Academic literature on the topic 'Enchytraeid'
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Journal articles on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
DÓZSA-FARKAS, KLÁRA, and YONG HONG. "Three new Hemienchytraeus species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida) from Korea, with first records of other enchytraeids and terrestrial polychaetes (Annelida)." Zootaxa 2406, no. 1 (March 23, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2406.1.2.
Abstract:
This is the first occasion that the enchytraeid (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) fauna has been investigated in Korea. 18 enchytraeid taxa (7 genera) and two terrestrial polychaetes (Hrabeiella sp. and Parergodrilus heideri) were identified. Three species are new to science (Hemienchytraeus koreanus sp. n., H. jeonjuensis sp. n. and H. quadratus sp. n.); they are described here. Twelve taxa were distinguished at species level, four of them are cosmopolitan widespread species in the Holarctic, and one, Enchytraeus irregularis is obviously an introduced species. The two polychaetes were known previously only from Europe.
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Coates, Kathryn A. "Redescriptions of Aspidodrilus and Pelmatodrilus, enchytraeids (Annelida, Oligochaeta) ectocommensal on earthworms." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-073.
Abstract:
Two ectocommensal enchytraeids living on earthworms, Aspidodrilus kelsalli Baylis, 1914 and Pelmatodrilus planariformis Moore, 1943, are both redescribed and confirmed to be valid enchytraeid taxa. Aspidodrilus eburneensis Baer, 1952 is a junior synonym of Aspidodrilus kelsalli. It is proposed that Aspidodrilus is phylogenetically near Henlea, whereas Pelmatodrilus is near the Enchytraeinae (Enchytraeus, Lumbricillus, and related genera). Thus, the two genera have evolved similar body forms and ectocommensal habits convergently.
3
Gajda, Łukasz, Agata Daszkowska-Golec, and Piotr Świątek. "Trophic Position of the White Worm (Enchytraeus albidus) in the Context of Digestive Enzyme Genes Revealed by Transcriptomics Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (April 25, 2024): 4685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094685.
Abstract:
To assess the impact of Enchytraeidae (potworms) on the functioning of the decomposer system, knowledge of the feeding preferences of enchytraeid species is required. Different food preferences can be explained by variations in enzymatic activities among different enchytraeid species, as there are no significant differences in the morphology or anatomy of their alimentary tracts. However, it is crucial to distinguish between the contribution of microbial enzymes and the animal’s digestive capacity. Here, we computationally analyzed the endogenous digestive enzyme genes in Enchytraeus albidus. The analysis was based on RNA-Seq of COI-monohaplotype culture (PL-A strain) specimens, utilizing transcriptome profiling to determine the trophic position of the species. We also corroborated the results obtained using transcriptomics data from genetically heterogeneous freeze-tolerant strains. Our results revealed that E. albidus expresses a wide range of glycosidases, including GH9 cellulases and a specific digestive SH3b-domain-containing i-type lysozyme, previously described in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Therefore, E. albidus combines traits of both primary decomposers (primary saprophytophages) and secondary decomposers (sapro-microphytophages/microbivores) and can be defined as an intermediate decomposer. Based on assemblies of publicly available RNA-Seq reads, we found close homologs for these cellulases and i-type lysozymes in various clitellate taxa, including Crassiclitellata and Enchytraeidae.
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DEGTYAREV, MAXIM I., IURII M. LEBEDEV, KSENIA G. KUZNETSOVA, RUSLAN A. SAIFUTDINOV, KONSTANTIN B. GONGALSKY, and DANIIL I. KOROBUSHKIN. "Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from Eastern Dagestan, Russia, with the description of a new species." Zootaxa 5094, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5094.2.7.
Abstract:
The first ever list of terrestrial enchytraeids of Eastern Dagestan includes 12 species belonging to five genera. Several species from studied localities may be assigned as undescribed, therefore additional comprehensive research of enchytraeid fauna from Eastern Dagestan is required. A new enchytraeid species of the genus Fridericia Michaelsen, 1889, Fridericia samurai sp. nov., is described from Eastern Dagestan, Russia. It clearly differs from other species of the genus by short and simple oesophageal appendages, not subdivided spermathecal diverticula, and the absence of spermathecal ectal glands and clitellum on ventral side.
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Niva, C. C., R. M. Cezar, P. M. Fonseca, M. R. G. Zagatto, E. M. Oliveira, E. F. Bush, L. A. Clasen, and G. G. Brown. "Enchytraeid abundance in Araucaria Mixed Forest determined by cold and hot wet extraction." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 4 suppl 1 (November 24, 2015): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.08414.
Abstract:
Abstract Enchytraeids are small oligochaetes found worldwide in soils with sufficient moisture and organic matter, but scarcely studied in the Southern hemisphere. This is the third study on enchytraeid abundance in Brazil using wet extraction and the first carried out in Araucaria Mixed Forest (subtropical region). The sampling and extraction were based on the standard method ISO 23611-3/2007 using an adapted split soil corer and wet extraction with and without heat to assess the abundance of enchytraeids in a forest fragment at Embrapa Forestry in Colombo, Paraná State. The samplings were performed in 3 occasions between September 2011 and April 2012. The average numbers estimated by each method varied from appr. 2.000-12.000 (cold) and 5.000-12.000 ind./ m2 (hot), respectively, with a maximum of 44.000 ind./ m2 in one of the samples, the highest value reported so far in Brazil. The hot extraction was more advantageous, given the speed and preservation of the specimens in vivo, allowing taxonomic identification. Advantages and disadvantages of wet extractions compared to handsorting and formol methods are also discussed. Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus, Enchytraeus, Fridericia and Achaeta were the genera identified in the samples.
