Journal articles: 'Encapsulation de cellules'

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El Amrani, Abdelkader, Achour Mahrane, Mohamed Fathi Moussa, and Yacine Boukennous. "Procédé d’encapsulation des modules photovoltaïques type mono-verre." Journal of Renewable Energies 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2006): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v9i1.812.

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L’une des étapes importante dans l’industrie photovoltaïque réside dans l’encapsulation des cellules solaires. Elle consiste à regrouper des cellules en série ou en parallèle afin de permettre leur utilisation à des tensions et courants pratiques tout en assurant leur isolation électrique et leur protection contre les facteurs extérieurs tels que l’humidité, la pluie, la neige, les poussières, la corrosion, les chocs mécaniques, etc. Nous nous proposons dans le cadre de ce travail de présenter le procédé d’encapsulation que nous avons mis en oeuvre au niveau de l’Unité de Développement de la Technologie du Silicium (UDTS). Nous nous focaliserons plus particulièrement sur le traitement thermique, car il constitue l’étape la plus critique dans le procédé conditionnant par là même la qualité et la fiabilité du module. Ce traitement thermique est conduit en deux temps : la lamination suivie de la polymérisation. A l’issue du traitement thermique, nous obtenons un ensemble compact. Différents tests de réticulation de l’EVA ont été nécessaires afin de déterminer les paramètres technologiques (niveau du vide, pression, température et temps), conduisant à un procédé performant. Ces résultats ont confirmé par les tests effectués au laboratoire européen Joint Research Centre (JRC) d’Ispra (Italie). En outre, nous avons constaté une amélioration des performances électriques du module après encapsulation (gain en courant de l’ordre de 4 à 6 % et gain en puissance de l’ordre de 4 à 7 %), principalement due à l’utilisation d’un verre traité en surface permettant le piégeage de la lumière incidente réduisant ainsi la réflexion à moins de 8 %.

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Fukuta, Tatsuya, Mayumi Ikeda-Imafuku, Satoshi Kodama, Junko Kuse, Ko Matsui, and Yasunori Iwao. "One-Step Pharmaceutical Preparation of PEG-Modified Exosomes Encapsulating Anti-Cancer Drugs by a High-Pressure Homogenization Technique." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16010108.

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The use of exosomes encapsulating therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases is of increasing interest. However, some concerns such as limited efficiency and scalability of conventional drug encapsulation methods to exosomes have still remained; thus, a new approach that enables encapsulation of therapeutic agents with superior efficiency and scalability is required. Herein, we used RAW264 macrophage cell-derived exosomes (RAW-Exos) and demonstrated that high-pressure homogenization (HPH) using a microfluidizer decreased their particle size without changing their morphology, the amount of exosomal marker proteins, and cellular uptake efficiency into RAW264 and colon-26 cancer cells. Moreover, HPH allowed for modification of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids onto RAW-Exos, as well as encapsulation of the anti-cancer agent doxorubicin. Importantly, the doxorubicin encapsulation efficiency became higher upon increasing the process pressure and simultaneous HPH with PEG-lipids. Moreover, treatment with PEG-modified RAW-Exos encapsulating doxorubicin significantly suppressed tumor growth in colon-26-bearing mice. Taken together, these results suggest that HPH using a microfluidizer could be useful to prepare PEG-modified Exos encapsulating anti-cancer drugs via a one-step pharmaceutical process, and that the prepared functional Exos could be applied for the treatment of cancer in vivo.

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Guerrero, Rodel, Paul W. S. Heng, and Terence P. Tumolva. "Preparation of Crosslinked Alginate-Cellulose Derivative Microparticles for Protein Delivery." Key Engineering Materials 931 (September 9, 2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-o7266l.

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Microparticle protein delivery system using alginate and cellulose derivative (HPC, HEC and CMC) composite system was prepared using external gelation with vibration technology. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein was encapsulated using these biodegradable materials. This preparation showed an increase in encapsulation efficiency in comparison to the samples where pure alginate was used as the encapsulating material. Compared with the other microparticles, the 50:50 alginate/HEC samples exhibited significant encapsulation efficiency. Consequently, its release rate in the acidic medium was comparatively substantial and higher cumulative release in the simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) medium at the end of the dissolution study was observed to be high at around 86.17%.

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Gonçalves, Antónia, Fernando Rocha, and Berta N. Estevinho. "Application of Ethyl Cellulose and Ethyl Cellulose + Polyethylene Glycol for the Development of Polymer-Based Formulations using Spray-Drying Technology for Retinoic Acid Encapsulation." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162533.

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Ethyl cellulose (EC)-based microparticles, with and without the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a second encapsulating agent, were prepared using the spray-drying process for the encapsulation of retinoic acid (RA). The production of a suitable controlled delivery system for this retinoid will promote its antitumor efficiency against acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) due to the possibility of increasing the bioavailability of RA. Product yield ranged from 12 to 28% in all the microparticle formulations, including unloaded microparticles and RA-loaded microparticles. Microparticles with a mean diameter between 0.090 ± 0.002 and 0.54 ± 0.02 µm (number size distribution) and with an irregular form and rough surface were obtained. Furthermore, regarding RA-loaded microparticles, both polymer-based formulations exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of around 100%. A rapid and complete RA release was reached in 40 min from EC− and EC + PEG-based microparticles.

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Yang, Ying, Junze Zhang, and Chengcheng Li. "Delivery of Probiotics with Cellulose-Based Films and Their Food Applications." Polymers 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2024): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060794.

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Probiotics have attracted great interest from many researchers due to their beneficial effects. Encapsulation of probiotics into biopolymer matrices has led to the development of active food packaging materials as an alternative to traditional ones for controlling food-borne microorganisms, extending food shelf life, improving food safety, and achieving health-promoting effects. The challenges of low survival rates during processing, storage, and delivery to the gut and low intestinal colonization, storage stability, and controllability have greatly limited the use of probiotics in practical food-preservation applications. The encapsulation of probiotics with a protective matrix can increase their resistance to a harsh environment and improve their survival rates, making probiotics appropriate in the food packaging field. Cellulose has attracted extensive attention in food packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, renewability, and excellent mechanical strength. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the main types of cellulose used for probiotic encapsulation, as well as the current advances in different probiotic encapsulating strategies with cellulose, grafted cellulose, and cellulose-derived materials, including electrospinning, cross-linking, in-situ growth, casting strategies, and their combinations. The effect of cellulose encapsulation on the survival rate of probiotics and the patented encapsulated probiotics are also introduced. In addition, applications of cellulose-encapsulated probiotics in the food industry are also briefly discussed. Finally, the future trends toward developing encapsulated probiotics with improved health benefits and advanced features with cellulose-based materials are discussed.

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Sánchez-Osorno, Diego Mauricio, Angie Vanesa Caicedo Paz, María Camila López-Jaramillo, Aída Luz Villa, and Julián Paul Martínez-Galán. "Protection of Mono and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Grapeseed Oil by Spray Drying Using Green Biopolymers as Wall Material." Foods 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 3954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11243954.

