Journal articles: 'Enclosed Habitat'

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Mullen, Dennis M., and Thomas M. Burton. "Experimental tests of intraspecific competition in stream riffles between juvenile and adult longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-004.

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This study was conducted to examine the role of intraspecific competition in size-specific habitat segregation by longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae). Previous studies indicate that adults use faster velocity areas and larger substrates than juveniles. An instream maze containing fast- (40-50 cm/s), medium- (25-35 cm/s), and slow-velocity (0-10 cm/s) habitats was used to examine the habitat preferences of both size classes. Cages provided with a single shelter were used to examine the effect of the presence of adults on shelter use by juveniles, and adults were removed from an enclosed riffle to examine the response of juveniles. Both adults and juveniles used the fast- and medium-velocity habitats within the maze and avoided the slow-velocity habitat. Juveniles reduced their use of the shelters in the presence of adults, and expanded their niches to include faster velocity areas of the riffle when adults were removed from the enclosed riffle. However, juveniles did not increase their use of larger substrates in the absence of adults. These results suggest that segregation of juvenile and adult longnose dace according to velocity is due to intraspecific competition for faster velocity areas within the riffle, while segregation according to substrate size may be due simply to an increasing preference for larger substrates as fish grow.

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Salmela, Anniina, Ilpo Kulmala, Aku Karvinen, Virginie Taillebot, Peter Weiss, Thibaud Gobert, Audrey Berthier, Vincenzo Guarnieri, Stephanie Raffestin, and Pertti Pasanen. "Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat." Aerosol Science and Engineering 4, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-020-00057-3.

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Harvey, Bret C., Jason L. White, and Rodney J. Nakamoto. "Habitat-specific biomass, survival, and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during summer in a small coastal stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-225.

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We observed significant habitat-scale variation in the density, survival, and growth of 811 passive integrated transponder tagged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) enclosed for 6368 days at natural density in 59 individual habitats (pools and riffles) in a small coastal California stream in summer 2001. The initial habitat-scale densities of trout were positively related to both depth and cover, although by the end of the experiment, the influence of cover on density was less apparent. Survival varied substantially, but with no clear relationship to any of the physical factors that we measured. Mean growth was density dependent, positively influenced by habitat depth, and also increased downstream within the 2-km study reach. The overall change in trout biomass over the experiment was also negatively related to fish density and positively influenced by habitat depth. Individual growth within habitats appeared to be unrelated to body size. The positive influences of water depth and distance downstream on trout growth in this experiment suggest that management actions that increase dry season discharge and limit aggradation will benefit salmonids in small streams.

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Inda-Díaz, Emilio A., Laura Sánchez-Velasco, and Miguel F. Lavín. "The effects of a tidal-mixing front on the distribution of larval fish habitats in a semi-enclosed sea during winter." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 7 (May 1, 2014): 1517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541400023x.

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We examined the effect of a tidal-mixing front on the three-dimensional distribution of larval fish habitats (LFHs) in the Midriff Archipelago Region in the Gulf of California during winter. Zooplankton and environmental variables were sampled from 0 to 200 m in 50 m strata. Four LFHs were defined in association with the front, two on the northern side and two on the southern side. The northern LFHs were: (1) the Mainland Shelf Habitat, located from the surface to 100 m depth on the north-east mainland shelf, characterized mainly by the presence of Citharichtys fragilis; and (2) the Wide Distribution Habitat, extending from north-west to south across the front from the surface to 200 m depth, dominated by the ubiquitous Engraulis mordax. The southern LFHs were: (3) the Eddy Zone Habitat, defined nearly on an anticyclonic eddy, with the highest larval abundance and richness from the surface to 100 m depth, dominated by Leuroglossus stilbius; and (4) the Southern Gulf Habitat, associated with low temperature waters from the southern Gulf of California, dominated by southern-gulf species (e.g. Scomber japonicus and Sardinops sagax). Despite the weak stratification and low thermal contrast (~1.5°C) across the south front compared to summer (~3°C), our results demonstrate that the frontal zone may influence the formation of planktonic habitats even during generally homogeneous periods, which may also be relevant in other regions of the world.

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Horie, Takehito, Tomonari Okada, and Akira Watanuki. "SUITABILITY INDEX FOR COASTAL ENVIRONMENT RESTORATION IN ENCLOSED BAY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 9, 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.posters.2.

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HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) models are a numerical index that describes the habitat quality for individual species of aquatic organism. This models are composed of SI (suitability index) models, which show the cause-and-effect relationships between biomass of target species and the variation of individual water environmental factors. Fish are often used as the environmental indicator species of HSI models, because fish are strongly related to marine algae, sea grass, water quality, and so forth, and fish are predator high in the food chain for the aquatic system. In order to restore the marine environment of Tokyo Bay, in Japan(Fig.1), some SI models have been proposed. However, we have few precision SI models on target fish. Therefore, the objective of this study is to reveal the relationship between seasonal or daily variations of water environment components in Tokyo bay or in offshore sea area of the Pacific coast of Tokyo metro (Fig.1) and the total mass of fish living in Tokyo bay in order to create precision SI models of fish.

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Imbrenda, Vito, Maria Lanfredi, Rosa Coluzzi, and Tiziana Simoniello. "A Smart Procedure for Assessing the Health Status of Terrestrial Habitats in Protected Areas: The Case of the Natura 2000 Ecological Network in Basilicata (Southern Italy)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2022): 2699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112699.

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Natura 2000 is the largest coordinated network of protected areas in the world, which has been established to preserve rare habitats and threatened species at the European Community level. Generally, tools for habitat quality assessment are based on the analyses of land-use/land-cover changes, thus, highlighting already overt habitat modifications. To evaluate the general quality conditions of terrestrial habitats and detect habitat degradation processes at an early stage, a direct and cost-effective procedure based on satellite imagery (Landsat data) and GIS (Geographic Information System) tools is proposed. It focuses on the detection of anomalies in vegetation matrix (stress/fragmentation), estimated for each habitat at the level of both a single protected site and local network, to identify habitat priority areas (HPA), i.e., areas needing priority interventions, and to support a rational use of resources (field surveys, recovery actions). By analyzing the statistical distributions of standardized NDVI for all the enclosed habitats (at the site or network level), the Degree of Habitat Consistency (DHC) was also defined. The index allows the assessment of the general status of a protected site/network, and the comparison of the environmental conditions of a certain habitat within a given protected site (SCI, SAC) with those belonging to the other sites of the network. The procedure was tested over the Natura 2000 network of the Basilicata region (Southern Italy), considered as a hotspot of great natural and landscape interest. An overall accuracy of ~97% was obtained, with quite low percentages of commission (~8%) and omission (~6%) errors. By examining the diachronic evolution (1985–2009) of DHC and HPA, it was possible to track progress or degradation of the analyzed areas over time and to recognize the efficaciousness/failure of past managements and interventions (e.g., controlled disturbances), providing decision-makers with a thorough understanding for setting up the most suitable mitigation/contrast measures.

