Journal articles on the topic 'Emus Australia'
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Vlachos, Alexandra. "Fortress Farming in Western Australia? The Problematic History of Separating Native Wildlife from Agricultural Land through the State Barrier Fence." Global Environment 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 368–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130206.
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The Western Australia (WA) State Barrier Fence stretches 2,023 miles (3,256 kilometres) and divides Australia's largest state. The original 'Rabbit Proof Fence' fence was built from 1901–1907 to stop the westbound expansion of rabbits into the existing and potential agricultural zone of Western Australia. Starting as a seemingly straightforward, albeit costly, solution to protect what was considered a productive landscape, the fence failed to keep out the rabbits. It was subsequently amended, upgraded, re-named and used to serve different purposes: as Vermin Fence and State Barrier Fence (unofficially also Emu Fence or Dog Fence) the fence was designed to exclude native Australian animals such as emus, kangaroos and dingoes. In the Australian 'boom and bust' environment, characterised by extreme temperatures and unpredictable rainfall, interrupting species movement has severe negative impacts on biodiversity – an issue aggravated by the fact that Australia leads in global extinction rates (Woinarski, Burbidge and Harrison, 2015). The twentieth century history of the fence demonstrates the agrarian settlers' struggle with the novelty and otherness of Western Australia's ecological conditions – and severe lack of knowledge thereof. While the strenuous construction, expensive maintenance and doubtful performance of the fence provided useful and early environmental lessons, they seem largely forgotten in contemporary Australia. The WA government recently commenced a controversial $11 million project to extend the State Barrier Fence for another 660 kilometres to reach the Esperance coast, targeting dingoes, emus and kangaroos – once again jeopardising habitat connectivity. This paper examines the environmental history, purposes and impacts of the State Barrier fence, critically discusses the problems associated with European farming and pastoralism in WA, and touches on alternative land-use perspectives and futures.
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Twigg, LE, DR King, HM Davis, DA Saunders, and RJ Mead. "Tolerance to, and Metabolism of, Fluoroacetate in the Emu." Wildlife Research 15, no. 3 (1988): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880239.
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Compared with most other birds, the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae Vieillot, has unusually high tolerance to fluoroacetate (1080). The LD*5O for emus with evolutionary exposure to fluoroacetatebearing vegetation in the south-west of Western Australia was 102 mg of 1080 per kilogram. This tolerance appears to result from: the substantial capacity of emus to detoxify fluoroacetate by defluorination; the limited conversion of fluoroacetate into fluorocitrate by emus; and/or their possession of an aconitate hydratase which is relatively insensitive to fluorocitrate.
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Fishburn, Matthew. "Dwarf emus from Baudin's voyage (1800–1804): an overlooked engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830)." Archives of Natural History 49, no. 2 (October 2022): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2022.0791.
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The French voyage of exploration to New Holland (Australia) between 1800 and 1804, commanded by Nicolas Baudin (1754–1803), made substantial natural history collections, notably capturing dwarf emus from the two distinct populations on King Island (Île King) in Bass Strait (December 1802) and Kangaroo Island (Île Decrès) (January 1803). Two of these emus survived their voyage to France, were housed briefly at the Empress Josephine's menagerie at Malmaison, and then the zoological park of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Both died in 1822. With the wild populations on both islands exterminated soon after Baudin's visit, two watercolours, one by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) and one by Léon de Wailly ( fl. 1801–1824), have been central to the history of the dwarf emus. However, an important contemporary engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830) depicting the two surviving emus in captivity has been overlooked. This essay explores the history of the images of the now extinct dwarf emus, as well as the production and significance of Huet's engraving.
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Bisset, Andrew T., and Gerard F. Hoyne. "An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081639.
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In 2020, several geographically isolated farms in Victoria, Australia, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H7N7 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses H5N2 and H7N6. Effective containment and control measures ensured the eradication of these viruses but the event culminated in substantial loss of livestock and significant economic impact. The avian HPAI H7N7 virus generally does not infect humans; however, evidence shows the ocular pathway presents a favourable tissue tropism for human infection. Through antigenic drift, mutations in the H7N7 viral genome may increase virulence and pathogenicity in humans. The Victorian outbreak also detected LPAI H7N6 in emus at a commercial farm. Novel influenza A viruses can emerge by mixing different viral strains in a host susceptible to avian and human influenza strains. Studies show that emus are susceptible to infections from a wide range of influenza viral subtypes, including H5N1 and the pandemic H1N1. The emu’s internal organs and tissues express abundant cell surface sialic acid receptors that favour the attachment of avian and human influenza viruses, increasing the potential for internal genetic reassortment and the emergence of novel influenza A viruses. This review summarises the historical context of H7N7 in Australia, considers the potential for increased virulence and pathogenesis through mutations and draws attention to the emu as potentially an unrecognised viral mixing vessel.
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Gallo, S. S. M., C. S. Teixeira, N. B. Ederli, and F. C. R. Oliveira. "Gastrointestinal parasites of a population of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 1 (February 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.189922.
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Abstract Emus are large flightless birds in the ratite group and are native to Australia. Since the mid-1980s, there has been increased interest in the captive breeding of emus for the production of leather, meat and oil. The aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal parasites in the feces of emus Dromaius novaehollandiae from a South American scientific breeding. Fecal samples collected from 13 birds were examined by direct smears, both with and without centrifugation, as well as by the fecal flotation technique using Sheather’s sugar solution. Trophozoites, cysts and oocysts of protozoa and nematode eggs were morphologically and morphometrically evaluated. Molecular analysis using PCR assays with specific primers for the genera Entamoeba, Giardia and Cryptosporidium were performed. Trophozoites and cysts of Entamoeba spp. and Giardia spp., oocysts of Eimeria spp. and Isospora dromaii, as well as eggs belonging to the Ascaridida order were found in the feces. Three animals were diagnosed with Giardia spp., and three were positive for Entamoeba spp. based on PCR techniques. After analyzing the data, we concluded that emus were infected enzootically by nematode and protozoan species.
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Hume, Julian P., and Christian Robertson. "Eggs of extinct dwarf island emus retained large size." Biology Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2021): 20210012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0012.
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Islands off southern Australia once harboured three subspecies of the mainland emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ), the smaller Tasmanian emu ( D. n. diemenensis ) and two dwarf emus, King Island emu ( D. n. minor ) and Kangaroo Island emu ( D. n. baudinianus ), which all became extinct rapidly after discovery by human settlers. Little was recorded about their life histories and only a few historical museum specimens exist, including a number of complete eggs from Tasmania and a unique egg from Kangaroo Island. Here, we present a detailed analysis of eggs of dwarf emus, including the first record of an almost complete specimen from King Island. Our results show that despite the reduction in size of all island emus, especially the King Island emu that averaged 44% smaller than mainland birds, the egg remained similar sized in linear measurements, but less in volume and mass, and seemingly had a slightly thinner eggshell. We provide possible reasons why these phenomena occurred.
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Davies, S. J. J. F., and T. A. Knight. "Variability in the drinking behaviour of individual emus Dromaius novaehollandiae." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 5 (2016): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16059.
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The drinking behaviour of four captive emus Dromaius novaehollandiae Latham 1790 was examined at the CSIRO Laboratory, Helena Valley, Western Australia. Considerable individual variation was found in the amount of water each emu drank daily, but for each bird the amount drunk was positively correlated with daily ambient maximum temperature. There was also considerable variation between individual birds in the number of sips of water taken daily, in the mean size of each sip and in the distribution of the size of sips taken in each drinking bout. Variability in drinking behaviour has been reported in other species of bird when their water influx has been calculated using double-labelled water. The availability of water to emus varies greatly in both time and space. More thirsty emus may do well when water is plentiful, whereas more abstemious ones may be favoured when water is scarce. Hence, variability in drinking behaviour would be maintained in populations.
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Johansen, Cheryl A., John S. Mackenzie, David W. Smith, and Michael D. A. Lindsay. "Prevalence of neutralising antibodies to Barmah Forest, Sindbis and Trubanaman viruses in animals and humans in the south-west of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 1 (2005): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03042.
