturer to increasingly participate in green innovation and make full use of the online sales channel to enhance competitiveness. Despite decentralized encroachment being widely adopted in business reality, the current literature has commonly paid more attention to centralized encroachment. To complement related research, a dual-channel green supply chain composed of a manufacturer (its retail subsidiary) and a retailer is investigated. We focus on what encroachment strategy (centralization vs. decentralization) drives the green innovation and analyze the impact of consumer green awareness and product substitutability on the manufacturer’s encroachment strategy, green innovation efforts and supply chain performance. Under each encroachment strategy, we build a Stackelberg game model and derive the equilibrium outcome. Then, we theoretically analyze the effects of consumer green awareness and product substitutability on green innovation and each party’s profitability. Our comparative analysis shows what encroachment strategy drives green innovation and what encroachment strategy benefits both parties and social welfare. Numerical studies are also conducted to support the analytical results. Our key findings reveal that decentralization improves the green innovation and achieves a both-win situation for the manufacturer and the retailer. Besides that, decentralization can reduce the environmental damage and increase social welfare as well.

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Ding, Fan, Zhangping Lu, Mengfan Jin, and Licheng Sun. "Manufacturer’s Encroachment and Carbon Emission Reduction Decisions Considering Cap-and-Trade Regulation and Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 10407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610407.

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Carbon emission reduction and achieving carbon neutrality has become an inevitable trend in the sustainable development era. We investigate the manufacturer’s encroachment and carbon emission reduction decisions considering government cap-and-trade regulations and consumers’ low-carbon preference. The equilibrium decisions for the four scenarios are analytically obtained and compared based using the Stackelberg game. A comparison with and without cap-and-trade regulation under two encroachment decisions regarding member’s profits and carbon emission reduction levels are conducted. It is shown that the encroachment decision is always advantageous for the manufacturer if the government decides not to implement cap-and-trade regulation, and the retailer always loses profit. Moreover, if the carbon quota is sufficient, cap-and-trade regulation benefits the manufacturer. Otherwise, the manufacturer’s encroachment decision depends on the appropriate initial unit amount of carbon emission and unit carbon price. The retailer’s profit may not always be hurt by the manufacturer’s encroachment with cap-and-trade regulation; unless the unit carbon price exceeds a certain threshold, a higher consumer’s low-carbon preference in the encroachment scenario reduces more carbon emissions than in the no-encroachment scenario for the manufacturer. Further, the rising platform commission rate causes the platform profit to increase first and then decrease; the platform profit will slightly decrease if both products become more substitutes.

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Khazieva, Elizaveta, Peter H. Verburg, and Robert Pazúr. "Grassland degradation by shrub encroachment: Mapping patterns and drivers of encroachment in Kyrgyzstan." Journal of Arid Environments 207 (December 2022): 104849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2022.104849.

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SCHMIDT, GLEN M. "LOW-END AND HIGH-END ENCROACHMENT STRATEGIES FOR NEW PRODUCTS." International Journal of Innovation Management 08, no. 02 (June 2004): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919604000988.

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Successful new products typically encroach in some fashion on an existing market, impacting prices, sales, and profits for the old product(s). We present a framework in which encroachment takes one of two forms, either high-end or low-end. High-end encroachment is exemplified by Intel's Pentium III, which encroached on the Pentium II by first catering to high-end customers before diffusing to the low end to fully displace the Pentium II. Low-end encroachment is illustrated by disk drives with smaller form factors, which first catered to low-end customers desiring lower-cost, but eventually diffused upward to the high end. Our low-end encroachment framework may help clarify how a disruptive innovation impacts the market, in terms of sales prices, volumes, and profits. Similarly, our high-end encroachment results may lend insight into the market impact of a sustaining technology.

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Amil, Amil, and Taufik Rachman. "Implementasi Undang-Undang No.18 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pencegahan Dan Pemberantasan Perusakan Hutan (Studi Kasus Tentang Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Masyarakat Melakukan Perambahan Hutan Di Desa Lunyuk Ode Kecamatan Lunyuk Kabupaten Sumbawa Besar)." JIAP (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik) 6, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jiap.v6i2.653.