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DÓZSA-FARKAS, KLÁRA, HAJNALKA NAGY, TAMÁS FELFÖLDI, and YONG HONG. "Four new enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Annelida) from a Korean mountain (Jeoksangsan)." Zootaxa 5094, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 234–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5094.2.2.
Abstract:
In this article, the descriptions of four new enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata) from Jeoksangsan (Deogyusan National Park, Korea) are presented: Decimodrilus bulbosus sp. n., Fridericia jeoksangsaniensis sp. n., Fridericia sphaericoides sp. n. and Mesenchytraeus globiferus sp. n. Validity of these new species was verified by comparative morphological and molecular taxonomic analyses (based on the ITS region, CO1 and H3 genes). Apart from the new species, 13 other enchytraeid species were recorded in the soil samples of Jeoksangsan. In addition, new reference sequences are provided for the previously described Fridericia seoraksani Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 2012.
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DÓZSA-FARKAS, KLÁRA, TAMÁS FELFÖLDI, HAJNALKA NAGY, and YONG HONG. "New enchytraeid species from Mount Hallasan (Jeju Island, Korea) (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta)." Zootaxa 4496, no. 1 (October 4, 2018): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.27.
Abstract:
The enchytraeid fauna of Mt. Hallasan (Jeju Island, Korea) was studied in 2016, and 21 enchytraeid species were recorded and identified in total. A combination of morphological and molecular analyses (based on CO1, ITS and H3 sequences) was applied. Here we give descriptions of eight new species of Enchytraeidae (Clitellata): Achaeta koreana sp. n., Achaeta macroampullacea sp. n., Bryodrilus hallasanensis sp. n., Chamaedrilus baekrokdamensis sp. n., Enchytronia seongpanakiensis sp. n., Mesenchytraeus jungsaihoi sp. n., Xetadrilus jejuensis sp. n. and Xetadrilus aphanoides sp. n. Additionally, two species were found to be new for the Korean fauna in Mt. Hallasan: Fridericia cf. paroniana Issel, 1904 and F. perrieri (Vejdovský, 1878); three potentially new Fridericia species require further studies. Furthermore, two terrestrial polychaetes, Hrabeiella periglandulata Pižl & Chalupský, 1984 and Parergodrilus heideri Resisinger, 1925, were recorded. For 12 enchytraeid species, DNA sequences are presented for the first time: these include, apart from the new species, further taxa such as species of Xetadrilus, a genus of which no sequences were previously available.
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Petrikovszki, Renáta, Fanni Bárányos, Amelita Gerda Molnár, Ferenc Tóth, and Gergely Boros. "Different organic mulch materials affect the abundance of enchytraeids in an open-field experiment." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 1 (2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2021.8.1.13.
Abstract:
Organic mulch may provide favourable soil conditions e.g. soil moisture or organic matter content, which may enhance the number of enchytraeids. However, there is no sufficient information about the relationship between plant-based mulch and this beneficial soil animal group. Therefore, an open-field experiment was conducted with tomato as a test plant to examine the effect of different types of organic mulch materials on the natural occurence of enchytraeids. Our study microplots received the following treatments: 1) yard-waste compost, 2) walnut leaf litter, 3) mixed leaf litter without walnut and 4) wheat straw. Control microplots were left unmulched. Randomized block design was used with eight replications to the treatments and four to the control. At the end of the growing season, three soil samples were taken from the root zone of each plant with a split soil corer, and enchytraeids were extracted by the wet funnel method. Living enchytraeids were counted under a dissecting microscope, and their density values were estimated. Worms were identified in five randomly selected samples of each treatment. In addition, soil moisture was determined by oven-drying as well. Mulch material types had significantly different effects on both Enchytraeid density and soil moisture. Under walnut leaf litter, mixed leaf litter and straw cover, higher numbers of individuals were found. In the case of soil moisture content, straw mulching had the highest value, while compost and uncovered surfaces the lowest. It appears that mulch materials serve as food source and provide favourable conditions for enchytraeid communities as well.
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SCHLAGHAMERSKÝ, JIŘÍ, and LEE E. FRELICH. "First records of Parergodrilus heideri (Annelida: "Polychaeta") from North America." Zootaxa 3498, no. 1 (September 26, 2012): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3498.1.5.
Abstract:
Parergodrilus heideri Reisinger, 1925 is one of two species of the family Parergodrilidae (together with the marine litoral, interstitial species Stygocapitella subterranea Knöllner, 1934) and one of only two truly soil-dwelling “polychaetes” (the other being Hrabeiella periglandulata Pižl and Chalupský, 1984) that are predominantly known from terrestrial habitats (Reisinger 1925, 1960; Römbke and Jans 1991; Chalupský 1992; Graefe 1993; Rota 1997, 1998; Purschke 1999; Rota et al. 2001; Beylich and Graefe 2007; Martinez-Ansemil and Parapar 2009; Rota et al. 2010). Due to its small body size (adults up to 1 mm) and sensitivity to dessication, the species has usually been found by researchers using some type of wet extraction for soil mesofauna, such as enchytraeids and free-living flatworms (“turbellarians”). However, due to its similar chaetae, Parergodrilus heideri can be easily mistaken for a freshly hatched enchytraeid, even by enchytraeid specialists without experience with this species.
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Václav, Pižl, Jiří Schlaghamerský, and Jan Tříska. "The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on terrestrial annelids in urban soils." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 1050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800038.