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One of the most common ways to protect oils is microencapsulation, which includes the use of encapsulating agents. Due to the environmental problems facing humanity, this study seeks to combine green biopolymers (microcrystalline cellulose and whey protein isolate) that function as encapsulating agents for grapeseed oil. Grapeseed oil that is obtained from agro-industrial waste has shown health benefits, including cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. These health benefits have been mainly associated with monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. In this sense, it has been observed that grapeseed oil can be easily modified by environmental factors such as oxygen, high temperatures, and light, showing the instability and easy degradation of grapeseed oil. In this study, grapeseed oil was encapsulated using the spray-drying technique to conserve its lipidic profile. Powder recovery of the grapeseed oil microcapsules ranged from 65% to 70%. The encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules varied between 80% and 85%. The FTIR analysis showed chemical interactions that demonstrate chemisorption between the grapeseed oil and the encapsulating material, while the SEM micrographs showed a correct encapsulation in a spherical shape. Gas chromatography showed that the lipid profile of grapeseed oil is preserved thanks to microencapsulation. Release tests showed 80% desorption within the first three hours at pH 5.8. Overall, whey protein and microcrystalline cellulose could be used as a wall material to protect grapeseed oil with the potential application of controlled delivery of fatty acids microcapsules.

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Clapacs, Zain, Sydney Neal, David Schuftan, Xiaohong Tan, Huanzhu Jiang, Jingxuan Guo, Jai Rudra, and Nathaniel Huebsch. "Biocompatible and Enzymatically Degradable Gels for 3D Cellular Encapsulation under Extreme Compressive Strain." Gels 7, no. 3 (July 24, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030101.

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Cell encapsulating scaffolds are necessary for the study of cellular mechanosensing of cultured cells. However, conventional scaffolds used for loading cells in bulk generally fail at low compressive strain, while hydrogels designed for high toughness and strain resistance are generally unsuitable for cell encapsulation. Here we describe an alginate/gelatin methacryloyl interpenetrating network with multiple crosslinking modes that is robust to compressive strains greater than 70%, highly biocompatible, enzymatically degradable and able to effectively transfer strain to encapsulated cells. In future studies, this gel formula may allow researchers to probe cellular mechanosensing in bulk at levels of compressive strain previously difficult to investigate.

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Wardhani, Dyah H., Heri Cahyono, Hana N. Ulya, Andri C. Kumoro, Khairul Anam, and José Antonio Vázquez. "Spray-dryer feed preparation: Enzymatic degradation of glucomannan for iron nanoencapsulation." AIMS Agriculture and Food 7, no. 3 (2022): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2022042.

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<abstract> Viscosity of glucomannan (GM) needs to be modified to support its application for spray drying encapsulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate degradation of GM using cellulase that fulfills viscosity in a spray-dryer specification. This hydrolyzed glucomannan (HGM) was subsequently spray-dried for encapsulating iron. Lower initial GM concentrations (0.5–1%) reached approximately 0.30 Pa·s which allowed to be spray-dried after 100 min degradation using 10 mg/L cellulase. Meanwhile, viscosity of 1.5% and 1.7% GM did not reach the target viscosity even after 300 min. The nth-order model was the most suitable model which fitted viscosity reduction of ≤1.5% initial GM concentration (coefficient of determination, R2 > 0.98), whereas the Mahammad model fitted the viscosity reduction of 1.75% initial GM concentration (R2 = 0.99). Hydrolysis decreased the degree of polymerization and surface tension but increased the antioxidant activities of HGM. Smaller molecules of the polysaccharides were released after hydrolysis. Particles of encapsulated iron using HGM were more hydrophilic than those using GM. The iron tended to have a higher release rate at pH 6.8 than at pH 1.2 in the first 40 min. Hence, the HGM showed its ability to act as a control release matrix for the iron that needs a protection in the acid environment, and delivers them to the neutral site for absorption. Nanoencapsulation using 0.35 Pa·s viscosity of HGM was able to have 84% yield, 96.41% encapsulation efficiency, and 10% moisture content. Particle size of the iron encapsulation was dominated by 341.99 nm-diameter. This study shows a potency to use an appropriate viscosity of HGM which not only allows to be spray-dried but also support in protecting the iron as aimed by encapsulation the iron. Performances and properties of this matrix on encapsulating other bioactive compounds become future study. </abstract>

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Yang, Yen-Ching, Wei-Shen Huang, Shu-Man Hu, Chao-Wei Huang, Chih-Hao Chiu, and Hsien-Yeh Chen. "Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010041.

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A regulatable bioremediation capsule material was synthesized with isolated single-strain bacteria (Bacillus species, B. CMC1) and a regulator molecule (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) by a vapor-phased encapsulation method with simple steps of water sublimation and poly-p-xylylene deposition in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Mechanically, the capsule construct exhibited a controllable shape and dimensions, and was composed of highly biocompatible poly-p-xylylene as the matrix with homogeneously distributed bacteria and CMC molecules. Versatility of the encapsulation of the molecules at the desired concentrations was achieved in the vapor-phased sublimation and deposition fabrication process. The discovery of the fabricated capsule revealed that viable living B. CMC1 inhabited the capsule, and the capsule enhanced bacterial growth due to the materials and process used. Biologically, the encapsulated B. CMC1 demonstrated viable and functional enzyme activity for cellulase activation, and such activity was regulatable and proportional to the concentration of the decorated CMC molecules in the same capsule construct. Impressively, 13% of cellulase activity increase was realized by encapsulation of B. CMC1 by poly-p-xylylene, and a further 34% of cellulase activity increase was achieved by encapsulation of additional 2.5% CMC. Accordingly, this synergistic effectiveness of the capsule constructs was established by combining enzymatic B. CMC1 bacteria and its regulatory CMC by poly-p-xylylene encapsulation process. This reported encapsulation process exhibited other advantages, including the use of simple steps and a dry and clean process free of harmful chemicals; most importantly, the process is scalable for mass production. The present study represents a novel method to fabricate bacteria-encapsulated capsule for cellulose degradation in bioremediation that can be used in various applications, such as wastewater treatment and transforming of cellulose into glucose for biofuel production. Moreover, the concept of this vapor-phased encapsulation technology can be correspondingly used to encapsulate multiple bacteria and regulators to enhance the specific enzyme functions for degradation of various organic matters.

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Kim, Ma Rie, Teng Feng, Qian Zhang, Ho Yin Edwin Chan, and Ying Chau. "Co-Encapsulation and Co-Delivery of Peptide Drugs via Polymeric Nanoparticles." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020288.

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Combination therapy is a promising form of treatment. In particular, co-treatment of P3 and QBP1 has been shown to enhance therapeutic effect in vivo in treating polyglutamine diseases. These peptide drugs, however, face challenges in clinical administration due to poor stability, inability to reach intracellular targets, and lack of method to co-deliver both drugs. Here we demonstrate two methods of co-encapsulating the peptide drugs via polymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polycaprolactone (PEG-b-PCL) based nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made by double emulsion were 100–200 nm in diameter, with drug encapsulation efficiency of around 30%. Nanoparticles made by nanoprecipitation with lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG) were around 250–300 nm in diameter, with encapsulation efficiency of 85–100%. Particles made with both formulations showed cellular uptake when decorated with a mixture of peptide ligands that facilitate endocytosis. In vitro assay showed that nanoparticles could deliver bioactive peptides and encapsulation by double emulsion were found to be more effective in rescuing cells from polyglutamine-induced toxicity.