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A study was undertaken in the south-west of Western Australia to investigate potential vertebrate hosts of Barmah Forest virus (BFV), Sindbis virus (SINV) and Trubanaman virus (TRUV) following isolation of these viruses from mosquitoes collected during routine surveillance for arboviruses. Over 3000 animal and human sera collected between 1979 and 1995 were tested for the presence of neutralising antibodies to each of the viruses. The overall prevalence of antibodies to BFV, SINV and TRUV was 0.4%, 0.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Antibodies to BFV were detected only in quokkas (3.2%), horses (1.2%) and humans (0.9%). No definitive evidence of infection with BFV was detected in samples collected prior to 1992, supporting previous suggestions that BFV was introduced into the region after this time. Antibodies to SINV were detected in western native cats (16.7%), emus (4.5%), rabbits (0.8%) and horses (0.7%), and evidence of TRUV infection was most common in western grey kangaroos (21.1%), feral pigs (3.6%), rabbits (2.4%), foxes (2.3%), quokkas (1.6%) and horses (1.6%).
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Webster, John, Bethany Bowring, Leah Stroud, Ian Marsh, Narelle Sales, and Daniel Bogema. "Population Structure and Genomic Characteristics of Australian Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Reveals Unobserved Diversity in the Australian Pig Industry." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020297.
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of erysipelas in a variety of animals, including swine, emus, turkeys, muskox, caribou, moose, and humans. This study aims to investigate the population structure and genomic features of Australian isolates of E. rhusiopathiae in the Australian pig industry and compare them to the broader scope of isolates worldwide. A total of 178 isolates (154 Australian, seven vaccine isolates, six international isolates, and 11 of unknown origin) in this study were screened against an MLST scheme and publicly available reference isolates, identifying 59 new alleles, with isolates separating into two main single locus variant groups. Investigation with BLASTn revealed the presence of the spaA gene in 171 (96%) of the isolates, with three main groups of SpaA protein sequences observed amongst the isolates. Novel SpaA protein sequences, categorised here as group 3 sequences, consisted of two sequence types forming separate clades to groups 1 and 2, with amino acid variants at positions 195 (D/A), 303 (G/E) and 323(P/L). In addition to the newly identified groups, five new variant positions were identified, 124 (S/N), 307 (Q/R), 323 (P/L), 379 (M/I), and 400 (V/I). Resistance screening identified genes related to lincomycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline resistance. Of the 29 isolates carrying these resistance genes, 82% belonged to SpaA group 2-N101S (n = 22) or 2-N101S-I257L (n = 2). In addition, 79% (n = 23) of these 29 isolates belonged to MLST group ST 5. Our results illustrate that Australia appears to have a unique diversity of E. rhusiopathiae isolates in pig production industries within the wider global context of isolates.
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Dunstan, Heath, Singarayer K. Florentine, Maria Calviño-Cancela, Martin E. Westbrooke, and Grant C. Palmer. "Dietary characteristics of Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in semi-arid New South Wales, Australia, and dispersal and germination of ingested seeds." Emu - Austral Ornithology 113, no. 2 (June 2013): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu12061.
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Newsome, A. E., P. C. Catling, B. D. Cooke, and R. Smyth. "Two ecological universes separated by the Dingo Barrier Fence in semi-arid Australia: interactions between landscapes, herbivory and carnivory, with and without dingoes." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 1 (2001): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01015.
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This paper challenges conclusions of Caughley et al. (1980) that the abundance of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) in western New South Wales is solely due to lack of dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), and vice versa for neighbouring South Australia. A Dingo Barrier Fence divides the two different ecological systems, which have sheep in New South Wales and cattle in South Australia. This paper re-examines in particular whether there is an environmental gradient across the Fence that was dismissed by Caughley et al. This paper concludes to the contrary, that there is a strong environmental gradient. Our aerial surveys demonstrate significantly that habitats favouring red kangaroos are prevalent in New South Wales today, but are very scarce or absent in South Australian landscapes. Aerial surveys were used in both studies, but designs differed. Caughley et al. flew at right angles across the Fence on paths 28 km apart. Flights would have crossed the south-westerly streamlines rarely. Our flight lanes followed streamlines looking for floodouts, the favourite habitat of red kangaroos. Return lanes went between streamlines sampling other habitats. Counts of red kangaroos seen were made every 1.75 km, with the specific habitat also identified. Three extra factors are invoked in our study. One is that the low annual rainfalls translate into intrinsically low survival rates of pouch-young of red kangaroos, contrary to their abundance in New South Wales today. The other two are related to that current abundance also. There is now evidence for greatly increased run-off of rainfall from catchments onto the open plains in New South Wales. Also present is a very large shallow basin lying between catchments and the Dingo Barrier Fence. Streamlines enter it but none flow past its western rim. The above conclusions were confirmed during subsequent ground surveys over three years. Of eleven species of medium and large vertebrates seen in New South Wales, five were absent in South Australia. Three were kangaroos, and the others were feral pigs and goats. Emus are more abundant in New South Wales also. All of those species would be targets for dingoes, especially as alternate prey to rabbits that generate huge eruptions every decade or so. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were in lower abundance in South Australia with dingoes present, as expected with meso-predator interactions. Feral cats (Felis catus) were in similar numbers on both sides of the Fence for unknown reasons. Competition between rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and sheep for food in New South Wales was shown to significantly reduce rabbit numbers in drought. That rabbits are perennially in lower densities there than in South Australia may be due to the higher densities of foxes than in South Australia. Historically, red kangaroos were rare in the region in the mid-1800s. Their abundance has arisen since European occupation. Thc species was rare on those open plains, and permanent water was scarce. Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease reached the study-area in 1995. Its impact reduced rabbit populations to a rarity that prevails today on both sides of the Dingo Fence. Predation from dingoes, foxes and feral cats may assist continuance of low numbers of rabbits. Pastures, seedling trees and livestock will benefit, as will the kangaroos.
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Masters, D. G., G. J. Judson, C. L. White, J. Lee, and N. D. Grace. "Current issues in trace element nutrition of grazing livestock in Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99035.
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Improving trace element nutrition of grazing animals, in a way that is cost effective and that meets consumer perceptions and preferences, is a continuing challenge. This review focuses on research over the past 10 years, addressing issues and perspectives on the roles, risks of inadequacy, and supplementary remedies of key trace elements, both essential and deleterious, which have an impact on the productivity and product quality of grazing livestock throughout Australia and New Zealand. The emphasis is on copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and, to a lesser extent, zinc (Zn) — the trace elements most frequently found to be deficient in parts of Australia and New Zealand. Research continues to elucidate new roles for trace elements in the animal, and as this leads to a better understanding of requirements, diagnostic criteria and supplementation strategies need re-evaluation. Newer perspectives on marginal deficiency for Cu, I, Se, and Zn are given and issues for risk management discussed. Advances in sustained delivery of trace elements such as Co (as vitamin B12), I, and Se are reported. The diagnosis and management of marginal Cu deficiency continue to be difficult, especially in New Zealand where recent work has shown that dietary antagonists [iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and sulfur (S)] may impair Cu absorption at lower intakes than previously thought. There is still a dearth of scientific data on the advantages of using so-called organic trace element supplements (metals complexed or chelated with amino acids or peptides). Nevertheless their usage continues to increase. There is increasing evidence that trace elements influence the pathophysiology arising from the ingestion of toxins. This review summarises recent work on the role of Co in annual ryegrass toxicity; Cu, Se, and Zn in lupinosis; Cu and alkaloid toxicity; Zn and facial eczema; and Co and white liver disease. Trace elements are required to support immune function (e.g. as imposed parasite infection) and marginal deficiencies may be exacerbated by an immunological challenge. The roles of Cu, Co, Mo, Se, and, to a lesser extent, chromium and Zn have attracted attention and under conditions of stress there may be an additional need for these elements. Diversification in farming has led to the introduction of species such as deer (Cervus), alpacas (Camilids), emus, and ostriches (Ratites) and the paucity of information on trace element requirements for these species, and also for horses, indicates the need for further work. The effect of supplementation on trace element composition of meat, milk, and wool is also reviewed, both in terms of product characteristics and human health. Of the deleterious elements, cadmium has attracted the most interest and concern because of its introduction into the pastoral system from phosphate-based fertilisers.
