Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Encéphalites'
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Autard, Thierry. "Méningo-encéphalites à listeria." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11278.
Full textBérard-Badier, Magdeleine. "Essai de classification des encéphalites." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX21903.
Full textBost, Chloé. "Encéphalites à anticorps anti-NMDAR : étude clinique et mécanistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1204/document.
Full textAnti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis is a newly described pathology, characterized by the presence of IgG antibodies (Abs) directed against NMDA receptor (NMDAR). Glutamatergic synapses are the main component of excitatory transmission in the adult brain and the ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDAR has a key role in synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is defined by the synapses property to modify their transmission strength and seems to be the cellular correlate of learning and memory. In vitro and in vivo studies on anti-NMDAR Abs effects showed an altered dynamic at the membrane followed by an internalization of NMDAR. Thus, Abs seem to have a pathogenic effect, able to explain clinical symptoms. During my thesis, I wanted to deepen the understanding of this pathology on the clinical and mechanistic level. To this end, I studied the clinical and histological features of patients with an associated tumor. Results obtained allow me to establish management recommendations considering the high mortality rate in these patients and a higher frequency of immature ovarian teratomas than in the general population. Simultaneously, I studied the effect of anti-NMDAR Abs on synaptic transmission and plasticity in a murine model allowing chronic Abs infusion. These results obtained by electrophysiology on acute slices allowed me to demonstrate an effect of CSF Abs on synaptic plasticity but of less amplitude that the in vitro studies had suggested. Results also highlighted the importance of the duration to antibodies exposure
Mailles, Alexandra. "Epidémiologie, optimisation du diagnostic et pronostic des encéphalites infectieuses en France." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENV001.
Full textAbstract Background Despite a better knowledge about pathophysiological mechanisms and the generalisation of molecular biological Tools, the aetiology of encephalitis is still undetermined in most cases. Their incidence, the short-term and long-term prognosis of the disease and the persistence of sequelae are unknown. The objectives of this work were to improve the knowledge about the aetiology of encephalitis in France and to describe the patients hospitalized in France with encephalitis according to clinical, biological, demographic, epidemiological and outcome data. Methods Patients aged 28 days or more, who fitted the case definition, were enrolled in 2007. The investigation of aetiological diagnosis was carried out according to a previously defined diagnosis strategy. Epidemiological, clinical and biological data were collected using standardised questionnaires on admission, on day 5 of hospitalisation and on discharge. The study was carried out in accordance with French regulations. The long-term outcome of patients was assessed in 2010. Data collected encompassed persisting symptoms, resuming leisure activities, return to wok or resuming education and quality of life. Cognitive decline was assessed with patients' relatives using IQCODE. The main outcome measure was the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Results 253 patients presenting with acute encephalitis were included. A causative agent was identified for 131 (52%) of them. Most frequent causative agents were Herpes simplex virus (HSV, n=55), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV, n=20), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n=20) and Listeria monocytogenes (n=13). Twenty-six patients (10%), died during hospitalisation. In 2010, 176 patients could be included and assessed. The outcome of encephalitis was favourable for 61% of patients and 39% had a poor outcome. Among patient employed before onset of encephalitis, 24% had not returned to work at the time of evaluation. Patients who presented with herpes encephalitis in 2007 had a lower score on GOS than other patients. Discussion Our study resulted in a important improvement of the proportion of encephalitis with a causative agent identified. We demonstrated that bacteria play a significant role as causes of encephalitis, and are responsible for most death occurring during the acute stage of encephalitis. An important proportion of patients presented long-term sequelae, illustrating the evolution of encephalitis from an acute infectious disease toward a chronic neurological disease. The high frequency of sequelae following herpes encephalitis is a shadow on the success of aciclovir. Conclusion Considering our results, we can propose recommendation for the everyday management of encephalitis patients, both to achieve aetiological diagnosis and a long-term follow-up that should be extended to all encephalitis patients. Herpes encephalitis should be more studied on pathophysiological aspects to explicate the severity of the disease despite the existence of a specific treatment, and to propose better prevention and management of sequelae
Bayle, Laurence. "Encéphalites virales aiguës de l'enfant : étude de l'évolution d'une population de 53 enfants atteints entre 1984 et 1994." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M142.