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Chittasupho, Chuda, Jakrapong Angklomklew, Thanu Thongnopkoon, Wongwit Senavongse, Pensak Jantrawut, and Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. "Biopolymer Hydrogel Scaffolds Containing Doxorubicin as A Localized Drug Delivery System for Inhibiting Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203580.

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A hydrogel scaffold is a localized drug delivery system that can maintain the therapeutic level of drug concentration at the tumor site. In this study, the biopolymer hydrogel scaffold encapsulating doxorubicin was fabricated from gelatin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and gelatin/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose mixture using a lyophilization technique. The effects of a crosslinker on scaffold morphology and pore size were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and the release profile of doxorubicin from the hydrogel scaffolds were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The anti-proliferative effect of the scaffolds against the lung cancer cell line was investigated using an MTT assay. The results showed that scaffolds made from different types of natural polymer had different pore configurations and pore sizes. All scaffolds had high encapsulation efficiency and drug-controlled release profiles. The viability and proliferation of A549 cells, treated with gelatin, gelatin/SCMC, and SCMC scaffolds containing doxorubicin significantly decreased compared with control. These hydrogel scaffolds might provide a promising approach for developing a superior localized drug delivery system to kill lung cancer cells.

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Sapkota, Thakur, Bishnu Kumar Shrestha, Sita Shrestha, and Narayan Bhattarai. "Chitin Nanofibrils Enabled Core–Shell Microcapsules of Alginate Hydrogel." Nanomaterials 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13172470.

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An engineered 3D architectural network of the biopolymeric hydrogel can mimic the native cell environment that promotes cell infiltration and growth. Among several bio-fabricated hydrogel structures, core–shell microcapsules inherit the potential of cell encapsulation to ensure the growth and transport of cells and cell metabolites. Herein, a co-axial electrostatic encapsulation strategy is used to create and encapsulate the cells into chitin nanofibrils integrated alginate hydrogel microcapsules. Three parameters that are critical in the electrostatic encapsulation process, hydrogel composition, flow rate, and voltage were optimized. The physicochemical characterization including structure, size, and stability of the core–shell microcapsules was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, and mechanical tests. The cellular responses of the core–shell microcapsules were evaluated through in vitro cell studies by encapsulating NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. Notably, the bioactive microcapsule showed that the cell viability was found excellent for more than 2 weeks. Thus, the results of this core–shell microcapsule showed a promising approach to creating 3D hydrogel networks suitable for different biomedical applications such as in vitro tissue models for toxicity studies, wound healing, and tissue repair.

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Smith, Kate E., Robert C. Johnson, and Klearchos K. Papas. "Update on cellular encapsulation." Xenotransplantation 25, no. 5 (May 6, 2018): e12399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/xen.12399.

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Babasaheb, Dilwale Vishnu, Miss Ashwini Bhivsane, and Dr Gajanan Sanap. "A Systematic Review on Microencapsulation Technique and its Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 12 (December 31, 2023): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.57264.

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Abstract: Micro-encapsulation is the process of encapsulating a compound in a small sphere called a microsphere / microcapsule. The diameter of the microspheres can range from 1 mm up to several hundred micrometers. Many different active materials have been successfully encapsulated in microballoons / microcapsules made from polymeric and non-polymer materials such as poly (ethylene glycol), methacrylate, poly (styrene), cellulose, poly (lactide), gelatine and acacia. The content of the microcapsules is released at the appropriate time using different release mechanisms according to the end use of the encapsulated product. This technology has been used in many industries such as pharmaceuticals, agri-food, printing, cosmetics, textiles and defence. In the defence sector, it has been used to create self-healing composite as well as chemical decontamination fabrics. This review highlights the main reasons for microencapsulation technology, important techniques for the encapsulation of products and applications of the technology in various fields of science and technology.

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Gattás-Asfura, Kerim M., Christopher A. Fraker, and Cherie L. Stabler. "Perfluorinated alginate for cellular encapsulation." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 100A, no. 8 (April 28, 2012): 1963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34052.

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GUERRERO, RODEL D., PAUL WS HENG, and TERENCE P. TUMOLVA. "Evaluation of Protein Microencapsulation Efficiency in Alginate/Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Polymer Composite." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 11 (2020): 2904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22896.

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Considering how much protein is loaded into the process, the crosslinking solution concentration and the weight percentage of the alginate/hydroxyethyl cellulose coating material, this study presented the details of optimization of the microencapsulation process. Optimization was done with an objective of maximizing the encapsulation efficiency of the microparticle fabricated using external ionotropic gelation method. Results showed that the process is capable of achieving around 75% encapsulation efficiency when protein loading is around 15 wt%, alginate/hydroxyethyl cellulos is about 2 wt% and the CaCl2 solution should be 3 wt%. This was done using Box-Behnken methodology wherein the predicted model was found to have good predictive capability. Analysis also showed that the process is affected by how much protein drug is loaded into the system and the interactions between crosslinking solution concentration with bovine serum albumin (BSA) loading as well as the strong relationship between alginate/hydroxyethyl cellulos concentration with itself.

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LIU, C. T., R. F. HOU, and C. C. CHEN. "Formation of basement membrane-like structure terminates the cellular encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoel of Anopheles quadrimaculatus." Parasitology 116, no. 6 (June 1998): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098002595.

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The encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoels of mosquitoes combines both humoral and cellular reactions: the microfilariae are first encased in an acellular layer of melanin, followed by a cellular encapsulation by plasmatocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that cellular encapsulation of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in the haemocoel of the mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus was terminated by the formation of a basement membrane-like structure on the outermost surface of the cellular capsule. This structure occurred in the early stage of cellular encapsulation and was evident on the exterior surface of the plasmatocyte, when the active haemocytes were attaching to the already melanized microfilariae. The termination structure appears to be laid down by releasing the vesicle inclusions of haemocytes and has similarities in ultrastructure and cationic colloidal gold staining properties with that of mosquito basement membranes.

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Heitfeld, Kevin A., Tingtai Guo, George Yang, and Dale W. Schaefer. "Temperature responsive hydroxypropyl cellulose for encapsulation." Materials Science and Engineering: C 28, no. 3 (April 2008): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.012.

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Desai, Tejal A. "MEMS-Based Technologies for Cellular Encapsulation." American Journal of Drug Delivery 1, no. 1 (2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00137696-200301010-00001.

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Chia, Ser-Mien, Kam W. Leong, Jun Li, Xi Xu, Kaiyang Zeng, Poh-Nee Er, Shujun Gao, and Hanry Yu. "Hepatocyte Encapsulation for Enhanced Cellular Functions." Tissue Engineering 6, no. 5 (October 2000): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107632700750022134.