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Sun, Peng, Ge Yu, Zhaozhang Chen, Jianyu Hu, Guangxing Liu, and Donghui Xu. "Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: III. Sansha Bay habitat restoration strategy." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 33, no. 2 (September 24, 2014): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-4169-8.

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Hassaballa, Iman B., Baldwyn Torto, Catherine L. Sole, and David P. Tchouassi. "Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0009062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009062.

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Phlebotomine sand flies transmit many viral protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance. Knowledge of the ecologic factors influencing their distribution at local scale can provide insights into disease epidemiology and avenues for targeted control. Animal sheds, termite mounds and houses are important peri-domestic and domestic habitats utilized by different sand flies as resting or breeding habitats. However, our knowledge for selection of these habitats by sand flies remains poor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these habitat types harbor different composition of sand fly species and differ in their volatile chemistry that could influence sand fly selection. To achieve this, we employed CDC light traps following a cross-sectional survey to investigate the distribution of sand flies in the three habitats in an endemic site for leishmaniasis in Kenya. The study was carried out during the dry season, when sand flies are optimally abundant in 2018 and 2020. Sand fly abundance did not vary between the habitats, but species-specific differences in abundance was evident. Measures of sand fly community structure (Shannon diversity and richness) were highest in animal shed, followed by termite mound and lowest inside human dwelling (house). This finding indicates broader attraction of both sexes of sand flies and females of varying physiological states to animal sheds potentially used as breeding or resting sites, but also as a signal for host presence for a blood meal. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles collected from represented substrates associated with these habitats viz: human foot odor on worn socks (houses indoors), cow dung (animal sheds) and termite mounds (enclosed vent), revealed a total of 47 volatile organic compounds. Of these, 26, 35 and 16 were detected in human socks, cow dung and enclosed termite vent, respectively. Of these volatiles, 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, α-pinene, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, p-cresol and decanal, previously known as attractants for sandflies and other blood-feeding insects, were common to the habitats. Our results suggest that habitat volatiles may contribute to the composition of sand flies and highlight their potential for use in monitoring sand fly populations.

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BAIDER, CLÁUDIA, and F. B. VINCENT FLORENS. "Eugenia alletiana (Myrtaceae), a new critically endangered species endemic to the island of Mauritius." Phytotaxa 94, no. 1 (April 16, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.94.1.1.

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Eugenia alletiana, a new endemic species from Mauritius, is described and its ecology and conservation is discussed. The morphological diagnostic features for Eugenia alletiana are chartaceous, discoloured leaves, very thin terminal branchlets, flowers solitary or in fascicles of 2–3 flowers, totally fused hypanthium without apical pore or calyptra, that encloses the numerous stamens (> 500) and petals before anthesis; seed enclosed in a woody endocarp with a lamellated outer surface. The species should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the Red List Criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. This assessment is based on the plant’s restricted distribution, very small population size, a habitat sustaining degradation by invasive alien plants and animals and predation of immature fruits and seeds by invasive alien monkeys and rats respectively leading to a weak regeneration.

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Britch, Seth C., David A. Dame, Max V. Meisch, Daniel L. Kline, Todd W. Walker, Sandra A. Allan, Joyce Urban, Robert L. Aldridge, and Kenneth J. Linthicum. "Spatial Repellents Protect Small Perimeters from Riceland Mosquitoes in a Warm-Humid Environment." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6974.1.

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ABSTRACT Recent experiments suggest spatial repellents may significantly reduce biting pressure from host-seeking riceland mosquitoes, such as Anopheles quadrimaculatus, in a warm-humid open-field habitat. However, little is known regarding efficacy of these formulations in partially enclosed spaces where US military personnel may be sheltered or concealed in an operational environment. In this study we investigated the capability of 3 spatial repellents—metofluthrin, linalool, and d-cis/trans allethrin—to reduce mosquito incursion into small open-top enclosures of US military camouflage netting. We found that metofluthrin was more effective in partially enclosed spaces compared with the open field, whereas both linalool and d-cis/trans allethrin provided superior protection in the open. These findings support strategic selection of spatial repellents depending on the environment immediately surrounding the host.

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Yu, Ge, Peng Sun, Guangxing Liu, Donghui Xu, Guangmao Ding, and Dongren Huang. "Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: II. spatiotemporal variations in habitat degradation in Sansha Bay." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 32, no. 3 (September 28, 2013): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-014-3219-y.

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12

Zou, Lin, Bisong Hu, Shuhua Qi, Qianqian Zhang, and Pan Ning. "Spatiotemporal Variation of Siberian Crane Habitats and the Response to Water Level in Poyang Lake Wetland, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010140.

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The Poyang Lake wetland in China is the largest wintering destination for Siberian cranes worldwide. Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of crane habitats is of great importance for ecological environment governance and biodiversity protection. The shallow water, grassland, and soft mudflat regions of the Poyang Lake wetland are ideal habitats for wintering Siberian cranes. Based on Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) remote sensing images, habitat areas were extracted and associated with various water levels taken on multiple dates. Landscape metrics were applied to describe the spatial structural characteristics of the crane habitats, and spatial statistics are used to explore the cold and hot spots of their distribution. Moreover, three indicators including sustainability, stability, and variety were applied to evaluate the vulnerability of the crane habitats under different hydrological conditions. Our findings indicate: (a) The main crane habitats exhibit a gradual decreasing degree of fragmentation in time, an obvious uncertainty of shape complexity and a relatively stable connectivity. (b) The crane habitats have a consistent spatial pattern of highly aggregated distributions associated with various water levels. (c) The hot spots of the habitats formed multiple “sheet” belts centered on the “Lake Enclosed in Autumn” regions, while the cold spots indicate a spatial pattern of axial distributions. (d) The majority of the hot spots of the habitats were distributed in sub-lakes found in the southeast part of the Poyang Lake watershed and the Nanjishan and Wucheng nature reserves, while the cold spots were mainly distributed in the main channels of the basins of Poyang Lake. (e) The sustainable habitats were mainly distributed in the “Lake Enclosed in Autumn” regions and intensively aggregated in two national nature reserves. (f) Under conditions of extremely low to average water levels (5.3–11.46 m), an increase of water level causes a decrease of the stability and variety of the crane habitats and weakens the aggregation structure.