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Thomson, Vicki A., Kieren J. Mitchell, Rolan Eberhard, Joe Dortch, Jeremy J. Austin, and Alan Cooper. "Genetic diversity and drivers of dwarfism in extinct island emu populations." Biology Letters 14, no. 4 (April 2018): 20170617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0617.
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Australia's iconic emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae ) is the only living representative of its genus, but fossil evidence and reports from early European explorers suggest that three island forms (at least two of which were dwarfs) became extinct during the nineteenth century. While one of these—the King Island emu—has been found to be conspecific with Australian mainland emus, little is known about how the other two forms—Kangaroo Island and Tasmanian emus—relate to the others, or even the size of Tasmanian emus. We present a comprehensive genetic and morphological analysis of Dromaius diversity, including data from one of the few definitively genuine Tasmanian emu specimens known. Our genetic analyses suggest that all the island populations represent sub-populations of mainland D . novaehollandiae . Further, the size of island emus and those on the mainland appears to scale linearly with island size but not time since isolation, suggesting that island size—and presumably concomitant limitations on resource availability—may be a more important driver of dwarfism in island emus, though its precise contribution to emu dwarfism remains to be confirmed.
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Coventry, Charles, Lynette Dominquez, David Read, Miguel Trelles, Rebecca Ivers, and Andrew Holland. "Training Australian General Surgeons for Humanitarian Emergencies: A Comparison Between Trainee Logbooks and Emergency Medical Team Caseloads." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000268.
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Introduction:Emergency medical teams (EMTs) have helped to provide surgical care in many recent sudden onset disasters (SODs), especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). General surgical training in Australia has undergone considerable change in recent years, and it is not known whether the new generation of general surgeons is equipped with the broad surgical skills needed to operate as part of EMTs.Aim:To analyze the differences between the procedures performed by contemporary Australian general surgeons during training and the procedures performed by EMTs responding to SODs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).Methods:General surgical trainee logbooks between February 2008 and January 2017 were obtained from General Surgeons Australia. Operating theatre logs from EMTs working during the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, 2014 typhoon in the Philippines, and 2015 earthquake in Nepal were also obtained. These caseloads were collated and compared.Results:A total of 1,396,383 procedures were performed by Australian general surgical trainees in the study period. The most common procedure categories were abdominal wall hernia procedures (12.7%), cholecystectomy (11.7%), and specialist colorectal procedures (11.5%). Of note, Caesarean sections, hysterectomy, fracture repair, specialist neurosurgical, and specialist pediatric surgical procedures all made up <1% of procedures each. There were a total of 3,542 procedures recorded in the EMT case logs. The most common procedures were wound debridement (31.5%), other trauma (13.3%), and Caesarean section (12.5%). Specialist colorectal, hepato-pancreaticobiliary, upper gastrointestinal, urological, vascular, neurosurgical, and pediatric surgical procedures all made up <1% each.Discussion:Australian general surgical trainees get limited exposure to the obstetric, gynecological, and orthopedic procedures that are common during EMT responses to SODs. However, there is considerable exposure to the soft tissue wound management and abdominal procedures.
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URQUHART, ANDREW S., PAULINE M. L. COULON, and ALEXANDER IDNURM. "Pilaira australis sp. nov. (Mucorales, Mucoromycota) isolated from emu faeces in Australia." Phytotaxa 329, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.3.9.
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Pilaira australis, a new species of fungus in the coprophilous genus Pilaira, was isolated from emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) faeces and is described. Morphologically, the species resembles other species in the genus, particularly P. moreaui, except differs in its unique combination of sporangiophore height and sporangiospore length. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that P. australis is distinct from other species in the genus with two regions, the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and a fragment of the pyrG gene, showing 91% and 90% identity to the nearest species, respectively. Ultrastructure features and carbon utilisation were determined for P. australis, and may provide characteristics for species identification in this genus.
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Jass Key, Tan, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, and Tengku Noor Azira Tengku Zainudin. "Analisis Perundangan Penjagaan Warga Emas di United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun." JURNAL UNDANG-UNDANG DAN MASYARAKAT 31 (December 23, 2022): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/juum-2022-31-07.
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Sistem penjagaan moden secara umum bersumberkan common law. Sistem penjagaan ini mengutamakan doktrin parens patriae yang bererti bahawa pihak mahkamah dibenarkan untuk campur tangan dalam menjaga kepentingan golongan-golongan yang tidak mampu menjaga diri sendiri, seperti kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa yang kurang upaya melalui pelantikan penjaga. Walaupun Malaysia masih tidak mempunyai undang-undang yang khusus untuk penjagaan warga emas, pelbagai perkembangan dan kemajuan undang-undang berhubungan dengan penjagaan warga emas telah berlaku di negara-negara lain. Sejajar dengan itu, penulisan ini akan menganalisis kerangka perundangan tentang penjagaan warga emas di tiga buah negara terpilih, iaitu United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun. Ketiga-tiga negara ini telah dipilih atas alasan bahawa mereka mempunyai sejarah yang lama dan sistem penjagaan warga emas yang mantap pada masa ini. Bukan itu sahaja, pembaharuan undang-undang sering dilakukan untuk memberikan jaminan yang lebih baik kepada golongan ini. Bagi mencapai objektif yang digariskan, penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif bersifat analisis kandungan. Penulisan ini mendapati bahawa walaupun undang-undang penjagaan di United Kingdom, Australia dan Jepun tidak ditujukan secara khusus kepada golongan warga emas, namun mekanisme undang-undang yang wujud di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut telah memberikan manfaat kepada golongan warga emas. Golongan warga emas yang tidak mempunyai keupayaan mental dalam menguruskan diri sendiri dan harta dikawal selia oleh undang-undang yang boleh dianggap menyeluruh dan mantap di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut. Hal ini terbukti menerusi statistik pemakaian sistem penjagaan orang dewasa yang digunakan kepada golongan warga emas. Golongan warga emas termasuk dalam kategori orang dewasa yang kekurangan upaya dan merekalah golongan yang terbesar di bawah undang-undang penjagaan sebegini. Oleh itu, penulisan ini mencadangkan agar Malaysia dapat mengambil usaha untuk mengintegrasikan pendekatan yang digunakan di ketiga-tiga bidang kuasa tersebut bagi mewujudkan mekanisme undang-undang yang menyeluruh dalam aspek penjagaan warga emas di Malaysia.
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Coddington, CL, and A. Cockburn. "The Mating System of Free-Living Emus." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 4 (1995): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950365.
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Despite their pivotal role in interpretation of the complex mating systems of the ratites, the mating system of free-living emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) has not been characterised. Here we report observations on an introduced but free-ranging population of emus at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve in the Australian Capital Territory. Emus combined monogamy, polyandry and promiscuity. All initially unpaired males paired with and incubated a clutch for females whose primary mates were preoccupied with incubation. However, females were also promiscuous, and most copulations we observed were extra-pair. Females fight vigorously among themselves for access to unpaired males. Coupled with observations on cassowaries, these data suggest that there is no simple correlation between habitat (grassland/forest) and the mating system in ratites. Instead, the resolution of the complex conflicts of interest between the sexes appears to determine the predominant mating systems exhibited by a species.
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Gill, Amanda, David Read, Jodie Williams, and Annette Holian. "Transformative Surgical Team Training." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19003960.
