Relevant bibliographies by topics / Encapsulation of molecules of interest

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Academic literature on the topic 'Encapsulation of molecules of interest'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 23 September 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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Guzmán, Eduardo, Laura Fernández-Peña, Lorenzo Rossi, Mathieu Bouvier, Francisco Ortega, and Ramón G. Rubio. "Nanoemulsions for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Actives." Cosmetics 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020045.

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This work analyzes the dispersion of two highly hydrophobic actives, (9Z)-N-(1,3-dihydroxyoctadecan-2-yl)octadec-9-enamide (ceramidelike molecule) and 2,6-diamino-4-(piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidine 1-oxide (minoxidil), using oil-in-water nanoemulsions with the aim of preparing stable and safe aqueous-based formulations that can be exploited for enhancing the penetration of active compounds through cosmetic substrates. Stable nanoemulsions with a droplet size in the nanometric range (around 200 nm) and a negative surface charge were prepared. It was possible to prepare formulations containing up to 2 w/w% of ceramide-like molecules and more than 10 w/w% of minoxidil incorporated within the oil droplets. This emulsions evidenced a good long-term stability, without any apparent modification for several weeks. Despite the fact that this work is limited to optimize the incorporation of the actives within the nanoemulsion-like formulations, it demonstrated that nanoemulsions should be considered as a very promising tool for enhancing the distribution and availability of hydrophobic molecules with technological interest.
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Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah, and Alexander Chroneos. "Ru-Doped Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Sensors for SO2 and H2S Detection." Chemosensors 9, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9060120.

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Carbon nanotubes are of great interest for their ability to functionalize with atoms for adsorbing toxic gases such as CO, NO, and NO2. Here, we use density functional theory in conjunction with dispersion correction to examine the encapsulation and adsorption efficacy of SO2 and H2S molecules by a (14,0) carbon nanotube and its substitutionally doped form with Ru. Exoergic encapsulation and adsorption energies are calculated for pristine nanotubes. The interaction of molecules with pristine nanotube is non-covalent as confirmed by the negligible charge transfer. The substitutional doping of Ru does not improve the encapsulation significantly. Nevertheless, there is an important enhancement in the adsorption of molecules by Ru-doped (14,0) nanotube. Such strong adsorption is confirmed by the strong chemical interaction between the nanotube and molecules. The promising feature of Ru-doped nanotubes can be tested experimentally for SO2 and H2S gas sensing.
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RICO-LATTES, ISABELLE, MURIEL BLANZAT, EMILE PEREZ, ELODIE SOUSSAN, and CRISTINA STEFANIU. "CATANIONIC SUGAR DERIVED AMPHIPHILES: FROM MOLECULES TO TARGETED BIOMIMETIC SYSTEMS." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 01, no. 04 (October 2006): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179304800600029x.

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In the course of our investigations of routes for general and convenient synthesis of amphiphiles derived from sugars, we reported new synthetic ways to prepare catanionic surfactants, polymers and dendrimers using unprotected lactose or lactobionic acid. Moreover we developed amphiphilic dendrimers bearing sugar polar heads. These compounds are of interest for their biological applications (mimics of natural ligands of proteins (e.g. gp 120 of HIV), encapsulation, vectorisation).
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Fukuta, Tatsuya, Mayumi Ikeda-Imafuku, Satoshi Kodama, Junko Kuse, Ko Matsui, and Yasunori Iwao. "One-Step Pharmaceutical Preparation of PEG-Modified Exosomes Encapsulating Anti-Cancer Drugs by a High-Pressure Homogenization Technique." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16010108.

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The use of exosomes encapsulating therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases is of increasing interest. However, some concerns such as limited efficiency and scalability of conventional drug encapsulation methods to exosomes have still remained; thus, a new approach that enables encapsulation of therapeutic agents with superior efficiency and scalability is required. Herein, we used RAW264 macrophage cell-derived exosomes (RAW-Exos) and demonstrated that high-pressure homogenization (HPH) using a microfluidizer decreased their particle size without changing their morphology, the amount of exosomal marker proteins, and cellular uptake efficiency into RAW264 and colon-26 cancer cells. Moreover, HPH allowed for modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids onto RAW-Exos, as well as encapsulation of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin. Importantly, the doxorubicin encapsulation efficiency became higher upon increasing the process pressure and simultaneous HPH with PEG-lipids. Moreover, treatment with PEG-modified RAW-Exos encapsulating doxorubicin significantly suppressed tumor growth in colon-26-bearing mice. Taken together, these results suggest that HPH using a microfluidizer could be useful to prepare PEG-modified Exos encapsulating anti-cancer drugs via a one-step pharmaceutical process, and that the prepared functional Exos could be applied for the treatment of cancer in vivo.
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Souto, Manuel, Joaquín Calbo, Samuel Mañas-Valero, Aron Walsh, and Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas. "Charge-transfer interactions between fullerenes and a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic framework." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (September 18, 2019): 1883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.183.