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Gristina, Michele, Frine Cardone, Roberto Carlucci, Laura Castellano, Sergio Passarelli, and Giuseppe Corriero. "Abundance, distribution and habitat preference ofHippocampus guttulatusandHippocampus hippocampusin a semi-enclosed central Mediterranean marine area." Marine Ecology 36, no. 1 (January 20, 2014): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12116.

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ARTHUR, ANTHONY D., ROGER P. PECH, and CHRIS R. DICKMAN. "Habitat structure mediates the non-lethal effects of predation on enclosed populations of house mice." Journal of Animal Ecology 73, no. 5 (August 18, 2004): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00864.x.

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Welch, Rebecca J., Charlene Bissett, Travis W. Perry, and Daniel M. Parker. "Somewhere to hide: Home range and habitat selection of cheetahs in an arid, enclosed system." Journal of Arid Environments 114 (March 2015): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.11.012.

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Valdez, Jose W., Kaya Klop-Toker, Michelle P. Stockwell, Loren Fardell, Simon Clulow, John Clulow, and Michael J. Mahony. "Informing compensatory habitat creation with experimental trials: a 3-year study of a threatened amphibian." Oryx 53, no. 2 (June 21, 2017): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000394.

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AbstractThe creation or restoration of habitat to mitigate biodiversity loss is a common conservation strategy. Evidence-based research via an extensively monitored trial study should be undertaken prior to large-scale implementation to predict success and identify potential limiting factors. We constructed an experimental trial habitat for the threatened green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea, in Australia, to inform a broader programme of compensatory habitat creation. Individuals were released into the trial plot and a nearby natural wetland for comparison to determine if the created habitat would support their growth, survival and persistence. Half of the trial waterbodies were enclosed within an exclusion fence to separate the effects of habitat suitability from ecological processes. We found the habitat provided L. aurea with sufficient resources to grow, survive and persist for 3 years. However, no breeding occurred, and further investigations need to focus on understanding the drivers of reproduction. Although a disease outbreak occurred during the study, persistence continued for the next 2 years. This was attributed to the large number of individuals released, a strategy we recommend for future mitigation strategies to account for low survival and high turnover rates. Dispersal probably affected abundance in the unfenced areas, and landscape-level initiatives are suggested for this species. This study demonstrates that experimental trials are valuable, as they can inform future habitat management by identifying limitations that could hinder success prior to the implementation of large-scale initiatives.

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Romano, Elena, Luisa Bergamin, and Mario Parise. "Benthic Foraminifera as Environmental Indicators in Mediterranean Marine Caves: A Review." Geosciences 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010042.

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Marine caves are characterized by wide environmental variability for the interaction between marine and continental processes. Their conditions may be defined as extreme for inhabiting organisms due to the enclosed morphology, lack of light, and scarcity of nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to identify reliable ecological indicators for describing and assessing environmental conditions in these habitats even more than elsewhere. This review aims to provide the state of art related to the application of benthic foraminifera as proxies in the (paleo)ecological characterization of different habitats of marine caves. Special attention was addressed to a research project focused on Mediterranean marine caves with different characteristics, such as extent, morphology, freshwater influence, salinity, sediment type, oxygenation, and organic matter supply. This review aims to illustrate the reliability of foraminifera as an ecological and paleoecological indicator in these habitats. They respond to various environmental conditions with different assemblages corresponding to a very detailed habitat partitioning. Because marine caves may be considered natural laboratories for environmental variability, the results of these studies may be interpreted in the perspective of the global variability to understand the environmental drivers of future changes in marine systems.

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Willson, Mary F., and Scott M. Gende. "Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, in Southeastern Alaska." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i4.53.

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Mammals often consume fleshy fruits and disperse significant quantities of the enclosed seeds. In southeastern Alaska, Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) are among the most important dispersers of seeds for the numerous plant species producing fleshy fruits, because these bears are abundant, often eat large quantities of fruit, and commonly excrete seeds in germinable condition. Scat analyses showed that Brown Bears on Chichagof Island ate increasing quantities of fruit through summer and fall. Scats commonly contained several thousand seeds, often of two or more species. Four kinds of seeds of fleshyfruited plants that normally grow in forest understory germinated at similar levels when experimentally deposited (in bear scats) in the two most common habitats (forest and muskeg), suggesting that habitat distribution of these plants is not determined simply by germination patterns. Although seed passage through bear digestive tracts and the composition of scats are known to affect germination rates to some degree, the most important role of bears in seed dispersal is probably transport.

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Shin, Jae-Ki, Sun-A. Chong, Joonwoo Noh, Youngsung Kim, and Soon-Jin Hwang. "Control Method of Habitat Density of Limnoperna fortunei in the Enclosed Facility of Water Supply Pipeline." Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11614/ksl.2014.47.3.219.

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Tuya, Fernando, Maite Asensio, and Alberto Navarro. "“Urbanite” rays and sharks: Presence, habitat use and population structure in an urban semi-enclosed lagoon." Regional Studies in Marine Science 37 (May 2020): 101342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101342.

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Hajisamae, Sukree, Pun Yeesin, and Saweit Chaimongkol. "Habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow, semi-enclosed estuarine bay in southern Gulf of Thailand." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 68, no. 3-4 (July 2006): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.03.020.

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Birkett, Alan, and Barry Stevens-Wood. "Effect of low rainfall and browsing by large herbivores on an enclosed savannah habitat in Kenya." African Journal of Ecology 43, no. 2 (May 2005): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00555.x.

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Yu, Ge, Peng Sun, Guangxing Liu, Donghui Xu, Guangmao Ding, and Dongren Huang. "Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: I. diagnostic model construction." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 32, no. 3 (September 28, 2013): 626–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-014-3217-0.