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Introduction:Sudden onset disasters exceed the capabilities of local health services. Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs), including the Australian Medical Assistance Team (AUSMAT), are a vital element of the Australian Governments capacity to respond to regional and international sudden-onset disasters. AUSMAT has the capacity to deploy an EMT Type 2 surgical field hospital and has been successfully verified by the World Health Organisation (WHO). All AUSMAT members must complete AUSMAT Team Member training. The National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre, Darwin, Australia is responsible for all AUSMAT training.Aim:To educate and train the Surgical Team (perioperative nurses, surgeons, and anesthetists) in preparation for AUSMAT deployments in the austere environment.Methods:Prior to 2015, the surgical AUSMAT training was conducted via two courses: one for perioperative nurses and a separate course for surgeons and anesthetists. In 2015, the course was redesigned with the aim of collaborative training with all the Surgical Team Members. The new Surgical Team Course (STC) engages all three professions to learn alongside each other and discuss potential difficulties in techniques, the daily running of the operating room, and ethical discussions.Results:Since the rejuvenation of the STC, 15 surgeons, 17 anesthetists, and 18 perioperative nurses have completed the course. The attendees are familiarized with operational and clinical guidelines, the surgical field hospital, and operating room equipment including CSSD. A pivotal component of the course focuses on the essentials of medical records and Minimum Data Set reporting for EMTs as defined by WHO.Discussion:Since 2015, the NCCTRC has successfully run two courses. The revised collaborative model for AUSMAT STC has enhanced the quality of the program and subsequent learning experiences for participants.
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S., Trevithick, Flabouris A., Tall G., and Webber C.F. "International EMS Systems: New South Wales, Australia." Resuscitation 59, no. 2 (November 2003): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(03)00343-5.
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Paterson, John R., Diego C. García-Bellido, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "New artiopodan arthropods from the early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte of South Australia." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 2 (March 2012): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-077.1.
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The Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is the source of two new non-biomineralized artiopodan arthropods. Squamacula buckorum n. sp. is the first record outside of China of a genus otherwise known only from its type species, S. clypeata, from the Chengjiang biota. The Australian species displays the long cephalic doublure and spiniform exopod setae that are apomorphic for this genus, provides new information on the alimentary tract and midgut glands (the latter preserved as three-dimensional, permineralized structures), and indicates interspecific variability in trunk segment numbers. The distribution of Squamacula strengthens the biogeographic connections between early Cambrian “Burgess Shale-type” biotas of Australia and South China. Australimicola spriggi n. gen. n. sp. represents a monotypic genus resolved in a cladistic analysis of Cambro-Ordovician artiopodans as most closely related to or within Conciliterga (a clade containing Helmetia, Kuamaia, Kwanyinaspis, Rhombicalvaria, Saperion, Skioldia, and Tegopelte). Compared with other members of this clade from Chengjiang and the Burgess Shale, the new genus is diagnosed by an elongate trunk with 23 thoracic tergites having spatulate pleural tips and a small pygidium possessing a single, elongate pair of pleural spines, with specimens also showing a hypostome attached to an anterior (or prehypostomal) sclerite, antennae, short endopods, an annulated alimentary tract, and a series of three-dimensional, permineralized midgut glands. An alternative relationship between Australimicola and the Early Ordovician–Early Devonian Cheloniellida explains the shared anterior flexure of trunk pleurae but forces dubious homologies in other characters, such as dorsally-articulated furcae versus spines.
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Vaghasiya, Milan R., Simon K. Poon, Naren Gunja, and Jonathan Penm. "The Impact of Electronic Medication Management Systems on Medication Deviations on Admission and Discharge from Hospital." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031879.
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Medication errors at transition of care remain a concerning issue. In recent times, the use of integrated electronic medication management systems (EMMS) has caused a reduction in medication errors, but its effectiveness in reducing medication deviations at transition of care has not been studied in hospital-wide settings in Australia. The aim of this study is to assess medication deviations, such as omissions and mismatches, pre-EMMS and post-EMMS implementation at transition of care across a hospital. In this study, patient records were reviewed retrospectively to identify medication deviations (medication omissions and medication mismatches) at admission and discharge from hospital. A total of 400 patient records were reviewed (200 patients in the pre-EMMS and 200 patients in the post-EMMS group). Out of 400 patients, 112 in the pre-EMMS group and 134 patients in post-EMMS group met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. A total of 105 out of 246 patients (42.7%) had any medication deviations on their medications. In the pre-EMMS group, 59 out of 112 (52.7%) patients had any deviations on their medications compared to 46 out of 134 patients (34.3%) from the post-EMMS group (p = 0.004). The proportion of patients with medication omitted from inpatient orders was 36.6% in the pre-EMMS cohort vs. 22.4% in the post-EMMS cohort (p = 0.014). Additionally, the proportion of patients with mismatches in medications on the inpatient charts compared to their medication history was 4.5% in the pre-EMMS group compared to 0% in the post-EMMS group (p = 0.019). Similarly, the proportion of patients with medications omitted from their discharge summary was 23.2% in the pre-EMMS group vs. 12.7% in the post-EMMS group (p = 0.03). Our study demonstrates a reduction in medication deviations after the implementation of the EMMS in hospital settings.
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Monaghan, Timothy, Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis, and Rachel Canaway. "Big data or big risk: general practitioner, practice nurse and practice manager attitudes to providing de-identified patient health data from electronic medical records to researchers." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 6 (2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py20153.
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Research utilising de-identified patient health information extracted from electronic medical records (EMRs) from general practices has steadily grown in recent years in response to calls to increase use of health data for research and other secondary purposes in Australia. Little is known about the views of key primary care personnel on this issue, which are important, as they may influence whether practices agree to provide EMR data for research. This exploratory qualitative study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of general practitioners (GPs), practice managers (PMs) and practice nurses (PNs) around sharing de-identified EMR patient health information with researchers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 participants (6 GPs, 3 PMs and 2 PNs) recruited via purposive sampling from general practices in Victoria, Australia. Transcripts were coded and thematically analysed. Participants were generally enthusiastic about research utilising de-identified health information extracted from EMRs for altruistic reasons, including: positive effects on primary care research, clinical practice and population health outcomes. Concerns raised included patient privacy and data breaches, third-party use of extracted data and patient consent. These findings can provide guidance to researchers and policymakers in designing and implementing projects involving de-identified health information extracted from EMRs.
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Muñoz, Sónia. "Monetary targeting in the EMU: lessons from Australia." Applied Economics Letters 8, no. 8 (August 2001): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850010014035.
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Baysari, Melissa T., Bethany A. van Dort, Mirela Prgomet, Wu Yi Zheng, Magdalena Z. Raban, Luciano Dalla-Pozza, Cheryl Mccullagh, and Johanna Westbrook. "The efficiency–thoroughness trade-off after implementation of electronic medication management: a qualitative study in paediatric oncology." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 32, no. 8 (September 2020): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa086.
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Abstract Objective The efficiency–thoroughness trade-off (ETTO) principle proposes that people and organizations are often required to make a trade-off between being efficient and being thorough, as it is difficult to be both efficient and thorough at the same time. This study aimed to compare pre- electronic medication management system (EMMS) expectation of how an EMMS is likely to impact on efficiency and thoroughness to post-EMM experiences of an EMMS and the ETTO. Design Qualitative interview study. Setting A paediatric oncology cancer centre in a large paediatric tertiary teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia. Participants Forty-four semi-structured interviews with doctors, nurses and pharmacists six months prior to and two years following implementation of an EMMS. Results Prior to EMM implementation, staff identified a number of areas of work where both efficiency and thoroughness were expected to improve with EMM. These included ease of accessibility of the medication record, and organization and legibility of medication information. Following EMMS implementation, staff reported improvements in these areas. However, the EMMS was perceived to drive thoroughness (safety) benefits at the expense of efficiency (time). Measures to improve safety in the EMMS enforced processes that required time, such as medication double-checking procedures. Conclusions Overall, staff were aware of the competitive interplay between thoroughness and efficiency and reported that introduction of an EMMS had imposed processes that favoured improvements in thoroughness at the expense of efficiency.
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Baird, Mark E., Karen A. Wild-Allen, John Parslow, Mathieu Mongin, Barbara Robson, Jennifer Skerratt, Farhan Rizwi, et al. "CSIRO Environmental Modelling Suite (EMS): scientific description of the optical and biogeochemical models (vB3p0)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 4503–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4503-2020.