Abstract:
The effect of soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals on earthworms and enchytraeids was studied in urban parks, in Brno, Czech Republic. In spring and autumn 2007, annelids were collected and soil samples taken in lawns along transects, at three different distances (1, 5 and 30 m) from streets with heavy traffic. In both seasons, two parks with two transects each were sampled. Earthworms were collected using the electrical octet method. Enchytraeids were extracted by the wet funnel method from soil cores. All collected annelids were counted and identified. Basic chemical parameters and concentrations of 16 PAH, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were analysed from soil from each sampling point. PAH concentrations were rather low, decreasing with the distance from the street in spring but not in autumn. Heavy metal concentrations did not decrease significantly with increasing distance. Annelid densities did not significantly differ between distances, although there was a trend of increase in the number of earthworms with increasing distance. There were no significant correlations between soil content of PAH or heavy metals and earthworm or enchytraeid densities. Earthworm density and biomass were negatively correlated with soil pH; and enchytraeid density was positively correlated with soil phosphorus.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
Thompson, Astrid M. "Enchytraeids and nitrogen : the effects of nitrogen on enchytraeid populations and the influence of enchytraeids on nitrogen translocation in soil." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1288/.
2
Silva, Ana Luísa Patrício. "Impact of natural and/or chemical stressors on the freeze-tolerant and euryhaline enchytraeid, Enchytraeus albidus." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16009.
Abstract:
Doutoramento em BiologiaRapid climatic changes are taking place in Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where predictions point to an increase in freeze-thaw events, changes in precipitation, evaporation and salinity patterns. Climate change may therefore result in large impacts in ecosystem functioning and dynamics, especially in the presence of contaminants due to intense anthropogenic activities. Even though multiple stress approaches have received increasing interest in the last decades, the number of such studies is limited. In particular, knowledge on the effect of freezethaw events and salinity fluctuations on ecotoxicology of soil invertebrates is lacking, especially important when considering supralittoral species. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of low temperature and salinity fluctuations, singly and in combination with contaminants, in the freeze-tolerant and euryhaline enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus. The assessment of population level endpoints (survival and reproduction), along with physiological and biochemical parameters such as levels of cryoprotectants, ice/water content, oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular energy allocation, and tissue concentration of chemicals (when applied), provided new and valuable knowledge on the effects of selected physical and chemical stressors in E. albidus, and allowed the understanding of adjustments in the primary response mechanisms that enable worms to maintain homeostasis and survival in harsh environments such as polar and temperate-cold regions. The presence of moderate levels of salinity significantly increased freeze-tolerance (mainly evaluated as survival, cryoprotection and ice fraction) and reproduction of E. albidus. Moreover, it contributed to the readjustments of cryoprotectant levels, restoration of antioxidant levels and changed singnificantly the effect and uptake of chemicals (copper cadmium, carbendazim and 4-nonylphenol). Temperature fluctuations (simulated as daily freeze-thaw cycles, between -2ºC and -4ºC) caused substancial negative effect on survival of worms previsouly exposed to non-lethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, as compared with constant freezing (-4ºC) and control temperature (2ºC). The decrease in cryoprotectants, increase in energy consumption and the highest concentration of 4-nonylphenol in the tissues have highlighted the high energy requirements and level of toxicity experienced by worms exposed to the combined effect of contaminants and freezing-thawing events. The findings reported on this thesis demonstrate that natural (physical) and chemical stressors, singly or in combination, may alter the dynamics of E. albidus, affecting not only their survival and reproduction (and consequent presence/distribution) but also their physiological and biochemical adaptations. These alterations may lead to severe consequences for the functioning of the ecosystems along the Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where they play an important role for decomposition of dead organic matter. This thesis provides a scientific basis for improving the setting of safety factors for natural soil ecosystems, and to underline the integration of similar investigations in ecotoxicology, and eventually in risk assessment of contaminants.
As alterações climáticas estão a atingir rapidamente as regiões do Ártico, SubÁrtico e as regiões temperadas, apontando as previsões para um aumento de eventos de congelamento-descongelamento, bem como mudanças nos padrões de precipitação, evaporação e de salinidade. Estas alterações climáticas poderão resultar em impactos francamente negativos no funcionamento e dinâmica de ecossistemas, especialmente quando associados à presença de contaminantes resultantes da intensa atividade antropogénica. Embora a incorporação de stressores múltiplos em estudos de ecotoxicidade tenha recebido um crescente interesse pela comunidade científica, o seu número é ainda reduzido. Particularizando, o conhecimento dos efeitos de eventos de congelamento-descongelamento e de flutuações de salinidade permanecem desconhecidos, especialmente quando se consideram espécies supra-litorais. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral da presente tese consistiu em investigar os efeitos das flutuações de temperaturas e salinidade, individualmente ou em combinação com contaminantes, no enquitraídeo tolerante ao frio e eurialino - o Enchytraeus albidus. A avaliação de parâmetros populacionais (sobrevivência, reprodução e bioacumulação), fisiológicos (níveis de crioprotetores, conteúdo em gelo / água, temperatura de fusão e sobrecongelamento) e bioquímicos (biomarcadores de stress oxidativo, alocação de energia celular) permitiu compilar novas e valiosas informações sobre os efeitos dos stressores físicos e químicos selecionados no enquitraídeo e compreender quais os reajustes nos mecanismos de resposta primários que lhes permitem manter a homeostasia e sobrevivência em ambientes inóspitos como as regiões Polares e temperadas-frias. A presença de níveis moderados de salinidade aumentou significativamente a tolerância a temperaturas congelantes (essencialmente avaliada como sobrevivência, crioprotecção e fracção de gelo extracelular) e a reprodução do E. albidus. Além disso, contribuiu para a regulação de crioprotectores, restauração dos níveis de antioxidantes nestes organismos e alterou significativamente o efeito e a incorporação/absorção de substâncias químicas (cádmio, cobre carbendazim e 4-nonilfenol). As flutuações de temperatura (simuladas como ciclos diários de congelamento-descongelamento, com temperaturas entre 2ºC e -4ºC) causaram um efeito substancialmente negativo na sobrevivência de organismos previamente expostos a concentrações não letais de 4-nonilfenol, quando comparados com organismos expostos a uma temperatura congelante constante (-4ºC) ou à temperatura controlo (2ºC). A diminuição na crioproteção, o aumento no consumo de energia e a maior concentração de 4-nonilfenol nos tecidos vieram sublinhar o elevado gasto energético e o nível de toxicidade sofrido pelos organismos expostos à combinação de contaminantes e eventos de congelamento e descongelamento. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese demonstram, assim, que a presença de stressores naturais (físicos) e químicos, isoladamente ou em combinação, podem alterar a dinâmica do E. albidus, afetando não só a sua sobrevivência e reprodução (e consequente presença / distribuição), mas também as suas adaptações fisiológicas e bioquímicas. Essas alterações podem levar a consequências graves para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas do Ártico, subÁrtico e regiões temperadas-frias, uma vez que estes organismos desempenham um papel importante para a decomposição de matéria orgânica morta. Esta tese fornece ainda uma base científica para melhorar a atribuição de coeficientes de segurança para os ecossistemas naturais do solo, alertando para a integração de investigações semelhantes em ecotoxicologia, e, eventualmente, para a avaliação de risco ecológico de contaminantes.