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Mahklouf, Mohammed H. "The first record of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) for the flora of Libya." Biodiversity Research and Conservation 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2019-0004.

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Abstract Physalis angulata has been discovered and recorded for the first time in the flora of Libya. This species was collected from the Bilash′har region belonging to the city of Tajura, about 20 km east of Tripoli. P. angulata is easily identified by its small yellow flowers without central dark spots in the center, and by pedulus globose berry enclosed within an inflated bladdery fruiting calyx. Detailed descriptions, photographs, habitat and ecology are provided for easy identification, and to facilitate further identification of this species and to warrant its future detection.

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Arbi, Iman, Jingping Zhang, Songlin Liu, Yunchao Wu, and Xiaoping Huang. "Benthic habitat health assessment using macrofauna communities of a sub-tropical semi-enclosed bay under excess nutrients." Marine Pollution Bulletin 119, no. 2 (June 2017): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.042.

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Cristescu, Bogdan, Ric T. F. Bernard, and Jens Krause. "Partitioning of space, habitat, and timing of activity by large felids in an enclosed South African system." Journal of Ethology 31, no. 3 (May 25, 2013): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-013-0376-y.

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Samal, Choudhury Gyanranjan, Divya Gupta, Rohit Pathania, S. Mohan, and R. Suresh. "Air Pollution in Micro-Environments: A Case Study of India Habitat Centre Enclosed Vehicular Parking, New Delhi." Indoor and Built Environment 22, no. 4 (May 29, 2012): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x12448489.

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Miloslavić, Marijana, Davor Lučić, Marko Žarić, Barbara Gangai, and Ivona Onofri. "The importance of vertical habitat gradients on zooplankton distribution in an enclosed marine environment (South Adriatic Sea)." Marine Biology Research 11, no. 5 (December 6, 2014): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2014.955802.

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Möller, Luciana M., Joanna Wiszniewski, Simon J. Allen, and Luciano B. Beheregaray. "Habitat type promotes rapid and extremely localised genetic differentiation in dolphins." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06218.

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The high potential for dispersal of many marine organisms often results in low population differentiation over large distances. Here, we report that dolphin communities living in very close geographic proximity (<16 km) but in two different environments – open coast and enclosed embayment – exhibit unexpected genetic differentiation at nine microsatellite loci. Results based on a fixation index and a Bayesian clustering approach suggested that gene flow between communities within an embayment is high, as is gene flow between coastal communities. However, lower gene flow between embayment and open coast communities translated into substantial genetic differentiation between dolphin communities from the two environments, and assignment of individuals into two populations. Along with patterns observed in 403 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region, the results suggest that restriction of gene flow likely occurred in the last 6000 years, after coastal dolphins colonised the embayment. We hypothesise that factors such as fidelity to the local area and resource and behavioural specialisations may have played a major role in promoting and maintaining genetic subdivision between dolphins of the two environments. Importantly, our study shows that habitat type can rapidly promote extremely fine-scale genetic structure in a long-lived, highly mobile marine mammal.

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Mushinsky, Henry R., and Stephen J. Mullin. "Foraging ecology of the mangrove salt marsh snake, Nerodia clarkii compressicauda: effects of vegetational density." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 2 (1995): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00343.

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AbstractThe mangrove salt marsh snake (Nerodia clarkii compressicauda Baird and Girard) may experience varying levels of foraging success because the prop roots of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) have a six-fold variation in density. Adult female N. c. compressicauda were allowed to forage for 24 h on a known density of prey in an enclosed habitat simulating one of four experimental prop root densities. Snake behaviors were recorded during the first hour of each trial, and the number of prey ingested was determined at the conclusion of the trial period. Individuals had the greatest success at the root density most often encountered in their habitat. More time was spent in the water than atop roots; but individuals were less likely to forage in the water at low root densities, suggesting that they, like their prey, may be afforded protection from avian and mammalian predation by the mangrove forest canopy. Mangrove salt marsh snakes spent the majority of time resting motionless and appeared to be opportunistic predators, attempting to ingest prey only during chance encounters.

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Maidanou, Maria, Panayota Koulouri, Paraskevi K. Karachle, Christos Arvanitidis, Drosos Koutsoubas, and Costas Dounas. "Trophic Diversity of a Fish Community Associated with a Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) Meadow in a Shallow Semi-Enclosed Embayment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020165.

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This study investigates the trophic diversity of fishes living in a meadow of Caulerpa prolifera on a bimonthly basis between May 2006 and April 2007 in a semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea (Elounda Bay, Crete Island). The study area is shallow and protected from waves, and it is covered by a C. prolifera bed, characterized by high organic input and a highly diverse macrobenthic community. Feeding patterns of the fish, investigated on the basis of stomach content analyses, were described in terms of numerical abundance and frequency of occurrence of prey taxa. A total of 1642 fish individuals, belonging to 17 species, were examined. In total, 45,674 prey individuals were identified belonging to 110 prey taxa, most of which were Malacostraca including their larvae and Copepoda (41,175 individuals identified to 71 taxa). Four different trophic groups were identified: herbivorous, pelagic, benthic (hyperbenthic) and piscivorous. Trophic diversity patterns of the fish species studied were also compared to the relative availability of macrobenthic and zooplanktonic taxa during the same period in the study area. The coexistence of many different, mostly benthic but also pelagic, fishes and their juveniles implies their high trophic flexibility, which is probably important for their survival in this particular habitat. Results of the present study provide basic knowledge on trophic diversity and interactions in the marine ecosystem and, therefore, some evidence as to the protection value of this particular habitat, which is essential for the implementation of a multispecies approach to decision-makers and managers of fisheries sources of the region.

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Campos-Rocha, Antonio, Alan William Meerow, Edimar Faria Menezes Lopes, João Semir, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer, and Julie Henriette Antoinette Dutilh. "Eithea lagopaivae, a new critically endangered species in the previously monotypic genus Eithea Ravenna (Amaryllidaceae)." PhytoKeys 85 (August 31, 2017): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.58.13369.

