Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Encapsulation de molécules d’intérêt'
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Bruneau, Marion. "Elaboration de matériaux composites hybrides pour l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt relargables sous différents stimuli." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MULH3696.
Full textThis work is devoted to the development of materials allowing the controlled release of molecules of interest. In the first part of this project, syntheses of organic-inorganic hybrids having a talc type structure were carried out with different silica sources, which induces variable crystallinity and polycondensation of silicic species. These hybrids were then characterized. The folic acid (molecule of interest) once added to the synthesis medium was encapsulated into the hybrid. The incorporation of folic acid does not induce significant changes in the structure of the hybrids formed. The different characterization techniques have shown that the folic acid is not very mobile in the structure and is therefore well encapsulated in the interlayer space of the hybrids. The hybrids showed a fast releasing kinetics, both in water or in a model soil. Hybrids prepared from N2TMS (N- [3-(trimethoxysilyl))propyl]ethylenediamine) showed the fastest release, while those synthesized with C16TMS (Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane) exhibited the slowest releasing kinetics due to the highly hydrophobic nature of the organic chain of the hybrid. The second part of the thesis was focused on finding and testing materials potentially active in the photo-controlled release of active molecules. The hybrid materials synthesized from NBATES (3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-4- nitrobenzamide) have shown promising results: under UV irradiation at 254 nm, the quantity released of a model molecule was indeed two times higher than that measured in the absence of light. For the hybrids synthesized from MCTES (O-4-methylcoumarinyl-N-[3- (triethoxysilyl)propyl]carbamate), the best results was obtained under UV irradiation at 365 nm. The photosensitive functional groups present in the talc type hybrids made possible to obtain photosensitive composites. These promising results are the base for further developments in agricultural applications
Milhiet, Elodie. "Nanospectroscopie de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112150.
Full textSingle-molecule-like spectroscopy plays a major role in many domains, from fundamental physics to biology. In this framework, my dissertation focuses on instrumental and theoretical developments of two biological-related applications. The first experiment aims at characterizing the dynamics of calcium binding by the fluorescent calcium probe Oregon-green Bapta5N commonly employed in cell signaling analysis. To achieve it, I have developed an experimental set-up of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that exhibits sensitivity close to that of single-molecule detection. Either monophotonic or biphotonic excitations can be used. I have investigated the several aspects of the photophysics of the probe and evaluated the interest and limitations of such an approach for future in-vivo measurements. The second one is devoted to the development of a semi-quantitative Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique for mapping gene expression in the adult drosophila brain. Two difficulties have to be solved. First, we succeeded in obtaining reproducible results with drosophila adult brain. Secondly, while most of the FISH protocols are not quantitative since they need a strong enzymatic, we achieved semi-quantitative detection of RNA probes. I will present results on a new approach for which enzymatic detection is replaced by a sensitive detection and a protocol which reduces autofluorescence contribution. Results will be presented for several genes in adult drosophila brain to validate the methods as well as an interesting application on a mental retardation disease. To conclude, I show that the method exhibits a single RNA sensitivity which opens the way to new applications
Ndao, Moustapha. "Spectroscopie de molécules d’intérêt atmosphérique et astrophysique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066388/document.
Full textThe high-resolution spectra of the astrophysically relevant doubly deuterated species of methanol (CD2HOH) and of the atmospherically relevant phosgene (35Cl2CO and 35Cl37ClCO) molecules were studied both experimentally and theoretically. The microwave, terahertz, and far infrared spectra of CD2HOH were analyzed modeling the large amplitude torsional motion of the CD2H methyl group with respect to the hydroxyl OH group. The torsional spectrum was analyzed, 108 torsional subbands were identified, and the potential energyfunction hindering the internal rotation was retrieved. The rotational structure of the torsional subbands was analyzed. 3271 transitions involving torsional levels with were assigned and 1997 involving torsional subbands with. The far infrared spectrum of phosgene was recorded in the far infrared domain with a Fourier transform spectrometer using synchrotron radiation from the AILES beam line of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The and bands were recorded using a cryogenic White-type cell with a 93 m path length. The band was analyzed for the first time. More than 10 000 transitions were assigned for both isotopomers yielding spectroscopic constants for the state. The RMS deviation of the EObs − ECalc difference was 0.21 and 0.38 ×10−3 cm−1 for 35Cl2CO and 35Cl37ClCO, respectively
Martin, Marie-Aline. "Spectroscopie dans l’infrarouge lointain de molécules d’intérêt astrophysique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112222/document.
Full textThis thesis has been dedicated to the laboratory far-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of several molecules of astrophysical interest in order to demonstrate the interest of this spectral region for vibrational and rotational spectroscopy, in particular using synchrotron radiation. Low frequency vibrational spectra of nine naphthalene derivatives, relatively heavy molecules, have been studied. Several discharge set-ups have also been developed in order to study rotational spectroscopy of transient species: high temperature light molecules and small radicals
Bellili, Ayad. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de molécules d’intérêt astrochimique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1087/document.
Full textIn this thesis we studied the acetyl cyanide molecule (H3CCOCN denoted AC) given the astrochemistry interest. We presented the results of measurements performed in the Synchrotron SOLEIL where we measured the photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectra and the SPES spectra. We also performed very sophisticated ab initio calculations in order to assign these spectra.In addition, we explored the potential energy surface (PES) of acetyl cyanide and its cation using standard (CCSD(T)) and explicitly correlated (CCSD(T)-F12) methods and more precise methods as CCSD(T)/CBS+CV. A set of specific spectroscopic parameters (vibration and rotation) was also calculated. The performed calculations included enolic tautomers which can be formed within the covered excitation energies used studied in this thesis. We deduce the branching ratios for the ions which can be formed (H3CCOCN+, H3CCO+ and H2CCO+) as a function of the photon excitation energy.This study allowed us to provide deduce a high resolution spectroscopic data which are essential for the interpretation of astrophysical observations. Our calculations reveal unimolecular decomposition H3CCOCN+ is very complex
Héloin, Alexandre. "Récepteurs auto-assemblés pour des molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1096/document.
Full textSince the end of the 20th century, dynamic combinatorial chemistry under thermodynamic control has enabled the synthesis of macrocyclic receptors towards targeted guest. So, many supramolecular hosts have been reported to be efficent in the molecular recognition of biologically relevant molecules in water. We describe a new family of hydrosoluble macrocycles called polycarboxylated dyn[n]renes. Their molecular recognition properties with polyamines, amino acids and metals allow biological studies. From the fundamental view, the role of each parameters, including the solvent, has been deeply studied to identify the strength of the association. In cellulo experiments have shown an antiproliferative and cytostatic effect of the dyn[4]arene on HeLa cancer cells for several hours. In order to modulate their molecular recognition properties, sulfur extrusion process has been carried out to synthesize more robust derivatives of dynarenes. Finally, a new family of similar macrocycles has been studied, based on imino-1,5-dithiocines. Syntheses and physico-chemical studies for the design of futurs cavitands pave the way for similar biological applications as described for Tröger’s bases
Guthmuller, Julien. "Étude théorique de molécules conjuguées d’intérêt biologique pour l’optique non linéaire." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10183.