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Hullot, Olivier. "Approche d'écotoxicologie fonctionnelle par l'étude des interactions sol-plante-annélides en sol contaminé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB012.
Abstract:
La contamination des sols est un enjeu environnemental majeur. Une grande partie des sols contaminés en Europe le sont par des éléments traces métalliques. Celle-ci peut affecter les organismes édaphiques, avec souvent comme conséquence une diminution des activités biologiques. Pourtant plusieurs études ont montré l’importance des relations dites « belowground-aboveground » liant les communautés souterraines et aériennes des sols. Parmi elles, l’une des plus connues est l’interaction sol – plante – ver de terre. Ces derniers sont connus pour impacter positivement les fonctions écologiques des sols non contaminés. En effet, ils peuvent augmenter la production primaire des plantes et jouent également un rôle dans la régulation des communautés du sol. Mais dans le cas de sols contaminés, leur rôle reste encore peu documenté. Les enchytréides sont également des annélides oligochètes auxquels on prête le même rôle écologique que les vers de terre. Toutefois, peu d’études permettent d’appuyer cette hypothèse.Dans ce travail nous avons fait l’hypothèse que les connaissances acquises sur les interactions sol – plante – annélides en sol fertile sont transférables en sols contaminés et donc que les annélides peuvent, en interaction avec les plantes, participer à une valorisation de ces sols. Les questions suivantes ont été soulevées : i) y-a-t 'il des modifications de biodisponibilité des contaminants par l’activité des organismes ? Quel est l’impact réciproque des organismes entre eux ? Peut-on mettre en évidence un effet court terme versus long terme sur plusieurs générations de vers ? Pour répondre à ces questions nous avons fait des expérimentations ex situ. Nous avons utilisé un sol considéré comme marginal par sa texture sableuse, et contaminé in situ par plusieurs éléments traces métalliques (teneurs sublétales en Cu, Zn, Cd). Trois espèces biologiques ont été étudiées seules ou en interaction : le ver de terre Aporrectodea caliginosa, un ver de terre endogé communément retrouvé dans les sols agricoles, Enchytraeus albidus, un enchytréide à large habitat approprié pour les tests écotoxicologiques et enfin Lolium perenne, une herbe fourragère.Nous avons montré une amélioration de la production primaire du sol contaminé par les deux groupes d’annélides, via une amélioration de la biomasse des plantes, lorsqu’il y a une interaction proche entre les racines et les annélides, en lien avec une augmentation de la biodisponibilité des nutriments. Cependant, lorsqu’ils s’éloignent des racines, cet effet bénéfique disparait. Concernant les éléments traces, les annélides du sol tendent à augmenter leur disponibilité. Toutefois, la plante possède un pouvoir fort de régulation limitant les transferts d’éléments trace. Les teneurs internes d'éléments mesurées dans les organismes varient d’un élément à l’autre et d’une espèce biologique à l’autre, ainsi qu’en présence d’interactions entre organismes. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que les modifications de l’environnement induites affectent tous les organismes. Nous avons notamment montré que la présence de plantes sur le long terme augmente la capacité du sol à les héberger même en sol contaminé. En revanche, la présence de vers de terre dans le sol facilite l’enfouissement des enchytréides dans les couches plus profondes du sol et tend à réduire leur nombre retrouvé en surface. Cette étude montre que dans nos conditions expérimentales les connaissances acquises dans les sols non contaminés concernant la biofertilisation peuvent être appliquées aux sols contaminés. Cependant, les flux d’éléments majeurs s’accompagnant de flux d’éléments traces, l’impact résultant doit être examiné dans tous les compartiments biologiques du système. Nous avons de plus observé des effets de rétroactions de la plante sur les vers de terre, suggérant l’importance de les prendre en compte pour avancer dans la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents aux interactions sol-plante-annélidesSoil pollution is key environmental issue. A large part of European soils is contaminated by trace elements. Depending on the contamination level organisms exposed to degraded and contaminated soils can be affected in a variety of ways but generally contamination affects the biological activity. However, several researches have shown the importance of ecological linkages in soils, particularly the so-called "belowground-aboveground" relationships that connect the below-ground and above-ground soil communities. One of the most well-known of these relationships is the soil-plant-earthworm interactions. Earthworms are known to improve the ecological functions associated with fertile soils. For example, they can increase the primary production of both wild and cultivated plants and at the same time they have a key role in regulating soil communities. But in the case of contaminated soil their role is still poorly documented. Enchytraeids are oligochaete annelids that play the same ecological role as earthworms. However, there are few researches that confirm this hypothesis, whatever the soil contaminated or not. In this work, we hypothesised that the knowledge gained on soil-plant-annelid interactions in non-contaminated soils are transferable to polluted soils. In this case, annelids in interaction with plants could participate to the valorisation of these soils. We raised several questions: Do activities of annelids in contaminated soils affect the bioavailability of trace elements? Is there a reciprocity of influence between the soil organisms or plants? Are the annelids effects on the short or the long-term following several annelid life cycles? To answer these questions, we performed ex-situ experiments in cosmes. We used a soil classified as marginal because of its sandy texture, and field contaminated by several metallic trace elements (sublethal contents in Cu, Zn, Cd). Three different