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Journal articles on the topic 'Enamels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Yatsenko, E. A., N. S. Karandashova, and B. M. Goltsman. "Development of the Technology of Eco-Friendly Single-Layer Vitreous Art Enamels for Copper." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.68.

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The main types of enamel coatings for decorative arts were described. The best type of enamel - «hot» single-layer vitreous enamel - was established. The composition of the initial colorless enamel was designed; its basic properties were set. Wide palette of colored enamels based on the original enamel was developed. The manufacturing technology for the products based on the developed enamels was described.

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2

Kim, Jung-Ho, Oh-Won Kwon, Hyung-Il Kim, and Yong Hoon Kwon. "Acid Resistance of Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser–Treated and Phosphoric Acid–Etched Enamels." Angle Orthodontist 76, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/11405-398.

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Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser ablation and of phosphoric acid etching on the in vitro acid resistance of bovine enamel. Materials and Methods: Teeth were polished to make the surface flat. The polished enamel was either etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds or ablated with a single 33 J/cm2 pulse from an Er:YAG laser. The control specimens were free from acid etching and laser ablation. Changes in crystal structure, dissolved mineral (calcium [Ca] and phosphorus [P]) contents, and calcium distribution in the enamel subsurface after a pH-cycling process were evaluated. Results: After laser treatment, poor crystal structures improved without forming any new phases, such as tricalcium phosphates. Among the tested enamels, dissolved mineral contents were significantly different (P < .05). Er:YAG laser–treated enamels had the lowest mineral dissolution (Ca, 13.78 ppm; P, 6.33 ppm), whereas phosphoric acid–etched enamels had the highest (Ca, 15.90 ppm; P, 7.33 ppm). The reduction rate and reduced depth of calcium content along the subsurface were lowest in Er:YAG laser–treated enamels. Conclusion: The Er:YAG laser–treated enamels are more acid resistant to acid attack than phosphoric acid–etched enamels.

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3

Colomban, Philippe, Burcu Kırmızı, Bing Zhao, Jean-Baptiste Clais, Yong Yang, and Vincent Droguet. "Investigation of the Pigments and Glassy Matrix of Painted Enamelled Qing Dynasty Chinese Porcelains by Noninvasive On-Site Raman Microspectrometry." Heritage 3, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 915–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3030050.

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A selection of 15 Chinese painted enameled porcelains from the 18th century (Qing dynasty) was analyzed on-site by mobile Raman and XRF microspectroscopy. The highly prized artifacts are present in the collections of the Musée du Louvre in Paris and Musée Chinois at Fontainebleau Castle in France. In the painted enamels, pigments such as Naples yellow lead pyrochlore, hematite, manganese oxide and carbon and opacifiers such as lead arsenates were detected. The glassy matrices of the enamels mainly belonged to lead-rich and lead-alkali glass types according to the Raman spectra obtained. The glaze and body phases of the porcelain artifacts were also analyzed. The detection of lead arsenate apatite in some of the blue enamels was significant, indicating the use of arsenic-rich European cobalt ores (smalt) and possibly mixing with Asian cobalt. This characteristic phase has also been identified in French soft-paste porcelains and glass decor and high-quality Limoges enamels from the same period. Based on the shape of the Raman scattering background, the presence of colloidal gold (Au° nanoparticles) was identified in red, orange and pink enamels. Different types of Naples yellow pigments were also detected with Sb-rich, Sn-rich and mixed Sb–Sn–(Zn, Fe?) compositions in the yellow enamels. The results were compared to previous data obtained on Chinese cloisonné and painted enameled metalware and Limoges enamels as well as French enameled watches.

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4

Chen, Li Yun, Yan Yan Wu, Wei Zhong Jiang, Jia Yi Ye, Hui Le Jin, Ai Li Liu, and Xin Nan Mao. "The Effect of Mill Addition of Quartz Glass on Thermal Shock Resistance of Sheet Steel Enamels." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1583.

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Sheet steel enamels with mill addition of quartz glass were manufactured successfully in accordance with the ordinary enamel manufacturing technology. The effect of mill addition of quartz glass on thermal shock resistance and acid resistance of enamels was analyzed through XRD and SEM etc. The results show that the thermal shock of the enamel can be increased greatly by mill addition of quartz glass, and there is the rational range of mill addition of quartz glass in order for the enamel to achieve both the superior acid resistance and the excellent thermal shock.

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5

Rodini, Elizabeth. "Enamels." Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 25, no. 2 (2000): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4113064.