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Eithealagopaivae Campos-Rocha & Dutilh, sp. nov. is described as the second species of the formerly monotypic genus Eithea. It is characterized by a one flowered inflorescence, completely hollow scape, white or lightly magenta-striated flower that is enclosed by spathe bracts fused for more than the lower fifth of its length. Comments on its range, habitat, phenology, as well as photographs and illustrations are provided. In addition, a distribution map and an identification key for the two species of the genus are presented and anatomical and ecological differences compared. Known by only two small populations exposed to several types of threats and without any guarantee of protection, E.lagopaivae is considered a Critically Endangered (CR) species.

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Kim, Taihun, and Do-Hyung Kang. "An Encrusting Hard Coral Enclosing Soft Coral in the High-Latitude Asia–Pacific Marginal Distribution Zone." Diversity 14, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100856.

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Environmentally adapted and resistant hard and soft coral communities within the high-latitude Asia–Pacific marginal distribution zone are thriving, despite their comparably stressful environment (unfavorable winter water temperature and light regimes). Korea’s Jeju Island is famous for its diverse and abundant soft coral communities, which coexist with reef-building hard corals. Although antagonistic interactions between soft and hard corals generally feature the soft coral as the winner, we observed a soft coral of the species Dendronephthya gigantea completely enclosed by the encrusting hard coral Montipora millepora accompanied by a general decrease in soft coral and increase in M. millepora abundances. This indicates an ongoing species/habitat shift with significant impacts on the current state of corals living at their geographic limit.

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Noti, Alexandra, Lucas J. Lourens, Maria Geraga, Frank P. Wesselingh, Negar Haghipour, Nikos Georgiou, Dimitris Christodoulou, et al. "Holocene Paleoenvironmental Evolution of a Semi-Enclosed Shallow Aegean Basin: A Combination of Seismic Stratigraphy and Sediment Core Proxies." Water 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223688.

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The island of Astypalea (Greece), known for its rich and pristine archeological sites, encompasses a semi-enclosed silled basin that has been very susceptible to global sea levels and regional climate changes due to its relatively modern shallow sill of 4.7 m water deep that connects the Vathy bay with the adjacent Aegean Sea. To identify the causal relationship between regional climate, sea-level trajectories, and environmental change and their potential impact on hominine habitats on the island, we investigated a high-resolution seismic profile together with sediment, stable isotope, geochemical, and biotic proxies retrieved from a marine sediment core (ASTC1). Our results show that the basin was once isolated, and a marine inundation occurred at around 7.3 ka BP, which is older than expected, based on global sea level reconstructions. The entire transition from isolation to full marine conditions was accomplished in three major phases: (1) non-marine isolated conditions between 9–7.3 ka BP, (2) semi-isolated hypersaline marsh and lagoonal conditions between 7.3 and 4.1 ka BP, and (3) semi-isolated shallow marine conditions of today (4.1 ka BP to present). High water alkalinity, elevated organic content, and heavier isotopic signals indicate relatively arid conditions in the region that favored Sr-rich carbonate precipitation within the 7.3–6 ka BP interval. On the other hand, freshwater biota, along with a high Corg/N ratio and lighter isotopic signal, showed wetter conditions, at least for the intervals 8–7.3 ka and 6–5.4 ka BP, in contrast to the aridification trend seen as 4.1 ka to present. Finally, the hominine habitat evolution at around 6 ka BP might be attributed to the wetter conditions and the freshwater source provided by the bay at that time.

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KEHAYIAS, G., and M. APOSPORIS. "Zooplankton variation in relation to hydrology in an enclosed hypoxic bay (Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece)." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 3 (June 19, 2014): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.695.

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This study investigated the temporal and spatial variation of the zooplankton community of a hypoxic coastal embayment (Amvrakikos Gulf, western Greece) in relation to hydrological characteristics during an annual cycle. The main hydrological feature was the prolonged water stratification, which determined hypoxic conditions in the deeper layers that became anoxic close to the bottom in September, while vertical mixing occurred for a very short period (October-November). The total zooplankton abundance fluctuated between 44.6 and 159.7 ind l-1. Fourteen groups were recorded, among which copepods dominated accounting on average for 86.4 %. Most of the groups presented higher abundance values in winter and spring when increased chlorophyll-α concentrations were found. Oxygen depletion affects the vertical distribution of most zooplankton groups and the vertical habitat partitioning between copepod orders and their ontogenetic stages. Several taxa were recorded even in the deep, anoxic layers, but only the polychaete larvae increased in abundance with depth. Calanoids, appendicularians and bivalve larvae presented eastward decrease of abundance in the deepest layers following the same pattern of oxygen decrease. Notwithstanding hypoxic conditions in its deepest layers, Amvrakikos Gulf was accounted for a mesotrophic ecosystem, with the nutrient concentration being lower than in the past. Several biotic elements indicate that the gulf is in a transitional phase towards a better quality state and these results reinforce the need for consistent monitoring of this ecosystem.

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Baines, Mick, and Caroline R. Weir. "Predicting suitable coastal habitat for sei whales, southern right whales and dolphins around the Falkland Islands." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0244068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244068.

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Species distribution models (SDMs) are valuable tools for describing the occurrence of species and predicting suitable habitats. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) and MaxEnt models to predict the relative densities of four cetacean species (sei whale Balaeanoptera borealis, southern right whale Eubalaena australis, Peale’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis, and Commerson’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii) in neritic waters (≤100 m depth) around the Falkland Islands, using boat survey data collected over three seasons (2017–2019). The model predictor variables (PVs) included remotely sensed environmental variables (sea surface temperature, SST, and chlorophyll-a concentration) and static geographical variables (e.g. water depth, distance to shore, slope). The GAM results explained 35 to 41% of the total deviance for sei whale, combined sei whales and unidentified large baleen whales, and Commerson’s dolphins, but only 17% of the deviance for Peale’s dolphins. The MaxEnt models for all species had low to moderate discriminatory power. The relative density of sei whales increased with SST in both models, and their predicted distribution was widespread across the inner shelf which is consistent with the use of Falklands’ waters as a coastal summer feeding ground. Peale’s dolphins and Commerson’s dolphins were largely sympatric across the study area. However, the relative densities of Commerson’s dolphins were generally predicted to be higher in nearshore, semi-enclosed, waters compared with Peale’s dolphins, suggesting some habitat partitioning. The models for southern right whales performed poorly and the results were not considered meaningful, perhaps due to this species exhibiting fewer strong habitat preferences around the Falklands. The modelling results are applicable to marine spatial planning to identify where the occurrence of cetacean species and anthropogenic activities may most overlap. Additionally, the results can inform the process of delineating a potential Key Biodiversity Area for sei whales in the Falkland Islands.