biological species were studied, alone or in interaction: Aporrectodea caliginosa, an endogeic earthworm found in agricultural soils, Enchytraeus albidus, an enchytraeid with a large habitat suitable for ecotoxicological testing, and finally Lolium perenne, a forage grass.We have seen an increase in the primary output of the contaminated soil via an increase in plant biomass, when a close connection between the roots and the annelids was assessed. We also showed that both annelid species have the ability to increase biomass production. However, when they move away from the roots, this positive effect decreases. This favourable effect on plants is due to an increase in nutrient bioavailability, linked to the annelid activities. However, annelids also tend to increase trace metal fluxes, and then their environmental availability with high contents in soil solution. But the plant has in turn a powerful regulatory power that limits metal transfers to the soil pore water. Furthermore, the trace element values observed in organisms differ from one chemical species to the other, as well as from one biological species to the other. Finally, the presence of species and the changes in their habitat have an impact on other organisms. We have shown that the presence of plants is favourable to the development of earthworms, boosting the soil's capacity to host them over time. The presence of earthworms in the soil, on the other hand, accelerates the burial of enchytraeids in the deeper layers of the soil and tends to diminish the amount of enchytraeids detected in soil surface. In our experimental conditions, we confirm that knowledge acquired for uncontaminated soils can be applied also for contaminated soils. However, fluxes of major elements are accompanied by fluxes of trace elements whose impact have to be checked in all the biological compartments of the system. Finally, we detected feedback from the plant to the earthworms, indicating intricate soil-plant-annelid connections that has to be taken into account for their better understanding
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Beylich, Anneke. "Untersuchungen an Enchytraeiden (Oligochaeta) zum Einfluss von Bodenfeuchte und pH-Wert auf die Toxizität von Schwermetallen im Freiland und in Laborversuchen." Berlin, 2001. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/50/index.html.
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Tschuschke, Steffen. "Das Cd-induzierbare crp-Gen aus dem terrestrischen Oligochaeten Enchytraeus genomische Organisation und Bedeutung für die Cd-Detoxifizierung /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962777951.
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Johnson, Paul James. "Ecological studies on the Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) of streams in southern England." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252674.
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Novais, Sara Calçada. "From genes to population: effects of toxicants on Enchytraeus albidus." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7445.
Abstract:
Doutoramento em BiologiaNowadays, a systems biology approach is both a challenge as well as believed to be the ideal form of understanding the organisms’ mechanisms of response. Responses at different levels of biological organization should be integrated to better understand the mechanisms, and hence predict the effects of stress agents, usable in broader contexts. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of Enchytraeus albidus responses to chemical stressors. Therefore, there was a large investment on the gene library enrichment for this species, as explained ahead. Overall, effects of chemicals from two different groups (metals and pesticides) were assessed at different levels of biological organization: from genes and biochemical biomarkers to population endpoints. Selected chemicals were: 1) the metals cadmium and zinc; 2) the insecticide dimethoate, the herbicide atrazine and the fungicide carbendazim. At the gene and sub-cellular level, the effects of time and dosage were also adressed. Traditional ecotoxicological tests - survival, reproduction and avoidance behavior - indicated that pesticides were more toxic than metals. Avoidance behaviour is extremely important from an ecological point of view, but not recommended to use for risk assessment purposes. The oxidative stress related experiment showed that metals induced significant effects on several antioxidant enzyme activities and substrate levels, as well as oxidative damage on the membrane cells. To increase the potential of our molecular tool to assess transcriptional responses, the existing cDNA library was enriched with metal and pesticide responding genes, using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH). With the sequencing information obtained, an improved Agilent custom oligonucleotide microarray was developed and an EST database, including all existing molecular data on E. albidus, was made publicly available as an interactive tool to access information. With this microarray tool, most interesting and novel information on the mechanisms of chemical toxicity was obtained, with the identification of common and specific key pathways affected by each compound. The obtained results allowed the identification of mechanisms of action for the tested compounds in E. albidus, some of which are in line with the ones known for mammals, suggesting across species conserved modes of action and underlining the usefulness of this soil invertebrate as a model species. In general, biochemical and molecular responses were influenced by time of exposure and chemical dosage and these allowed to see the evolution of events. Cellular energy allocation results confirmed the gene expression evidences of an increased energetic expenditure, which can partially explain the decrease on the reproductive output, verified at a later stage. Correlations found throughout this thesis between effects at the different levels of biological organization have further improved our knowledge on the toxicity of metals and pesticides in this species.