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6

Reis, Signo, Mike Koenigstein, Liang Fan, Genda Chen, Luka Pavić, and Andrea Moguš-Milanković. "The Effects of Silica on the Properties of Vitreous Enamels." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020248.

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Ground coat enamels for low carbon steel that contain silica as a mill addition have been developed to study the changes of their properties. Acid-resistant commercial enamel where silica addition was varied from 0 to 10.0 wt % was used for this investigation. The effects of the addition on the corrosion resistance, thermal properties, electrical properties, and mechanical adherence of the enamel to low carbon steel were studied. The corrosion resistance of the steel enameled coupons was tested using a salt spray (fog) apparatus for time periods reaching 168 h at room temperature. It was found that, although the density was not affected, the adherence decreased with an increase in silica content. As expected, the silica addition decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion, which is directly related to the increasing stress between the glass and steel in accordance with the adherence results. A mill addition of 7.5 wt% of silica to the samples was sufficient to obtain adequate enamel adherence and good corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the addition of silica influenced the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity measurements at room temperature and the conductivity measured in a wide frequency range (1 Hz–1 MHz). The dielectric permittivity measured at 1 MHz showed decrease after the addition of up to 7.5 wt% of silica.

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7

Gavrilovski, Dragica, Nikola Blagojevic, and Milorad Gavrilovski. "Modeling glass-ceramic enamel properties." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 67, no. 2 (2002): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0202135g.

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The results of an investigation of the chemical and thermal characteristics of glass-ceramic enamels, derived from the Li2O-Na2O-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 system obtained by employing the methods of mathematical experiment planning, are presented in this paper. Adequate mathematical models, showing the dependence of the chemical and thermal stability on the chemical composition of enamel systems, after different thermal treatment procedures, were obtained. Based on the testing carried out, it was concluded that in the obtained glass-ceramic enamels the chemical resistance is decreased, but at the same time, the thermal stability is increased, relative to reference coatings.

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8

Muzykantova, M. E., T. V. Lebedeva, and S. I. Galanin. "TWO-COMPONENT COLD CLOISONNE AND CHAMPLEVE ENAMELS: STUDY OF DEFECTS." Technologies & Quality, no. 4 (2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2587-6147-2019-4-46-25-30.

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Types of defects of cold two-component cloisonne and champleve enamels are investigated and systematised. The reasons for the appearance of defects at different stages of enameling jewellery are determined. It is shown that enamel coating defects can occur at any stage of the enamel process. Possible ways to eliminate defects of enamel coating are proposed. Recommendations for the prevention of defects at different stages of cloisonne and champleve enameling are worked out. The most common defects include air bubbles in the enamel and the ingress of foreign contaminants. At initial stages, it is recommended that one observes the technological regulations for metal base and enamel composition preparation. The duration and ease of repair of the defect depends on the detection time of the latter. After the enamel is cured, all defects are irreplaceable.

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9

Sperber, Geoffrey H. "Dental enamel." South African Dental Journal 75, no. 7 (August 31, 2020): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2020/v75no7a6.

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Dental enamel is the sparsest but most enduring component of all the tissues in the human body, yet contrarily contains the most detailed historiography of its development. Accordingly, analysis of enamels' chemistry, histology and pathology can reveal detailed ambient information of both fossilized, long-deceased and its contemporary milieu occurring during amelogenesis. In this respect, dental enamel is the most versatile exponent of its developmental mechanisms and acquisition of its complex form. Dental enamel is the ultimate lexicographer of lives lived.

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10

Goleus, V. I., T. I. Nahorna, R. I. Kyslychna, and S. Yu Naumenko. "Protective and decorative properties of titanium glass enamels." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2020-133-6-33-37.

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It is known that enamel coatings with enhanced protective and decorative properties can be fabricated on the basis of boron-silicate glass frits with an increased content of TiO2 in their composition. Opacity and white color of enamel coatings are due to their crystallization at firing temperatures. Titanium glass enamels are not pure white visually, and show yellow and blue shades depending on their chemical composition. The purpose of this work was to establish the influence of basic components on the water resistance and color characteristics of titanium enamel coatings. Our experimental study was focused on the glass frits with the chemical composition described by the generalized formula (76–n–m)SiO2nB2O3mNa2O24MexOy, where MexOy is the total content of TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO, СaO, P2O5, and K2O. It was found that the glass frits with the following content of basic components (mol.%): Na2O 12–13, K2O 3, B2O3 10–11, SiO2 49–51 demonstrated the highest water-resistant properties. The color characteristics of titanium enamel coatings prepared on the basis of the mentioned glass frits differ significantly from the reference white light A; the titanium enamel coatings under consideration have a yellow-green tint. The highest deviations of the enamel coating color purity and color tone from a standard of white color were observed when increasing the Na2O content in the glass frits composition at the expense of SiO2. The color of titanium coatings with the highest water resistance has a deviation from the standard of white color within 4–6%.