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Falk, Knud, Henning Nøhr, and Lars Maltha Rasmussen. "Margrethe-Kog and the Artificial Saltwater Lagoon: Evaluation of a Habitat Restoration Project in the Danish Wadden Sea." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024565.

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Across the Danish–German border in the Wadden Sea, a new dike was completed in 1981, enclosing formerly productive tidal flats and marsh areas which were most important as feeding grounds to breeding and migrant waterbirds. The bird populations responded immediately by a 50% or more reduction in numbers of resting birds and breeding pairs of most species. This paper reviews the management of the enclosed areas, comparing the differences in approach in the Danish and German areas involved.Most importantly, a saline environment was re-established (a Saltwater Lagoon) in parts of the Danish area by actively pumping in water from the Wadden Sea. Despite sometimes drastic fluctuations in environmental conditions in the Lagoon, an infauna of species important in the birds' diet was maintained, and the Lagoon to some extent counteracted the negative effects of the dike construction.The former marsh areas on the Danish side are drained and partly cultivated. In addition, the land areas are separated from the Lagoon by a dike, preventing a saline environment from being maintained outside the designated Saltwater Lagoon. Overall, the land areas in the Danish part are too dry and intensively used to be optimal to the breeding birds.After construction of the dike, the breeding bird populations shifted more towards the German areas. Here, the land-use is much more beneficial to the breeding birds, because no cultivation has taken place, and a generally high water-level in the marsh areas is preserved. Furthermore, in Germany the new dike was placed closer to the original coastline than in Denmark, but a small area of the original foreland remained outside the dike, providing good breeding sites for colonial waterbirds.It is concluded that, due to the creation of the Saltwater Lagoon, the Danish part of the area again sustains waterbirds in numbers of international importance. But an integrated approach to the Nature management of the enclosed areas — combining the solutions adopted for land management in the German part with the technical solution of re-establishing a saline environment behind the dike as in the Danish part — would have rendered a better compensation for the damage caused by the dike construction and related activities.

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Zyryanov, Sergey V., and Sergey A. Egorov. "Status of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) along the Murman coast of Russia." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (September 1, 2010): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2670.

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Harbour seals are observed along the Murmansk coast of Russia, but they are not very abundant there. The estimated abundance for this area was about 500 individuals in 1998. The number of seals observed during winter months is less than during summer. During summer, the main habitats are the Pechenga inlet, the Motovsky and Kola Bays of the Western Murman coast and the Ivanovskaya Bay in the Eastern Murman coast. The Ivanovskaya Bay was thought to be the easternmost breeding colony of the subspecies Phoca vitulina vitulina. However, recent sightings may indicate the establishment of a breeding site further to the east, which then becomes the easternmost known habitat for this subspecies. A substantial, recent decrease in abundance has been observed in the Ivanovskaya Bay. The population numbered about 120 seals in the early 1990s, but only about 20 seals were seen in 2007 and 2008. It is presumed that the reasons for this reduction include hunting, fishery by-catch, disturbance and depletion of the food supply in this semi-enclosed inlet. A gender-specific daily activity pattern was observed in the IvanovskayaBay. The highest number of single animals (primarily adult males) hauled out during mid day, while hauled out females with pups showed two peaks per day associated with low tides.

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Moissl, Christine, Naofumi Hosoya, James Bruckner, Tara Stuecker, Monsi Roman, and Kasthuri Venkateswaran. "Molecular microbial community structure of the Regenerative Enclosed Life Support Module Simulator air system." International Journal of Astrobiology 6, no. 2 (March 6, 2007): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550406003533.

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AbstractThe Regenerative Enclosed Life Support Module Simulator (REMS) was designed to simulate the conditions aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This unique terrestrial, encapsulated environment for humans and their associated organisms allowed investigations into the microbial communities within an enclosed habitat system, primarily with respect to diversity, phylogeny and the possible impact on human health. To assess time- and/or condition-dependent changes in microbial diversity within REMS, a total of 27 air samples were collected during three consecutive months. The microbial burden and diversity were elucidated using culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular methods. The results indicate that during controlled conditions the total microbial burden detected by culture-dependent techniques (below a detectable level to 102 cells m−3of air) and intracellular ATP assay was significantly low (102–103 cells m−3of air), but increased during the uncontrolled post-operation phase (∼104 cells m−3of air). Only Gram-positive and α-proteobacteria grew under tested culture conditions, with a predominant occurrence ofMethylobacterium radiotolerans, andSphingomonas yanoikuyae. Direct DNA extraction and 16S rDNA sequencing methodology revealed a broader diversity of microbes present in the REMS air (51 species). Unlike culture-dependent analysis, both Gram-positive and proteobacteria were equally represented, while members of a few proteobaterial groups dominated (Rhodopseudomonas,Sphingomonas,Acidovorax,Ralstonia,Acinetobacter,Pseudomonas, andPsychrobacter). Although the presence of several opportunistic pathogens warrants further investigation, the results demonstrated that routine maintenance such as controlling the humidity, crew’s daily cleaning, and air filtration were effective in reducing the microbial burden in the REMS.

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Tarpgaard, E., M. Mogensen, P. Gronkjaer, and J. Carl. "Using short-term growth of enclosed 0-group European flounder, Platichthys flesus, to assess habitat quality in a Danish bay." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00626.x.

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Hulbert, I. A. R., and B. Boag. "The potential role of habitat on intestinal helminths of mountain hares, Lepus timidus." Journal of Helminthology 75, no. 4 (December 2001): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x0100052x.