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The design of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) incorporating electroactive guest molecules in the pores has become a subject of great interest in order to obtain additional electrical functionalities within the framework while maintaining porosity. Understanding the charge-transfer (CT) process between the framework and the guest molecules is a crucial step towards the design of new electroactive MOFs. Herein, we present the encapsulation of fullerenes (C60) in a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-based MOF. The CT process between the electron-acceptor C60 guest and the electron-donor TTF ligand is studied in detail by means of different spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Importantly, gas sorption measurements demonstrate that sorption capacity is maintained after encapsulation of fullerenes, whereas the electrical conductivity is increased by two orders of magnitude due to the CT interactions between C60 and the TTF-based framework.
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Poulson, Benjamin Gabriel, Qana A. Alsulami, Abeer Sharfalddin, Emam F. El Agammy, Fouzi Mouffouk, Abdul-Hamid Emwas, Lukasz Jaremko, and Mariusz Jaremko. "Cyclodextrins: Structural, Chemical, and Physical Properties, and Applications." Polysaccharides 3, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3010001.

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Due to their unique structural, physical and chemical properties, cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been of great interest to scientists and researchers in both academia and industry for over a century. Many of the industrial applications of cyclodextrins have arisen from their ability to encapsulate, either partially or fully, other molecules, especially organic compounds. Cyclodextrins are non-toxic oligopolymers of glucose that help to increase the solubility of organic compounds with poor aqueous solubility, can mask odors from foul-smelling compounds, and have been widely studied in the area of drug delivery. In this review, we explore the structural and chemical properties of cyclodextrins that give rise to this encapsulation (i.e., the formation of inclusion complexes) ability. This review is unique from others written on this subject because it provides powerful insights into factors that affect cyclodextrin encapsulation. It also examines these insights in great detail. Later, we provide an overview of some industrial applications of cyclodextrins, while emphasizing the role of encapsulation in these applications. We strongly believe that cyclodextrins will continue to garner interest from scientists for many years to come, and that novel applications of cyclodextrins have yet to be discovered.
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Veloso, Sérgio R. S., Raquel G. D. Andrade, Beatriz C. Ribeiro, André V. F. Fernandes, A. Rita O. Rodrigues, J. A. Martins, Paula M. T. Ferreira, Paulo J. G. Coutinho, and Elisabete M. S. Castanheira. "Magnetoliposomes Incorporated in Peptide-Based Hydrogels: Towards Development of Magnetolipogels." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091702.

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A major problem with magnetogels is the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. Magnetoliposomes not only provide these domains but also improve drug stability and avert the aggregation of the magnetic nanoparticles. In this work, two magnetoliposome architectures, solid and aqueous, were combined with supramolecular peptide-based hydrogels, which are of biomedical interest owing to their biocompatibility, easy tunability, and wide array of applications. This proof-of-concept was carried out through combination of magnetoliposomes (loaded with the model drug curcumin and the lipid probe Nile Red) with the hydrogels prior to pH triggered gelation, and fluorescence spectroscopy was used to assess the dynamics of the encapsulated molecules. These systems allow for the encapsulation of a wider array of drugs. Further, the local environment of the encapsulated molecules after gelation is unaffected by the used magnetoliposome architecture. This system design is promising for future developments on drug delivery as it provides a means to independently modify the components and adapt and optimize the design according to the required conditions.
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Dumitrescu, Dan G., Wei-xu Feng, Yves-Marie Legrand, Arie van der Lee, Eddy Petit, and Mihail Barboiu. "Pyrene-box capsules for adaptive encapsulation and structure determination of unstable or non-crystalline guest molecules." CrystEngComm 20, no. 3 (2018): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ce01741c.

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Alshehri, Mansoor H. "Continuum Modelling for Encapsulation of Anticancer Drugs inside Nanotubes." Mathematics 9, no. 19 (October 3, 2021): 2469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9192469.

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Nanotubes, such as those made of carbon, silicon, and boron nitride, have attracted tremendous interest in the research community and represent the starting point for the development of nanotechnology. In the current study, the use of nanotubes as a means of drug delivery and, more specifically, for cancer therapy, is investigated. Using traditional applied mathematical modelling, I derive explicit analytical expressions to understand the encapsulation behaviour of drug molecules into different types of single-walled nanotubes. The interaction energies between three anticancer drugs, namely, cisplatin, carboplatin, and doxorubicin, and the nanotubes are observed by adopting the Lennard–Jones potential function together with the continuum approach. This study is focused on determining a favourable size and an appropriate type of nanotube to encapsulate anticancer drugs. The results indicate that the drug molecules with a large size tend to be located inside a large nanotube and that encapsulation depends on the radius and type of the tube. For the three nanotubes used to encapsulate drugs, the results show that the nanotube radius must be at least 5.493 Å for cisplatin, 6.452 Å for carboplatin, and 10.208 Å for doxorubicin, and the appropriate type to encapsulate drugs is the boron nitride nanotube. There are some advantages to using different types of nanotubes as a means of drug delivery, such as improved chemical stability, reduced synthesis costs, and improved biocompatibility.
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Villa, Federico, Rodolfo Quarto, and Roberta Tasso. "Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110557.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, carrying functionally active biological molecules. In addition to their physiological role in cellular communication, the interest of the scientific community has recently turned to the use of EVs as vehicles for delivering therapeutic molecules. Several attempts are being made to ameliorate drug encapsulation and targeting, but these efforts are thwarted if the starting material does not meet stringent quality criteria. Here, we take a step back to the sources and isolation procedures that could guarantee significant improvements in the purification of EVs to be used as drug carriers, highlighting the advantages and shortcomings of each approach.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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Riachy, Philippe. "Hierarchically Porous Silica Materials for the Encapsulation of Molecules of Interest." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0013/document.