Full textThis thesis presents a density functional theory (DFT and TDDFT) study, in which we describe the non linear optical response of molecular probes in biological environment. The considered systems are first push-pull molecules (nitrobenzene substituted by an electronic donor group) in connection with the para-nitrophenylphosphate molecule and secondly the aromatic amino acids, tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine. In this work, we determine the ground state and excited states electronic structure, as well as the components of the polarizability and hyperpolarizability tensors, describing the optical properties of the molecule. The description of the biological environment, particularly the aqueous solvent surrounding the molecules, is realized by means of a polarisable dielectric model and by solvent molecules forming hydrogen bounds with the solute
Girard, Véronique. "Spectroscopie d’absorption ultrasensible dans l’infrarouge des molécules d’intérêt astrophysique N2 et C2H2." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112243.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis concerns the development and application of a new method of high-resolution gas phase infrared spectroscopy based on the coupling of the time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy (TRFTS) and the intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS). This coupling allows combining the qualities of these two techniques: high sensitivity, Doppler-limited resolution and broad spectral domain. An ICLAS-TRFTS experience based on a Cr4+:YAG solid-state laser was set up. By tuning the laser emission, this one can be put inside an atmospheric window where the absorption by atmospheric water molecules is weaker. Currently, tunability has been acquired under vacuum between 1. 442 and 1. 557 µm. Nitrogen and acetylene are molecules of astrophysical interest since they are part of the atmosphere of numerous planets and satellites. Thanks to an ICLAS-TRFTS experience based on a VCSEL-type surface emitting semiconductor laser, spectra from nitrogen plasma have been recorded between 1. 028 and 1. 054 µm. Lines of the (0-0) band of the B 3Πg – A 3Σu+ system of the 14N15N isotopologue have been reported for the first time, as well as lines from (4-5) and (5-6) bands of the B 3Πg – A 3Σu+ system and (2-0) band of the B' 3Σu- – B 3Πg system of the 14N2 isotopologue. Then, thanks to an ICLAS-TRFTS experience based on Cr2+:ZnSe solid-state laser, acetylene spectra have been recorded between 2. 424 and 2. 561 µm. This represents the extreme limit reached by ICLAS towards the infrared domain. Besides, two cold bands ν1+ν41 and ν3+ν51 of the 12C13CH2 isotopologue have been reported for the first time
Sleiman, Chantal. "Réactivité chimique en phase gazeuse de molécules organiques d’intérêt atmosphérique et astrophysique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S104/document.
Full textThis thesis reports the experimental kinetic study of the gas phase reactions of atmospheric and astrophysical interests. The knowledge of the reactions rate constants is useful to understand the mechanisms of formation and destruction of molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and in the interstellar medium. On the atmospheric side, we have studied the reactions of a series of hydroxyketones (4-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), a large category of hydroxycarbonyls with OH radicals and chlorine atoms Cl in order to determine their atmospheric fate. We have measured the absolute rate constants of the reactions of hydroxyketones with OH radicals by using the cryogenic cell coupled to PLP-LIF technique (Pulsed Laser Photolysis - Laser Induced Fluorescence) at room temperature and as function of pressure. The relative rate constants of the reactions of the compounds investigated with Cl atoms were measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure by using the atmospheric simulation chamber coupled to the analytical detection techniques: FTIR and GC-MS. In addition, a mechanistic study was also conducted in order to identify and quantify the products formed from these reactions. The whole results are discussed in order to assess the atmospheric implications of these hydroxyketones (lifetimes and environmental impact). On the astrophysical side, the kinetic of the reactions involving CN radical and a series of nitrogen-containing molecules (methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and acetonitrile) was studied over a wide range of temperature (23 K - 354 K) using CRESU technique (a French acronym standing for Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme) and the cryogenic cell coupled to the detection technique PLP-LIF. These experimental studies were accompanied by theoretical studies to better understand the reaction mechanisms. Possible astrophysical implications of the whole results have been discussed in this study
Bongur, Raphaël. "Encapsulation de molécules organiques au sein de silices mésoporeuses." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH4272/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop a new concept that consists to permanently encapsulate cosmetic active ingredients into mesoporous silica. The encapsulation of these active molecules improves their skin tolerance, optimizes their light stability while preserving their effectiveness and facilitates their formulation in cosmetic products. Thus, UV filters have been encapsulated in MCM-41 type mesoporous silica by using in-situ route because it seemed the most efficient route to achieve permanently encapsulation of large quantities of active. Two UV filters have been studied. One is lipophilic (Parsol MCX) and the other is a hydrophilic (Parsol HS). For all the active molecules studied, an appropriate encapsulation rate was obtained and the characterizations, particularly these performed by solid-state NMR, have shown that the encapsulation is effective within the pores which, coupled with the good stability of encapsulation in the case of hydrophilic actives, ensures minimal contact between the active and the consumer's skin. In contrast, a significant release of lipophilic UV filter was found. It was established that the physico-chemical properties of the synthesized materials differ significantly according to the lipophilic or hydrophilic nature of the encapsulated molecules. In all cases, the porous organization, the structural order and the morphology of the particles containing active ingredients vary significantly compared to the reference MCM-41 type mesoporous silica, synthesized without active ingredient. Thus, the presence of the active ingredient in the reaction medium has an influence on the structure and the texture of the synthesized materials, which is due to interactions between the actives molecules, the silicate species and the surfactant molecules in the reaction medium
Probst, Nicolas. "Séquence Réarrangement d’Ireland – Claisen/Métathèse. Application à la synthèse de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001117.pdf.
Full textThe Ireland-Claisen rearrangement / metathesis reaction sequence (ICM) is a powerful synthetic tool for the synthesis of quaternary hydroxy and amino acid carbocycles. This sequence was carried out on four starting α-alkoxylated and α-amido diastereoisomers in order to synthesis the corresponding chiral cyclopentenes. The configurations were easily confirmed by chiral auxiliaries. This methodology was then applied to the total synthesis of diCQA, a potent inhibitor of integrase of HIV-1, and a molecule presents in several vegetable sources. The necessary chiral precursors were obtained in good yields and high diastereoselectivities using the ICM sequence. D-Xylose and γ-d-galactonolactone were used as convenient chiral starting materials of 3-deoxy scaffold. In order to expand the scope and show compatibility with other functional groups, the ICM strategy was applied to allylsilanes
Inkichari, Mohamed Nejmeddine. "Faisabilité et potentiel de l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt dans des formulations filmogènes." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOPE01.
Full textThis work aims at a better understanding of film-forming formulations developed by Laboratoires Urgo. Two parts have been developed. First, an encapsulation system to protect a model drug in film forming solutions was investigated. Polymersomes in aqueous and organic media have been developed based on amphiphilic copolymers m-PEG-PCL which were synthesized and characterized in the laboratory. Auto-assemblies of copolymers display variable sizes (40 nm to 800 nm) with a bilayer membrane. Their characterization was carried out in aqueous and organic phase by various techniques: DLS, NTA, bi-photonic microscopy and AFM. In a second part, characterization techniques have been developed to assess a film forming solution based on nitrocellulose, containing free or encapsulated urea in polymersomes. This formulation was investigated during stability studies at 25°C and 40°C up to 6 months. A drop in viscosity was observed, especially at 40°C, due to cleavage of the macromolecular chains of nitrocellulose (SEC). The formed films have a stable Young's modulus over time with an appearance of yellowing (parameter b in colorimetry). The urea quantity remains stable in time, but accelerates the aging of the solution. Yellowing is caused by the decomposition of castor oil. The encapsulation of the urea within polymersomes did not improve the stability of the formulation thus proving the catalytic role of urea
Boukattaya, Fatma. "Addition d'organomagnésiens sur des nitriles fonctionnalisés : application à la synthèse de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1007.