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Abstract. Since the mid-1990s, Australia's Commonwealth Science Industry and Research Organisation (CSIRO) has been developing a biogeochemical (BGC) model for coupling with a hydrodynamic and sediment model for application in estuaries, coastal waters and shelf seas. The suite of coupled models is referred to as the CSIRO Environmental Modelling Suite (EMS) and has been applied at tens of locations around the Australian continent. At a mature point in the BGC model's development, this paper presents a full mathematical description, as well as links to the freely available code and user guide. The mathematical description is structured into processes so that the details of new parameterisations can be easily identified, along with their derivation. In EMS, the underwater light field is simulated by a spectrally resolved optical model that calculates vertical light attenuation from the scattering and absorption of 20+ optically active constituents. The BGC model itself cycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and oxygen through multiple phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus and dissolved organic and inorganic forms in multiple water column and sediment layers. The water column is dynamically coupled to the sediment to resolve deposition, resuspension and benthic–pelagic biogeochemical fluxes. With a focus on shallow waters, the model also includes detailed representations of benthic plants such as seagrass, macroalgae and coral polyps. A second focus has been on, where possible, the use of geometric derivations of physical limits to constrain ecological rates. This geometric approach generally requires population-based rates to be derived from initially considering the size and shape of individuals. For example, zooplankton grazing considers encounter rates of one predator on a prey field based on summing relative motion of the predator with the prey individuals and the search area; chlorophyll synthesis includes a geometrically derived self-shading term; and the bottom coverage of benthic plants is calculated from their biomass using an exponential form derived from geometric arguments. This geometric approach has led to a more algebraically complicated set of equations when compared to empirical biogeochemical model formulations based on populations. But while being algebraically complicated, the model has fewer unconstrained parameters and is therefore simpler to move between applications than it would otherwise be. The version of EMS described here is implemented in the eReefs project that delivers a near-real-time coupled hydrodynamic, sediment and biogeochemical simulation of the Great Barrier Reef, northeast Australia, and its formulation provides an example of the application of geometric reasoning in the formulation of aquatic ecological processes.
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Bowen, M. K., D. P. Poppi, and S. R. McLennan. "Efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis in cattle grazing tropical pastures as estimated by a novel technique." Animal Production Science 57, no. 8 (2017): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15535.
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The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in cattle grazing a range of tropical pasture types was examined using a new method of intra-jugular infusion of chromium–EDTA to estimate urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Seven pasture types were studied in south-eastern Queensland, Australia, over a 13-month period. These included native tropical grass (C4) pasture (major species Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii) studied in the early wet, the wet–dry transition and the dry season; introduced tropical grass (C4) pasture (Bothriochloa insculpta) in the mid-wet season; two introduced tropical legume species (C3; Lablab purpureus and Clitoria ternatea); and the temperate-grass (C3) pasture, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). There was a large range in EMPS across pasture types, with a range of 26–209 g microbial crude protein per kilogram digestible organic matter intake (DOMI). Estimated rumen-degradable protein (RDP) supply (42–525 g/kg DOMI) was the major factor associated with EMPS across the range of pasture types studied. EMPS in steers grazing all tropical grass pastures was low (<130 g/kg DOMI) and limited by RDP supply. Negative linear relationships (P < 0.05) between EMPS and concentrations of both neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in extrusa were evident. However, non-fibre carbohydrate in extrusa, total non-structural carbohydrate concentration in plucked pasture leaf, rumen fluid and particle dilution rate, protozoal concentration in rumen fluid and rumen fluid pH were not correlated with EMPS. It was concluded that EMPS was well below 130 g microbial crude protein per kilogram DOMI when cattle grazed unfertilised, tropical grass pastures in south-eastern Queensland and that RDP was the primary limiting nutrient. High EMPS was associated with a very high RDP, vastly in excess of RDP requirements by microbes.
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Mills, Jane, Jennifer Chamberlain-Salaun, Renee Henry, Jenny Sando, and Glynda Summers. "Nurses in Australian acute care settings: experiences with and outcomes of e-health. An integrative review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2013): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v3i1.1384.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines e-health as the use of information and communication technology for health [1]. The use of e-health, including electronic medical records (EMR), is a growing trend. This integrative review of the literature examines nurses experiences of e-health in Australian acute care settings. A search of the literature identified 21 papers for inclusion in this review. Two discernable themes in the literature are apparent. Research to date largely focuses on nurses experiences of e-health, including its usefulness in their work. Findings indicate that nurses attitudes to e-health and computer usage are positive, however there are indications that nurses currently using e-health in practice are often dissatisfied with the implementation of new e-health systems in their workplace and that there are a number of barriers to its successful implementation. Secondly, a discernable gap in the literature regarding the impact of e-health, and in particular EMRs, on nursing outcomes is identified with research to date limited to findings related to nursing documentation and multi-disciplinary discharge planning. Future research that considers nurse experiences in implementing e-health and applies focused strategies across a range of health settings, both in Australia and around the world, can influence successful adoption and implementation of e-health.
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Bleakley, Erica. "Rehabilitation in EMTs: AUSMAT COVID-19 Deployments." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001820.
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Background/Introduction:The WHO has recommended the inclusion of rehabilitation capabilities in EMTs responding to disasters and health emergencies since 2013. Likewise, the importance of rehabilitation input across the continuum of care for patients experiencing COVID-19 illness has been highlighted since the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Despite recognition of the role and value of rehabilitation, both in EMTs and the management of COVID-19, evidence that EMTs activated in response to COVID-19 have deployed rehabilitation professionals remains limited.Objectives:This paper will describe the experiences of the Australian Medical Assistance Team (AUSMAT) in deploying rehabilitation professionals as an integrated capability of multi-disciplinary EMTs responding to COVID-19 health emergencies.Method/Description:In response to COVID-19 emergencies in Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Timor-Leste, and the Solomon Islands, AUSMAT deployed rehabilitation professionals alongside multi-disciplinary EMTs on four occasions in 2021-2022. The rehabilitation professionals engaged in direct clinical care and capacity-building activities.Results/Outcomes:The work of the deployed AUSMAT rehabilitation professionals facilitated important capacity building and support for local rehabilitation staff and services, enhanced the time critical multi-disciplinary training of local nursing and medical staff, and improved the quality of clinical care of COVID-19 patients.Conclusion:AUSMAT’s experience has demonstrated that the deployment of rehabilitation professionals as part of a multi-disciplinary team adds significant value to the work of EMTs responding to COVID-19 health emergencies. Nursing and medical staff cannot readily replicate the knowledge, skills, and perspectives of rehabilitation professionals. Appropriately skilled rehabilitation professionals should be deployed to support national rehabilitation staff when EMTs respond to health emergencies.
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Van de Vreede, Melita, Anne McGrath, and Jan de Clifford. "Review of medication errors that are new or likely to occur more frequently with electronic medication management systems." Australian Health Review 43, no. 3 (2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17119.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify medication errors reportedly related to electronic medication management systems (eMMS) and those considered likely to occur more frequently with eMMS. This included developing a new classification system relevant to eMMS errors. Methods Eight Victorian hospitals with eMMS participated in a retrospective audit of reported medication incidents from their incident reporting databases between May and July 2014. Site-appointed project officers submitted deidentified incidents they deemed new or likely to occur more frequently due to eMMS, together with the Incident Severity Rating (ISR). The authors reviewed and classified incidents. Results There were 5826 medication-related incidents reported. In total, 93 (47 prescribing errors, 46 administration errors) were identified as new or potentially related to eMMS. Only one ISR2 (moderate) and no ISR1 (severe or death) errors were reported, so harm to patients in this 3-month period was minimal. The most commonly reported error types were ‘human factors’ and ‘unfamiliarity or training’ (70%) and ‘cross-encounter or hybrid system errors’ (22%). Conclusions Although the results suggest that the errors reported were of low severity, organisations must remain vigilant to the risk of new errors and avoid the assumption that eMMS is the panacea to all medication error issues. What is known about the topic? eMMS have been shown to reduce some types of medication errors, but it has been reported that some new medication errors have been identified and some are likely to occur more frequently with eMMS. There are few published Australian studies that have reported on medication error types that are likely to occur more frequently with eMMS in more than one organisation and that include administration and prescribing errors. What does this paper add? This paper includes a new simple classification system for eMMS that is useful and outlines the most commonly reported incident types and can inform organisations and vendors on possible eMMS improvements. The paper suggests a new classification system for eMMS medication errors. What are the implications for practitioners? The results of the present study will highlight to organisations the need for ongoing review of system design, refinement of workflow issues, staff education and training and reporting and monitoring of errors.