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Ce travail porte sur la préparation de matériaux silicatés à porosité hiérarchisée pour l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt dans le domaine de la pharmacie et en tant que biocatalyseur. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, les nano-émulsions sont choisies comme empreinte pour créer les macropores du matériau en raison de la taille homogène et réduite des gouttelettes de l’émulsion (inférieure à 100 nm). Pour cela le système Remcopal 4/décane/eau est investi en déterminant les conditions les plus optimales de formation de nano-émulsion, via les méthodes d'inversion de phases. L’ajout de micelles aux nano-émulsions ne déstabilise pas les émulsions et permet la formation d’un réseau de mésopores organisés selon une symétrie hexagonale. Les matériaux hybrides issus des matériaux poreux contenant encore la phase organique sont dopés par le ketoprofène en vue d’étudier la libération de ce dernier. Celle-ci se révèle sensible au pH. De plus, cette étude de la libération du kétoprofène à partir du matériau méso-macroporeux indique qu'elle est assistée par les micelles qui sont solubilisées dans la solution réceptrice. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail est d'utiliser ces matériaux poreux en tant que biocatalyseur pour la synthèse de biodiesel à partir d'huile de colza. Pour cette application, il est nécessaire que les matériaux résistent à l’immersion dans des milieux aqueux. L’étude de la stabilité hydrothermale a montré que le matériau calciné présente la meilleure stabilité dans l’eau bouillante. Par ailleurs, le matériau peut résister jusqu’à 550°C, la structure ne subissant que des dégradations mineures. Nous avons également utilisé un matériau silicaté à double mésoporosité préparé à partir de micelles fluorées et hydrogénées coexistant dans une même solution. L'évaluation thermique et hydrothermale indique que ces matériaux présentent deux cinétiques de déstructuration qui correspondent à chacune des deux matrices ayant deux tailles de pores différents. L’immobilisation de la lipase Mml est étudiée sur le matériau méso-macroporeux calciné et sur le matériau à double mésoporosité. Les isothermes d'adsorption ont permis de mettre en évidence que le matériau à double mésoporosité peut encapsuler plus d’enzymes que son homologue méso-macroporeux. L’activité enzymatique, au regard des réactions de transestérification, est de façon inverse plus importante avec le matériau méso-macroporeux calciné
This work concerns the preparation of silica materials with hierarchical porosity for the encapsulation of molecules of interest in the field of drug delivery and as biocatalysts. In order to reach this goal, the nano-emulsions were chosen as templates for the macropores of the material because of the homogeneous and small size of the emulsion droplets (less than 100 nm). The system Remcopal 4/decane/water was investigated and the optimal conditions for which nano-emulsion is formed via the phase inversion methods were determined. Adding micelles to the nano-emulsions does not affect its stability and can form a network of mesopores organized with a hexagonal symmetry. Hybrid materials which are hierarchically porous materials where the organic phase is still present, were doped with ketoprofen to study its release, which proved to be pH sensitive. Moreover, the study of the release of ketoprofen from the meso-macroporous material indicates that it is assisted by the micelles which are solubilized in the release medium. The second objective of this work was to use these porous materials as a biocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis from colza oil. For this application it was necessary that the materials are resistant to immersion in aqueous media. The study of the hydrothermal stability shows that the calcined material has the best stability in boiling water. Moreover, the material can withstand up to 550 ° C, the structure undergoes only minor damages. We also used a dual-mesoporous silica material prepared from hydrogenated and fluorinated micelles coexisting in the same solution. Thermal and hydrothermal evaluation indicates that these materials have two different decay kinetics corresponding to each of the two matrices having different pore sizes. The immobilization of lipase Mml was studied on the meso-macroporous calcined material and the dual-mesoporous material. The adsorption isotherms were used to demonstrate that the dual-mesoporous material can encapsulate more enzymes than its meso-macroporous counterpart. On the other hand, the enzyme activity, evaluated by the transesterification reactions, is more important for the calcined meso-macroporous material
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Bruneau, Marion. "Elaboration de matériaux composites hybrides pour l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt relargables sous différents stimuli." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MULH3696.