Full textKoessler, Marie-Cécile. "Le virus TBE (tick borne encéphalitis) en Alsace : données épidémiologiques et intérêt actuel de la vaccination." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1M072.
Full textBernoin, Marielle. "Développement de modèles d'infection de cellules neurales équines par des arbovirus neurotropes et contribution à l'identification de molécules antivirales pour le traitement des encéphalites équines à virus West Nile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASQ021.
Full textEquine viral encephalitis are of great concern for the equine industry (fifth cause of mortality) and represent a significant health and economic threat for the industry. Among the viruses involved is the West Nile virus (WNV). It is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus, transmitted by mosquitoes and responsible for encephalitis that can be fatal or lead to serious neurological sequelae in horses but also in humans. WNV is currently endemic on all continents; its distribution area is expanding in Europe and for the last twenty years, it is considered as a re-emerging virus. In horses, although vaccines are available, vaccination coverage is insufficient and no therapeutic treatment is available. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to identify antiviral molecules that could block WNV replication in the brain of horses.In recent years, many studies have aimed at identifying antiviral molecules. But for many of them, cell models with little physiological relevance (e.g. human cell lines) have been used. The results obtained may therefore not be transposable to cells of the equine nervous system. Therefore, in order to be able to identify molecules with a stronger antiviral potential in the equine brain, our first objective was to develop a cellular model of WNV infection, based on equine neural cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). With this new model, we were able to achieve our second objective: a phenotypic screen of a small library of 45 selected molecules. This screen revealed that molecules, already known to block WNV replication in other models, behaved either in the same way in equine neural cells (case of 2'CMC), or on the contrary, had no antiviral activity in these cells (case of favipiravir and sofosbuvir) or, surprisingly, had an opposite role to the one expected (case of statins). These last results led us to initiate a research that aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying opposite roles in cells of human or equine origin.With the objective of being able to identify broad-spectrum antiviral molecules, we have also initiated a work with the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV). This other zoonotic neurotropic arbovirus responsible for fatal encephalitis in humans and equids, belongs to the Togaviridae family, genus Alphavirus. It is present exclusively on the American continent at the moment. Our results showed that equin neural progenitor cells (eNPCs) are highly permissive to EEEV, providing a new model of infection that could be used in the future to test the antiviral potential of small molecules.This work has therefore allowed 1/the establishment of two new models of infection by equine arboviruses, belonging to two different families (WNV and EEEV), 2/ the development of automated microplate assays based on cell imaging and 3/to confirm or deny the antiviral role of selected molecules in equine brain cells. Our results also outlined the importance of using physiologically relevant in vitro models for evaluating the antiviral potential of molecules
Herpin, de Fritsch Elsa. "Diagnostic étiologique des méningo-encéphalites aiguës virales par techniques de biologie moléculaire : évaluation d'une trousse commercialisée pour la détection de génomes viraux." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR23005.
Full textSaint-Martin, Margaux. "Caractérisation des anticorps anti-CASPR2 de patients atteints d’encéphalite limbique auto-immune et impact sur le complexe CASPR2/TAG-1/Kv1.2." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1342/document.
Full textAnti-CASPR2 autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a central nervous system disorder characterized by memory disorders and epilepsy. CASPR2 (Contactin-associated protein-like 2) with its partner TAG-1, is known for its role in the clusterisation of voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kv1.1 and Kv1.2) in the juxtaparanodal region of node of Ranvier; which are essential for the rapid conduction of nerve signals. In addition, an increasing number of studies suggest a role of CASPR2 in synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability, in relation with the symptoms observed in patients with anti-CASPR2 antibodies. However, the pathogenic role of anti-CASPR2 antibodies in limbic encephalitis remains far from clear. During my thesis I wished to improve our understanding of the mechanisms mediated by anti-CASPR2 antibodies in limbic encephalitis. To this end, I determined the biological characteristics of anti-CASPR2 antibodies, suggesting a direct role of antibodies on CASPR2 function by targeting its N-terminal domains. Furthermore, I identified two potential mechanisms of anti-CASPR2 antibodies on CASPR2/TAG-1 interaction and on Kv1.2 cell surface expression. These works further implicate anti-CASPR2 antibodies in the pathogenicity of autoimmune limbic encephalitis
Tauril, Eve-Lyse. "Encéphalite aigue au décours d'une lymphoréticulite bénigne d'inoculation." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11321.