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One of the causes of forest destruction is forest encroachment. The problem of forest encroachment has become a national problem. Several factors have caused the community to do forest encroachment, namely weak law enforcement, income factors, education factors, the existence of sponsors and the limitations of forest supervision officers. Increasing the number of residents resulted in an increase in the need for land to share interests. This increasing need threatens the existence of forests. The increasing need for land has resulted in increased forest clearance. Problems related to forest encroachment in Lunyuk Ode Village, Lunyuk Subdistrict, Sumbawa Besar Regency have caused researchers to be interested in conducting research with the title "Implementation of Law No. 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction (Case Study of Factors Affecting Communities to Encroach Forest in Lunyuk Ode Village, Lunyuk Subdistrict, Sumbawa Besar Regency) ". The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that influence the community to do forest encroachment and what impacts are felt by the people of Lunyuk Subdistrict, Sumbawa Besar District from forest encroachment activities. The research method used is a qualitative method, because it examines reality, phenomena or symptoms that are holistic / intact. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of participatory observation and in-depth interviews and documentation techniques in the form of photographs. The informants in this study were selected using the snowball sampling technique. Data analysis is done qualitatively with three stages, namely data reduction, data display and conclusion. The conclusions that can be drawn from the results of this study are the factors that influence the community to do forest encroachment are; first, economic factors which include the high income of the community after carrying out forest encroachment activities due to the high selling price of timber and demand for timber and lack of employment. Second, a low education factor. Third, weak forest guarding factors. Fourth, a mild penalty factor so that people are not afraid to do forest encroachment.

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Xue, Musen, and Jianxiong Zhang. "Supply chain encroachment with quality decision and different power structures." RAIRO - Operations Research 54, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 693–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2019027.

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This paper studies a supply chain with manufacturer encroachment and different power structures where product quality is an endogenous decision. We investigate the effects of encroachment and power structure on quality and profits for chain members. Employing a game-theoretic approach, we find that, first, in a manufacturer-led supply chain, encroachment makes both manufacturer and retailer better off when the quality investment efficiency is relatively high. And, the manufacturer’s profit exhibits nonmonotonicity with respect to the extent of consumers acceptance on the direct channel in a retailer-led setting. Second, our result shows that the pure equilibrium outcomes are driven by the quality investment efficiency and the extent of consumers’ acceptance on the direct channel. An interesting result is that, for the manufacturer, establishing encroachment channel and occupying the leader position simultaneously are always not the optimal choice. Additionally, the options of encroaching and striving for leader position can lead to lose-win, win-win, and win-lose situations for the manufacturer and the retailer. Finally, a prisoner’s dilemma may occur with a low quality investment efficiency, a moderately fixed encroachment cost and a high extent of consumers’ acceptance on the direct channel when a fixed encroachment cost is considered.

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Guedo, Digit D., and Eric G. Lamb. "Prescribed Burning Has Limited Long-Term Effectiveness in Controlling Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Encroachment into Fescue Grassland in Prince Albert National Park." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 1 (July 15, 2013): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i1.1407.

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Encroachment into grassland by woody species is a global ecological phenomenon, and it is of particular concern in remnant fescue (Festuca) prairie at the aspen parkland–boreal forest ecotone. Fire suppression is thought to encourage encroachment; however, prescribed burning as a means of controlling encroachment and restoring system structure, function, and composition has had variable success. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different season of burn, number of annual burns, and number of years after burning treatments on Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) encroachment into the fescue grasslands within Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan. Temporal changes in density and cover of Trembling Aspen in grassland and grassland–forest transition plant communities were evaluated using data from a prescribed burn study conducted in Prince Albert National Park from 1975 to 2010. The effect of year (indicating varying amounts of time relative to prescribed burning) and the interaction between spring burning and year reflect a stimulatory effect of burning on Trembling Aspen suckering. Increased Trembling Aspen cover in the forest transition community with more annual burns, burning in the fall, and the interaction between year and number of annual burns and increased Trembling Aspen cover in the grassland community with year indicate that none of the treatments had lasting control of Trembling Aspen encroachment. Ongoing Trembling Aspen encroachment despite prescribed burning may be due to important missing interactions between fire and grazing. A change in the use and expectation of prescribed burning is needed when attempting to suppress Trembling Aspen encroachment into the fescue grasslands.

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F., Wanyera, Mutugi C.R., Nadjima D., and Gichuki N. "Influence of Tangible Ecosystem Goods Encroachment on Host Community Well-being: A Case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-uxmakzdp.