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Ce travail est consacré à l’élaboration de matériaux permettant le relargage contrôlé de molécules d’intérêt. Dans la première partie de ce projet, des synthèses d’hybrides organiqueinorganique de structure de type talc ont été réalisées avec différentes sources de silicium, ce qui induit des cristallinités et des degrés de condensation différentes des espèces siliciques. Ces hybrides ont ensuite été caractérisés. La présence d’acide folique (molécule d’intérêt) dans le milieu de synthèse permet son encapsulation dans l’hybride. L’incorporation d’acide folique n’induit pas de changements significatifs dans la structure des hybrides formés. Les différentes techniques de caractérisation ont permis de montrer que l’acide folique est peu mobile dans la structure et est donc bien encapsulé dans l’interfoliaire des hybrides. Au niveau du relargage, les hybrides induisent un relargage rapide, que ce soit dans l’eau ou dans un sol modèle. Les hybrides préparés à partir de N2TMS (N-[3-(triméthoxysilyl))propyl]éthylènediamine) permettent le relargage le plus rapide tandis que ceux synthétisés avec du C16TMS (Hexadécyltriméthoxysilane) présentent le relargage le plus lent. Ceci est attribué au caractère fortement hydrophobe de la chaine organique dans l’interfoliaire. La deuxième partie de la thèse a permis de tester plusieurs matériaux qui pourrait conduire à du relargage photo-contrôlé de principes actifs. Les matériaux hybrides synthétisés à partir de NBATES (3-(triéthoxysilylpropyl)-4-nitrobenzamide) ont montré des résultats prometteurs : sous irradiation UV à 254 nm, le taux de relargage d’une molécule modèle est en effet deux fois plus élevé qu’en absence de lumière. Pour les hybrides élaborés à partir de MCTES (O-4-methylcoumarinyl-N-[3-(triéthoxysilyl)propyl]carbamate), les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec une irradiation UV à 365 nm. Les groupes fonctionnels photosensibles présents dans les hybrides de type talc permettent en effet de rendre les composites photosensibles. Ces résultats prometteurs pourront être développés par la suite pour des applications dans le domaine agricole
This work is devoted to the development of materials allowing the controlled release of molecules of interest. In the first part of this project, syntheses of organic-inorganic hybrids having a talc type structure were carried out with different silica sources, which induces variable crystallinity and polycondensation of silicic species. These hybrids were then characterized. The folic acid (molecule of interest) once added to the synthesis medium was encapsulated into the hybrid. The incorporation of folic acid does not induce significant changes in the structure of the hybrids formed. The different characterization techniques have shown that the folic acid is not very mobile in the structure and is therefore well encapsulated in the interlayer space of the hybrids. The hybrids showed a fast releasing kinetics, both in water or in a model soil. Hybrids prepared from N2TMS (N- [3-(trimethoxysilyl))propyl]ethylenediamine) showed the fastest release, while those synthesized with C16TMS (Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane) exhibited the slowest releasing kinetics due to the highly hydrophobic nature of the organic chain of the hybrid. The second part of the thesis was focused on finding and testing materials potentially active in the photo-controlled release of active molecules. The hybrid materials synthesized from NBATES (3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-4- nitrobenzamide) have shown promising results: under UV irradiation at 254 nm, the quantity released of a model molecule was indeed two times higher than that measured in the absence of light. For the hybrids synthesized from MCTES (O-4-methylcoumarinyl-N-[3- (triethoxysilyl)propyl]carbamate), the best results was obtained under UV irradiation at 365 nm. The photosensitive functional groups present in the talc type hybrids made possible to obtain photosensitive composites. These promising results are the base for further developments in agricultural applications
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Francis, Simon George. "Microwave spectroscopy of metal-containing molecules and molecules of atmospheric interest." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508090.

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Sommer, Katherine. "Nanoparticulate copolymers for the encapsulation and release of bioactive molecules." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606942.

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Three nanoparticle systems were investigated for the nano-encapsulation and release of bioactive molecules. The first series of hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-carboxyethyl acrylate random polymers were found, above their critical aggregation concentration (CAC), to self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles which dissociated when the external pH rose above 4. The second and third series were core:shell microgels, crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), made from a core composed of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and a carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA) shell which underwent volume transitions when the external solution was raised above pH 4. These nanoparticle systems were investigated using proton NMR, zeta-potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), potentiometric titrations, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and turbidity studies. The shape, morphology and core:shell architecture were imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) staining with uranyl acetate and phosphotungstic acid (PTA), Cryo-TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cryo-SEM, confocal microscopy and optical microscopy. The micro gels were all shown to have good biocompatibility by slug mucosal tests. The uptake and release of three dyes; Rhodamine 6G, Coumarin 153, and 9-diethylamino-5-benzo[a]phenoxazinone (Nile red) were investigated. High uptake of the dye molecules was observed at pH 4 and high release at pH 7, with microgel particle separation from the aqueous solution being achieved by centrifugation. The micro gel systems were investigated for the uptake of the model pharmaceuticals paracetamol, caffeine, dopamine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and riboflavin; all of which have been detected globally in drinking water supplies. The uptake of pharmaceuticals by the microgel systems was shown to be low at both pH 4 and pH 7. The low uptake was concluded to be caused by the carboxylic acids groups localised on the microgel surface creating a collapsed skin layer, so inhibiting the inward diffusion of additional drugs. The uptake and release experiments were performed using spectrofluorescence analysis and UV -visible spectrometry. All three nanoparticulate systems were filterable from aqueous media at low (15 psi) pressure using lab-cast polyethersulphone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes with a molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of 10kDa.
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Wyer, J. A. "Radiolysis of Molecules of Interest in Radiotherapy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492265.