Full textThe nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents on nitriles generally leads to ketones after acidic hydrolysis. The double addition, providing tertiary carbinamines after work-up, is more difficult and usually occurs only with allylic Grignard reagents. In this context, we discovered that Grignard reagents can perform a double addition on the nitrile function of acyl cyanohydrins, to provide hydroxyamides. This reaction is original by the fact that a wide range of Grignard reagents can be used, in particularly mild conditions. This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of different α,α-disubstituted α-aminoacids, by oxidation of the alcohol functionality and hydrolysis of the amide moiety. Especially, divinylglycine has been prepared in good yield. The successive addition of two different Grignard reagents was also carried out, after optimization of reaction conditions, to access unsymmetrical hydroxyamides, which are precursors of chiral quaternary aminoacids. Finally, the addition of the Grignard reagents on N-ethoxycarbonyl 3-cyano-iminocoumarines was studied. Despite the presence of several electrophilic centers, the reaction is highly chemoselective, and novel chromenes displaying substituent on position 4 were obtained. The antifungal and antibacterial properties of these compounds have been evaluated
Gagnière, Émilie. "Étude du procédé de co-cristallisation de molécules d’intérêt pharmaceutique : aspects cinétiques et thermodynamiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10249.
Full textCo-crystals represent a class of compounds, which offers huge opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Most studies presented in the literature deals with the thermodynamic diagram and crystal engineering. This work adds the kinetic aspect that must imperatively be taken into account in the establishment of a crystallization process at an industrial case. Different in-line process analytical techniques were carried out to monitor the co-crystallization process. The model system carbamazepine / nicotinamide was selected. The use of an in-situ visualization probe allowed us to build the phase diagram of the model system studied. Afterwards, the kinetic pathways of the co-crystallization process were highlighted thanks to the following of the solute concentrations by Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy. Finally, the phase transition between carbamazepine and co-crystals was monitored by IR spectroscopy, and by using simultaneously the visualization probe with the Lasentec FBRM probe. In order to finally obtain the only co-crystal phase, we subsequently verified that it was possible to correct a situation of process deviation, for which another crystalline phase remained in suspension
Lourenço, Valérie. "Etude de la spéciation des radionucléides avec les molécules d’intérêt biologique par approche spectrométrique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112122.
Full textMechanisms of complexation and accumulation of the radionuclides at the cellular and molecular level are complex and poorly known because the studies on these subjects are scarce. Within the framework of this thesis, we studied the interactions of these cations with biological molecules of interest. We chose to focus on an actinide: uranium (VI) as well as europium as an analogue of trivalent actinides. The selected biological molecules are the phytochelatins: their role is to protect cells against intrusions from nonessential heavy metals (thus toxic). These proteins are likely to be implied in the mechanisms of sequestration of radionuclides in living organisms. However, their structure is complex, this is why, in order to better include/understand their reactivity, we extended our studies to lower entities which constitute them (amino acid: glycine, glutamic acid and cysteine; polypeptides: glutathion reduced and oxidized forms). In particular, we determined solution speciation (stoichiometry, structure) as well as the complexing constants associated with the formation with these species. These studies were undertaken by Time Resolved Laser induced Fluorescence (TRLIF), ElectroSpray-Mass Spectrometry (ES-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infra-Rouge spectroscopy (FTIR) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS). The direct complexation of europium with phytochelatins and metallothioneins was estimated at acidic pH. In addition to studies undertaken on synthetic solutions reproducing the "biological" conditions, tests of cellular contamination were realized
Locatelli-Champagne, Clémentine. "Encapsulation de molécules hydrophobes par des polyélectrolytes amphiphiles : relation structure-propriétés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00733037.
Full textHormain, Laureline. "Etude théorique de l’interaction avec la surface de la glace de molécules halogénées d’intérêt atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10057/document.
Full textThe interaction between atmospheric ice particles and halogenated molecules generated much interest in the recent years. Indeed, theses species can produce destructive radicals for the ozone layer and these reactions are enhanced at the ice surface. The first part of this thesis presents the development of a potential energy surface describing the Cl2-ice interaction, on the basis of ab initio data describing the ground and the first excited states for the Cl2-H2O dimer. The second part is dedicated to the adsorption of Cl2 and CH3Cl on a hexagonal ice surface at stratospheric temperatures. The dynamics of Cl2 at the ice surface was study at 190 K and 235 K by implementing the developped potential energy surface in a classical molecular dynamics program. According to these simulations, the Cl2 molecule adsorbs forming an angle of 80° with respect to the normal of the ice surface. The results suggest the interaction between the molecule and the surface is rather weak, the pollutant molecule diffusing freely at the surface.Since, a classical force field was available to describe the CH3Cl interaction with the ice surface, the adsorption of methyl chloride on ice was investigated using the GROMACS package. The main result is that at 235 K the molecule is adsorbed with the chlorine-carbon axis parallel to the ice surface, the methyl group pointing toward the ice and the chloride toward the gas phase. Similarly to Cl2, CH3Cl forms weak bonds with the surface and consequently, does not remain trapped in a given adsorption site
Chuppa-Tostain, Graziella. "Traitement biologique de vinasses de distillerie en vue de la production de molécules d’intérêt et énergétiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0042.
Full textBy-product of sugarcane molasses fermentation and distillation, vinasses are the second agro industrial effluent produced in Reunion Island (about 150,000 tons each year). Because of their high content in organic and mineral elements, their pollution potential is considerable and their treatment a major environmental issue. The use of microorganisms such as filamentous fungi and yeasts is a relevant and economically viable remediation alternative. Indeed, their aerobic fermentation leads to a significant reduction in physicochemical parameters of vinasse. With reduction in chemical oxygen demand of up to 77% and decolourisation (optical densitymeasured at 475 nm) of about 40%, strains belonging Aspergillus offer the best results. Moreover, these reductions are accompanied by a biomass production up to 30 g.L-1. This suggests that the microorganisms possess enzymatic tools to degrade refractory moleculespresent in the medium and convert them into assimilable molecules. A. niger is one of the most studied ascomycetes. Its genome has been sequenced and most of the genes identified. A transcriptomic analysis was performed in order to understand the mechanisms involved in A. niger growth on sugarcane vinasse and highlighted hydrolytic enzymes secretion. This work aims to reduce pollutant load of vinasse and also potentially produce molecules of interest. So the methane potential of pre-treated aerobically vinasse was evaluated. Under certain conditions, this potential can be improved by about 40% compared to raw vinasse
Mammez, Dominique. "Détection de molécules gazeuses d’intérêt atmosphérique par spectrométrie infrarouge avec laser à cascade quantique largement accordable." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS003/document.