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Pamungkas, Surya Seno, and Djoko Murdono. "MODIFIKASI SELEKSI EAR TO ROW MENJADI SELEKSI SPIKE TO HOLE PADA GANDUM AUSTRALIA." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN 10, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jtp.v10i1.1534.
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Penelitian ini melakukan modifikasi seleksi “ear to row” pada jagung yang diubah menjadi “spike to hole” untuk penyesuaian pada tanaman gandum. Modifikasi yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sekaligus menyeleksi dan mengelompokan potensi benih gandum Australia yang didapat dengan metode ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini disajikan dalam bentuk data deskriptif disertai gambar dokumentasi tanaman gandum Australia yang ditanam dalam penelitian ini. Setidaknya didapatkan 4 tipe gandum Australia yang berpontesi untuk dikembangkan pada iklim tropis Indonesia. Keempat tipe gandum yang didapat dalam penelitian ini memiliki kode tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 1a, dan tipe 2a. Perbedaan keempat tipe gandum Australia dalam penelitian ini terlihat secara visual, yaitu pada tipe 1 memiliki warna malai tua berwarna kuning pucat sedangkan pada tipe 2 memiliki warna kuning emas yang terlihat lebih pekat. Pada tipe 1 dan tipe 2 juga memiliki umur panen pada 113HST lebih awal disbandingkan tipe 1a dan tipe 2a. Secara visual tipe 1a dan tipe 2a memiliki ciri yang serupa dengan tipe 1 dan tipe 2, hanya saja pada umur panen gandum tipe 1a dan 2a lebih lamat 14 hari yaitu pada 127HST.
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Eglinton, Elizabeth, and Farook Al-Azzawi. "Report on the 8th European Congress on Menopause." Women's Health 5, no. 5 (September 2009): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/whe.09.48.
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The 8th European Congress on Menopause (EMAS), held 16–19 May 2009 in London, UK, was organized by the European Menopause and Andropause Society and hosted by the British Menopause Society (BMS). The Congress invited speakers from a range of European countries as well as some from the USA, Ecuador, Chile, Australia and South Africa, and attracted 1470 participants from over 70 countries as far a field as the Americas and East Asia.
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Thomas, Ian, and Mary Olsson. "Opportunities for Environmental Education Provided by Environmental Management Systems." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 14 (1998): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600003980.
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ABSTRACTThe development and implementation of a training program is a requirement of Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) certified under international standards. To date, information about these programs has been scarce. The paper reports the results of a survey of 20 Australian organisations with certified EMSs, designed to provide a start in understanding the role and contribution of training in meeting EMS objectives. Information was sought on the status, direction and focus of the training programs, along with the training providers, topics covered, and the range of training mechanisms. Broadly the findings illustrate differences in the training provided to staff generally, selected staff and to managers. Of importance for environmental educators is the extent to which education in the environment and education about the environment are already part of these training programs. Education for the environment is apparent in some training programs, indicating the scope that EMSs provide for the coverage of all three aspects of environmental education for the general community.
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Turner, Jessica M., and Sailesh Kumar. "Low First Trimester Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A Levels Are Not Associated with an Increased Risk of Intrapartum Fetal Compromise or Adverse Neonatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041108.
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The aim of this study was to assess if women with a low first trimester maternal pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) level are at increased risk of emergency cesarean (EmCS) for intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) and/or adverse neonatal outcomes. This was a retrospective cohort study performed at Mater Mother’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, between 2016 and 2018. All women with a singleton, euploid, non-anomalous fetus with a documented PAPP-A level measured between 10 +0 and 13 +6 weeks gestation during the study period were included. Data were extracted from the institution’s perinatal database and dichotomized according to PAPP-A level (≤0.4 Multiples of Medium (MoM) vs. >0.4 MoM). The primary outcomes were EmCS-IFC and a composite of severe adverse neonatal outcomes (SCNO). Nine thousand sixty-one pregnancies were included, 3.3% with a PAPP-A ≤ 0.4 MoM. Low maternal PAPP-A was not associated with an increased risk of EmCS-IFC (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24–2.46, p = 0.66) or SCNO (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.39–1.07, p = 0.09). Low PAPP-A was associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and birthweight < 10th centile. In conclusion, low maternal PAPP-A level is not associated with an increased risk of EmCS IFC or adverse neonatal outcomes despite greater odds of low-birthweight infants and preterm birth.
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Joseph, T. D., M. D. Filipović, E. J. Crawford, I. Bojičić, E. L. Alexander, G. F. Wong, H. Andernach, et al. "The ASKAP EMU Early Science Project: radio continuum survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 1202–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2650.
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ABSTRACT We present two new radio continuum images from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) survey in the direction of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). These images are part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) Early Science Project (ESP) survey of the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds. The two new source lists produced from these images contain radio continuum sources observed at 960 MHz (4489 sources) and 1320 MHz (5954 sources) with a bandwidth of 192 MHz and beam sizes of 30.0 × 30.0 arcsec2 and 16.3 × 15.1 arcsec2, respectively. The median root mean square (RMS) noise values are 186 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (960 MHz) and 165 $\mu$Jy beam−1 (1320 MHz). To create point source catalogues, we use these two source lists, together with the previously published Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) point source catalogues to estimate spectral indices for the whole population of radio point sources found in the survey region. Combining our ASKAP catalogues with these radio continuum surveys, we found 7736 point-like sources in common over an area of 30 deg2. In addition, we report the detection of two new, low surface brightness supernova remnant candidates in the SMC. The high sensitivity of the new ASKAP ESP survey also enabled us to detect the bright end of the SMC planetary nebula sample, with 22 out of 102 optically known planetary nebulae showing point-like radio continuum emission. Lastly, we present several morphologically interesting background radio galaxies.
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Ambarsari, Hanies, and Aulia Qisthi. "Remediasi Merkuri (Hg) pada Air Limbah Tambang Emas Rakyat Dengan Metode Lahan Basah Buatan Terpadu." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v18i2.29.
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Suatu metode lahan basah buatan terpadu diterapkan pada penelitian remediasi lingkungan dengan menggunakan tanaman Phragmites australis dan mikroba pada kompos untuk mengurangi konsentrasi merkuri (Hg) pada air limbah. Air limbah yang digunakan pada penelitian terdiri dari limbah asli tambang emas rakyat Pongkor dengan konsentrasi 27 ppb dan limbah buatan dengan konsentrasi 30 ppb, 60 ppb dan 90 ppb. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat efisiensi penurunan konsentrasi Hg yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar 99,8% pada air limbah buatan dengan konsentrasi 60 ppb dan 90 ppb, serta sebesar 99,6% pada air limbah asli dan air limbah buatan konsentrasi 30 ppb. Tingkat akumulasi Hg tertinggi ditemukan di bagian akar tanaman dengan konsentrasi Hg total pada bagian akar, batang dan daun tanaman Phragmites australis adalah sebesar 3,502 mg/kg, 5,102 mg/kg dan 12,066 mg/kg pada air limbah buatan konsentrasi 30 ppb, 60 ppb dan 90 ppb. Lebih tingginya tingkat akumulasi Hg di bagian akar, dibandingkan dengan bagian lain dari tanaman, dapat menjadi suatu tanda bukti bahwa mikroba dari kompos yang menempel pada bagian akar tanaman itu juga ikut berperan dalam proses penyerapan Hg oleh tanamanKata kunci: lahan basah buatan, merkuri (Hg), tambang emas rakyat, tailing
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Riseley, C. J., E. Bonnassieux, T. Vernstrom, T. J. Galvin, A. Chokshi, A. Botteon, K. Rajpurohit, et al. "Radio fossils, relics, and haloes in Abell 3266: cluster archaeology with ASKAP-EMU and the ATCA." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 515, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 1871–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1771.