Full textPiquemal, Anne. "Encéphalite herpétique à rechutes : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR2M254.
Full textLEBEC, REGIS. "Encéphalite aiguë retardée de la rougeole : à propos d'un cas." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M253.
Full textMalachier, Philippe. "Encéphalite à herpes zoster (H. I. V. Exclue) : données actuelles." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11162.
Full textBillard, Dominique. "Traumatismes cranio-encéphaliques : à propos d'une expérience vécue." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25302.
Full textJOUDIOU, CARINE. "Isolement et caracterisation fonctionnelle d'une nouvelle metallo-endopeptidase de type thermolysine des secretions de la peau de xenopus laevis : peptide hormone inactivating endopeptidase (phie)." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066126.
Full textCanivet, Coraline. "Étude de la réponse immunitaire cérébrale innée dans la pathogenèse de l'encéphalite herpétique et évaluation de stratégies immunomodulatrices." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38088.
Full textPathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis is not completely understood, but viral replication results in acute necrotizing encephalitis of the temporal/frontal lobes and cerebral inflammation leading to the infiltration of the peripheral immune cells to the central nervous system (CNS). Although most brain damage is caused by viral replication, a lot of data suggest that the immune response could also contribute to the pathogenesis of HSE. The innate immune response is the first line of host defense that limits viral spread. Numerous studies showed that the immune response is induced by the recognition of HSV-1, in particular by the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Likewise, type I interferon (IFN) is essential to the antiviral response. Indeed, studies showed that impairment of a component involved in signaling pathways inducing the type I IFN synthesis is deleterious in mice and humans during HSE. For several years, a series of studies have suggested that the immune response participated in this CNS pathology resulting in a fatal course and that hyperinflammatory responses initiated by early infiltrating innate cells play a key role in the development of this pathology. In addition, the complexity of the CNS inflammatory response constitutes a challenge for our understanding of the pathogenesis of herpetic encephalitis. The main objective of this thesis was to better understand the immune response as a contributor to the pathogenesis of HSE, and more specifically, the recruitment of peripheral immune cells in the CNS, the involvement of signaling pathway mediated by the interferon regulatory transcription factors (IRF) 3 and IRF7 and the evaluation of the effects of immunomodulators such as artesunate and rapamycin on the susceptibility of different murine strains during experimental HSE An effective innate cerebral immune response contributes to the natural resistance of C57BL/6 mice compared to naturally sensitive BALB/c mice. In fact, the viral load in the CNS of C57BL/6 mice infected with HSV-1 by the I.N. route is lower at the peak of infection (day 6 post-infection (p.i)) compared to BALB/c mice. This control of the viral load is associated with rapid and coordinated infiltration of cells in the CNS (infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), natural killer cells (NK), natural killer cells T (NKT) on day 4 p.i) followed by T lymphocyte infiltration on day 8 p.i. Moreover, the control of viral replication is orchestrated by the activation of transcription factors IRF3 and particularly IRF7. In this regard, mice deficient for IRF3 or IRF7 are more susceptible to intranasal infection by HSV-1 than wild type C57BL/6 mice. In mice deficient for IRF7 and to a lesser extent for IRF3, the loss of control of viral replication in the brain is associated with a defect in IFN-b production at an early time after infection followed by overproduction of type I IFNs. Increased susceptibility of BALB/c mice, IRF3- or IRF7-deficient mice is associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels in the CNS compared to C57BL/6 mice at later times post-infection. We therefore evaluated the effect of the addition of immunomodulators to antiviral treatment: artesunate (ART), acting on signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and 9 and rapamycin (RAPA), acting on signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and 9. We show that the administration of ART or RAPA to the antiviral therapy was beneficial and improve the outcome of HSE in mice, without a direct effect on the viral load. Instead they act by decreasing significantly pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in the CNS. Using these different experimental models, we also demonstrated overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 b, IL-6, IFN -g) and chemokine (CC2) during experimental HSE. In this regard, adding of immunomodulatory compound to antiviral therapy allowed to decrease levels of these inflammatory proteins. In conclusion, these data provide new evidence for the contribution of the immune response in the pathogenesis of herpetic encephalitis, as well as the development of potential new therapeutic targets.