Full textAs the study of the atmosphere is growing strongly in response to environmental issues, the needs in terms of laser sources for spectroscopy of complex molecules require the development of widely tunable sources. The PhD work presented in this manuscript is focused on the implementation of quantum cascade lasers in external cavity (EC-QCL). Part of this work deals with the characterization of a commercial EC-QCL source and its application to gas detection by photoacoustic spectrometry. Measurements were performed on carbon dioxide in exhaled air and butane. The central part of this thesis consists in the development of ECQCL sources based on quantum cascade laser chips from III-V Lab. The aim is to obtain widely tunable sources that can be used for the detection of complex molecules. This includes simulation, design and implementation of external cavity systems. Two EC-QCL sources were implemented. The first one is a pulsed laser emitting around 4,5μm. The second one emits around 7,5μm and is operated at room temperature in continuous wave mode. This laser was used to record the spectra of acetone and phosphoryl chloride
Ouerfelli, Ghofrane. "Étude théorique de collisions d’intérêt interstellaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0224/document.
Full textThe Herschel Space Observatory satellite has permitted to detect light in the far infrared, corresponding to frequencies at which molecules emit light through rotational transitions. ALMA, an interferomete rlocated on the Chilean desert of Acatama took over Herschel and will allow new observations of cold molecular clouds with an accurate angular accuracy. ALMA observes in the range of millimeter andsub-millimeter which makes it complementary to the Satellite Herschel (far infrared). These significant advances in observing particle interactions at the microscopic level, to produce and trap diatomic molecules in specific internal states, open new perspectives in the field of collision physics and theoretical chemistry.Observation of interstellar molecules has benefited from advances in astronomy, to identify vibrational rotational ransitions of molecules. Furthermore, spectroscopic data provide us with important information on the state of the interstellar medium: ionized or neutral.The cation methylidene CH + was observed in the diffuse medium through its X1Σ + -A1Π electronictransition. It plays an important role in the different stages of the complex chemical behaviour through processes and molecular reactions that occur in interstellar and circumstellar regions. So CH+ launches large chain chemical processes that can progress to the formation of more complex species.The fine structure transition of C +; is the strongest emission line of the Milky Way. The C + ion is atracer of density and temperature in diffuse clouds and regions dominated by photons (PDR). The C +line is an important tool to probe the gas content and star formation processes in the Milky Way andother galaxies.C+ + H2 collisions can lead to the formation of CH +. This reaction has been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally, however, it is endothermic by 3211cm-1 and at the typical temperatures for MIS and H2 in its ground vibrational state, the reaction does not occur. The only process is then the C + spin-orbit excitation process.Spin orbit relaxation C + (2P1 / 2) + H 2 (v j) = C + (2P3 / 2) + H 2 (v0; j0) which was first studied inthis thesis contributes to the cooling of the gas constituting the interstellar clouds.The vibrational excitation of H2 (v> 0), which takes place during collisions with C + has a significant influence on the abundance of CH +. CH + is a highly reactive ion, it is destroyed by the abstractionreaction of hydrogen that has been considered in this work. It is therefore interesting to accurately assess the effectiveness of this path of destruction. The dilemma is that this ion is also abundantly found in the neutral and cold environment.This thesis focuses on the inelastic and reactive collisions studies of interstellar interest. We used ab initio highly correlated methods to tackle the electronic structure parts. Moreover, the nuclear dynamics of the systems was studied using a time independent quantum formalism, based on the Jacobi coordinates in the case of the spin-orbit excitation of C + (2P) + ortho H2, and para-H2 and rotational excitation of (+ CD) + He, or the hyper spherical coordinates for the reactive process in the case of the abstraction of a hydrogen in H + CH +.Our concern was to give a comprehensive basis of the mechanisms and provide a quantification of the effective spin-orbit relaxation cross sections and reaction rates to confront with spectroscopic observations. The new rate constants we obtained should help to better interpret the observations of C+ radiation emissions obtained by current and future telescopes
Spalenka, Jérémy. "PROTOSCREEN - Screening et identification de molécules actives sur Toxoplasma gondii et autres protozoaires d’intérêt médical et vétérinaire." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM204/document.
Full textToxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Plasmodium falciparum are mandatory intracellular protozoan parasites and are responsible for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and malaria, respectively. The different treatments used are based on drug combination. However therapeutic failures and drug resistances have been described. Our work focused on the identification of active compounds isolated by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) from crude barks extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus, a West African tree known for its antimalarial activity, and ten trees from the Champagne-Ardenne region. First we studied the activity of the fractions obtained from the crude bark extract from A. leiocarpus. Trachelosperogenin E and the global extract without tannin showed a good activity by inhibiting host cell invasion by T. gondii. The latter was able to preserve mice survival toward chronic toxoplasmosis. These extracts were also active on N. caninum and P. falciparum. In a second part 30 crude barks extracts from ten trees located in the Champagne-Ardenne region were screened on T. gondii and N. caninum. Compounds responsible for the antiparasitic activity found in Alnus glutinosa were especially betulin and its derivatives. In the last part of this study we focused on the antiparasitic activity of 400 synthetic molecules from the Pathogen Box. Eight out of them were significantly efficient against T. gondii, among which three showed an important selectivity. Further experiments must be completed in the case of N. caninum
Kirstetter, Anne-Sophie. "Etude de la fixation du carbone inorganique chez la levure pour la production industrielle de molécules d’intérêt." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC015/document.
Full textWhite biotechnologies have been developing quickly during the last decades, aiming at replacing chemical syntheses by biological processes for the industrial production of target compounds. In this context, the implementation of anaplerotic reactions in the metabolism is of great interest, since those reactions allow both production of dicarboxylic acids and direct fixation of inorganic carbon. This work is about the development of a metabolic engineering strategy using inorganic carbon fixation reactions to produce malic acid, a compound with various industrial applications. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as a host for its convenient use in industrial processes and the availability of genetic tools. The approach developed to produce malic acid is based on the overexpression of Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), S. cerevisiae peroxysomale malate dehydrogenase relocated in the cytosol (MDH) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe dicarboxylic acid carrier. A recombinant yeast strain expressing those three genes was obtained and characterised in shake-flasks experiments, involving more specifically calcium carbonate as an inorganic carbon source. Those experiments showed an enhancement of the malate production in the presence of calcium carbonate and allowed to obtain a concentration of 2.5 g/L from 50 g/L glucose, for a maximal yield of 0.046 gram malate per gram glucose. Fermentation experiments were performed in a 5 L bioreactor in the presence of air or 5% CO2 enriched air; they confirmed the positive effect of inorganic carbon addition as CO2 on malate production. A malate concentration of 1.46 g/L from 50 g/L glucose was obtained, giving a yield of 0.029 gram malate per gram glucose. Intermediate recombinant strains expressing PEPC and MDH were also characterised, for ethanol production, as they seemed to give increased ethanol yields, probably due to a transhydrogenase effect. Shake flasks and bioreactors experiments did unfortunately not confirm the yield improvement
Sigward, Estelle. "Conception et évaluation de nanoémulsions multiples autoémulsionnables comme vecteurs de molécules d'intérêt thérapeutique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066685.