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Khalid Danish, Minna, John P. Gleeson, David J. Brayden, Hugh J. Byrne, Jesus M. Frías, and Sinéad M. Ryan. "Formulation, Characterisation and Evaluation of the Antihypertensive Peptides, Isoleucine-Proline-Proline and Leucine-Lysine-Proline in Chitosan Nanoparticles Coated with Zein for Oral Drug Delivery." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 11160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911160.

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Isoleucine-Proline-Proline (IPP) and Leucine-Lysine-Proline (LKP) are food-derived tripeptides whose antihypertensive functions have been demonstrated in hypertensive rat models. However, peptides display low oral bioavailability due to poor intestinal epithelial permeability and instability. IPP and LKP were formulated into nanoparticles (NP) using chitosan (CL113) via ionotropic gelation and then coated with zein. Following addition of zein, a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) (>80%) was obtained for the NP. In simulated gastric fluid (SGF), 20% cumulative release of the peptides was achieved after 2 h, whereas in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), ~90% cumulative release was observed after 6 h. Higher colloidal stability (39–41 mV) was observed for the coated NP compared to uncoated ones (30–35 mV). In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed no reduction in cellular viability of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 and HepG2 liver cells upon exposure to NP and NP components. Administration of NP encapsulating IPP and LKP by oral gavage to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) attenuated systolic blood pressure (SBP) for 8 h. This suggests that the NP provide appropriate release to achieve prolonged hypotensive effects in vivo. In conclusion, chitosan-zein nanoparticles (CZ NP) have potential as oral delivery system for the encapsulation of IPP and LKP.

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Dyah Hesti Wardhani, Dyah Hesti Wardhani, Irsyadia Nindya Wardana Irsyadia Nindya Wardana, Hana Nikma Ulya Hana Nikma Ulya, Andri Cahyo Kumoro Andri Cahyo Kumoro, and Nita Aryanti Nita Aryanti. "Properties of Spray-Dried Iron Microcapsule using Hydrolysed Glucomannan as Encapsulant: Effect of Feed Viscosity." Sains Malaysiana 52, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5206-07.

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As one of the polysaccharides with high viscocity, even in low concentration, glucomannan could block the nozzle and hinder its application as spray-dried encapsulant. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of viscosity of hydrolysed glucomannan as a spray-dryer feed on properties of encapsulated iron particles. Glucomannan was hydrolysed using cellulase to obtain various viscosities (83-222 cP) and used for encapsulating iron. Enzymatic hydrolysis reduced the glucomannan's glass transition temperature and transmittance values of O-H, C-O, and C-H groups. Increasing the viscosity lightened the particle colour, and improved encapsulation efficiency and mean particle diameter, however, reduced moisture content and bulk density. The highest encapsulation efficiency (99.95%) was obtained using the most viscous encapsulant (222 cP). Thicker encapsulants produced larger particles with more wrinkles on the surface but performed better in protecting iron. Solubility and swelling of the particles were higher in neutral solution (pH=6.8) than in an acidic one. The degree of iron degradation was around 70% after 10 months of storage. These results suggested the use of an appropriate viscosity of hydrolysed glucomannan not only allow it to be sprayed but also showed a potency to protect the iron from solubility in acid ambient and degradation during the storage.

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González-Reza, Ricardo M., Humberto Hernández-Sánchez, Maria L. Zambrano-Zaragoza, Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López, Alicia Del-Real, David Quintanar-Guerrero, and Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano. "Influence of Stabilizing and Encapsulating Polymers on Antioxidant Capacity, Stability, and Kinetic Release of Thyme Essential Oil Nanocapsules." Foods 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121884.

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The release kinetics, stability, and antioxidant capacity of thyme essential oil polymeric nanocapsules as a function of encapsulating (poly-ε-caprolactone and ethylcellulose) and stabilizing (polyvinyl alcohol and Pluronic® F-127) polymers were established. Samples were evaluated in terms of particle size, zeta potential, release kinetics, calorimetry, infrared spectra, antioxidant capacity, and diffuse reflectance. The particle size obtained was below 500 nm in all cases, ensuring nanometric size. Zeta potential as a function of the stabilizing polymer. Encapsulation efficiency was higher in the samples that contained ethyl cellulose (around 70%), associated with its affinity for the molecules contained in the essential oil. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a strong dependence on the encapsulating polymers as a function of the melting temperatures obtained. Infrared spectra confirmed that the polymeric nanocapsules had the typical bands of the aromatic groups of thyme essential oil. The antioxidant capacity evaluated is a function exclusively of the active content in the nucleolus of the nanocapsules. Nanoencapsulation was not a significant factor. Diffuse reflectance revealed high physical stability of the dispersions related directly to the particle size and zeta potential obtained (either by ionic or steric effect). These findings confirm favorable characteristics that allow proposing these systems for potential applications in food processing and preservation.

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Saberi Riseh, Roohallah, Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani, Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi, and Yury A. Skorik. "Micro-/Nano-Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Promising Biopolymer with Prospects in the Agriculture Sector: A Review." Polymers 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020440.

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The increase in the population rate has increased the demand for safe and quality food products. However, the current agricultural system faces many challenges in producing vegetables and fruits. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilizers, deficiency of water resources, short shelf life of products postharvest, and nontargeted delivery of agrochemicals are the main challenges. In this regard, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising materials in the agriculture sector for minimizing these challenges due to its mechanical strength, viscosity, wide availability, and edibility properties. CMC also has high water absorbency; therefore, it can be used for water deficiency (as superabsorbent hydrogels). Due to the many hydroxyl groups on its surface, this substance has high efficacy in removing pollutants, such as pesticides and heavy metals. Enriching CMC coatings with additional substances, such as antimicrobial, antibrowning, antioxidant, and antisoftening materials, can provide further novel formulations with unique advantages. In addition, the encapsulation of bioactive materials or pesticides provides a targeted delivery system. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the use of CMC in agriculture and its applications for preserving fruit and vegetable quality, remediating agricultural pollution, preserving water sources, and encapsulating bioactive molecules for targeted delivery.

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Ao, Jingqun, Erjun Ling, and Xiao-Qiang Yu. "Drosophila C-type lectins enhance cellular encapsulation." Molecular Immunology 44, no. 10 (April 2007): 2541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.024.

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Nelson, Kimberly, and Yulin Deng. "Encapsulation of Inorganic Particles with Nanostructured Cellulose." Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 292, no. 10–11 (October 22, 2007): 1158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mame.200700202.

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Suwanangul, Saranya, Pannapapol Jaichakan, Nukrob Narkprasom, Supaluck Kraithong, Kanjana Narkprasom, and Papungkorn Sangsawad. "Innovative Insights for Establishing a Synbiotic Relationship with Bacillus coagulans: Viability, Bioactivity, and In Vitro-Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion." Foods 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2023): 3692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12193692.