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11

Bondarenko, N., and Z. Pavlenko. "STUDYING THE POSSIBILITY OF USING COLEMANIT TO OBTAIN ENAMELS ON STEEL." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 10 (November 5, 2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-10-57-62.

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The practical use of boron and its compounds is extremely diverse due to its different properties. About 55 % of boron raw materials are consumed by the glass and ceramic industries for the manufacture of optical glasses, heat-insulating glass fibers, acid-resistant and refractory products, enamels, glazes, porcelain, etc. The paper considers the possibility of using colemanite to obtain enamel over steel. The optimal temperature-time regime of firing has been developed to obtain a high-quality coating and achieve the desired effect. It has been established that colemanite can partially replace cover enamel drill. On the basis of the studies carried out, it was found that the obtained experimental enamel is more refractory than the ESP-210 enamel. The optimal firing temperature for the experimental coating was established – 950 ° С, for the ESP-210 coating – 825 ° С. For uniform reflow of the experimental coating, a temperature is required that exceeds the reflow temperature of ESP-210 by 125 ° C. Colemanite-containing batch was cooked. Cooking was carried out in an electric oven at 1300 ° C for 5 hours. For further research, a slip was prepared from the experimental enamel and applied by pouring onto the plates

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12

Lebedeva, Tat’yana V., and Sergey I. Galanin. "DECORATING ENAMEL INSERTS WITH ENAMEL GRANULATION." Technologies & Quality 52, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2587-6147-2021-2-52-62-67.

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The results of an experimental study of the combined enamelling technique are presented – enamel with enamel granulation. Original enamel inserts, decorated with enamel granules of various colours and sizes, were obtained, the use of which expands the possibilities of decorative enamelling. It is shown that different degrees of fusion of the enamel grain on the prepared base gives different artistic effects. Spherical grains, qualitatively adhered to the enamel ground, give a more explicit, spectacular relief; focus on specific elements of the pictorial composition. Melted hemispherical grains give a light texture to the composition, support and complement the enamel painting. Recommendations are given on the formation of granulation, preparation of enamel soil, drawing of details, firing temperatures of enamels to obtain high-quality granulation and colourful artistic composition, as well as other technological and design aspects of the decorating process.

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13

Gnesin, G. G. "Glass, Glaze, and Enamel Over the Millennia. II. Glazes and Enamels." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 54, no. 11-12 (March 2016): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-016-9771-6.

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14

Yatsenko, E. A., A. M. Kondyurin, V. P. Ratkova, and N. M. Tkachenko. "Art enamels for copper." Glass and Ceramics 54, no. 3-4 (March 1997): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803734.

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15

Saad, M., M. Poulain, and M. El Farissi. "Fluoride enamels for aluminium." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 161 (August 1993): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(93)90686-r.

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16

Limeback, H. "Isolation and characterization of pig enamelins." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 2 (April 15, 1987): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430385.

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Enamel proteins were extracted from pig developing enamel by sequential extraction procedures. Two proteins identified as enamelins by slab-gel electrophoresis (Mr 67,000 and 63,000) were separated from amelogenins by gel sieving and ion-exchange chromatography. Their enamelin characteristic was confirmed by hydroxyapatite-binding studies and amino acid analysis. Degradation of extracted enamel proteins was also studied in vitro. The larger of the two enamelins appeared to be resistant to degradation by endogenous enamel proteinases. Hydroxyapatite showed strong binding with the enamelins, but did not prevent the degradation of the Mr-63,000 enamelin. These results indicate that at least one high-Mr enamelin in pig developing enamel is a source of enamelin breakdown products.

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17

Sherhod, C., and M. J. Stowell. "Dual phase vitreous enamels Part 2 Adhesion of vitreous enamels on steel." Materials Science and Technology 5, no. 10 (October 1989): 1044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1989.5.10.1044.

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18

Tri, Nguyen Van. "Aperiodic crystal structure and conductivity of dental enamels and special porcelain enamel." Ferroelectrics 250, no. 1 (February 2001): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190108225107.

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19

Fiume, Monice M., Wilma F. Bergfeld, Donald V. Belsito, Ronald A. Hill, Curtis D. Klaassen, Daniel C. Liebler, James G. Marks, et al. "Safety Assessment of Nitrocellulose and Collodion as Used in Cosmetics." International Journal of Toxicology 35, no. 1_suppl (July 2016): 50S—59S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581816651607.