Full textThe aim was to formulate nanoscale Water/Oil/Water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion (ME) byself-emulsification, to evaluate their cytotoxicity and the encapsulation rate of DTPAEuropiumsolution. Three W/O/W ME have been developed. The lipophilic phase is composed of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and two surfactants (ratio 7/3), which are : formulations:(a) Polysorbate 85 (PS85) / Labrasol ®, (b) PS85 / Cremophor EL®, (c) Glycerol / PS85. The sizes of multiple droplets are (a) 150 nm, (b) 40 nm and (c) 200 nm. Stabilities are (a) 24 h, (b)6 months and (c) 2 months. Multiple system has been characterized by transmission electronmicroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Evaluation of cell viability showacute cytotoxicity (formulation a), delayed cytotoxicity (formulation b) and no cytotoxicity(formulation c). The stability of formulation (c) has been improved by adding to the oily phase a hemisynthetic glycerid (Suppocire® DM). Different methods of evaluation of encapsulation rate have been tested: conventional methods (ultracentrifugation, dialysis, conductivity) and methods used for other nanosystems (enzymatic degradation, DNA intercalating). Results have shown an interaction. The demonstration of the formation of micelles or an emulsion ofPS85 in the external aqueous phase allowed explaining this interaction. Ultrafiltration was used to characterize it and to show that the PS85 encapsulates the active subtance in the external aqueous phase. Evaluation of the encapsulation of a solution of DTPA - Europium byDSC has overcome this interaction, and detecting an encapsulation rate of about 68 %. The incorporation of a solution of DTPA - Gadolinium in the internal aqueous phase has shown superiority as a positive contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging as compared to a reference solution
Picot, Pierre. "Nanotube inorganique d'imogolite à cavité interne hydrophobe : synthèse, fonctionnalisation et encapsulation de molécules organiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS051/document.
Full textIn this work, we studied methyl-imogolite, an inorganic nanotube dispersed in water with a hydrophobic cavity.First, we examined the formation mechanisms. On a short time scale, the initial precipitates reorganize to give nano-objects with the same local structure as imogolite. Their size depends on the synthesis conditions (concentration, precursor) and could lead to the formation of cylindrical (imogolite) or spherical (allophane) objects.On a long time scale, we observed that methyl-imogolite coexists with byproducts (aluminum hydroxide, proto-imogolite and allophane). It is possible to reduce their proportion by wisely selecting the synthesis parameter (molar ratio between precursors, synthesis temperature). However, they cannot be fully eliminated. Then, we studied the functionalisation of this nanotube by substituting part of the internal methyl groups by doping ones. Encapsulation of Nile Red, a solvatochromic dye, in the internal cavity of these hybrid nanotubes highlighted the functionalisation of the imogolite with the various groups used.Finally, we investigated the encapsulation of organic molecules (polar, apolar, soluble or insoluble in water) in the nanotubes cavity. SAXS curves evidenced the trapping of all the molecules tested by methyl-imogolite. Moreover, calculated adsorption capacities are similar to the ones obtained when activated carbon or zeolites are used as adsorbents
Xue, Baiyi. "Mise au point d’approches méthodologiques innovantes par spectrométrie de masse pour la détection de (bio)molécules d’intérêt pharmaceutique." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066707.
Full textToribio, Alix. "Développement de nouvelles approches méthodologiques en Chromatographie de Partage Centrifuge en vue de la purification de molécules d’intérêt." Reims, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REIMP204.
Full text@In the introductive part of this thesis, the historical aspect of the liquid-liquid countercurrent chromatographic techniques (CLLCC) is developed. Elements of reflexion on the catch of being able of the techniques of chromatography on solid support toward the centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) are exposed. Then principle of CPC is described. The two following parts deals with examples of development of the two major modes of use in CPC. Indeed, the elution mode has been used to purify antifungal molecules, which defend grapevine against “gray rot” (Botrytis cinerea), from Actinomycete sp. Extract. Furthermore, the succession of dual mode (i. E. Inversion of stationary and mobile phase) allowed us to introduce a semi-continuous process named Multiple Dual Mode in CPC (MDM CPC). This original elution mode, employed for the rapid and easy purification of synthetic molecules, can only be achieved because both chromatographic phases are liquids. Thanks to the displacement mode, we described purification and isolation of alkaloids (from Cryptocarya oubatchensis and Huperzia serrata) by pH-Zone Refining, of glucosinolates (from five Brassicaceae and one Caricaceae), rosmarinic acid (from Lavandula vera) and anthocyanins (from grapes) by strong ion-exchange method. In this part, methodological aspects have been developed so as to solve problems encounter in displacement mode CPC
Cannillo, Alexandre. "Association de la condensation de Petasis à des réactions de cyclisation pour la synthèse de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112263/document.
Full textTo develop new synthetic tools, we developed variants of the Petasis reaction. The use of α-amino aldehydes in the Petasis reaction allowed to synthesize chiral diamines with a total diastereoselectivity. The reaction gave good results with different protective groups of the amine (sulfonamide, carbamate, amide). However, during the reaction, the amino aldehydes are epimerized and the enantiomeric excess of the prepared diamines is low (30%). The Petasis reaction was associated with the Diels-Alder reaction in a domino process to achieve the preparation of hexahydroisoindole type compounds. The domino reaction is completely diastereoselective and the molecules are obtained as enantiopure. A second domino process, using a cross-metathesis reaction followed by an intramolecular 1,4-addition, yielded compounds with a morpholine moiety in a diastereoselective manner. Intramolecular version of the Petasis reaction was developed in order to obtain carbon-six-membered rings. This reaction led to the preparation of (+)-conduramine C-4 in few steps. The cyclization has shown a surprising diastereoselectivity since the configuration between the newly formed amine and alcohol is trans. This configuration is opposite to the one obtained in the intermolecular versions
Pereira, Camelo Sarah Regina. "Encapsulation de molécules hydrophobes par des structures bi-gels générées par prilling : relation structure-propriétés." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0002/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the generation and characterization of organo-hydrogel capsules (bigels), manufactured by prilling technology for controlled drug delivery after oral administration. Efavirenz (EFV), an antiretroviral medications used to treat HIV/AIDS, is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used as a model molecule of low solubility in water. It was dissolved in the organogel, which is compound of sunflower oil and 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA). The organogel was characterized by its phase transition temperature sol-gel-sol. The typical thermoreversibility of this organogel has not changed with introduction of EFV. The organogels were produced at two temperatures (5 °C and 25 °C) and with two concentrations of 12-HSA (5% and 20%) for being characterized as an API vehicle. Two dissolution media were used with and without enzymes (pH 1.2 and 6.8), for EFV release quantification. The EFV release profile from bi-gels capsules (diameter from 2500 to 3000 μm) is essentially related to the amount of organogelator in their core, to the presence of the alginate membrane and to the state physics of this membrane (hydrated or dry). The release of EFV has reduced 50% at acid pH in the presence of the external membrane. In simulated gastric fluid, the release is slower than at pH 6.8 (simulated intestinal fluid). In the intestine, the membrane loses its protective function and the organogel’s core begins to control the release of EFV. Two release mechanisms are observed: erosion and diffusion, which can be explained by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model
Taglang, Céline. "C(sp3)-H activation énantiospécifique catalysée par des nanoparticules de ruthénium : application au marquage isotopique de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112086/document.