Thiongane, Yaya. "Isolement du virus arthrite-encéphalite de la chèvre et analyse des protéines." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO11765.
Full textMin, Gant Loïc. "Méningo-encéphalite à listéria monocytogènes chez une anorexique mentale en cours de réalimentation." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25213.
Full textNormand, Elisabeth. "Les Neurones producteurs d'encéphalines chez l'Escargot et le Rat. Etude anatomo-fonctionnelle par immunocytochimie et hybridation "In situ"." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2034.
Full textMartin-Bouyer, Luc. "Étude neuroanatomique du noyau magnocellulaire dorsal de l'hypothalamus du cobaye : caractérisation de ses types cellulaires et description de ses efférences." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10097.
Full textGuillaume, Anne Ivy. "Les effets mécaniques induits par les accélérations +Gz sur les structures encéphaliques." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05S029.
Full textQuazzola, Michèle. "Pronostic fonctionnel des traumatismes crânio-encéphaliques graves de l'enfant et de l'adolescent." Montpellier 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON11159.
Full textBagnol, Didier. "Organisation des voies nerveuses enképhalinergiques extrinsèques et intrinsèques, impliquées dans la commande motrice du tractus digestif." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30015.
Full textGomez, José Emmanuel. "Rétropeptides : modulations conformationnelles par inversion de la liaison amide : application à la leucine-enképhaline." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10484.
Full textChefdeville, Aude. "L'encéphalite à auto-anticorps anti-NMDAR, un modèle de synaptopathie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1301/document.
Full textAnti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a rare but severe neuropsychiatric disorder initially described by J. Dalmau and colleagues in 2007. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is defined by a clinical picture of encephalitis associated with the presence of IgG directed against the GluN1 subunit of NMDAR (NMDAR-Abs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients. This disorder predominantly affects young women. Clinical presentation usually includes psychiatric symptoms and/or neurological symptoms often accompanied by decreased responsiveness and autonomic instabilities during the course of the disease . Despite the severity of the disease, 81% of patients recover fully or with mild sequels . 38% of patients had an underlying neoplasm, 94% of which were ovarian teratomas , indicating a role for this tumor in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. Studies in vitro and on animal models have demonstrated the pathogenicity of NMDAR-Abs but more studies are required to decipher the pathological role of anti-NMDAR antibodies. Two main research focuses have emerged in our group: understanding the events leading to the immune dysregulation in the ovary teratoma and identifying the pathological element(s) and how they act at the molecular and cellular levels to cause the broad neurological spectrum of symptoms observed in patients. My PhD was especially focused on 1) understanding the involvement of the underlying ovary teratoma in the triggering of the immune response during anti-NMDAR encephalitis and 2) studying the impact of prolonged exposure of the neuronal network to patients’ NMDAR-Abs and the potential involvement of microglial cells in the physiopathology of the disease
Rigaudy, Pascal. "Ciblage de drogues antitumorales à l'aide de peptides enkephalinergiques : synthèse, étude physicochimique et pharmacologique." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066137.
Full textVandenbulcke, Franck. "Localisation ultrastructurale de l'endopeptidase-24. 11 (E. C. 2. 24. 11, endopeptidase neutre, enképhalinase, E-24. 11) dans l'éminence médiane du rat : arguments morphologiques en faveur d'une action locale modulatrice des enképhalines." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10036.
Full textAgnello, Davide. "Erythropoietin crosses the blood-brain barrier and protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOMU05.
Full textValas, Stephen. "Le virus de l'arthrite-encéphalite caprine (CAEV) : variabilité et immunogénicité de la glycoprotéine de surface - complexité génomique." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28630.
Full textTaquet, Hélène. "Les systèmes enkephalinergigues et dynorphinergiques dans le cerveau humain : inter-relations avec les systèmes dopaminergiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066641.
Full textRéveiller, Fabienne. "Développement d'un test PCR pour détecter l'amibe pathogène Naegleria fowleri et étude d'une protéine membranaire de Naegleria fowleri." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T064.
Full textJoubert, Bastien. "Autoimmune neurological syndromes with anti- CASPR2 antibodies : clinical, immunological and genetic characterization." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6xp749b.