Actualmente, em ecotoxicologia, uma abordagem ao nível da biologia de sistemas representa não só um desafio, como se acredita ser a forma ideal para a compreensão dos mecanismos de resposta dos organismos. A integração de respostas de diferentes níveis de organização biológica, permite a melhor percepção dos mecanismos envolvidos, e assim possibilita a previsão de efeitos de agentes tóxicos num contexto alargado. O objectivo principal desta tese foi a avaliação dos mecanismos de resposta de Enchytraeus albidus a stressores químicos. Desta forma, um grande investimento foi feito de forma a enriquecer a biblioteca genómica desta espécie, como explicado mais adiante. Em suma, os efeitos de compostos químicos pertencentes a duas classes diferentes (metais e pesticidas) foram avaliados a níveis de organização biológica distintos: desde parâmetros populacionais até bioquímicos e moleculares com a alteração de expressão genética. Os compostos seleccionados foram: 1) os metais cádmio e zinco; 2) o insecticida dimetoato, herbicida atrazina e fungicida carbendazim. Ao nível sub-cellular e genético, os efeitos do tempo de exposição e da dose aplicada também foram avaliados. Os testes de ecotoxicologia tradicionais – sobrevivência, reprodução e evitamento – mostraram uma maior toxicidade dos pesticidas em relação aos metais. O evitamento é um parâmetro de extrema importância do ponto de vista ecológico, apesar de não recomendado para avaliação de risco. O estudo dos indicadores de stress oxidativo revelou que o Zn e o Cd induziram efeitos significativos na actividade de várias enzimas antioxidantes e níveis de substratos, provocando igualmente danos oxidativos nas membranas celulares. De forma a aumentar as potencialidades da nossa ferramenta molecular disponível para avaliar respostas ao nível da transcrição, a biblioteca de cDNA existente foi enriquecida com genes de resposta a metais e a pesticidas, usando o método de SSH. A partir das sequências obtidas foi desenvolvido um microarray de oligonucleótidos (Agilent), assim como uma base de dados de utilização gratuita na internet que reúne todos os dados moleculares disponíveis para E. albidus e constitui uma ferramenta interactiva de acesso a informação. Com a aplicação do novo microarray, foram obtidos dados novos e relevantes acerca dos mecanismos de toxicidade, tendo sido possível a identificação de diferentes vias metabólicas afectadas por cada composto químico. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a identificação de mecanismos de acção destes compostos em E.albidus que, em grande parte, coincidem com mecanismos descritos para mamíferos, sugerindo que os modos de acção são conservados em várias espécies e sublinhando a utilidade deste invertebrado como espécie modelo. De um modo geral, as respostas bioquímicas e moleculares foram influenciadas pelo tempo de exposição e concentração do composto tóxico, permitindo seguir a evolução dos eventos. Os resultados da determinação da alocação energética confirmaram as evidências de um aumento de gastos energéticos, sugeridas pelo microarray, e que podem explicar parcialmente o decréscimo na reprodução verificado numa fase posterior. As correlações encontradas no decorrer desta tese entre parâmetros de vários níveis de organização biológica, contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão da toxicidade de metais e pesticidas nesta espécie.
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Gonçalves, Micael Ferreira Mota. "Development of novel short and long term studies in Enchytraeus crypticus." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18562.
Abstract:
Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularA maioria dos estudos ecotoxicológicos têm investigado os efeitos de curto prazo dos contaminantes. Comparativamente, tem sido desenvolvido pouco trabalho na avaliação dos efeitos a longo prazo dos químicos existindo portanto uma necessidade de preencher esta lacuna. De entre as espécies de solo usadas em ecotoxicologia estão os Enquitraídeos (Oligochaeta), membros importantes da mesofauna terrestre com diretrizes padrão para testar os efeitos ao nível da sobrevivência, reprodução e bioacumulação (ISO, 2004; OECD, 2010, 2004). Para a espécie Enchytraeus crypticus, existe também disponível o cDNA microarray com mais de 40 000 transcritos (Castro-Ferreira et al., 2014) sendo uma vantagem competitiva em relação a outras espécies padrão. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver novos testes de curto e longo prazo, abrangendo novos/diferentes endpoints para E. crypticus. A habilidade de regeneração do E. crypticus foi descoberta e o processo de regeneração foi descrito; este pode ser adicionalmente utilizado para avaliar os efeitos de tóxicos em testes de curto prazo. O desenvolvimento embrionário de E. crypticus foi investigado e um teste de embriotoxicidade foi desenvolvido (pela primeira vez em um invertebrados do solo). O cádmio (Cd) foi usado como substância de teste para validar o teste embriotoxicidade dados os seus conhecidos efeitos embriotóxicos. Os resultados mostraram que o Cd causou uma diminuição no sucesso da eclosão devido a um atraso ou interrupção na formação de estruturas embrionárias. Um teste de longevidade (com avaliação da sobrevivência e reprodução ao longo do tempo) foi desenvolvido para E. crypticus. Este ensaio de exposição de longo prazo foi utilizado para avaliar os efeitos de nanopartículas de óxido de cobre (CuO-NPs) em comparação com CuCl2 revelando que CuO-NPs causou efeitos superiores (diminuindo a longevidade e reduzindo a reprodução) do que CuCl2, a uma concentração de efeito semelhante. Este ensaio traz um novo conceito em ecotoxicidade, a longevidade. Este é um especto particularmente importante quando o assunto é a toxicidade de nanomateriais (NMs), onde se espera que o tempo de exposição a longo prazo revele efeitos imprevisíveis através dos testes correntes de curto/longo prazo. O uso dos novos ensaios desenvolvidos podem melhorar a avaliação dos perigos dos produtos químicos.