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ABSTRACT Abell 3266 is a massive and complex merging galaxy cluster that exhibits significant substructure. We present new, highly sensitive radio continuum observations of Abell 3266 performed with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (0.8–1.1 GHz) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (1.1–3.1 GHz). These deep observations provide new insights into recently reported diffuse non-thermal phenomena associated with the intracluster medium, including a ‘wrong-way’ relic, a fossil plasma source, and an as-yet unclassified central diffuse ridge, which we reveal comprises the brightest part of a large-scale radio halo detected here for the first time. The ‘wrong-way’ relic is highly atypical of its kind: it exhibits many classical signatures of a shock-related radio relic, while at the same time exhibiting strong spectral steepening. While radio relics are generally consistent with a quasi-stationary shock scenario, the ‘wrong-way’ relic is not. We study the spectral properties of the fossil plasma source; it exhibits an ultrasteep and highly curved radio spectrum, indicating an extremely aged electron population. The larger scale radio halo fills much of the cluster centre, and presents a strong connection between the thermal and non-thermal components of the intracluster medium, along with evidence of substructure. Whether the central diffuse ridge is simply a brighter component of the halo, or a mini-halo, remains an open question. Finally, we study the morphological and spectral properties of the multiple complex radio galaxies in this cluster in unprecedented detail, tracing their evolutionary history.
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Pople, A. R., G. C. Grigg, S. C. Cairns, L. A. Beard, and P. Alexander. "Trends in the numbers of red kangaroos and emus on either side of the South Australian dingo fence: evidence for predator regulation?" Wildlife Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99030.
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Most of Australia’s sheep rangelands are enclosed by a dingo-proof fence. Within these rangelands, where dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) are rare, red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) are considered to be food limited because their numbers respond to fluctuations in pasture biomass that are driven by highly variable rainfall. Outside this region, where dingoes are common, kangaroo densities are generally substantially lower, suggesting that dingoes are an important limiting factor. However, it is unclear whether dingoes can regulate kangaroo populations. In this study, red kangaroo and emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) numbers were monitored for varying periods during 1978–92 by aerial survey on both sides of the dingo fence in three areas in the north of the South Australian pastoral zone. Densities of red kangaroos and emus were lower outside the fence, although the disparity varied between areas and over time. The similarity in the environments on both sides of the fence and the marked step in kangaroo density at the fence are consistent with dingoes strongly limiting these prey populations. In the north-east of the pastoral zone, where kangaroo and emu densities are greatest, the contrast in density across the fence was most pronounced. Furthermore, the trends in density over time differed across the fence. Outside the fence, red kangaroos and emus remained at low densities following drought as dingo numbers increased. Inside the fence, red kangaroo and emu populations showed a ‘typical’ post-drought recovery. The data therefore suggest that, in some situations, dingoes may not simply limit red kangaroo and emu populations, but also regulate them. For this to occur, predation rate would need to be density dependent at low prey densities. The availability of alternative prey, and the reduction in the numbers of all prey during drought may provide the mechanism.
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Zeleke, Berihun, Christopher Brzozek, Chhavi Bhatt, Michael Abramson, Rodney Croft, Frederik Freudenstein, Peter Wiedemann, and Geza Benke. "Personal Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields among Australian Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102234.
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The measurement of personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) is important for epidemiological studies. RF-EMF exposure can be measured using personal exposimeters that register RF-EMFs over a wide range of frequency bands. This study aimed to measure and describe personal RF-EMF exposure levels from a wide range of frequency bands. Measurements were recorded from 63 participants over an average of 27.4 (±4.5) hours. RF-EMF exposure levels were computed for each frequency band, as well as from downlink (RF from mobile phone base station), uplink (RF from mobile phone handsets), broadcast, and Wi-Fi. Participants had a mean (±SD) age of 36.9 ± 12.5 years; 66.7% were women; and almost all (98.2%) from urban areas. A Wi-Fi router at home was reported by 61 participants (96.8%), with 38 (61.2%) having a Wi-Fi enabled smart TV. Overall, 26 (41.3%) participants had noticed the existence of a mobile phone base station in their neighborhood. On average, participants estimated the distance between the base station and their usual residence to be about 500 m. The median personal RF-EMF exposure was 208 mV/m. Downlink contributed 40.4% of the total RF-EMF exposure, followed by broadcast (22.4%), uplink (17.3%), and Wi-Fi (15.9%). RF-EMF exposure levels on weekdays were higher than weekends (p < 0.05). Downlink and broadcast are the main contributors to total RF-EMF personal exposure. Personal RF-EMF exposure levels vary according to day of the week and time of day.
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Pfennigwerth, S. "(William T. Stearn Prize 2009) “The mighty cassowary”: the discovery and demise of the King Island emu." Archives of Natural History 37, no. 1 (April 2010): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954109001661.
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Nicolas Baudin's 1800–1804 voyage was the only scientific expedition to collect specimens of the dwarf emu (Dromaius ater) endemic to King Island, Bass Strait, Australia. The expedition's naturalist, François Péron, documented the only detailed, contemporaneous description of the life history of the bird, and the artist Charles-Alexandre Lesueur made the only visual record of a living specimen. Hunted to extinction by 1805, the King Island emu remains relatively unfamiliar. It is ironic that a bird collected as part of one of the most ambitious ordering enterprises in early nineteenth-century science – a quest for intellectual empire – has been more or less forgotten. This paper discusses how human error, assumption, imagination and circumstance hampered recognition and understanding of the King Island emu. Poor record-keeping led to the confusion of this species with other taxa, including the Australian emu and a dwarf species restricted to Kangaroo Island, contributing to the epistemological loss of the species. The expedition's agenda was equally influential in the perception and documentation of the species, with consequences for its conservation in the wild. The paper also argues that as a symbolic rather than a scientific record, Lesueur's illustration fostered inaccuracies in later descriptions of the King Island emu, especially when the image was taken out of context, subjected to the vagaries of nineteenth-century printing techniques and reproduced in more recent ornithological literature. Rather than increasing knowledge about this species, the Baudin expedition and its literature contributed, albeit unwittingly, to the King Island emu's textual and literal extinction.
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Lester, Libby, Lyn McGaurr, and Bruce Tranter. "The Election that Forgot the Environment? Issues, EMOs, and the Press in Australia." International Journal of Press/Politics 20, no. 1 (September 25, 2014): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940161214552030.
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Pennock, Clara M., Jacco Th van Loon, Miroslav D. Filipović, Heinz Andernach, Frank Haberl, Roland Kothes, Emil Lenc, et al. "The ASKAP-EMU Early Science Project: 888 MHz radio continuum survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 3540–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1858.
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ABSTRACT We present an analysis of a new 120 deg2 radio continuum image of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) at 888 MHz with a bandwidth of 288 MHz and beam size of 13${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$9 × 12${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$1 from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder processed as part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey. The median root mean squared noise is 58 $\mu$Jy beam−1. We present a catalogue of 54 612 sources, divided over a Gold list (30 866 sources) complete down to 0.5 mJy uniformly across the field, a Silver list (22 080 sources) reaching down to <0.2 mJy, and a Bronze list (1666 sources) of visually inspected sources in areas of high noise and/or near bright complex emission. We discuss detections of planetary nebulae and their radio luminosity function, young stellar objects showing a correlation between radio luminosity and gas temperature, novae and X-ray binaries in the LMC, and active stars in the Galactic foreground that may become a significant population below this flux level. We present examples of diffuse emission in the LMC (H ii regions, supernova remnants, bubbles) and distant galaxies showcasing spectacular interaction between jets and intracluster medium. Among 14 333 infrared counterparts of the predominantly background radio source population, we find that star-forming galaxies become more prominent below 3 mJy compared to active galactic nuclei. We combine the new 888 MHz data with archival Australia Telescope Compact Array data at 1.4 GHz to determine spectral indices; the vast majority display synchrotron emission but flatter spectra occur too. We argue that the most extreme spectral index values are due to variability.