Full textIsotopic labeling with deuterium and tritium is extensively used in chemistry, biology and pharmaceutical research.Numerous methods of labeling by isotopic exchange allow high isotopic enrichments but generally require harsh conditions (high temperatures, acidity). As a consequence, a general, regioselective and smooth labeling method that might be applicable to a wide diversity of substrates remains to develop. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrated that the use of ruthenium nanoparticles, synthesized by Pr. Bruno Chaudret’s team (INSA Toulouse), allowed the mild (2 bar of deuterium gas at 55°C), effective and selective H/D exchange reaction of a large variety of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as pyridines, indoles and primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines. The usefulness and the efficiency of this novel methodology was demonstrated by the deuteration of eight nitrogen-containing molecules of biological interest without altering their chemical and stereochemical properties. However, the conservation of the original stereochemistry of an activated chiral C-H center remains a major issue. We studied the reactivity of RuNP@PVP on different categories of nitrogen-containing substrates (amines, aminoacids and peptides) in water or in organic solvents. Our results showed that C-H activation of chiral carbons C(sp3) took place efficiently, selectively and, in all cases, with total retention of configuration. The wide range of applications of this procedure was demonstrated by the labeling of three chiral amines, fourteen aminoacids, three aromatic aminoesters and four peptides. Moreover, our collaboration with Pr. Romuald Poteau’s team (INSA Toulouse) led to the identification of two mechanisms by ab initio simulation in agreement with our experimental results: the σ-bond metathesis mechanism and the oxidative addition mechanism. These two mechanisms imply two vicinal ruthenium atoms leading to the formation an original dimetallacycle key-intermediate with four centers.The second part of this thesis deals with the development of a new method for the determination of the conformation and the relative arrangement of auto-assembled small molecules. It is based on the synergy between labeling chemistry, tritium solid-state NMR and molecular modeling. We focused on the diphenylalanine dipeptide (Phe-Phe) which forms either crystals or self-assembled nanotubes depending on the solvent. If the crystalline atomic structure of Phe-Phe has been solved, the structure of the self-assembled nanotubes of Phe-Phe is still unknown. Three Phe-Phe dipeptides ditritiated on aromatic positions, determined with the help of molecular modeling by Dr. Yves Boulard (CEA Saclay), were synthesized. Tritium solid-state NMR allowed Dr. Thibault Charpentier (CEA Saclay) to measure, on crystallized samples, three inter-tritiums distances very close to the reference distances. This technique also revealed a possible orientational disorder on an aromatic cycle of crystallized Phe-Phe. Ab initio modeling led us to set a double labeling Caryl and Cα on Phe-Phe with ruthenium nanoparticles. Deuteration with RuNP@PVP are very promising and supplementary studies are in progress to perform tritium labeling. We expect to set a new tool of structural study to determine atomic structures of small molecules integrated in supramolecular complexes (nanotubes, amyloid peptides or membranes)
Mercado, Alicia. "Etude des transferts de petites molécules au travers des films comestibles encapsulant des substances actives (arômes)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575633.
Full textGuyomard, Aurélie. "Elaboration de films polyelectrolytes a base de polysaccharides amphiphiles : application à l’immobilisation de composés hydrophobes d’intérêt biologique." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES064.
Full textThe goal of the project was to immobilize hydrophobic drugs or "biomolecules" in thin films containing amphiphilic polysaccharides. The films were obtained using the Layer-by-layer technique (LbL). This technique consists of sequential adsorption of polycations and polyanions onto a charged substrate. The modified polysaccharides used in this study are obtained by grafting alkyl chains on carboxyméthylpullulan (CMP) precursor. The influence of the polyelectrolytes characteristics used on the films growth was systematically studied. We showed that it was possible to modulate the thickness as well as the multilayers films microstructure by changing the characteristics of the amphiphilic polysaccharides used. Moreover the properties of amphiphilic polysaccharides in solution and at solid/liquid interfaces are similar. Furthermore the intra and/or intermolecular hydrophobic nanodomains are preserved during adsorption process. These hydrophobic nanodomains showed their potential as nanocontainers for actives molecules or dyes. Moreover the sequestration efficiency of the films can be modulated as a function of the hydrophobicity of the alkylated CMP. Lastly, an hydrophobic ionophore antibacterial polypeptide "gramicidin A" was trapped in these nanocontainers and its antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was tested. Our results clearly show that this technique of incorporation of an active species within multilayers film allow us to obtain an antibacterial surface by a simple way
Schott, Marc-Alexandre. "Encapsulation moléculaire de molécules actives hydrophobes par des polymères amphiphiles aléatoires à base de poly(acide diméthylmalique)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13510/document.
Full textLots of drugs meet some problems because of their poor water-solubility : poor bioavailability, desactivating metabolization, side effects. To overcome these problems, some amphiphilic polyelectrolytes have already been studied. They increased the apparent water-solubility of hydrophobic compounds, but were toxic or not degradable, thus could not be eliminated from the body. In this work, we describe the synthesis of various substituted malolactones. Anionic ring opening copolymerization of these lactones yielded random amphiphilic polyanions with varying and controlled hydrophobization ratio and aliphatic and aromatic side chains with different lengths. These polymers increase the apparent water-solubility of hydrophobic compounds. A synergy between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions has been demonstrated when the compound is cationic. The apparent solubility of anti-infectious drugs could thus be increased by several orders of magnitude. Under intravenous injection conditions (NaCl 9 g.L-1 and pH = 7,5), these polymers form preferentially intramolecular micelles, which are not sensitive to dilution effects. As a consequence, such a drug transport system would yield no premature release. Being also degradable, these polymers could release the drug and be eliminated from the body. They meet all main physico-chemical criteria to become a drug transport system
Glówka, Eliza. "Encapsulation des sondes fluorogéniques et de molécules pharmacologiquement actives dans des nanoparticules pour augmenter la capture cellulaire." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10065/document.
Full textPolymeric nanoparticles have been considered to have the potential to improve drug delivery to the desired site of action and to enable delivery of poorly soluble, poorly absorbed or unstable drugs. In this work, two types of active substances have been chosen for encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles: fluorogenic probes for intracellular targeting of the reduced glutathione (GSH), namely ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), as well as salmon calcitonin (sCT) which is a polypeptide hormone. The probe or sCT-loaded nanoparticles were obtained using a simple or double emulsion solvent evaporation method, respectively. The obtained nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized, e.g. in terms of the size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug (probe) release, cytotoxicity or microscopic morphology and thermal properties. NDA-loaded nanoparticles were incubated with yeast cells and intracellular NDA-GSH adduct levels increased by about 9-times in comparison with the free probe. In the case of sCT, the in vivo study was conducted in rats, and it was demonstrated that after subcutaneous injection of sCT-loaded nanoparticles, elevated serum sCT levels could be sustained for 3 days. In conclusion, the active molecules incorporated in polymeric nanoparticles achieved the better cellular uptake (NDA) and bioavailability (sCT) that the non encapsulated ones
Bahri-Hammami, Asma. "Développement d'une nouvelle stratégie d'encapsulation de molécules bioactives hydrophobes basée sur la dynamique des micelles de caséines." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT121.