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Over the last century in the uplands of Scotland, the extent of heather moorland which supports high densities of mountain hares Lepus timidus has diminished and has gradually been replaced by large-scale commercial forestry plantations or expanding natural woodlands. The potential impact of such a change in land use on host–parasite interactions was investigated by comparing the intensity and prevalence of infection of hares by parasites in two separate habitats: a large hare-fenced young forestry plantation and the adjacent open moorland. Carcasses were collected in November 1990 from within both habitats and after the woodland had been enclosed for nine months. Age, sex, fatness (kidney fat index) and degree of infection of hares were noted. Two parasites were recorded: the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and the cestode Mosgovoyia pectinata. Clear differences in the intensity of infection of adults occupying the different habitats had occurred in the nine months since woodland enclosure. Adult mountain hares in the woodland had levels of infections approaching four times that observed in hares occupying the open moorland and although not significant, the prevalence of infection was greater in hosts inhabiting the woodland than the open moorland. It is suggested that the parasite–host relationship differs between the two habitats and as heather-dominated moorland landscapes become more fragmented with the increasing establishment of woodlands, the impact of parasites on the life history strategies of mountain hares needs to be reconsidered.

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Waas, Joseph R. "Intraspecific Variation in Social Repertoires: Evidence From Cave- and Burrow-Dwelling Little Blue Penguins." Behaviour 115, no. 1-2 (1990): 63–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00293.

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Abstract1. Breeding habitat variation in little blue penguin agonistic behaviour is correlated with environmental heterogeneity. 2. Cave-dwellers nested in tight colonial aggregations and had no physical barriers between nest sites. Burrow-dwellers nested as solitary pairs or in loose aggregations and were physically isolated from one another. 3. Cave-dwellers had significantly higher agonistic interaction rates than burrow-dwellers. 4. Cave-dwellers used a total of 22 distinct agonistic behaviours with 54 variations. Burrow-dwellers used a total of 13 agonistic behaviours with 29 variations. Variations on base behaviour were primarily the result of differences in vocal accompaniment. 5. Both cave- and burrow-dwellers used growl, low bray, medium bray, full bray, aggressive bark and aggressive yell vocalizations during agonistic behaviour. Only burrow-dwellers used a hiss vocalization. 6. Despite variation between cave- and burrow-dweller repertoires, many agonistic behaviours were very similar in form (posture, duration, movement, presence or absence of vocal components) and/or context (distance from the opponent when performing the behaviour, proportion of interactions involving the behaviour). 7. Repertoires from both habitats could be divided into three discrete categories: defensive behaviour, offensive behaviour, and overt aggression. For each habitat, the defensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary and distance increasing behaviour; the offensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary, distance reducing, and contact behaviour; and the overt aggression category could be divided into distance reducing and contact behaviour. 8. Cave-dwellers used twice as many defensive behaviours, twice as many offensive behaviours, and the same number of overtly aggressive behaviours as burrow-dwellers. 9. In both habitats, defensive behaviour was used most when the opponent was nearby ( < 1 m to 1-2 m), whereas stationary offensive behaviour was performed most when opponents were further away (2-3 m to > 3 m). Distance reducing behaviour (both offensive and overt) was performed most at middle interaction distances (1-2 m to 2-3 m) in both habitats. 10. Males were involved in a higher proportion of agonistic interactions than females in both habitats. 11. Burrow-dwellers used the overt behaviour Attack significantly more than cave-dwellers and also used the most dangerous fighting method more commonly than cave-dwellers. Burrow-dwellers also bit and fought significantly longer than cave-dwellers. 12. An egg transfer experiment (i.e. between cave and burrow colonies) indicated that chicks may not be genetically bound to the use of a habitat-specific repertoire of agonistic behaviours. 13. Four possible mechanisms are suggested for the origin of variation between habitats: (1) genetic influences; (2) phenotypic modulation; (3) experience; and (4) circumstantial influences. 14. Plastic agonistic behaviour may allow immediate and potentially adaptive phenotypic change in response to environmental heterogeneity. The large cave repertoire may reduce the chances of any one interaction ending with overt aggression. The smaller burrow-dweller repertoire may be sufficient to defend the physically enclosed burrow nest sites.

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Roberts, Strother E. ""Esteeme a Little of Fish": Fish, Fishponds, and Farming in Eighteenth–Century New England and the Mid–Atlantic." Agricultural History 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.2.143.

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Abstract Prior to the advent of scientific aquaculture in the mid-nineteenth century, English farming manuals of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries instructed American colonists in the "art of husbandry," imparting advice and passing on the best-known strategies for keeping and rearing fish in enclosed ponds. The development of such ponds in the New England and Mid-Atlantic colonies during the eighteenth century marked the culmination of a long process by which British-American colonists adapted to declines in natural fish populations brought on by over-fishing and disruption of habitat by water-powered mills. The development of private fish-ponds as an increasingly important component of American mixed husbandry practices in long-settled areas by the end of the eighteenth century illustrates early American farmers’ ability to successfully adapt to self-wrought changes in their physical environment.

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Geden, C. J., and J. G. Stoffolano. "DISPERSION PATTERNS OF ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY MANURE IN ENCLOSED HOUSES IN MASSACHUSETTS: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF MANURE MOISTURE AND ACCUMULATION TIME." Journal of Entomological Science 23, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-23.2.136.

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Arthropod predator-prey distribution patterns were examined in poultry manure with respect to spatial position, manure moisture content and age of the manure habitat. The predators, Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) (Acarina: Macrochelidae) and their sphaerocerid and acarid prey were concentrated in the surface region of the manure and were more abundant towards the crest than the bases of rows of mature droppings. Fly larvae, acarid mites, M. muscaedomesticae females and Ca. pumilio larvae were more abundant in wetter than dry manure. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae females and Ca. pumilio adults appeared to prefer older to fresher manure, even though prey were more abundant in the latter.

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Mercurio, Maria, Cataldo Pierri, Frine Cardone, and Giuseppe Corriero. "Temporal and Spatial Variations of Geodia cydonium (Jameson) (Porifera, Demospongiae) in the Mediterranean Confined Environments." Diversity 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120615.