Full textAntibodies against CASPR2 (Contactin-2 Associated Protein), a neuroglial cell-adhesion protein, have been described in at least three neurological syndromes: autoimmune limbic encephalitis, acquired neuromyotonia (or Isaacs' syndrome) and Morvan syndrome. However, the clinical phenotype associated with anti-CASPR2 antibodies is not yet completely understood. In addition, some authors consider that instead of specific syndromes, anti-CASPR2 antibodies associate with a set of core symptoms that combine randomly in the patients. Last, the pathophysiologic factors underpinning clinical variability in the anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients are unknown. In this PhD project, we use a nationwide, retrospective cohort of anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients, in order to address the issue of the clinical characterization of anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients. We aimed at describing the clinical presentation of CASPR2 encephalitis and Morvan syndrome, studying the outcomes of CASPR2 encephalitis, and analyzing the repartition of the patients' symptoms in order to assess if the symptoms are distributed randomly or if instead they form distinct clinical patterns. The present PhD project is divided into three studies. In the first study, we analyze clinical presentations and outcomes of anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients with limbic encephalitis. We observe that most patients were males from 50 to 75 years old, and frequently had extra-limbic symptoms, such as cerebellar ataxia. In addition, response to immunotherapy was good, even though 25% of the patients did not return to baseline and were left with residual symptoms, including cognitive disturbances, epilepsy, and cerebellar ataxia. In the second study, we describe the first reported cases of autoimmune episodic ataxia, a novel symptom that so far has been found only in anti-CASPR2 antibody associated autoimmune limbic encephalitis patients. It consists in transient episodes of paroxysmal ataxia, and is reminiscent of hereditary episodic ataxia. Interestingly, we found in two patients rare variants of CACNA1A and KCNA1, two genes involved in the main types of hereditary episodic ataxia. While the impact of these variants on ion channel functions is unknown, it raises the question of the role of the genetic background in phenotype determination in anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients. In the third study, we use a statistical cluster analysis to assess anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients' symptoms combinations. We found that the symptoms do not form random combinations, but that instead clinical patterns can be identified, which correspond to patients with limbic encephalitis, Morvan syndrome, and neuromyotonia. In addition, we confirm the expansive clinical presentation of limbic encephalitis, since more than a third of the patients had non-limbic symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia, weight loss, and movement disorders. Notably, less than ten percent of the patients had a combination of neuromyotonia and limbic symptoms. Finally, the Morvan syndrome patients had severe peripheral nerve hyperexcitability features, severe dysautonomia, severe insomnia, weight loss, and frequently had a malignant thymoma. This clinical classification into three specific syndromes is supported by differences in term of autoantibody specificities, as limbic encephalitis patients tended to have higher anti-CASPR2 antibodies levels and were more frequently cerebrospinal fluid-positive, and by the genetic background, since the Morvan syndrome patients did not have the HLA DRB1*1101 association that is found in limbic encephalitis patients. In conclusion, the present PhD project supports the view that anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients can be classified into three specific syndromes, autoimmune limbic encephalitis, neuromyotonia, and Morvan syndrome. Differences in etiopathogeny likely account for the clinical variability observed in anti-CASPR2 antibodies patients
Lamara, Ali. "Evaluation des risques de dissémination du virus de l'arthrite-encéphalite caprine (CAEV) lors du transfert d'embryons chez la chèvre." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON1T026.
Full textHamy, Barbara. "Les lésions encéphaliques aiguës chez les boxeurs : étude médico-légale : à propos d'une observation anatomo-clinique." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUEM008.
Full textLiberge, Martine. "Contrôle hypothalamique de la motricité gastrointestinale chez le rat : rôle de la cholecystokinine, de la neurotensine et des enképhalines." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT026A.
Full textChikh, Issa Abdul Razak. "Action de différents peptides d'origine intestinale sur l'absorption hydroélectrolytique dans l'intestin grêle : étude chez le rat." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO1T131.
Full textLecouvey, Marc. "Synthèse de glycopeptides et recherche de nouveaux antibactériens glucidiques." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0368_LECOUVEY.pdf.
Full textVlaiculescu, Adina. "Etude au moyen de l'acetorphan, inhibiteur de l'enkephalinase (ec 3. 4. 24. 11) actif par voie systémique, du role des enkephalines endogènes dans la nociception et la motricité." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUE01NR.
Full textSemmoum, Yassine. "Libération de la leucine-enképhaline par le coeur isolé et perfusé de rat : effet de l' ischémie." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF1MM13.