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The study was set out to investigate how encroachment on ecosystem tangible goods improves the host community well-being. The problem was that over harvesting of the tangible goods resulted in the degradation of the ecosystem and thus affected the quality and quantity of the tangible goods harvested and thus negatively affected the host community's wellbeing. The study had threefold objectives and these were; to describe the ecosystem destruction trends; to determine the driving forces behind the encroachment of the park ecosystems and, to ascertain the different ecosystem tangible goods harvested from the park. The literature of the study focused on local community wellbeing and encroachment as well as the causes of rampant encroachment of the ecosystems both in unprotected areas and in protected areas. The methodology of this study was majorly descriptive and considered the population of 40 households and a sample of 32 households as well the household used as a sampling unit. The results indicated that encroachment on ecosystems occurred and as a result the ecosystem size dwindled over the past three decades. Also, the results revealed that the major cause of this encroachment was scarcity of land and poverty. Whereas the most demanded ecosystem resources were timber and fuel wood. It was concluded that because there was no wellbeing amongst the host community due to poverty and scarcity of land, they were forced to encroach on the ecosystem resources. It was therefore recommended that the park and host community should find mechanisms to empower the host community in order to minimize encroachment rates.

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Sebitloane, Tshegofatso K. J., Hendri Coetzee, Klaus Kellner, and Pieter Malan. "The socio-economic impacts of bush encroachment in Manthestad, Taung, South Africa." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2020-0013.

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AbstractBush encroachment involves a widespread increase in, and abundance of, woody vegetation in grassland and savanna biomes. This phenomenon has a direct impact on the socio-economic well-being of rural communities and affects livestock owners and those who utilise the land for various other purposes. This study set out to evaluate and gain an understanding of how livestock owners and land users in a typical rural village in South Africa’s North West Province perceive bush encroachment and the impact it has on the community’s ecosystem services. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design was used to document the perceptions of the participants regarding bush encroachment and bush control in an attempt to describe characteristics and to find answers to questions related to how local communities are affected by bush encroachment and the control thereof. The results show that encroachment has a significant impact on the socio-economic status of participants. Furthermore, it was found that the vast untapped knowledge of local livestock owners is vital to control bush encroachment, preserve the land for various types of usage and to conserve natural resources. Evaluating participants’ responses and perceptions also contributed significantly to gaining an understanding of how bush encroachment and the control thereof impact rural communities socio-economically. This led the contributors to conclude that raising awareness, actively engaging with the community, imparting skills and offering educational opportunities, creating jobs, merging biophysical activities and promoting active participation are key to the success of programmes aimed at bush control and the resultant improvement of ecosystem services.

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Har, Hui Lin, Aminah Mohsin, and Ainur Zaireen Zainudin. "ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS ON THE ENCROACHMENT OF GOVERNMENT LAND IN PERAK." International Journal of Politics, Public Policy and Social Works 2, no. 7 (December 2, 2020): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijppsw.27004.

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The encroachment on government land is an issue faced by the Perak state government. This land encroachment problem has caused losses to the state government in terms of revenue. Various solutions have been implemented by the Perak government to address the issue of encroachment, but the issue of encroachment still occurs to this day. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the causes that cause the existing solution to be ineffective and to study alternative solutions to address the issue of encroachment of government land in the state of Perak. To achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative design was used. Two types of data were obtained, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by interviewing officers from the Enforcement and Technical Unit under the Office of the Director of Lands and Mines Perak to provide an overview of the current situation and feedback on the issue of land encroachment. While for secondary data obtained from extracts of previous studies, newspaper clippings, and related journals. These data are then analysed using descriptive analysis methods. The results of the study found that there are three sources of existing solutions that are ineffective, namely political intervention, limited financial allocation, and security threats from intruders. In addition, there are several alternative solutions that have been proposed, namely the use of technology and the creation of a complete database of encroached land. In conclusion, it is hoped that the findings of this study will benefit all parties, especially the government in addressing the issues of encroachment on land owned by the state government.

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Bird, E., E. Martin, and K. Orviku. "REED ENCROACHMENT ON ESTONIAN BEACHES." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 39, no. 1 (1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/geol.1990.1.02.

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Moss, Sarah. "Pragmatic encroachment and legal proof." Philosophical Issues 31, no. 1 (October 2021): 258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phis.12207.

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McGinnis, Richard G. "Reexamination of Roadside Encroachment Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1690, no. 1 (January 1999): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1690-05.

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Coss, David. "Pragmatic Encroachment and Context Externalism." Logos & Episteme 10, no. 2 (2019): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme201910214.

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Pragmatic Encroachment (PE hereafter), sometimes called ‘antiintellectualism,’ is a denial of epistemic purism. Purism is the view that only traditional, truth-relevant, epistemic factors determine whether a true belief is an instance of knowledge. According to anti-intellectualists, two subjects S and S*, could be in the same epistemic position with regards to puristic epistemic factors, but S might know that p while S* doesn’t if less is at stake for S than for S*. Motivations for rejecting purism take two forms: case-based and principle-based arguments. In considering both approaches, I argue that PE is best viewed as externalist about epistemic contexts. That is to say, I claim that what determines a subject’s epistemic context is external to her mind.

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