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Prießnitz, Horst. "Manfred Jurgensen: Eagle and Emu. German-Australian Writing 1930-1990." Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal 07 (1993): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.07/1993.06.
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Norris, Ray P., A. M. Hopkins, J. Afonso, S. Brown, J. J. Condon, L. Dunne, I. Feain, et al. "EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 28, no. 3 (2011): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as11021.
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AbstractEMU is a wide-field radio continuum survey planned for the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. The primary goal of EMU is to make a deep (rms ∼ 10 μJy/beam) radio continuum survey of the entire Southern sky at 1.3 GHz, extending as far North as +30° declination, with a resolution of 10 arcsec. EMU is expected to detect and catalogue about 70 million galaxies, including typical star-forming galaxies up to z ∼ 1, powerful starbursts to even greater redshifts, and active galactic nuclei to the edge of the visible Universe. It will undoubtedly discover new classes of object. This paper defines the science goals and parameters of the survey, and describes the development of techniques necessary to maximise the science return from EMU.
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Webb, Cathie. "Lithic Assemblage Formation in Semi-Arid Australia: the Role of Emu Gastroliths." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 2 (March 1994): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1016.
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Puasa, Elsian, Desy Mantiri, and Antonius Rumengan. "Analisis antibakteri alga Padina australis Hauck di Perairan Teluk Totok dan Perairan Blongko." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 6, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.6.1.2018.19517.
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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan bioaktivitas antibakteri pada alga Padina australis Hauck di Perairan Teluk Totok dan Perairan Blongko. Alga P. australis Hauck adalah makro alga yang termasuk dalam golongan alga coklat (Phaeophyta), hidup melekat pada substrat keras. Lokasi pertama pengambilan sampel yaitu Teluk Totok di Minahasa Tenggara merupakan muara dari sungai Totok, tempat buangan limbah hasil pengolahan emas. Lokasi kedua Perairan Blongko Minahasa Selatan merupakan perairan yang relative bersih. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis antibakteri adalah metode resazurin. Metode ini adalah menguji oksidasi reduksi. Indikator resazurin, warna biru dalam kondisi teroksidasi akan berubah menjadi resofurin warna merah muda. Metode ini digunakan untuk menentukan Konsentrasi Hambatan Minimum. Nilai yang diperoleh, dianalisis melalui Spektofotometer Multiskan-Go. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa alga P. australis Hauck dari Perairan Teluk Totok, mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri gram positif Staphylococcus aureus pada plate sumur pertama sampai sumur ketiga dengan nilai konsentrasi hambatan/MIC 1210,0 ppm. Demikian juga alga dari Perairan Teluk Totok terdapat aktivitas antibakteri pada bakteri gram negatif Escherichia coli, pada plate sumur pertama dengan nilai konsentrasi hambatan/MIC 4840,0 ppm. Sedangkan pada alga P. australis dari Perairan Blongko tidak ditemukan senyawa antibakteri.
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Cook, Anthony T., Durgavasini Devanath, Erin E. Noste, Pierre-Yves Beauchamin, Drew R. Chandler, and Sean T. Casey. "Adapting In-Person National Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) Introductory Training to a Virtual, Storytelling (Talanoa) Format for Pacific Island Countries and Areas (PICs)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, S2 (November 2022): s90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22001893.
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Background/Introduction:Many Pacific governments have committed to establishing deployable, self-sufficient national EMTs following recent tropical cyclones, measles outbreaks, and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, for much of the COVD-19 pandemic, PICs have closed international borders limiting in-person team member training.Objectives:To develop a remote, interactive EMT training series to engage current and prospective EMT team members in the PICs during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method/Description:From July through September 2021, WHO hosted a weekly webinar series to introduce the concepts of the EMT Initiative to current and prospective EMT team members in the PICs. The sessions utilized Pacific deployment experience using faculty from EMTs in Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu.Results/Outcomes:Attendees from over 23 countries from across the Pacific and other areas of the world participated in the 11 sessions, with a total of over 300 individual participants. The average number of participants per sessions was 85. Feedback was sought after every session. The most significant adaptation of the sessions from the feedback was incorporating the Pacific tradition of talanoa, or storytelling, into the sessions.Conclusion:Adapting the session plans to incorporate the talanoa style of communication in the Pacific created an environment of learning from colleagues throughout the Pacific and increased participant engagement in the virtual setting. The webinar series provided knowledge of EMT basics and increased engagement and excitement in the establishment and continued growth of EMTs in the Pacific.
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Hopkins, W. E., W. J. Ashcroft, and A. M. Boland. "Improving environmental management in Australian horticulture: critical factors for the implementation of EMS." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 3 (2007): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06023.
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In a highly competitive global marketplace, Australian horticulture has traded on its ‘clean’ and ‘green’ image for many years. Although product quality, food safety and freedom from chemical residues (‘clean’) are routinely monitored, ‘green’ credentials are less readily proven. Social and market pressures for demonstration of environmentally responsible production are increasing with the introduction of product standards such as EUREPGAP. An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a potential tool to demonstrate environmental management, achieve environmental outcomes and manage risks, but is EMS appropriate for application to Australian horticulture? Major drivers for the Australian horticulture sector to address its environmental management performance are outlined. EMS is examined as a tool for achieving this outcome by exploring six factors that will influence its effectiveness: (i) complexity and diversity of the horticulture sector, (ii) the variety of expectations surrounding EMS programs, (iii) whether they can achieve environmental outcomes, (iv) whether they will be adopted by farmers, (v) scepticism towards assurance schemes and (vi) links with other programs and policy instruments. It is proposed that these factors are critical to the appropriate implementation of EMS in horticulture, and must be considered and addressed in the design, implementation and evaluation stages.
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Pople, A., S. C. Cairns, and G. C. Grigg. "Distribution and Abundance of Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Relation to the Environment in the South Australian Pastoral Zone." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 4 (November 1991): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910222.
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Smith, Erin, Tony Walker, and Frederick M. Burkle. "Lessons in Post-Disaster Self-Care From 9/11 Paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 03 (June 2019): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004382.
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AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to explore preferred self-care practices among paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) who responded to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack (9/11) in New York City (New York USA).Design, Setting, and Participants:Qualitative research methodology with convenience and subsequent snowball sampling was utilized. Participants were adult (at least 18 years of age) paramedics or EMTs who self-reported as responding to the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York City.Main Outcome Measures:Preferred self-care practices; participant characteristics; indications and patterns of self-care use; perceived benefits and harms; and views on appropriate availability of support and self-care services were the main outcome measures.Results:The 9/11 paramedic and EMT participants reported a delay in recognizing the need for self-care. Preferred physical self-care practices included exercise, good nutrition, getting enough sleep, and sticking to routine. Preferred psychosocial self-care practices included spending time with family and friends, participating in peer-support programs and online support forums, and routinely seeing a mental health professional. Self-care was important for younger paramedics and EMTs who reported having less-developed supportive infrastructure around them, as well as for retiring paramedics and EMTs who often felt left behind by a system they had dedicated their lives to. Access to cooking classes and subsidized gym memberships were viewed as favorable, as was the ability to include family members in self-care practices.Conclusion(s):A range of physical and psychosocial self-care practices should be encouraged among paramedic students and implemented by Australian ambulance services to ensure the health and well-being of paramedics throughout their career and into retirement.
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Olsson, Mary, and Ian Thomas. "The Training Component of Environmental Management Systems: A Survey of Australian Certified EMSs." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 5, no. 4 (January 1998): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.1998.10648422.
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