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The use of highly-energetic iOIl: beams for treating cancerous tumours is of increasing importance. In this study the damage caused to plasmid DNA by HO and H+ beams was investigated. Damage to dry DNA samples as a function of dose was assessed using gel electrophoresis. Results show enhanced levels of damage relative to that of x-rays and demonstrate an increase in damage with beam energy. Additionally, a considerable dependence on sample structure was shown. X-ray irradiation work has shown that doping samples with gold nanoparticles greatly enhances DNA damage and could enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Hence in this study, damage to DNA samples containing gold nanoparticles was investigated, however, no enhancement was observed. TOF-MS was used to investigate fragment damage profiles at a molecular level. High-mass fragments corresponding to basal cleavage were not observed. Significant buffer residues in the dried samples were seen and identified. A model of DNA damage as a function of dose was constructed, providing quantitative conclusions about the effects of both gold nanoparticles and the different buffers used. Most of the energy deposited in the body by ionising radiation is absorbed by water molecules, leading to radical formation and, potentially, subsequent DNA damage. Current damage models use information on energy loss rates with penetration depth instead of information on radical production. In this work, fundamental fragmentation processes of water molecules irradiated with H+, HO and carbon ions and atoms were investigated. It was shown that it is imperative to consider the damage caused by fast neutrals in any dose profile modelling. Additionally, results for the ion production rate, to which free-radical production relates directly, show it is actually relatively uniform at a region where the ions come to rest and is not as sharply localised as suggested by the Bragg peak energy loss profiles.
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Vázquez, Mera Nuria Alexandra. "Encapsulation of stimuli-responsive molecules for the preparation of photofunctional materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/299538.

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El color juega un papel importante en nuestra vida diaria y no solo desde un punto de vista estético. Existe un gran mercado centrado en las aplicaciones tecnológicas derivadas del color, el cual engloba desde sus usos clásicos en colorantes y pigmentos hasta monitores, LEDs, almacenamiento óptico de datos y optoelectrónica, entre otros. En particular, la comunidad de materiales inteligentes ha dedicado especial atención al desarrollo de sistemas capaces de presentar una variación de color reversible al aplicar estímulos externos y a los cambios derivados en otras propiedades físicas, lo que se denomina cromismo. En esta tesis nos hemos interesados particularmente en colorantes orgánicos que exhiban propiedades fotocrómicas y termocrómicas, es decir, cambios de color inducidos por exposición a la luz o variaciones de temperatura. Estos compuestos poseen una gran variedad de aplicaciones potenciales; sin embargo no pueden ser aplicados directamente ya que en muchos casos sus propiedades crómicas características en disolución se ven modificadas, ralentizadas o inhibidas cuando son introducidos en materiales sólidos. El objetivo de esta tesis es proponer y explorar una nueva metodología capaz de solventar estos inconvenientes y permitir la transferencia directa de las propiedades fotocrómicas y termocrómicas observadas en disolución al estado sólido. Básicamente, nuestra aproximación consiste en la encapsulación de compuestos foto- y termocrómicos en el interior de cápsulas poliméricas con núcleos líquidos, capaces de preservar el comportamiento crómico característico en solución y ofrecer la posibilidad de introducir estos sistemas en matrices sólidas en las cuales el cambio del color se vería inhibido de ser incorporados de forma directa. Aplicando la aproximación propuesta, tres tipos diferentes de materiales fotoactivos han sido desarrollados a lo largo de esta tesis: (i) recubrimientos fotocrómicos de respuesta rápida con fines fotoprotectores, (ii) materiales sólidos termocrómicos basados en tautoméros de valencia, (iii) y sistemas sólidos basados en fluoróforos termosensibles capaces de emitir luz blanca sintonizable.
Colour plays an important role in our everyday live and not only from an aesthetic point of view. There is a big market centred in technological applications derived from chromic phenomena and colour science, encompassing from the classical commercial uses of dyes and pigments to visual displays, light emitting diodes, optical data storage and optoelectronics, among others. Particularly, the smart materials community has paid special attention to systems exhibiting a reversible colour change upon application of external stimuli and the variations that this induces in other physical properties- namely, chromism. In this thesis we have been particularly interested in photochromic and thermochromic organic dyes whose colour-tunability is induced by light irradiation and heat, respectively. These compounds present a wide range of potential applications; however, their usage is not straightforward since in many cases the well-established chromic properties of these species in solution are modified, slowed down or prevented when applied in solid materials. The aim of this thesis is to propose and explore a novel methodology to address this issue and allow the direct transfer of photo- and thermochromic properties from solution to the solid state. Basically, it consists in the encapsulation of the photo- and thermochromic compounds of interest inside liquid-filled polymeric capsules, which should preserve their solution-like chromic behaviour and offer the possibility to introduce these systems into any type of matrix that would restrain their colour tunability when directly incorporated. As proof of concepts of this strategy, three specific types of photoactive systems have been developed along this thesis: (i) fast-responsive photochromic coatings for photoprotective purposes, (ii) solid thermochromic materials made of valence tautomers, and (iii) white-light colour-tunable materials based on thermoresponsive fluorophores.
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Jiang, Peih-Jeng. "Application of Calcium Phosphate based gels for encapsulation of therapeutic molecules." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/927/.