Full textPommier, Blandine. "Récepteur à la cholécystokinine de type 2 : étude des voies de signalisation intracellulaires et rôle sans la régulation du système opioi͏̈de endogène." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P603.
Full textBillet, Fabrice. "Etude neurochimique et comportementale des modulations induites par les récepteurs opioïdes de type d sur les libérations striatales de glutamate et de dopamine chez le rat." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES030.
Full textEnkephalins, endogenous ligands of d opioïd receptors, are the most abundant neuropeptides in the striatum, structure in which they stimulate dopamine release. However, the effect of d opioïd receptors on striatal glutamate, which is mainly released by cortico-striatal neurons, is unknown. Nevertheless, some data suggest its involvement in the dopamine release induced by DPDPE, a d opioïd selective agonist. This hypothesis was tested in the rat. For this purpose, we studied the effect of DPDPE on extracellular dopamine and glutamate levels in the striatum of animals submitted to an ipsilateral cortical lesion. Our results indicate that the striatal dopamine release induced by DPDPE is a consequence of glutamate release from cortico-striatal terminals. Then, we studied the contribution of glial cells in this process. Our experiments show that, although glial cells are essential to maintain glutamatergic neurotransmission, they are not directly involved in the stimulant effect induced by DPDPE on glutamate and dopamine extracellular levels. At last, we investigated the behavioral significance of these interactions, using the rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Our results indicate that d opioïd receptors located on cortico-striatal terminals are involved in dyskinesia. Taken together, our data enhance the knowledge of interactions between the main striatal neurotransmission and neuromodulation systems. They also confer on d opioïd antagonists interesting properties in the improvement of Parkinson’s disease therapy
Adovelande, Jacques. "Ontogenèse de la moelle épinière du rat : évolution cytoarchitectonique et distribution des fibres sérotoninergiques et de quelques fibres peptidergiques : substance P, méthionine-enkephaline, polypeptide intestinal vasoactif." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO11717.
Full textYang, Kun. "Rôle des IRAK-4 et NEMO dans l'immunité innée antivirale chez l'homme." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05D018.
Full textPatients with a defect of IRAK-4, a critical kinase downstream from Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are resistant to common viruses. IFN-α/-β and -lambda induction by the patients' blood cells via TLR7/8/9 was abolished. In contrast, it was normal via TLR3 and 4 activation. The fibroblasts from a child died of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis carrying a hypomorphic mutation in NEMO, an important gene implicated in the NF-kB signalling pathway downstream from TLRs, showed weak induction of IFN-β and -lambda in response to VSV which resulted in enhanced viral replication and cell death. Similar impaired IFN induction was also found after TLR3 stimulation. These two studies suggest a redundant role of TLR7/8/9-mediated innate antiviral immunity by contrast of an indispensable role of TLR3-mediated IFN response in the defence of HSV-1 infection in human central nervous system
Pagé, Julie. "Régulation et fonctions du récepteur GPR84 dans le cerveau dans des conditions inflamatoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20739.
Full textParé, Alexandre. "Rôles du système de l'interleukine-1β dans l'encéphalite auto-immune expérimentale, un modèle de sclérose en plaques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29628.
Full textInterleukin-1b (IL-1b) is an inflammatory cytokine that actively participates in sterile and pathogen-dependant immune responses. Given its mighty inflammatory potential, regulatory defects in the IL-1b system may participate to the pathophysiology of some diseases and syndromes. One such plausible pathology is multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of demyelinating plaques in the central nervous system (CNS), neurodegeneration as well as motor and cognitive defects. The main objective of this thesis was to study the contribution of the IL-1b system in a mouse model of the disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which mimics several aspects of the human pathology. The results of these experiments were incorporated into two scientific studies included in this thesis. The first study allowed us to confirm the importance of IL-1b and its receptor, IL-1R1, in the development of paralysis in EAE. We were able to identify myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages) as the principal sources of IL-1b in EAE. The study also allowed us to examine the ignificance of the effects of IL-1b on CNS endothelial cells. In the second study, we showed that the production of IL-1b by inflammatory monocytes was crucial for their migration into the CNS parenchyma. Once inside the CNS, monocytes acquire an antigen-presenting cell phenotype and activate CD4+ T lymphocytes in an IL-1b-dependant manner. This activation gives an highly inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype to CD4+ T cells. Overall, the results presented in this thesis show that the IL-1b system regulates several cellular mechanisms implicated in the development and exacerbation of CNS autoimmunity. This work and the work of others justify a more exhaustive study of the molecular signals induced by IL-1b in CNS endothelial cells and T lymphocytes, both in EAE and multiple sclerosis. These studies could lead to the identification of therapeutic targets that would only impact the negative and pathogenic effects mediated by IL-1b.