Most of the ecotoxicity studies have investigated the short-term effects of chemicals. Comparatively, little work has been done in the assessment of the long-term effects of chemicals and there is a need to fill this gap. Among soil species used in ecotoxicology are Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta), important members of the terrestrial mesofauna with standard guidelines for testing effects at survival, reproduction and bioaccumulation level (ISO, 2004; OECD, 2010, 2004). For the species Enchytraeus crypticus, there is also available the cDNA microarray with more than 40 000 transcripts (Castro-Ferreira et al., 2014) being a competitive advantage in comparison to other standard species. The main goal of this research was to develop novel short and long-term tests, covering new/different endpoints, for E. crypticus. Regeneration ability of E. crypticus was discovered and the regeneration process was described; this can be further used as endpoint to assess the effects of toxicants in short-term studies. The embryonic development of E. crypticus was investigated and an embryotoxicity test was developed (for the first time in a soil invertebrate). Cadmium (Cd) was used as a test substance to validate the embryotoxicity test given its known embryotoxic effects. Results showed that Cd caused a decrease in the hatching success due to a delay or disruption in formation of embryonic structures. A lifespan test (with assessment of survival and reproduction over time) was developed for E. crypticus. This long-term exposure assay was used to assess the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in comparison with CuCl2 revealing that CuO-NPs caused higher effects (shortening lifespan and reducing reproduction) than CuCl2, at similar effect concentration. This lifespan assay brings a novel concept in ecotoxicity, the longevity. This is a particularly important aspect when the subject is nanomaterials (NMs) toxicity, where longer term exposure time is expected to reveal unpredicted effects via the current short/long-term tests. The use of the new assays developed can improve the hazard assessment of chemicals.
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Locke, Jan Maureen. "Systematics and biology of Grania (Annelida: clitellata: Enchytraeidae) of the Bermuda Islands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0003/MQ45419.pdf.
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Assis, Orlando. "Enquitreídeos (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) como indicadores do manejo do solo e em ensaios ecotoxicológicos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1848.
Abstract:
A agricultura ocupa uma grande área do território brasileiro, interagindo com praticamente todos os grandes biomas. O manejo do solo, aliado ao uso de agrotóxicos e de fertilizantes, pode contribuir para o desequilíbrio da fauna edáfica, trazendo impactos que podem influenciar na harmonia do ecossistema do solo. O revolvimento do solo o expõe à radiação solar, que pode influenciar na abundância de espécies e os fertilizantes de base sintética desequilibram os níveis de nutrientes do solo, impactando na dinâmica dos organismos. Os agrotóxicos contaminam e causam mortalidade de diversos organismos. Na tentativa de melhor analisar esses impactos, foram escolhidos quatro diferentes sistemas de uso do solo: Olericultura Orgânica (OO), Olericultura Convencional (OC), Lavoura Convencional (LC) e uma região de fragmento de Floresta Nativa (FN), com repetições verdadeiras, na região metropolitana de Curitiba, no município de Quitandinha-PR, com os objetivos: avaliar o potencial dos enquitreídeos como bioindicadores em áreas de diferentes sistemas de uso do solo (SUS); identificar os fatores que influenciam a abundância e diversidade desses organismos nestes diferentes sistemas; avaliou-se o potencial reprodutivo destes organismos expondo-os em amostras de solos provenientes das áreas dos sistemas de uso do solo (SUS) estudados, em condições laboratoriais; foi também avaliado em ensaios laboratoriais com uso de solo artificial tropical (SAT) o impacto do glifosato na reprodução dos enquitreídeos sob concentrações baseadas nas recomendações do fabricante e das quantidades comumente utilizadas na região. Nossos resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa na abundância entre FN e LC, e a riqueza de gêneros sofreu redução de seis para dois, respectivamente. Dentre os atributos do solo encontrados nas análises físico-químicas, as áreas de florestas (FN) apresentaram pH mais baixo, matéria orgânica e potássio mais altos que nos outros sistemas estudados, e menor quantidade de fósforo do que as áreas de plantio convencional (LC e OC). Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos em condições laboratoriais mostraram que o número de juvenis de Enchytraeus sp produzidos em solo das áreas estudadas foi maior em solo de FN do que LC, em concordância com os dados de abundância. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos com glifosato em solo artificial tropical reduziu significativamente a reprodução, mesmo em concentrações no solo equivalentes a doses recomendadas, sugerindo que esse herbicida popular pode ser deletério aos enquitreídeos e, portanto, deve ser usado com cautela. Os resultados sugerem que a abundância e riqueza de enquitreídeos são bons indicadores do uso do solo na região estudada e que a espécie autóctone Enchytraeus sp respondeu satisfatoriamente em ensaios laboratoriais para avaliar a qualidade do solo.Agriculture occupies a large area of the Brazilian territory, interacting with the major biomes. Soil management, the use of pesticides and fertilizers can contribute to the imbalance of the biota, the soil fauna, impacting the harmony of the whole soil ecosystem. The soil disturbance in plowing and disking exposes the soil fauna to the sun' radiation, which can be harmful to of species in this environment. Synthetic fertilizers can unbalance levels of soil nutrients, directly impacting the dynamics of organisms. The pesticides can be deleterious to the living organisms in the soil. This study aims to evaluate potential of the enchytraeids as soil management indicators in areas of horticulture and grain farming and to identify which factors influence the abundance and diversity of these worms in different land use systems (SUS); It also aims to assess the potential of the enchytraeids to respond to the natural soil quality of the areas of study and the toxicity of recommended doses of the most used pesticide (glyphosate) in laboratory tests; Four land use systems (SUS) in Quitandinha – PR were chosen for the present study: Organic Vegetable Crops (OO), Conventional Vegetable Crops (OC) and Conventional tillage (LC), Native Forest (FN) with true repetitions. The abundance of enchytraeids was statistically higher in FN than LC, while the richness of genera reduced from six to two, respectively. Among the soil attributes, forest areas had lower pH, organic matter, nitrogen and higher potassium than other SUS in the other SUS and lower amount of phosphorus than the areas of conventional tillage. In ecotoxicological tests under laboratory conditions the number of juveniles of Enchytraeus sp produced in soil of the areas studied for 21 days of incubation were higher in soils from FN than LC. in agreement to field abundance data. Ecotoxicological tests with gliphosate in concentrations based on doses used by the agricultures in the area sudied showed that in artficial soil, even concentrations equivalent to recommended doses may reduce reproduction significantly, suggesting this popular herbicide may be harmful to enchytraeids and should be used with caution. The results suggest the abundance and richness of genera are good indicators of soil use systems in the area studied and that the autochthonous enchytraeid Enchytraeus sp responded well to laboratory tests to evaluate soil quality.