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There is increasing clinical need for bone substitutes because of the limited supply of autogenous tissue, and the significance of inherited or other bone diseases. The ultimate aim of this study was to form calcium phosphate (CaP) based matrices as bone grafts for medical applications. Amongst CaP based materials, CaP gels made by the sol-gel process have attracted much interest since they can be processed at room temperature allowing the incorporation of environmentally sensitive molecules such as growth factors. CaP gels can be engineered by changing process conditions. There is little previous work however on the effect of drying regimes on the CaP materials formed using the sol-gel process. The objectives of this research were to investigate the influence of drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of CaP gels and the effect of the resultant structures of CaP gels on the function of the incorporated therapeutic molecules. In addition, surface modification of the CaP gels was investigated as a means to enhance biological interaction and also a potential way of creating primary bonds between apatite crystals enabling mechanical reinforcement of the material, which is currently too weak to bear load. This work has confirmed that different drying regimes have a significant influence on the formation of the gel pore structure, with the storage of gel in humid conditions, enabling reprecipitation of an apatitic phase. This variation in pore structure has a significant influence on the catalytic of encapsulated enzymes. In addition, the pH fluctuation of CaP based matrices during processing determines the activity of biomolecules after incorporation. It has also been shown that it is possible to form thiol functional groups on the surface of CaP gels, which could be used in future for mechanical reinforcement or for the attachment of biological moieties.
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Strawbridge, Sharon Mary. "Redox-active sensors for molecules of biological interest." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414263.

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Wood, Stephen Derek. "Crystallographic studies of molecules of biological and chemical interest." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337886.

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Ding, Yun. "High sensitivity absorption spectroscopy of molecules of atmospheric interest." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10123.

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Le spectre d'absorption de molécules d'intérêt atmosphérique a été enregistré et analysé à l'aide de techniques expérimentales de très haute sensibilité : la technique ICLAS (Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy) près de 1 æm, la spectroscopie par transformée de Fourier et la technique CW-CRDS (Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy) dans l'infrarouge moyen. L'analyse et l'attribution rovibrationnelles des nombreuses bandes nouvelles 13CO2, ont été réalisées sur la base d'un Hamiltonien rovibrorationnel effectif. Un nouvel ajustement global tenant compte de nos nouvelles données et de toutes les données disponibles dans la littérature a été réalisée pour 13C16O2 et 16O13C18O. L'intensité absolue de sept bandes de 13C16O2 a aussi été mesurée. L'analyse spectroscopique de la structure vibrationnelle de SiHCI3 et rovibrationnelle de bandes de H70GeD3, DOCI and H2S est aussi présentée. Les paramètres rovibrationnels ont pu être déterminés pour les bandes faibles observées et des interactions rovibrationnelles fortes ont été mises en évidence et modélisées
The present work is devoted to the recording and anlysis of highly excited vibrational state of molecules of atmospheric interest with several high sensitive absorption techniques : intracavity laser absorption spectrometry (ICLAS) based on a Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VeCSEL) near 1 æm, Fourier transform spectroscopy and cw-Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region. For 13CO2, the rotational analysis and vibrational assignments of the observed upper states have been performed on the basis of predictions of the effective Hamiltonian. New global fittings of the line positions of by gathering the present line positions with prévious measurements were performed for 13C16O2 and 16O13C18O. The parameters of the reduced effective Hamiltonian were derived. Line intensities of seven 13C16O2 bands were also recorded. The vibrational structure of SiHCI3 and rotational analysis of other molecules (H70GeD3, DOCI and H2S) are also presented. Their rovibrational parameters are obtained and strong interactions are evidenced and analized for most of the studied bands
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Books on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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Flynn, George. Theoretical molecular studies of astrophysical interest: 1 December 1974 - 30 September 1991 : final technical report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Mareeswaran, Paulpandian Muthu, Palaniswamy Suresh, and Seenivasan Rajagopal, eds. Photophysics of Supramolecular Architectures. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150491901220101.