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This study investigates the use of encapsulating agents for establishing a synbiotic relationship with Bacillus coagulans (TISTR 1447). Various ratios of wall materials, such as skim milk powder, maltodextrin, and cellulose acetate phthalate (represented as SMC1, SMC3, SMC5, and SMC7), were examined. In all formulations, 5% inulin was included as a prebiotic. The research assessed their impact on cell viability and bioactive properties during both the spray-drying process and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results demonstrate that these encapsulating agents efficiently protect B. coagulans spores during the spray-drying process, resulting in spore viability exceeding 6 log CFU/g. Notably, SMC5 and SMC7 displayed the highest spore viability values. Moreover, SMC5 showcased the most notable antioxidant activity, encompassing DPPH, hydroxy radical, and superoxide radical scavenging, as well as significant antidiabetic effects via the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, during the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, both SMC5 and SMC7 exhibited a slight reduction in spore viability over the 6 h simulation. Consequently, SMC5 was identified as the optimal condition for synbiotic production, offering protection to B. coagulans spores during microencapsulation and gastrointestinal digestion while maintaining bioactive properties post-encapsulation. Synbiotic microcapsules containing SMC5 showcased a remarkable positive impact, suggesting its potential as an advanced food delivery system and a functional ingredient for various food products.

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Cheng, Qingzheng, Chengfeng Zhou, Yuanfeng Pan, and Brian Via. "Morphological Characterization of Wax and Surfactant–Encapsulated Microcrystalline Cellulose for Better Dispersion." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00070.

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Abstract Encapsulation of cellulose with wax and surfactant is a physical way to restrict cellulose-to-cellulose attraction. Because wax is often used in the wood composite process, industrial manufacturers would not have to upgrade or add expensive equipment to handle cellulose addition. The encapsulated cellulose particles could easily be transported to composite and polymer facilities and blended in a homogeneous fashion for a multitude of products and composites. It was the objective of this study to utilize differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy to characterize the wax and surfactant coverage and encapsulation morphology of the wax–surfactant–cellulose composite. The lengths and widths of the cellulose particles were significantly changed after encapsulation. DIC microscopy found that we could fine-tune wax coverage to control homogeneity and reduce fiber bundling during dispersion. It was found that surfactants were not necessary to enhance coverage if a 1:4 ratio of wax to microcrystalline cellulose was used. However, if more wax is desired, then surfactants may be necessary to suppress fiber bundles during dispersion.

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Kariuki, Margaret W., Ahmed Hassanali, and Margaret M. Ng’ang’a. "Nanoencapsulation of 4-Propylguaiacol in β-Cyclodextrin, Ethyl Cellulose, and Polyvinylpyrrolidone." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (July 21, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6590850.

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We previously identified 4-propylguaiacol to be a highly potent repellent against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, which transmits East Coast Fever in cattle. So far, the major method that has been employed for tick control is the use of acaricides, which so far has posed a number of challenges. Encapsulation technology may offer a long-term solution to the existing problems by dispensing the repellent at a controlled rate. 4-Propylguaiacol was encapsulated in various nanoparticles, which included β-cyclodextrin, ethyl cellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The inclusion of 4-propyl guaiacol in the resulting complexes was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis. All the sharp peaks belonging to each of the encapsulating polymers were observed. However, some of the characteristic peaks of 4-propylguaiacol disappeared in the complex formed. The rates and duration of release of 4-propylguaiacol from 0.2 g of each inclusion complex were then compared at 38–40°C every 3 hours for 24 hrs. The observed rates of release for 4-propylguaiacol were 0.396 mg/hr., 0.632 mg/hr., and 0.648 mg/hr. Rate from β-cyclodextrin, ethyl cellulose, and PVP inclusion complexes, respectively. The release rate of 4-propylguaiacol in the β-cyclodextrin complex was more controlled than it was in ethyl cellulose and PVP complexes. This controlled release rate exhibited by the β-cyclodextrin complex in small doses for a relatively long time provides a potential tool for dispensing repellents on cattle to protect them from tick bites.

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KACSOH, BALINT Z., JULIANNA BOZLER, and TODD A. SCHLENKE. "A role for nematocytes in the cellular immune response of the Drosophilid Zaprionus indianus." Parasitology 141, no. 5 (January 28, 2014): 697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001431.

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SUMMARYThe melanotic encapsulation response mounted by Drosophila melanogaster against macroparasites, which is based on haemocyte binding to foreign objects, is poorly characterized relative to its humoral immune response against microbes, and appears to be variable across insect lineages. The genus Zaprionus is a diverse clade of flies embedded within the genus Drosophila. Here we characterize the immune response of Zaprionus indianus against endoparasitoid wasp eggs, which elicit the melanotic encapsulation response in D. melanogaster. We find that Z. indianus is highly resistant to diverse wasp species. Although Z. indianus mounts the canonical melanotic encapsulation response against some wasps, it can also potentially fight off wasp infection using two other mechanisms: encapsulation without melanization and a non-cellular form of wasp killing. Zaprionus indianus produces a large number of haemocytes including nematocytes, which are large fusiform haemocytes absent in D. melanogaster, but which we found in several other species in the subgenus Drosophila. Several lines of evidence suggest these nematocytes are involved in anti-wasp immunity in Z. indianus and in particular in the encapsulation of wasp eggs. Altogether, our data show that the canonical anti-wasp immune response and haemocyte make-up of the model organism D. melanogaster vary across the genus Drosophila.

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Ntuli, Sunday, Machel Leuschner, Megan J. Bester, and June C. Serem. "Stability, Morphology, and Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenol Inclusion Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 3808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123808.

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Polyphenols are inversely associated with the incidence of chronic diseases, but therapeutic use is limited by poor stability and bioaccessibility. Encapsulation has been shown to overcome some of these limitations. A selection of polyphenols (catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate) and their combinations were encapsulated in beta-cyclodextrin (βCD). Encapsulation was characterized and the thermal and storage stability was evaluated using the 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The samples were then subjected to in vitro digestion using a simple digestion (SD) model (gastric and duodenal phases) and a more complex digestion (CD) model (oral, gastric, and duodenal phases). Thereafter, the chemical (oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay) and cellular (dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay in Caco-2 cells) antioxidant and antiglycation (advanced glycation end-products assay) activities were determined. Inclusion complexes formed at a 1:1 molar ratio with a high encapsulation yield and efficiency. Encapsulation altered the morphology of the samples, increased the thermal stability of some and the storage stability of all samples. Encapsulation maintained the antioxidant activity of all samples and significantly improved the antiglycation and cellular antioxidant activities of some polyphenols following SD. In conclusion, the formed inclusion complexes of βCD with polyphenols had greater storage stability, without altering the beneficial cellular effects of the polyphenols.

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Absar, Saheem, Mujibur Khan, Kyle Edwards, and Jeffrey Neumann. "Investigation of synthesis and processing of cellulose, cellulose acetate and poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers incorporating anti-cancer/tumor drug cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride using electrospinning techniques." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 9 (November 1, 2015): 867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0057.