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The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) assessed the safety of nitrocellulose and collodion as used in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetic formulations. Both ingredients are used almost exclusively in nail product formulations. The maximum concentration of use of nitrocellulose in nail polish and enamels is 22%; for collodion, the maximum reported concentration of use in nail polish and enamel is 14%. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety.

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20

OZAKI, Hiroshi. "Adherence mechanism of porcelain enamels." Journal of the Metal Finishing Society of Japan 37, no. 9 (1986): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj1950.37.520.

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21

Pollock, Michael. "Beyond high-solids baking enamels." Metal Finishing 95, no. 7 (July 1997): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(97)87972-x.

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22

Berrie, Barbara, Shelley Sturman, and Mervin Richard. "SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EXHIBITING ENAMELS." Studies in Conservation 39, sup1 (September 1994): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1994.003.

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23

Winkeler, M. "Magnet wire enamels-which one?" IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 7, no. 4 (July 1991): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/57.87662.

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24

Ivanov, I. V., and A. F. Vykhovanets. "Acid-resistant ground-free enamels." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 7 (July 1987): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00703423.

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25

Hellmold, P., H. Sass, G. Schulz, and U. Stuchlik. "Some optical properties of enamels." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 129, no. 1-3 (March 1991): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(91)90087-m.

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26

Tsareva, E. V., and Yu A. Spiridonov. "Decorative enamels on precious metals." Glass and Ceramics 68, no. 9-10 (January 2012): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-012-9377-5.

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27

Parshin, N. D. "Manipulator for applying powder enamels." Glass and Ceramics 49, no. 2 (February 1992): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00676545.

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28

Zhitomirskii, I. D., V. M. Koval', and N. G. Taran. "Dielectric permeability of silicate enamels." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 2 (February 1988): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01153101.

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29

Min’ko, N. I., T. A. Matveeva, and Z. V. Pavlenko. "Undercoat enamels using metallurgical slag." Glass and Ceramics 56, no. 11-12 (November 1999): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681353.

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30

Nisbet, W. J., G. W. Lorimer, C. Sherhod, and M. J. Stowell. "Dual phase vitreous enamels Part 3 Transmission electron microscopy of enamel/ substrate interface." Materials Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (February 1990): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1990.6.2.182.

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31

Ulaeto, Sarah B., Jerin K. Pancrecious, and T. P. D. Rajan. "Anticorrosive Enamels: Evaluation of Nanocomposite Additives on Enamel Efficiency on Cold Rolled Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 30, no. 6 (June 2021): 4103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05881-3.

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32

Kuznetsova, V. A., G. G. Shapovalov, S. A. Marchenko, N. A. Kovrizhkina, and A. A. Silaeva. "PAINT COATINGS ON THE BASIS OF EPOXY AND ACRYLIC DIPHASIC POLYMERIC SYSTEM FOR COLORING OF ELEMENTS OF CABIN OF PILOTS AND DASHBOARDS." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 12 (2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-12-87-95.

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Influence of the maintenance of filler on adhesion, physicomechanical properties, and also shine of the coverings received on the basis of epoxy and acrylic of film-forming, cured by organic silicon ammine and low-molecular polyamide in initial condition and after artificial aging on the cycle LI-14 (-60+100) is investigated by °С. Hardness and scratch resistance of systems of coverings on the basis of the developed opaque enamels which in comparison with serial system on the basis of first coat AK-070 and opaque HS-5245 enamel have shown the best results is investigated.

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33

Erayvaz, Ahmet Murat, and Emek Moroydor Derun. "Influence of lithium amount on vitreous enamel properties." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021028.

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Lithium is the lightest of all metals and the third element in the periodic table. Recent years, lithium salts have become an important input for the energy industry. Lithium carbonate and hydroxides are the basic building blocks of Li-ion battery production. The usage areas of lithium compounds are not limited to only energy; they are also utilized in heavy-duty machines, in the aluminum industry, in nuclear power plants and for glass, ceramics, frit, and coatings in industrial sectors. Lithium has also been found to be very useful in the development of harder, smoother, and more resistant low-temperature glasses, glazes, and enamels. It is also used in very-low-melting-point vitreous compositions like aluminum enamels, colors, fluxes, and glass-seals. The use of lithium also helps in the development of low-expansion bodies, glazes, and glasses. In this study, it is intended to explore the adherence forces in the steel sheet application of different amounts of lithium in enamel frit composition and to examine surface characteristics such as ease of cleaning, gloss, and color. For chemical characterization, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and color measurements were done with a Minolta CM-700d spectrometer device. Bond adherence tests were performed in accordance with the TS EN 10209 standard.