Books on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
Römbke, Jörg. Organisation and performance of an International Ringtest for the Validation of the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, 1999.
2
International Symposium on Enchytraeidae (4th 2000 Denmark). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Enchytraeidae, Mols Laboratory, Denmark, 2-4 June 2000. Aarhus, Denmark: Natural History Museum, 2002.
3
Locke, Jan Maureen. Systematics and biology of Grania (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) of the Bermuda Islands. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.
4
Coates, Kathryn. Phylogenetic analysis of some Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta): Parsimony analysis of structural characters. [Victoria, B.C.]: The author, 1987.
5
Lagerlöf, Jan. Ecology of soil fauna in arable land: Dynamics and activity of microarthropods and enchytraeids in four cropping systems. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1987.
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Test No. 220: Enchytraeid Reproduction Test. OECD, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264472-en.
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Test No. 220: Enchytraeid Reproduction Test. OECD Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264070301-en.
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Toxicity Assessments of Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, and Manganese for Development of Ecological Soil Screening Levels (ECO-SSL) Using Enchytraeid Reproduction Benchmark Values. Storming Media, 2002.
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Harriman Alaska Series: Enchytraeids. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Book chapters on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
Amorim, M. J. B., R. Kuperman, and J. Römbke. "Enchytraeid Reproduction Tests." In Ecotoxicological Characterization of Waste, 177–82. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88959-7_18.
2
Rota, Emilia, and Brenda Healy. "The Enchytraeid fauna of North Africa." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology V, 53–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0842-3_6.
3
Westheide, W., and M. C. Müller. "Cinematographic documentation of enchytraeid morphology and reproductive biology." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology VI, 263–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5452-9_29.
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Healy, Brenda, and Kathryn A. Coates. "Finding enchytraeid oligochaetes (Clitellata) in hot climates: species occurrence on the shores of Bermuda." In Aquatic Oligochaetes, 111–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4207-6_11.
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Bruns, Eric, Philipp Egeler, Joerg Roembke, Adam Scheffczyk, and Peter Spoerlein. "Bioaccumulation of lindane and hexachlorobenzene by the oligochaetes Enchytraeus luxuriosus and Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida)." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology VIII, 185–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0597-5_19.
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Römbke, J. "Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) as a Test Organism in Terrestrial Laboratory Systems." In Archives of Toxicology, 402–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74117-3_79.
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Roembke, J., and Th Knacker. "Aquatic toxicity test for enchytraeids." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology, 235–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2393-5_25.
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Valvassori, Roberto, Magda de Eguileor, Giulio Lanzavecchia, and Giorgio Scari. "Body wall organization in enchytraeids." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology, 83–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2393-5_9.
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Coates, Kathryn A. "Phylogeny and origins of Enchytraeidae." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology, 17–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2393-5_3.
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Lanzavecchia, Giulio, Magda de Eguileor, Roberto Valvassori, Laura Di Lernia, and Cristina Cambiaso. "Morphogenesis of body wall muscle fibers in Enchytraeus minutus." In Aquatic Oligochaete Biology, 91–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2393-5_10.
Conference papers on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
Gonçalves, Maria, Marta Pires, and Maraline Zanatta. "Testes com sementes e enchytraeus crypticus da toxicidade do cádmio no solo." In Congresso de Iniciação Científica UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/revpibic2720191706.
2
Vaccaro, Sara, and Marta Siviero Guilherme Pires. "Toxicidade em solo com o organismo Enchytraeus crypticus, teste, cultivo e manutenção." In XXIV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP - 2016. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoa, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2016-50748.
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Toyoda, Kazuma, Kaoru Uesugi, and Keisuke Morishima. "Direct observation and behavior analysis of Enchytraeus japonensis in soft material for swarm intelligent micro robots." In 2017 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science (MHS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mhs.2017.8305285.
Reports on the topic "Enchytraeid":
1
Kuperman, Roman G., Ronald T. Checkai, Michael Simini, Carlton T. Philips, Jan E. Kolakowski, and Carl W. Kurnas. Acute and Chronic Toxicities of TNT and RDX to the Enchytraeid Worm, Enchytraeus crypticus, in Natural Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570688.