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Abstract A model anti-cancer/tumor drug cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride (cisplatin) was loaded into micro- and nanofibers of cellulose, cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), using various electrospinning techniques. Single-nozzle electrospinning was used to fabricate neat fibers of each category. Drug loading in cellulose fibers was performed using single-nozzle electrospinning. Encapsulation of cisplatin in CA and PEO-based fibers was performed using coaxial electrospinning. Morphological analysis of the fibers was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The various categories of fibers exhibited diverse morphological features depending on the material compositions and applied process parameters. The drug-loaded cellulose nanofibers showed attached particles on the surface. These particles were composed of both the polymer and the drug. The CA-cisplatin fibers exhibited drug encapsulation within various diverse morphological conformations: hierarchical structures such as straw-sheaf-shaped particles, dendritic branched nanofibers and swollen fibers with large beads. However, in the case of PEO fibers, drug encapsulation was observed inside repeating dumbbell-shaped structures. Morphological development of the fibers and corresponding mode of drug encapsulation were correlated with process parameters such as applied voltage, concentrations and relative feed rates of the solutions and conductivities of the solvents.

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Muthuramalingam, Karthika, and Hyun Jong Lee. "Effect of GelMA Hydrogel Properties on Long-Term Encapsulation and Myogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Spheroids." Gels 9, no. 12 (November 23, 2023): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9120925.

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Skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering hold great promise for the treatment of various muscle-related pathologies and injuries. This research explores the use of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels as a critical component for encapsulating cellular spheroids in the context of muscle tissue engineering and regenerative applications. The preparation of GelMA hydrogels at various concentrations, ranging from 5% to 15%, was characterized and correlated with their mechanical stiffness. The storage modulus was quantified and correlated with GelMA concentration: 6.01 ± 1.02 Pa (5% GelMA), 75.78 ± 6.67 Pa (10% GelMA), and 134.69 ± 7.93 Pa (15% GelMA). In particular, the mechanical properties and swelling capacity of GelMA hydrogels were identified as key determinants affecting cell sprouting and migration from C2C12 spheroids. The controlled balance between these factors was found to significantly enhance the differentiation and functionality of the encapsulated spheroids. Our results highlight the critical role of GelMA hydrogels in orchestrating cellular dynamics and processes within a 3D microenvironment. The study demonstrates that these hydrogels provide a promising scaffold for the long-term encapsulation of spheroids while maintaining high biocompatibility. This research provides valuable insights into the design and use of GelMA hydrogels for improved muscle tissue engineering and regenerative applications, paving the way for innovative approaches to muscle tissue repair and regeneration.

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Roque, Marjorie Coimbra, Marina Santiago Franco, José Mário Carneiro Vilela, Margareth Spangler Andrade, André Luís Branco de Barros, Elaine Amaral Leite, and Mônica Cristina Oliveira. "Development of Long-Circulating and Fusogenic Liposomes Co-encapsulating Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin in Synergistic Ratio for the Treatment of Breast Cancer." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 9 (December 4, 2019): 829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666191016112717.

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Background: The co-encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DXR) in liposomes has the potential to offer pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages, providing delivery of both drugs to the tumor at the ratio required for synergism. Objective: To prepare and characterize long-circulating and fusogenic liposomes co-encapsulating PTX and DXR in the 1:10 molar ratio (LCFL-PTX/DXR). Methods: LCFL-PTX/DXR was prepared by the lipid film formation method. The release of PTX and DXR from liposomes was performed using a dialysis method. Studies of cytotoxicity, synergism, and cellular uptake were also carried out. Results: The encapsulation percentage of PTX and DXR was 74.1 ± 1.8 % and 89.6 ± 12.3%, respectively, and the mean diameter of the liposomes was 244.4 ± 28.1 nm. The vesicles remained stable for 30 days after their preparation. The drugs were simultaneously released from vesicles during 36 hours, maintaining the drugs combination in the previously established ratio. Cytotoxicity studies using 4T1 breast cancer cells showed lower inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) value for LCFL-PTX/DXR treatment (0.27 ± 0.11 µm) compared to the values of free drugs treatment. In addition, the combination index (CI) assessed for treatment with LCFL-PTX/DXR was equal to 0.11 ± 0.04, showing strong synergism between the drugs. Cell uptake studies have confirmed that the molar ratio between PTX and DXR is maintained when the drugs are administered in liposomes. Conclusion: It was possible to obtain LCFL-PTX/DXR suitable for intravenous administration, capable of releasing the drugs in a fixed synergistic molar ratio in the tumor region.

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Babazadeh, Afshin, Mahnaz Tabibiazar, Hamed Hamishehkar, and Bingyang Shi. "Zein-CMC-PEG Multiple Nanocolloidal Systems as a Novel Approach for Nutra-Pharmaceutical Applications." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2019.030.

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Purpose: Hydrophobic nutraceuticals are suffering from water solubility and physicochemical stabilities once administered to the body or food matrixes. The present study depicts the successful formulation of a zein-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) complex to stabilize a water in oil (W/O) emulsion to protect them from environmental and gastrointestinal conditions. The formulated water in oil in water (W/O/W) system was used for nanoencapsulating of hydrophobic nutraceutical, rutin, via protein-polysaccharide complexes. Methods: Zein nano particles smaller than 100 nm were produced using poly ethylene glycol (PEG 400) and Tween 80, which eliminates the use of ethanolic solutions in preparation of zein nanoparticles (ZN). CMC was then added to the ZN under magnetic stirrer to provide zein-CMC complex. A concentration of 20% CMC showed the smallest particle size (<100 nm). Rutin was dispersed in water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion stabilized by zein-CMC complex. A set of experiments such as encapsulation efficiency (EE%), encapsulation stability (ES%), and releasing rate of rutin were measured during 30 days of storage at 4°C. Results: Results showed that, produced multiple emulsion prepared with lower concentrations of Tween 80 (0.5%), ethanol: PEG: water ratio of 0:80:20 showed smaller size (89.8±4.2 nm). ES% at pH values of 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 were 86.63±6.19, 91.54±3.89, and 97.13±2.39 respectively, indicating high pH tolerability of formulated W/O/W emulsions. Conclusion: These findings could pave a new approach in stabilizing W/O/W emulsions for encapsulating and controlling the release of water insoluble nutraceuticals/drugs.

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Weaver, Jessica D., and Cherie L. Stabler. "Antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticle hydrogels for cellular encapsulation." Acta Biomaterialia 16 (April 2015): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.017.

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Trygg, Jani, Emrah Yildir, Ruzica Kolakovic, Niklas Sandler, and Pedro Fardim. "Anionic cellulose beads for drug encapsulation and release." Cellulose 21, no. 3 (April 5, 2014): 1945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0253-z.

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Takimoto, Anri, Toru Shiomi, Keita Ino, Tatsuo Tsunoda, Akiko Kawai, Fujio Mizukami, and Kengo Sakaguchi. "Encapsulation of cellulase with mesoporous silica (SBA-15)." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 116, no. 1-3 (December 2008): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.05.046.

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Sanandiya, Naresh D., Jyothsna Vasudevan, Rupambika Das, Chwee Teck Lim, and Javier G. Fernandez. "Stimuli-responsive injectable cellulose thixogel for cell encapsulation." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 130 (June 2019): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.135.

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Xiong, Youxiang, Hongxia Tang, Wenhong Liu, Tingting Zhang, Rui Ma, Chaofeng Mu, Zhihong Zhu, and Fanzhu Li. "Characterization and Evaluation of a Folic Acid Receptor-Targeted Norcantharidin/Tetrandrine Dual-Drug Loaded Delivery System." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (August 27, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7683791.