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Confined marine environments are particularly susceptible to climate change and anthropic pressures. Indeed, the long-term monitoring of benthic assemblages in these environments allows us to understand the direction of changes over time. The demosponge Geodia cydonium is a suitable study case, since it is widely represented in many Mediterranean environments, while being a long-living and important habitat-forming species. Here, we report the results of a descriptive study on temporal and spatial variations of this demosponge in three semi-enclosed environments along the Italian coast: Marsala Lagoon, Porto Cesareo Bay, and Mar Piccolo of Taranto. At Marsala and Porto Cesareo, the study compares the present data with those reported by the literature at the end of the 1990s. Caused by the modification of its preferential habitats, the data indicated the loss and a remarkable regression of this species at Porto Cesareo and Marsala, respectively. In addition, we hypothesized that the increase in severe weather phenomena in the small Bay of Porto Cesareo recorded during the last 20 years may have had a marked impact on water mass, thus affecting the sponge assemblages. At Taranto, despite a remarkable environmental degradation, G. cydonium has appeared stable and persistent in the last 45 years, thus representing one of the richest and most well-preserved populations in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Milbrandt, E. C., M. Thompson, L. D. Coen, R. E. Grizzle, and K. Ward. "A multiple habitat restoration strategy in a semi-enclosed Florida embayment, combining hydrologic restoration, mangrove propagule plantings and oyster substrate additions." Ecological Engineering 83 (October 2015): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.06.043.

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Ross, Stephanie J., Clint S. Shimabukuro, and Paul W. Dixon. "Irradiation and Cold Exposure in Learning and Exploratory Behaviour of the Ants, Monomorium Floricola and Monomorium Pharaonis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 3 (December 1992): 963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.3.963.

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A preliminary experiment testing the relative effects of microwave irradiation, food and water deprivation, and confinement in an enclosed space upon 24 Monomorium floricola and of cold exposure for 24 Monomorium pharaonis on learning and exploratory behaviour in a cross- and a T-maze was conducted. Although these variables induced no observable effects on learning, exploratory behaviour as measured by left and right turns in the microwave experiment and running speed in the cold exposure experiment was significantly increased. These results were interpreted in terms of evolutionary adaptation of the Formicoidae (using formic acid instead of water-based circulatory plasma) to environmental extremes present in the primeval terrestrial habitat. It was concluded that the adaptive limits of living forms may be found primarily in the maintenance of biochemical systems understood in terms of their retention of structural order and coherence of their molecular physics within the limits of ambient environmental parameters.

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Stringer, Lloyd D., Nicola J. Sullivan, Robyn White, Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez, Jess Furlong, John M. Kean, Jacqueline R. Beggs, and David Maxwell Suckling. "Mazes to Study the Effects of Spatial Complexity, Predation and Population Density on Mate Finding." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040256.

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The difficulty to locate mates and overcome predation can hamper species establishment and population maintenance. The effects of sparseness between individuals or the effect of predators on the probability of population growth can be difficult to measure experimentally. For testing hypotheses about population density and predation, we contend that habitat complexity can be simulated using insect mazes of varying mathematical difficulty. To demonstrate the concept, we investigated whether the use of 3D printed mazes of varying complexity could be used to increase spatial separation between sexes of Drosophila simulans, and whether the presence of a generalist predator hampered mate-finding. We then examined how increasing D. simulans population density might overcome the artificially created effects of increasing the distance between mates and having a predator present. As expected, there was an increase in time taken to find a mate and a lower incidence of mating as habitat complexity increased. Increasing the density of flies reduced the searching time and increased mating success, and overcame the effect of the predator in the maze. Printable 3D mazes offer the opportunity to quickly assess the effects of spatial separation on insect population growth in the laboratory, without the need for large enclosed spaces. Mazes could be scaled up for larger insects and can be used for other applications such as learning.

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Heipel, D. A., J. D. D. Bishop, and A. R. Brand. "Mitochondrial DNA variation among open-sea and enclosed populations of the scallop Pecten maximus in western Britain." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 4 (August 1999): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000848.

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The great scallop Pecten maximus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) supports a substantial European fishery with a recent history of declining catches caused by over-exploitation. The sustainable exploitation of shellfish populations requires knowledge of the extent to which commercial grounds are reproductively self-sustaining or supplied with larvae originating from further afield. The degree of genetic differentiation between locations can provide important indirect evidence, reflecting the pattern and scale of effective larval dispersal. Pecten maximus were sampled from five locations around the Isle of Man, from Mulroy Bay (Ireland) and from Plymouth. Restriction-site variation was investigated in two PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA fragments of 2 and 3 kb, respectively. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity within populations, and nucleotide divergence between populations, were calculated. Mean nucleotide sequence divergence was corrected for within-population polymorphisms and visualized by UPGMA cluster diagrams. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) was carried out. Results showed low levels of population differentiation. Slight but significant differentiation between Isle of Man populations was revealed, with East Douglas appearing distinct from the remaining Manx locations. The analyses also indicated the distinction of Mulroy Bay from the other populations, and the lowest genetic variability was recorded from this enclosed habitat. This probably reflects the relative isolation of Mulroy Bay, whereas dynamic hydrographic conditions in the Irish Sea and the Channel may generally ensure extensive mixing of the planktonic larvae.

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ROCHA, C. F. D. "Home range of the Tropidurid lizard Liolaemus lutzae: sexual and body size differences." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 1 (February 1999): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000100016.

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The home range of the Tropidurid lizard Liolaemus lutzae, an endemic species of the costal sand dune habitats of Rio de Janeiro State, was studied in the beach habitat of Barra de Maricá restinga, Maricá County. Home ranges were studied using a mark-recapture technique in a delimited area at the beach habitat. I considered for estimates and analysis the home ranges of those lizards with a minimum of four positions. The size of L. lutzae home ranges varied according to the segment of the population. The mean home range size of adult males (x = 59.8 ± 33.7 m²) was significantly larger than that of adult females (x = 22.3 ± 16.1 m²). Juvenile mean home range size was significantly smaller than that of adult males, but did not differ from that of adult females (t = 1.058; p = 0.149). The overlap between male home ranges was usually low (3.6%), being in general only peripheral. Conversely, there was a considerable overlap between home ranges of adult females with those of adult males, the home range areas of two or three females being enclosed in the home range of one adult male. The small overlap between home ranges of adult males suggested mutual exclusion. The observed between-sex differences in the size of L. lutzae home range may be explained by the sexual dimorphism in body size in this species, and by the need of adult males to establish larger areas so as to include many females in their areas, during the reproductive season. The differences in home range along ontogeny probably result from differences in body size of the different segments of the population, due to trophic differences (carnivory and herbivory levels), and the dispersal of young after birth. Because L. lutzae is omnivorous, but primarily herbivorous when adult, and due to its sit-and-wait foraging behavior (mainly on arthropods), it does not need to move around over large areas to find food, which in turn reduces the area necessary for it to live.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Enclosed Habitat'

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