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This reference provides collective information about the physical and photophysical changes of supramolecules after encapsulation. It covers luminescent systems involving a range of host molecules such as calixarenes, cyclodextrin, resorcinanene-crowns, pillararenes, cucurbituril, and metallacycles. Chapters also discuss the effect of the macrocyclic environment on the properties of functionalized molecules, including the variations in folding and unfolding patterns. Each chapter is supplemented with detailed references, making this an ideal resource for scholars interested in supramolecular photophysics.
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Sonawane, Shirish Hari, Bharat A. Bhanvase, and Manickam Sivakumar. Encapsulation of Active Molecules and Their Delivery System. Elsevier, 2020.

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Sonawane, Shirish Hari, Bharat A. Bhanvase, and Manickam Sivakumar. Encapsulation of Active Molecules and Their Delivery System. Elsevier, 2020.

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Encapsulation of Active Molecules and Their Delivery System. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-05369-4.

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Daudel, Raymond. Electronic Structure of Molecules: Diatomic Molecules, Small Molecules, Saturated Hydrocarbons, Conjugated Molecules, Molecules of Biochemical Interest. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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Voloshin, Yan, Irina Belaya, and Roland Krämer. Encapsulation Phenomenon: Synthesis, Reactivity and Applications of Caged Ions and Molecules. Springer, 2016.

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Voloshin, Yan, Irina Belaya, and Roland Krämer. Encapsulation Phenomenon: Synthesis, Reactivity and Applications of Caged Ions and Molecules. Springer London, Limited, 2016.

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Voloshin, Yan, Irina Belaya, and Roland Krämer. The Encapsulation Phenomenon: Synthesis, Reactivity and Applications of Caged Ions and Molecules. Springer, 2018.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. AB INITIO CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIATOMIC BROMINE MOLECULES OF POTENTIAL INTEREST IN STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY... NASA/TM-95-207226... APR. 7, 1. [S.l: s.n., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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Deladino, Lorena, Aline Schneider Teixeira, Antonio Diego Molina García, and Alba Sofia Navarro. "High-pressure-treated corn starch as an alternative carrier of molecules of nutritional interest for food systems." In New Polymers for Encapsulation of Nutraceutical Compounds, 35–58. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119227625.ch2.

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Park, Jong Myung. "Polymeric Hollow Particles for Encapsulation of Chemical Molecules." In Encapsulation Nanotechnologies, 291–345. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118729175.ch10.

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Paquette, Leo A., and Annette M. Doherty. "Molecules of Theoretical Interest." In Reactivity and Structure Concepts in Organic Chemistry, 77–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72598-2_5.

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Ruiz Canizales, Jacqueline, Gustavo R. Velderrain Rodríguez, J. Abraham Domínguez Avila, Alejandra M. Preciado Saldaña, Emilio Alvarez Parrilla, Mónica A. Villegas Ochoa, and Gustavo A. González Aguilar. "Encapsulation to Protect Different Bioactives to Be Used as Nutraceuticals and Food Ingredients." In Bioactive Molecules in Food, 2163–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_84.

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Avnir, David, Sergei Braun, and Michael Ottolenghi. "Encapsulation of Organic Molecules and Enzymes in Sol—Gel Glasses." In ACS Symposium Series, 384–404. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0499.ch027.

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Roriz, Custódio, Márcio Carocho, Sandrina Alves Heleno, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, and Lillian Barros. "Stabilization of Bioactive Molecules Through the Spray-Drying Technique: Current Applications and Challenges." In Basic Protocols in Encapsulation of Food Ingredients, 11–32. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1649-9_2.

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Falcinelli, Stefano, Marzio Rosi, Franco Vecchiocattivi, Fernando Pirani, Michele Alagia, Luca Schio, Robert Richter, and Stefano Stranges. "Double Photoionization of Simple Molecules of Astrochemical Interest." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2018, 746–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95165-2_52.

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Tonel, Mariana Zancan, Vivian Machado de Menezes, Ivana Zanella, and Solange Binotto Fagan. "Molecules with Biological Interest Adsorbed on Carbon Nanostructures." In Carbon Nanostructures, 107–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18875-1_6.

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Evans, C. H. "Interactions of Lanthanides with Other Molecules of Biochemical Interest." In Biochemistry of the Lanthanides, 173–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8748-0_5.

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Mosaddik, Ashik, Vijaya Ravinayagam, Silviya Elaanthikkal, Hatem Fessi, Waisudin Badri, and Abdelhamid Elaissari. "Development and Use of Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Encapsulation and Administration of Plant Extracts." In Natural Products as Source of Molecules with Therapeutic Potential, 391–463. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00545-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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Misak, H. E., R. Asmatulu, J. S. Gopu, S. Zheng, P. Wooley, and S. Y. Yang. "In Vivo Studies of the Drug Carrying Magnetic Nanocomposite Spheres via Fluorescent Molecules." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40266.