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The objective of this study was to construct norcantharidin (NCTD)/tetrandrine (Tet) dual-drug loaded lipid nanoparticles (FA-LP@Tet/(MSNs@NCTD)) based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for controlling drug release and lowering their systemic toxicity. In this study, MSNs were prepared and used for encapsulating anticancer drug NCTD; then MSNs@NCTD and Tet were loaded into liposomes to construct dual-drug loaded lipid nanoparticles with folic acid (FA) as the targeting moiety. The prepared dual-drug loaded lipid nanoparticles with a uniform particle size distribution of 153.17±4.17 nm (PDI 0.191±0.017, zeta potential -20.93±1.75 mV), had a visible core-shell structure under transmission electron microscopy; the encapsulation efficiency of NCTD and Tet was 86.62% and 79.19%, respectively, with obvious in vitro sustained release characteristics. The cellular uptake results suggested that FA modification could enhance intracellular distribution of FA-LP@Tet/(MSNs@NCTD). Furthermore, cell apoptosis assays showed FA-LP@Tet/(MSNs@NCTD) had better antitumor ability via reversing multidrug resistance. Therefore, FA-LP@Tet/(MSNs@NCTD) was a promising drug delivery system for combination cancer therapy.

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Galkin, Mikhail. "Application of cellular and artificial membranes in nanomedicine." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine 15, no. 4 (2020): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu11.2020.407.

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The use of nanoparticles in treatment and diagnostics of a number of disorders is becoming more and more popular. Further investigations are needed for improving the specificity of nanoparticle action, precisely targeted drug delivery, decreasing opsonization of nanoparticles by macrophages. Numerous ways of nanoparticle surface modification have been successfully tested for increasing their therapeutic potential and reducing possible side effects. Nanoparticle encapsulation using plasma membranes of red blood cells as well as other cell types has been recently introduced. This field of translational medicine substantially expands opportunities for nanoparticle application in clinical diagnostics and therapy of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, in vaccine development etc. This review focuses on ways, advantages and disadvantages of using cellular membranes in nanomedicine. Application of artificial lipid membranes in nanoparticles encapsulation is proposed.

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Hajifathaliha, Fariba, Arash Mahboubi, Elham Mohit, Noushin Bolourchian, Vahid Khalaj, and Leila Nematollahi. "Comparison of Linear Poly Ethylene Imine (LPEI) and Poly L-Lysine (PLL) in Fabrication of CHOK1 Cell-Loaded Multilayer Alginate Microcapsules." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.035.

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Purpose: Poly l-lysine (PLL) has been introduced as a strengthening covering layer for alginate microcapsules which are the most convenient way for cell encapsulation. Some disadvantages of PLL such as high price and low biocompatibility have prompted scientists to find better alternatives. Linear poly ethylene imine (LPEI), thanks to its highly similar structure to PLL, could be considered as a proper cost-effective alternative. In this study LPEI and PLL were compared as covering layers of cell-loaded alginate-LPEI-alginate (cALA) and alginate-PLL-alginate (cAPA) microcapsules. Methods: In addition to the physico-mechanical properties, the encapsulation efficiency, cell survival post encapsulation, cell viability, and cellular metabolic activity within the microcapsules were evaluated using trypan blue, live/dead cell staining, and MTT test, respectively. Results: Physico-mechanical evaluation of the microcapsules revealed that the cell microencapsulation process did not affect their shape, size, and mechanical stability. Although the encapsulation efficiency for cALA and cAPA was not different (P>0.05), cell survival post encapsulation was higher in cALA than in cAPA (P<0.05) which could be the reason for the higher cell viability and also cellular metabolic activity within these microcapsules in comparison to cAPA. Conclusion: Here, based on these results, ALA could be introduced as a preferable alternative to APA for cell encapsulation.

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Shlosman, Koranit, Dmitry M. Rein, Rotem Shemesh, and Yachin Cohen. "Lyophilized Emulsions of Thymol and Eugenol Essential Oils Encapsulated in Cellulose." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101422.

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Efforts to tap into the broad antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) are limited due to their strong odor and susceptibility to light and oxidation. Encapsulation of EOs and subsequent drying overcome these limitations and extend their applications. This study characterized freeze-dried (lyophilized) emulsions of eugenol (EU) and thymol (TY) EOs, encapsulated by chemically unmodified cellulose, a sustainable and low-cost resource. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy showed successful lyophilization. While the observed “flake-like” structure of the powders differed significantly from that of the emulsified microcapsules, useful properties were retained. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of EOs in their corresponding powders and thermo-gravimetric analysis demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency (87–88%), improved thermal stability and resistance to evaporation, and slow EO release rates in comparison to their free forms. The lightweight and low-cost cellulose encapsulation, together with the results showing retained properties of the dried powder, enable the use of EOs in applications requiring high temperatures, such as EO incorporation into polymer films, that can be used to protect agricultural crops from microbial infections.

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Merdoud, Asma, Meryem Mouffok, Abderrezzak Mesli, Nafa Chafi, and Messaoud Chaib. "In vitro release study of 2-aminobenzothiazole from microspheres as drug carriers." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 4 (2020): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190326132m.

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The aim of the present study was the preparation of 2-aminobenzothiazole- loaded microspheres based on cellulose derivatives for controlled and prolonged release. Micro-encapsulation by the simple emulsion (O/W) solvent evaporation method was performed to prepare these formulations using two cellulose derivatives as matrices: ethyl cellulose (EC) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). Optimization of the experimental parameters, such as the polymer/ solvent ratio, the matrix type, stirring speed and the number of blades, was performed to obtain a high encapsulation efficiency of the drug. The effect of the selected parameters on microsphere characteristics, as well as the release rate was investigated. SEM images show that the obtained microparticles were spherical in shape. The effective entrapment of 2-amino-benzothiazole (2-ABZT) in the microspheres was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and XRD diffraction analysis. The encapsulation efficiency was improved when the polymer concentration increased reaching 89 %. Microspheres in the size range of 61?278 ?m with EC and close to 113 ?m with CAB were obtained by varying the process conditions. The in vitro release kinetics of the cation of 2-ABZT were established at 37 ?C in simulated gastric medium pH 1.2 and the obtained data were analyzed according to the Fick law. The results showed that the surface morphology and encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres depended strongly on the polymer/solvent ratio and the release rate could be controlled by adjusting the process conditions.

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Vukoja, Josipa, Ivana Buljeta, Anita Pichler, Josip Šimunović, and Mirela Kopjar. "Formulation and Stability of Cellulose-Based Delivery Systems of Raspberry Phenolics." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010090.