Descamps, Olivier. "Apport spécifique de l'I. R. M. Dans les tumeurs cranio-encéphaliques de l'adulte : revue de la littérature illustrée." Lille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LIL2M145.
Full textCanaple, Bertrand. "Contribution au développement d'un outil de simulation prédictif des lésions cranio-encéphaliques par reconstruction d'accidents de la circulation." Valenciennes, 2001. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2da57bb0-4297-47b6-afd3-65f19f98f2b1.
Full textIn traffic accidents, head injuries are considered to be frequent and serious. Because of the various kind of injuries (bone, vascular and neurology) and limitations of the biomechanical representation of the head, old and simple protection criteria (such as the HIC or the peak linear acceleration of the head ) are still used in standard tests. Contrary to the others body segments, it’s not possible to use a direct approach (consisting in impacting biological human body models) to determine the tolerance and the threshold. In order to better represent the physical phenomena, an original research methodology that is based on traffic accidents reconstruction is developed. The first batch of works deals with the definition of a new finite element model of the head. The features concern the cerebro-spinal fluid described by an hyperelastic material defined by a sliding without separation interface with the brain in order to represent its relative movement with respect to the skull. The confrontations with experimental tests made on cadaver’s head confirm the model prediction. An accident reconstruction methodology has been developed. It is based on kinematics reconstruction, experimental reconstruction of the vehicle’s collision, multibody simulation of the second collision and study of the internal head response with the head model. This reconstruction approach is then validated on a real automotive accident. Furthermore, the development of a generic model applied to motorcycle accidents is also analysed. From the results of the automotive accident reconstruction, the intercerebral contusion observed has been bridged to a particular time duration of a certain level of von Mises stresses
Diallo, Alpha Oumar II. "Modélisation et optimisation du contrôle de l’encéphalite japonaise au Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG067/document.
Full textJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease and it is the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia and the Pacific. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a Flavivirus of the family of Flaviviridae transmitted from animals to human by mosquitoes, direct transmission between pigs can occur via direct contact. Despite a significant decline in JE cases in many countries as a result of vaccination programs, JE continues to have a significant impact in Asia. Our objective in this thesis is to (i) built a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of JEV, (ii) parameterize this model to determine the importance of direct transmission between pigs under field conditions (iii) and determine control strategies. We developed a propagation model of JEV. Next, we adapted this model to have two models incorporating vector-borne transmission alone or a combination of vector-borne and direct transmission. Our findings suggest that direct transmission between pigs does contribute to transmission dynamics of JEV in Cambodia; although, alone direct transmission cannot sustain an outbreak. Finally, we considered vector control, sow vaccination, and herd management to determine control strategies to eradicate JEV in pig herds, reduce sow abortions, assess the risk for human beings living in the vicinity of pig herds and near pig slaughterhouse, and the cost-effectiveness of vaccination. Our results confirm that vector control is the best way to control JEV. Vaccination of pregnant sows reduces abortions as expected. Paradoxically, if the vector control is medium the effectiveness of the vaccination could be compromised. Herd management has a low impact on incidence and abortions, therefore on JE control. Combining sow vaccination and vector control could be an alternative and/or an additional measure to human vaccination to reduce both JE incidence in humans and the economic impact of JE infection on pig breeding
Naggara, Olivier. "Physiopathologie et diagnostic des dissections des artères cervico-encéphaliques : contribution de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique de la paroi artérielle." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S014.