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34

Krasinskyi, Volodymyr, Emil Spišák, Ivan Gajdoš, and Tomasz Garbacz. "Heat-Resistant Coatings on the Basis of Phenol-Formaldehyde Compositions." Materials Science Forum 818 (May 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.818.105.

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The determination of the effect of composition formula and hardening conditions on technological characteristics of developed thermostable enamels on the basis of phenol-formaldehyde resins modified by epoxy resin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was the task of this work. The mechanism of resins modification and hardening has been determined. The developed modified composition is characterized by high index of thixotropy in contrast to phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) containing urotropine. It was determined that novolac phenol-formaldehyde resin modification by PVP and ED-20 results in a significant improvement of thixotropic characteristics and enamel technological effectiveness and in physico-mechanical properties and thermostability improvement as well.

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35

Tichell, M. T., J. Bakali, A. Pascual, L. Sánchez-Muñoz, I. Nebot -Díaz, and J. B. Carda. "Esmaltes especiales para soportes de gres porcelánico." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2000): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2000.v39.i1.873.

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36

Mukai, Tadashi, Masaru Kusatani, Shigeaki Nomura, and Kazuo Taniguchi. "Microscopic Discrimination of Nacreous Nail Enamels." Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (2003): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jafst.7.139.

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37

Biron, Isabelle, and S. bastien Beauchoux. "Ion beam analysis of Mosan enamels." Measurement Science and Technology 14, no. 9 (July 29, 2003): 1564–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/308.

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38

Eppler, Richard A. "Putting Colour into Glazes and Enamels." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 62, no. 4 (October 2003): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2003.11012107.

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39

Beltrán, Martí, Nadine Schibille, Fiona Brock, Bernard Gratuze, Oriol Vallcorba, and Trinitat Pradell. "Modernist enamels: Composition, microstructure and stability." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 4 (April 2020): 1753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.11.038.

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40

Lazutkina, O. R., N. B. Mullagalieva, and A. K. Kazak. "Service Parameters of Enamels for Pipes." Glass and Ceramics 62, no. 7-8 (July 2005): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-005-0078-1.

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41

Gerasimovich, L. S., S. P. Ignatenko, V. A. Tukalenko, and I. I. Solodkov. "Electrophysical properties of industrial glass enamels." Glass and Ceramics 46, no. 4 (April 1989): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00676460.

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42

Fernández-Pradas, J. M., J. W. Restrepo, M. A. Gómez, P. Serra, and J. L. Morenza. "Laser printing of enamels on tiles." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 19 (July 2007): 7733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.129.

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43

Tavgen’, V. V. "Glass ceramic enamels with increased conductivity." Glass and Ceramics 57, no. 5-6 (May 2000): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681272.

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44

Semin, M. A., and N. Yu Khmel’nova. "Insulating enamels with improved dielectric properties." Glass and Ceramics 56, no. 3-4 (March 1999): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681369.

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45

Oleinik, M. I., V. Ya Bednosheya, A. S. Ostrovchuk, E. K. Meninnik, and N. M. Oleinik. "Abrasive wear resistance of industrial enamels." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 2 (February 1987): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00701105.

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46

Koenigswald, Wighart von. "Lagomorpha versus Rodentia: the number of layers in incisor enamels." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1995, no. 10 (November 17, 1995): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1995/1995/605.

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47

Kaneko, Katsuyuki, Ryota Yamasaki, Toshihito Yabu, Yoshikazu Soyama, Yoshimaru Kumano, Isamu Kaneda, and Toshio Yanaki. "The Development of Quick Drying Nail Enamels." Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan 35, no. 1 (2001): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5107/sccj.35.8.

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SHIMIZU, Tadao, Zhaohua JIANG, Masahiro SHIRASAKI, Tatsuya KOZUKA, and Takashi KAWASHIMA. "Interface Physical Chemistry of Enamels (Part 1)." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 106, no. 1230 (1998): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.106.144.

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SHIRASAKI, Masahiro, Tadao SHIMIZU, and Zhaohua JIANG. "Interface Physical Chemistry of Enamels (Part 2)." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 106, no. 1234 (1998): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.106.570.

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50

Yatsenko, E. A., V. N. Selivanov, and M. S. Shchepeleeva. "Efficiency of Depositing Glass Enamels by Electrophoresis." Glass and Ceramics 61, no. 9/10 (September 2004): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:glac.0000048710.88816.65.

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