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Encapsulation of bioactives is a tool to prepare their suitable delivery systems and ensure their stability. For this purpose, cellulose was selected as carrier of raspberry juice phenolics and freeze-dried cellulose/raspberry encapsulates (C/R_Es) were formulated. Influence of cellulose amount (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) and time (15 or 60 min) on the complexation of cellulose and raspberry juice was investigated. Obtained C/R_Es were evaluated for total phenolics, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, inhibition of α-amylase and color. Additionally, encapsulation was confirmed by FTIR. Stability of C/R_Es was examined after 12 months of storage at room temperature. Increasing the amount of cellulose during formulation of C/R_E from 2.5% to 10%, resulted in the decrease of content of total phenolics and anthocyanins. Additionally, encapsulates formulated by 15 min of complexation had a higher amount of investigated compounds. This tendency was retained after storage. The highest antioxidant activities were determined for C/R_E with 2.5% of cellulose and the lowest for those with 10% of cellulose, regardless of the methods used for its evaluation. After storage of 12 months, antioxidant activity slightly increased. Encapsulates with 2.5% of cellulose had the highest and those with 10% of cellulose the lowest capability for inhibition of α-amylase. The amount of cellulose also had an impact on color of C/R_Es. Results of this study suggest that cellulose could be a good encapsulation polymer for delivering raspberry bioactives, especially when cellulose was used in lower percentages for formulation of encapsulates.

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Walther, F. J., R. David-Cu, M. C. Supnet, M. L. Longo, B. R. Fan, and R. Bruni. "Uptake of antioxidants in surfactant liposomes by cultured alveolar type II cells is enhanced by SP-A." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 265, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): L330—L339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1993.265.4.l330.

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Antioxidant delivery may be targeted toward the alveolar epithelium by encapsulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in liposomes made from pulmonary surfactant. We studied whether antioxidant-surfactant liposomes increase cellular antioxidant activity in alveolar type II cells and whether this effect is influenced by the presence of surfactant protein A (SP-A). Cu,Zn SOD and catalase were encapsulated in liposomes made from synthetic phospholipids with or without 5% SP-A or from natural cow surfactant. Alveolar type II cells from adult rats were preincubated for 20 h, and liposome mixtures were added for 24 h, followed by measurement of cellular SOD and catalase activities (U/mg DNA). Antioxidant-surfactant liposomes increased alveolar type II cell antioxidant activity sharply. Uptake of SOD/catalase from liposomes with synthetic phospholipids and SP-A was twice that from liposomes without SP-A and did not further improve in the presence of SP-B and -C. Encapsulation of antioxidants diminished the surface activity of the surfactant liposomes, but this feature was absent in the presence of SP-A. These data suggest that: 1) antioxidant-surfactant liposomes augment alveolar type II cell antioxidant activity, 2) liposomal uptake is facilitated by the presence of SP-A, and 3) inhibition of surface activity of surfactant by encapsulated antioxidants can be reversed by SP-A.

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Hoshi, Toru, Masahito Endo, Aya Hirai, Masashige Suzuki, and Takao Aoyagi. "Encapsulation of Activated Carbon into a Hollow-Type Spherical Bacterial Cellulose Gel and Its Indole-Adsorption Ability Aimed at Kidney Failure Treatment." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111076.

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For reducing side effects and improvement of swallowing, we studied the encapsulation of activated carbon formulations with a hollow-type spherical bacterial cellulose (HSBC) gel using two kinds of encapsulating methods: Methods A and B. In Method A, the BC gelatinous membrane was biosynthesized using Komagataeibacter xylinus (K. xylinus) at the interface between the silicone oil and cell suspension containing activated carbon. In Method B, the bacterial cellulose (BC) gelatinous membrane was formed at the interface between the cell suspension attached to the alginate gel containing activated carbon and the silicone oil. After the BC gelatinous membrane was biosynthesized by K. xylnus, alginate gel was removed by soaking in a phosphate buffer. The activated carbon encapsulated these methods could neither pass through the BC gelatinous membrane of the HSBC gel nor leak from the interior cavity of the HSBC gel. The adsorption ability was evaluated using indole, which is a precursor of the uremic causative agent. From curve-fitting, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion models, and the diffusion of the indole molecules at the surface of the encapsulated activated carbon within the HSBC gel was dominant at the initial stage of adsorption. It was observed that the adsorption of the encapsulated activated carbon by the intraparticle diffusion process became dominant with longer adsorption times.

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Li, Wenyan, Xuejiao Lei, Hua Feng, Bingyun Li, Jiming Kong, and Malcolm Xing. "Layer-by-Layer Cell Encapsulation for Drug Delivery: The History, Technique Basis, and Applications." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020297.

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The encapsulation of cells with various polyelectrolytes through layer-by-layer (LbL) has become a popular strategy in cellular function engineering. The technique sprang up in 1990s and obtained tremendous advances in multi-functionalized encapsulation of cells in recent years. This review comprehensively summarized the basis and applications in drug delivery by means of LbL cell encapsulation. To begin with, the concept and brief history of LbL and LbL cell encapsulation were introduced. Next, diverse types of materials, including naturally extracted and chemically synthesized, were exhibited, followed by a complicated basis of LbL assembly, such as interactions within multilayers, charge distribution, and films morphology. Furthermore, the review focused on the protective effects against adverse factors, and bioactive payloads incorporation could be realized via LbL cell encapsulation. Additionally, the payload delivery from cell encapsulation system could be adjusted by environment, redox, biological processes, and functional linkers to release payloads in controlled manners. In short, drug delivery via LbL cell encapsulation, which takes advantage of both cell grafts and drug activities, will be of great importance in basic research of cell science and biotherapy for various diseases.

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Alvandi, Jamileh, Javad Karimi, and Gary B. Dunphy. "Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes." Nematology 16, no. 9 (2014): 1047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002828.

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The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvae Polyphylla adspersa to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage of Galleria mellonella were individually infected with monoxenic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or Steinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematode S. glaseri occurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs against H. bacteriophora in terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those against S. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae against S. glaseri (27.3 ± 0.7%) and H. bacteriophora (36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation in P. adspersa larvae was more extensive than in G. mellonella larvae.

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FJ, Alvarez, A. Herraez, Tejedor MC, and Diez JC. "Behaviour of isolated rat and human red blood cells upon hypotonic‐dialysis encapsulation of carbonic anhydrase and dextran." Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 23, no. 2 (April 1996): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-8744.1996.tb00372.x.

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Rat and human carrier red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared by hypotonic‐dialysis encapsulation. The standard conditions used for encapsulation were 80 mOsm/kg for 60 min. The encapsulation behaviour of rat and human RBCs was studied using radiolabelled carbonic anhydrase and fluorescently labelled dextran. Both markers are incorporated to slightly greater extents by human than by rat RBCs by hypotonic treatment. Cell recovery of rat and human RBCs loaded with either carbonic anhydrase or fluorescent dextran accounted for 49% and 80% respectively. The cellular integrity of the loaded cells was revealed by the presence of fluorescence labelling in rat and human RBCs. Fluorescence studies showed an increase of size dispersion in loaded rat and human RBCs, giving cellular volume variations in both types of cells resulting from the encapsulation procedure. Two loaded cell populations were evident in both species, one with high fluorescence content and another with background staining. Apparently the proportion of high fluorescently labelled loaded cells was higher in the case of the human RBCs. A reduced level of fluorescence labelling was observed in rat and human RBC membranes, which indicates a process of adsorption of dextran to the membranes.

Journal articles on the topic 'Encapsulation de cellules'

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