Full textIn the last years, the number of studies highlighting the nutritional and functional properties of several hydrophobic bioactives has markedly increased. Special attention is consequently paid to their addition as ingredients to food. However, most of these hydrophobic compounds display a low aqueous solubility, poor stability during processing and low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Casein micelles exhibiting unique set of properties can be considered as a natural nanocarrier for these molecules. Actually, changes in environmental factors namely pH and temperature induce the dissociation of caseins and minerals from the colloidal phase to the soluble phase. Particularly, a selective dissociation of β-casein occurs at low temperatures. This effect is reversed with an increase in temperature, with a transfer of β-casein from the serum to the micelles when equilibrated at room temperature. The aim of this study is to develop a novel encapsulation strategy to incorporate hydrophobic bioactive compounds into casein micelles using the β-casein reversible dissociation. First, the β-casein dissociation from casein micelles was optimized by temperature and pH modifications while preserving the integrity of the β-casein depleted casein micelles. The separation of dissociated β-caseins from casein micelles was carried out by microfiltration at a pilot scale. The β-casein critical micelle concentration was concurrently evaluated to ensure the monomeric state of -casein after separation. Secondly, the binding kinetic between monomeric β-casein and two hydrophobic compounds, curcumin and vitamin D3, was investigated by surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Curcumin was then selected thanks to its high affinity to -casein β. The complex monomeric β-casein – curcumin was encapsulated in β-casein depleted casein micelles. The results of this study show the efficiency of this encapsulation strategy of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, which could be used to protect such molecules in low fat dairy products.Besides, during this project, a novel strategy was developed in order to evaluate the casein micelle topography and nanomechanical properties by atomic force microscopy in liquid environment. This method opens a new line of investigation to better understand the casein micelle structure in its native environment but also investigate the impact induced by the modification of physico-chemical conditions on its topography and elastic properties
Anantharajah, Anusanth. "Spectroscopie infrarouge lointain et moyen à haute résolution par transformée de Fourier de molécules complexes d’intérêt atmosphérique : ClNO₂, Cl₂CO et ClONO₂." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2020. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ANANTHARAJAH_Anusanth_va2.pdf.
Full textMeasuring concentrations of trace species that may have a significant impact on health, climate or the stability of the ozone layer, is a serious challenge. Future space missions, planned at high sensitivity, will bring progress if and only if the necessary spectral parameters are available. For some species of atmospheric interest such as nitryl chloride (ClNO₂), phosgene (Cl₂CO) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO₂), spectroscopic data are incomplete or almost non-existent. The challenge in this thesis is to get spectroscopic parameters (line positions and intensities or absorption cross sections) for these species in support of atmospheric applications. However, apart from Cl₂CO, spectroscopy of ClNO₂ and ClONO₂ is made difficult by their very complicated chemical synthesis, their reactivity with metals and organic materials, and their instability in the presence of light and heat. Moreover, these molecules are quite heavy (presence of chlorine with its two isotopomers) and exhibit dense spectra that are quite complicated by numerous perturbations affecting vibration-rotation levels.In the case of ClNO₂, spectra were recorded in the range 300 – 900 cm-1 with much improved experimental conditions (high resolution, low temperature, long path, low pressure) using the synchrotron radiation of the AILES beamline at SOLEIL. Precise modelling of the 370 and 790 cm-1 regions has been performed. These regions could be used for a future atmospheric remote sensing by FTIR spectroscopy respectively by FORUM and IASI-NG instruments. The low energy vibrations of ClONO₂ that have been never observed at high resolution before this work were also measured. A first modelling of the torsional region around 120 cm-1 is presented in this thesis. The analysis of these vibrations will be useful for the modelling of hot bands in the atmospheric windows where ClONO₂ is currently detected, and in fine will lead to a much more precise retrieval of the ClONO₂ concentration profile. Regarding Cl₂CO, cross sections have been measured at LISA, on one hand, at room temperature to compare data with previous works and, on the other, in stratospheric conditions to support satellite remote sensing applications
Hambleton, Mercado Alicia. "Etude des transferts de petites molécules au travers des films comestibles encapsulant des substances actives (arômes)." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS019/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was a better understanding of the effect of the aroma and/or lipid particles incorporation on the structure and physico-chemical properties of film-forming matrices based on iota-carrageenan or sodium alginate. Microstructure, emulsion granulometry, thermal and mechanical properties were assessed as a function of n-hexanal and/or lipid presence. Barrier efficiencies to water, n-hexanal and D-limonene at liquid and vapour states, and to 6 other aroma vapours (ethyl esters, alcohols, keton) have been measured. When n-hexanal is added in the carrageenan matrix, it modifies the gelation process which induces a more homogeneous structure but a lower mechanical resistance, a higher permeability to water and n-hexanal but slightly decreases that to oxygen. On the contrary, the aroma compound introduction does not affect so much the alginate film characteristics. This behaviour difference is due to the interaction between aldehyde group of the aroma compound and OH and sulphate groups of the carrageenans which disturbs the helix formation during gelation. The organisation of the alginate network as an "egg box" makes it more stable which explain it lower sensitivity to the aroma addition. When lipids are added, both sorption and water vapour permeability and the mechanical properties are reduced. The n-hexanal acts as an emulsifier by improving the emulsion droplet size and preventing the aggregation. Indeed, the aroma compound seems to be localised at the lipid particle surface. Kinetic (diffusivity) and thermodynamic (sorption coefficient) were measured or estimated to better characterise the aroma and moisture transfers through the hydrocolloid based films. Finally, discrepancy between liquid and vapour transfer rate measured for the same activity gradient (= Schroeder paradox), was observed for water through alginate films and for n-hexanal through carrageenan films. This was attributed to swelling and partial solubilisation of film components in the diffusing substance
Chebil, Asma. "Élaboration de nano- et microparticules pour l'encapsulation et la libération de molécules polyphénoliques ayant des applications dans le traitement de milieux aquatiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0054/document.
Full textPolysaccharide-covered polyester particles were prepared. The core of particles was made of polylactic acid (PLA) while their surface was covered by dextran chains via the use of water-soluble randomly hydrophobized dextran (DexC6) as a polymeric stabilizer. Polyphenolic active substances were encapsulated inside those particles. Polyphenol loaded PLA particles were designed for preventing cyanobacterias and algae proliferation in aquatic media. Conventional batch processes (nanoprecipitation or emulsion-solvent evaporation) and continuous processes (emulsion-solvent diffusion in microfluidics) were used to elaborate particles with average diameters ranging between 0.1 µm and 1 mm. The scale up of nanoprecipitation from lab scale (25 mL) to pilot scale (1 L) was also studied. The formulation parameters (PLA concentration in the organic phase, DexC6 concentration in the aqueous phase, aqueous phase to organic phase volume ratio, active substance weight fraction…) were optimized in order to obtain particles with well controlled characteristics (average diameter and size distribution, colloidal stability, encapsulation efficiency …). Loaded particles elaborated by different processes were characterized with regards to DexC6 surface coverage, colloidal stability at various ionic strengths, morphology and encapsulation efficiency. We also investigated the re-dispersion ability of particle suspensions after freeze drying and we showed that the use of a cryoprotectant was required in case of nanoparticles. The release of polyphenolic molecules from the elaborated polymeric nano- and microparticles was studied and limiting steps were identified. Finally, the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles toward cyanobacterias was evaluated. It was demonstrated that anti-algal effects were observed depending on the added quantities
Almadori, Yann. "Fonctionnalisation non-covalente de nanotubes de carbone mono-feuillets : étude du confinement de molécules photo-actives et intercalation de rubidium." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997533.