Full textStroke is a common and serious disorder, the leading cause of death and disability. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a major actor for diagnosis, treatment decision and physiopathological comprehension of vascular disorders. Therefore, an active research attempt to optimize MR diagnosis and prognosis contribution in the most common stroke etiologies, such as atherosclerosis, or cervical artery dissection (CAD). Cervical arterial dissection is the most frequent cause of stroke in young adults, accounting for nearly 20% of the cases. MRI has become the reference method for evaluating patients who are suspected of having CAD, by using cervical axial T1- weighted images with fat suppression and cervical contrast-enhanced MR angiography. This method allows clinicians to almost completely forego invasive digital subtraction angiography. However, an early and reliable identification of acute CAD might be impaired (limited spatial resolution, tortuous anatomy, thick bone and adjacent veins). In this work, we firstly hypothesized that standard brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could allow the early détection of CAD of the upper portion of carotid and vertébral arteries. Nearly 75% of CAD were included within the field of view of brain MRI and more than three-quarters of such acute CAD could be diagnosed using brain MRI only. Stroke brain MRI can allow early detection of carotid artery dissection, before dedicated imaging of the cervical arteries is performed. Although the absence of mural hematoma does not completely rule out CAD, stroke brain MRI can contribute to a better and earlier identification of stroke patients that are suitable candidates for anticoagulation treatment or revascularization therapy. Secondly, we evaluated the added value of high resolution MRI (HR-MRI) for the diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection (VAD). The emergence of high-resolution rapid imaging methods has enabled magnetic resonance imagers to noninvasively image the fine internal structure of cervical arterial walls, with a high in plane resolution (500μ x 500μ). If HR-MRI can be used to identify the major components of atherosclerotic plaque, that is, the lipid core, mural hemorrhage, calcifications, and the fibrous cap, this technique can also be routinely used for the diagnosis of dissection or inflammatory arterial disease. In patients referred with suspected VAD dissection, it is not rare for the initial DUS and standard fat-suppressed T1-WI to be inconclusive. VAD then remains presumptive and treatment is initiated without a definite diagnosis. In patients with a high suspicion of VAD and discordant or doubtful baseline DUS and MRI findings, our results encourage the use of HR-MRI as a second-line screening, particularly because the distinction between the vertebral artery wall and perivertebral venous structures is easily made. Thirdly, using HR-MRI we searched for evidence of peri-arterial inflammation in spontaneous CAD. Based on previously used criteria to distinguish between traumatic (tCAD) and spontaneous CAD (sCAD), we found that sCAD patients were more likely to present biological inflammation, a history of recent infection, and multiple dissections. We have also shown that symptomatic spontaneous CAD with mural hematoma is more frequently associated with the presence of peri arterial edema compared to traumatic mural hematoma. Interestingly, the radiological findings of peri arterial edema are similar to those observed in inflammatory diseases, such as Takayasu’s disease and giant cell arteritis. This study indicates that imaging and biological markers of inflammation are associated with sCAD. Further investigations with more specific inflammatory markers are warranted to corroborate the role of inflammation in sCAD. Both standard and high resolution MRI of the wall of cervical arteries, non invasive and multiparametric tools, can be successfully performed in the clinical setting in cervical artery dissection and provide innovative strategies for patient care
Pachaï, Chahin. "Segmentation automatique des tissus cérébraux en IRM multispectrale : application au suivi quantitatif des lésions encéphaliques de sclérose en plaques." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0023.
Full textSince the early 1980's the medical use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the understanding and the follow-up of various neurological diseases. Brain MRI has a major impact on the diagnosis and the choice of therapeutical strategies regarding multiple sclerosis (MS), dementia, epilepsy, and brain tumors. Our goal was to design automatic software techniques for the processing and the analysis of brain images, acquired with conventional MRI sequences in clinical routine. The resulting algorithms were applied in the clinical context of the quantitative follow-up of cerebral MS lesion load. Our work focused on the segmentation of 3D MR images, for quantification and visualization of brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid and MS lesions. An unsupervised, 3D and adaptive segmentation algorithm was designed. This algorithm integrates a spatial regularization constraint through the use of Gibbs-Markov random fields to account for the piecewise contiguity of brain tissues. Multiple MRI sequences (registered, if necessary) can be used as input. The algorithm does not need any initialization and estimates the optimal number of tissue classes (cluster validation). Other algorithms were introduced using multi-resolution approaches and pyramidal data structures for the segmentation of the intracranial cavity and for the correction of MR intensity in homogeneity. Finally, these algorithms were validated on different MR sequences and systems, on healthy volunteers and patients with MS, followed with multiple acquisitions in time (serial data)