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Nanospheres utilized in targeted drug delivery systems have seen much attention, however it is difficult to detect the nanospheres in an in-vivo test due to their nanoscale in size. This is a crucial step in targeted drug delivery to show the nanosphere being concentrated at the spot of interest. Nanospheres developed by oil in oil (o/o) emulsion technique have the advantage of encapsulating molecules, such as 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), without damages and chemical alterations. In current study, DPH was encapsulated into a nanosphere as a fluorescing tracer to visualize the nanospheres trafficking in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The SCC tumors were established on nude mice. 0.5 ml of a 0.3 mg/ml solution of fluorcescent nanospheres were subcutaneously injected around the tumor. The injections of the drug carrier system were repeated at 2-day intervals till the sacrifice of the tumor-bearing animals on day 10. The tumors were retrieved for frozen and paraffin-embedded histological preparation. Fluorsescent microscopy was used to image the frozen sections, and compared with H&E stained sections. The fluorescence nanoparticles were easily identifiable under fluorescent microscopy, while typical histology images were unable to detect the nanospheres. The data suggest that fluorescent nanoparticles can be used to identify the location or localization of the nanospheres in an in-vivo environment in a simple and straightforward method that aids in characterization of targeted drug delivery.
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Freedman, Teresa B., Denise M. Gigante, Mario J. Citra, and M. G. Paterlini. "Vibrational circular dichroism in molecules of pharmaceutical interest." In OE/LASE'93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, edited by Laurence A. Nafie and Henry H. Mantsch. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.145258.

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Wlodarczak, G., J. Burie, M. Le Guennec, and J. Demaison. "Millimeterwave spectroscopy of stable molecules of astrophysical interest." In The 50th international meeting of physical chemistry: Molecules and grains in space. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46605.

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Botschwina, P., S. Seeger, M. Horn, J. Flügge, M. Oswald, M. Mladenowić, U. Höper, R. Oswald, and E. Schick. "Quantum-Chemical calculations on molecules of astrochemical interest." In The 50th international meeting of physical chemistry: Molecules and grains in space. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46614.

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Gottlieb, Carl, and Michael McCarthy. "LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF SMALL SILICON BEARING MOLECULES OF ASTROPHYSICAL INTEREST." In 71st International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2016.th03.

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Becker, Kurt H., and Vladimir Tarnovsky. "Electron-impact ionization of molecules of interest to processing plasmas." In The tenth American Physical Society topical conference on atomic processes in plasmas. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51338.

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Ebata, Takayuki, Ryoji Kusaka, and Sotiris S. Xantheas. "Laser spectroscopic and theoretical studies of the structures and encapsulation motifs of functional molecules." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2010 (ICCMSE-2010). AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4906630.

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Wang, Feng, George Maroulis, and Theodore E. Simos. "Electron Momentum Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Molecules of Biological Interest." In Computational Methods in Science and Engineering. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2827040.

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Widicus Weaver, Susanna, Jacob Laas, Althea Roy, Bridget Deprince, Nadine Wehres, and Brian Hays. "MILLIMETER AND SUBMILLIMETER STUDIES OF O(1D) INSERTION REACTIONS TO FORM MOLECULES OF ASTROPHYSICAL INTEREST." In 70th International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2015.wa04.

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Trehan, Kartik, Christopher Yu, Sasha Bakhru, and Hai-Quan Mao. "Novel Hydrogel Microfibers for Tissue Engineering." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38066.

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Cell encapsulation in hydrogels or microcapsules is one of the approaches for providing a biomimetic microenvironment to support cell survival, proliferation and functions. Microcapsules in particular have been used to improve the mass transport properties and ease of delivery through injection. More importantly, the microenvironment in hydrogels or hydrogel microcapsules can be tailored by incorporation of relevant adhesion molecules and growth factors through chemical conjugation and physical encapsulation. These functionalized hydrogels have been shown to effectively influence cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of a novel hydrogel fiber by polyelectrolyte complexation. This unique fiber geometry can be useful for regeneration of cylindrical tissues and for coculture of two different cell types inside and outside the fiber membrane.
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Reports on the topic "Encapsulation of molecules of interest"

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López-Valverde, Nansi, Javier Aragoneses, Antonio López-Valverde, Cinthia Rodríguez, and Juan Manuel Aragoneses. Role in the osseointegration of titanium dental implants, of bioactive surfaces based on biomolecules: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0076.

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Review question / Objective: Does the bioactive surface of titanium dental implants, based on biomolecules, influence osseointegration?. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role and efficacy of bioactive surfaces in osseointegration. Our review study limited the research interest to titanium dental implants coated with a biomolecule, i.e., an organic molecule produced by a living organism. Condition being studied: In recent years, much attention has been paid to topographical modifications of dental implant surfaces, as well as to their coating with biologically active substances.a bioactive surface is one capable of achieving faster and higher quality osseointegration, shortening waiting times and solving situations of poor bone quality. Molecules that can be applied for bioactive purposes include bioceramics, ions and biomolecules. Collagen and bone morphogenetic protein have been suggested as bone stimulating agents. Biofunctionalization of the implant surface with a biomimetic active peptide has also been shown to result in a significant increase in bone-to-implant ratios and an increase in peri-implant bone density.
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Wilson, Thomas E., Avraham A. Levy, and Tzvi Tzfira. Controlling Early Stages of DNA Repair for Gene-targeting Enhancement in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697124.bard.

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Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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