Full textPato, Christine. "Encapsulation de molécules amphiphiles par une protéine de transfert de lipides, la LTP1 de blé : applications technologiques dans le domaine pharmaceutique." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12424.
Full textChalkiadakis, Eleftherios. "Bio-prospection et biodiversité des micro-organismes des milieux atypiques des lagons de la Nouvelle-Calédonie : Premières évaluations du potentiel de production de nouvelles molécules d’intérêt biotechnologique." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NCAL0054/document.
Full textPrevious works on marine bacteria led to the discovery of molecules of great biotechnological interest. Under unusual physical and chemical conditions some microorganisms have developed various survival strategies including exopolysaccharides (EPS) and Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production. Due to their many interesting biological, physical and chemical properties, those polymers have found applications in many industrial sectors. Due to interesting physical and chemical properties, EPS can find applications in many industrial sectors including the food industry, cosmetics, for oil and metal recovery from industrial waste and in the mining industry as well. During the last decades EPS have also been demonstrated as interesting bioactive molecules with many applications for human health. PHAs are biopolyesters accumulated as granules in bacteria in order to endure long starving periods. Those biodegradable biopolymers can be used as an alternative to petroleum derived polymers and can be produced from renewable carbon sources. PHAs exhibit a wide variety of properties and structures depending of the carbon source available and the microorganism used for the production. New Caledonia (NC) is frequently referred as a hotspot biodiversity. During a prospection campaign performed in different marine costal ecosystems of NC, a great number (770) of bacteria were isolated from different locations. Screening showed that 55% of the isolates were able to produce under lab conditions EPS and 53% to produce PHA. Partial chemical characterization was performed on purified samples using colorimetric methods, infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Marine bacteria from New Caledonian ecosystems were shown to produce EPS with unusual chemical composition with potential applications in cosmetics. Preliminary experiments also showed high metal-binding capacity with applications in bioremediation. Different PHAs were also produced using different types of sugars and oil as renewable resources. Blue biotechnologies can have various applications in many industrial sectors (Health, food industry, environment, cosmetics etc…) and there is a great international demand for new molecules issue from marine areas. New Caledonian marine bacteria have proved their capacity for producing innovative biopolymers with a wide range of application that can be valuating in on short time period (environment, cosmetics) or at long time (pharmaceutics, surgeries). These applications are promising in order to develop
Plouzeau, Maud. "Mélanges matrice polymère / molécules optiquement actives Etude, optimisation de la compatibilité et amélioration de leur tenue lumière." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1043.
Full textThe CASCADE company was founded to develop technology said to “light cascades”. These “light cascades” consist of incorporating an appropriate combination of optically active molecules (OAM) into host materials allowing wavelength-shifting effects to optimize the quality and quantity of direct and diffuse sunlight. When such OAM combination is introduced into greenhouse films, an increase of agronomic yields and early crop are observed. Such behavior is due to the fact that OAM allow to adapt the solar spectrum to the photosynthesis and the chlorophyll function of plants. Greenhouse films are based on polyethylene (PE) and/or poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymers. When OAM are introduced within such host polymers, their optically efficiency is limited for long term industrial applications. Therefore, the thesis goal is to improve the OAM lightfastness into PE/EVA polymer matrix by different strategies: (i) the study of polymer matrix nature and topology influence, (ii) the optimization of current formulations by additives or compatibilizers adding and (iii) the OAM encapsulation into (un)-crosslinked PMMA particles
Gonnet, Maud. "Evaluation in vitro et in vivo de la stabilité et de la biodisponibilité de molécules liposolubles encapsulées et incluses dans une matrice modèle." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538930.
Full textMaherani, Behnoush. "Encapsulation et vectorisation de molécules biofonctionnelles par des nanoliposomes : étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et des mécanismes de transfert à travers la membrane liposomale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0098/document.
Full textFrom a molecular point of view, transport of small molecules across lipid bilayers is a fundamental and functional process. The release of efficacious dose of bioactive-entrapped in liposome depends on different parameters such as liposome permeability, bioactive structural properties and strength of liposome / bioactive interaction. The aim of this study was investigation the possible mechanisms of hydrophilic molecules transfer through liposomal bilayer. Calcein was chosen as model of hydrophilic drugs. In the first step, we optimized liposome formulation by considering its physicochemical properties (size, encapsulation efficiency, fluidity and etc.) by different methods such as DSC, TEM, SAXS, DLS, NMR and Spectroufluremtere. The reported results show that mean size, zeta potential, Tc, entrapment efficiency and fluidity were influenced by liposome lipid composition. Then, we tried to investigate hydrophilic bioactive agents? interaction with liposome by Raman Spectroscopy, Langmuir Balance and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The obtained results indicated that calcein is being able to interact with the choline polar-head group of the lipids but probability it could intercalate into the acyl chains and disturb the chain order. Finally, the permeability of calcein across some liposome membranes was first evaluated on the basis of the first-order kinetics by spectrofluorometer. Second, the composition/fluidity effect of liposome as well as the incubation temperature/pH effect was investigated. Furthermore, a model simulating the conditions of digestion was developed to estimate the partition coefficient and to determine the mechanism transfer through liposomal bilayer by using AFM and STED methods. The results confirmed that calcein permeates slowly through liposomal membrane by diffusion without liposome disruption
Vaique, Émilie. "Synthèse de triglycérides structurés ou fluorescents pour l' étude du métabolisme lipidique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13917/document.
Full textBiologists are very interested in the use of molecules obtained by a well-controlled synthesis because such molecules are well characterized and of high purity. First, we synthesized pure structured triglycerides in other words lipid molecules in which fatty acids are esterified onto a known position of the glycerol backbone. The introduced polyunsaturated fatty acids belong to the omega 3 series (linolenic (LNA),eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA acids). As the bioavailability of lipids depends upon their position on the glycerol skeleton , we prepared triglycerides esterified with omega 3 fatty acids either qt one of the external positions or at the internal one. The use of these structured lipids was validated byr in vivo studies on rats that showed a good assimilation of LNA whatever its position was. Secondly, we synthesized an ? linolenic acid as methyl ester labeled with a fluorophore To obtain in fine a fluorescent triglyceride. This last one will be use for the spatio-temporal follow-up, in culture cell, of the LNA. The synthesized molecules are a promising tool to better understand the triglycerides’ metabolism in the human being
Miloudi, Lynda. "Application des techniques spectroscopiques vibrationnelles couplées aux analyses statistiques multivariées pour la caractérisation et l'objectivation des produits de soins comestiques." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3801/document.
Full textThe barrier function of the skin, which protects the body against exogenous molecules, limits the penetration of active cosmetic ingredients (ACI), thus reduce the effectiveness of molecules with a deep cellular target. Therefore, it appeared crucial to optimize the administration of existing active cosmetic in order to get the full benefits expected. Some innovations are explored to bypass this issue, including the encapsulation of existing active cosmetic in nanocarriers. In parallel, it is important to also focus on the development of analytical methodologies that could provide qualitative and quantitative information, in particular the determination of ACI contents and potentially excipients incorporated in a final form, and biological evaluation at different stages of formulation